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Defination
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Parkinson's disease is a common age-related
and progressive disease of brain cells (brain
disorder) that affect movement, loss of
muscle control, and balance. Usually, the first
symptoms include a tremor (hand, foot, or
leg), also termed a "shaking palsy." Some
experts term the disease as "Parkinson
disease."
Causes
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In Parkinson's disease, certain nerve cells
(neurons) in the brain gradually break down or
die. Many of the symptoms are due to a loss of
neurons that produce a chemical messenger in
your brain called dopamine. When dopamine
levels decrease, it causes abnormal brain
activity, leading to impaired movement and
other symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Causes
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Environmental triggers
Genes
The presence of Lewy bodies
Alpha-synuclein found within Lewy bodies
The cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but several
factors appear to play a role, including:
Symptoms
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Tremor. A tremor, or shaking, usually begins in a
limb, often your hand or fingers. You may rub your
thumb and forefinger back and forth, known as a
pill-rolling tremor. Your hand may tremble when
it's at rest.
Slowed movement (bradykinesia)
Rigid muscles
Impaired posture and balance
Loss of automatic movements
Speech changes
Writing changes
Diagnosis
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No specific test exists to diagnose
Parkinson's disease. Nurologist will
diagnose Parkinson's disease based on
your medical history, a review of your signs
and symptoms, and a neurological and
physical examination.
SPECT Scan
MRI
Physical Evaluation
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Treatment
Parkinson's disease can't be cured, but
medications can help control your symptoms,
often dramatically. In some more advanced
cases, surgery may be advised. outcomes.
Recommended lifestyle changes, especially
ongoing aerobic exercise. In some cases,
physiotherapy that focuses on balance and
stretching also is important. A speech-language
pathologist may help improve your speech
problems.
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Medications
Carbidopa-levodopa
Inhaled carbidopa-levodopa
Carbidopa-levodopa infusion
Dopamine agonists
MAO B inhibitors
Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT)
inhibitors
Anticholinergics
Amantadine
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Physiotherapy
Improving or maintaining fitness through
exercise
Helping you to move about
Helping you to maintain independence in your
daily life
Helping to prevent or manage falls
Maintaining or improving effective breathing
Providing pain relief
Physiotherapy for Parkinson’s disease focuses
on the following:
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Surgical procedures
Deep brain stimulation. In deep brain
stimulation (DBS), surgeons implant
electrodes into a specific part of your brain.
The electrodes are connected to a generator
implanted in your chest near your collarbone
that sends electrical pulses to your brain and
may reduce your Parkinson's disease
symptoms.
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