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The Roman aqueduct of Philippi
Abstract
Colonia Iulia victrix Philippiensium was founded by Mark Antony after the battle of Philippi in 42 BC and was re-founded by Octavian as colonia Iulia Philippiensis, then Augusta, after the naval battle in Actium in 31 BC. Philippi was one of the most important stations along the Egnatia Road. During the Antonine period, in the second half of the 2nd c. AD, the city’s center was reconstructed in its most monumental form. The aqueduct for the water supply of the city has been dated to the same period. It is an open-channel aqueduct with a barrel vaulted cover that collected water from the Kefalari area (karstic springs of Voirani), about seven kilometers north-northwest of Philippi.
... Many reliefs do have a spatial relation to stone quarries (still of uncertain date: Collart & Ducrey, 1975, pp. 12-13) and the aqueduct, which has numerous phases (Dadaki et al., 2016;Oulkeroglou et al., 2019;Provost, 2011). ...
The massive amount of rock-cut monuments along the slopes of the acropolis hill of Philippi in ancient Macedon has received scholarly attention since the first expeditions and following excavation and research campaigns conducted by the French School at Athens in the nineteenth century. The documentation of these peculiar monuments, comprising images in relief, etchings, inscriptions, and empty niches, consists of very few early drawings, photographs of single objects and sometimes of clusters of neighboring monuments, maps documenting the monuments’ location along the slopes of the acropolis rock (intra and extra muros) and brief descriptions leading to an iconographical categorization. Despite a variety of subjects, the depiction of a youthful huntress commonly denominated as Artemis/Diana is predominating. Based on the commonly accepted dating of these reliefs to the Roman era, the rock-cut monuments are generally interpreted as expressions of popular religion that went unregulated by the state; some even consider them as evidence for specifically female ritual practice. As part of the project “Rock-cut reliefs in Philippi: a microregional study on the religion of ancient Macedon,” a first on-site documentation campaign was carried out in March 2023. The presented case study of the rock-cut reliefs from Philippi aims at spatializing the religiously connotated depictions within the city-/landscape as a first step and applying the concept of religioscape. With this approach, it differs in the methodology used so far, namely the iconographical analysis of the objects as a first analytical step. This article at hand presents the method used to establish the first three-dimensional data sets of the reliefs for documenting as well as monitoring their condition and aims to demonstrate the immense value of these 3D models given the dangers natural corrosion and vandalism pose to the archaeological objects. Moreover, embracing the ability to capture the landscape setting in 3D allows us to visualize the three-dimensional embedding of the objects into the urban fabric of the city with its varied terrain profile. This allows for new analytical prospects, such as inter-visibility, reachability, or building economy.
Une troisieme campagne de prospection geophysique electrique menee a Philippes en septembre 2001 a ajoute 9 ha a la surface deja couverte. L'interpretation des resultats dans la partie Ouest de la ville montre qu'elle y etait organisee en trois rangees d'ilots de meme module (environ 27 x 83 m). La premiere rangee, sur le cote Sud de l'axe directeur du carroyage qu'est la « Via Egnatia », comprenait plusieurs ensembles monumentaux, dont une grande basilique paleochretienne et une double stoa le long d'une petite place publique. Les deuxieme et troisieme rangees sont plus difficiles a interpreter en raison des perturbations associees a la presence d'un reduit fortifie byzantin autour de la Porte du marais. La confrontation de ces donnees geophysiques avec les archives des fouilles francaises, la documentation epigraphique, photographique et une prospection topographique a permis d'affiner considerablement leur interpretation.
Aqueducts built by the Romans mostly date to the Imperial period, though metropolitan Rome did acquire four under the Republic. Our knowledge of them comes from archaeology and literary. Archaeology is centered chiefly on the great bridges and arcades that form so prominent a part of the aqueduct network. For a full understanding, two qualifications must be noted. First, most of the length of the aqueduct conduits, being underground, remain invisible and hence can be found and visited only with the assistance and guidance of specialists. Second, within the city of Rome itself, the details of the urban distribution network remain uncertain and hard to follow, largely because of the modern city built on top. As for literary evidence, Vitruvius does give us an account of aqueduct building, but our chief source is Sextus Julius Frontinus who was appointed in 97 CE by Nerva as Commissioner of the Waterworks.
La série de monuments actuellement considérée comme le côté Nord du forum de Philippes ne constitue pas une barrière visuelle, à la différence des trois autres côtés. On suggère que sur les premières pentes de l'acropole, au-delà du decumanus maximus qui longe — ou plutôt traverse — le forum, il existait une série de monuments assis sur la terrasse où s'est plus tard installée la basilique A. Il en subsiste plusieurs vestiges d'époque impériale : la substruction d'un monument remployé en citerne, romain plutôt qu'hellénistique, des escaliers monumentaux antérieurs aux constructions paléochrétiennes, et des blocs, errants ou en remploi, provenant d'au moins trois bâtiments différents qui ne peuvent se situer dans la place basse. La composition unitaire ainsi obtenue se rattache à des séries connues, et la rue, piétonne plutôt que charretière, organisait sans le couper cet ensemble monumental.
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