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Defination
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Polio (medically termed Poliomyelitis) is
derived from Greek words Polio – meaning
grey and myelon – meaning the spinal cord.
The disease commonly affects the spinal
cord leading to classic paralysis.
Causes
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A virus called poliovirus causes polio. The virus
enters the body through the mouth or nose,
getting into the digestive and respiratory
(breathing) systems. It multiplies in the throat and
intestines. From there, it can enter the
bloodstream. It can also attack the nervous
system, the nerve network that helps the brain
communicate with the rest of the body.
There are three strains of poliovirus: types 1, 2 and
3. Types 2 and 3 have been eradicated
(eliminated), but type 1 still affects people in a few
countries.
Types
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Spinal Polio: Spinal poliomyelitis is the most
frequent and is characterized by flaccid
paralysis of muscles innervated by the motor
neurons of the spinal cord.
Bulbar Polio: Bulbar poliomyelitis results from
the destruction of neurons of the brainstem
and can be fatal by causing respiratory or
cardiac failure.
Spinobulbar Polio: combination of both
Symptoms
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Fever
Sore throat
Headache
Vomiting
Fatigue
Loss of reflexes
Severe muscle aches or weakness
Loose and floppy limbs (flaccid paralysis)
Non-paralytic polio
Paralytic syndrome
Symptoms
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Progressive muscle or joint weakness and pain
Fatigue
Muscle wasting (atrophy)
Breathing or swallowing problems
Sleep-related breathing disorders, such as
sleep apnea
Decreased tolerance of cold temperatures
Post-polio syndrome
Diagnosis
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Medical history
Physical examination
Acute flaccid paralysis
Cerebrospinal fluid examination
Throat washing
Blood tests
Fingerprinting the polio virus
1.
2.
3.
Laboratory diagnosis
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Treatment
Pain relievers (like ibuprofen)
A ventilator (a device that helps you breathe)
Physical therapy that can help keep your
muscles working.
Bed rest and fluids for flu-like symptoms.
Antispasmodic medications to relax muscles.
Antibiotics for urinary tract infections.
A heating pad for muscle aches and spasms.
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Polio vaccine
IPV vaccine for polio
IPV also called Salk vaccine, is injected in the leg or
arm, depending on age. IPV is given to a child at age
of 2, 4 and 6-18 months. A booster dose is needed
at 4-6 years.
OPV vaccine for polio
OPV is also called Sabin vaccine. It contains live but
much weakened polio virus given as oral drops.
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Physiotherapy
Reduce fatigue,
Increasing mobility such as walking
Improve muscle strength,
Reduce soft tissue shortening
Increase quality of sleep
Increase feeling of wellbeing
Increased ability to manage pain
Promote independence
Improve quality of life
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