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The Estimation of the Mortality Level with the Seventh China Population Census (第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估计)

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Abstract

Assessing the quality of census mortality data is a prerequisite and basis for inferring mortality levels in China. To avoid the bias of a single estimation method due to the violation of its specific assumptions, this paper comprehensively uses methods of model life tables and international comparison to systematically estimate the age-specific mortality rate and corresponding death under-reporting rate with the seventh China population census. The results find that there is significant under-reporting in the seventh census. In terms of the median of various methods’results, the adjusted infant mortality rates are 6.72‰ for the male and 5.90‰ for the female, with under-reporting rates of 75.30% and 76.61%, respectively. The adjusted adult (15-59) death probabilities are 11.24% for the male and 6.54% for the female, with under-reporting rates of 23.21% and 41.75%, respectively. The adjusted old-aged (60-79) death probabilities are 51.93% for the male and 34.63% for the female, implying under-reporting rates of 26.79% and 29.27%, respectively. The adjusted old-aged (80-99) death probabilities are 99.10% for the male and 98.03% for the female, implying under- reporting rates of 4.16% and 5.13%, respectively. Thus, there are still many challenges to obtaining accurate death information through the census, and a complete death registration system should be established as soon as possible. [in Chinese]
!"#$ % !&!! %
第七次人口普查是一项重大的人口国情与国力调查其中死亡况又 中最
基础的信息之一亡是人口动的基本动力,其标也评估医疗源使
了解人口康进释疾转变衡量社会和经济发展水平的重要参考然而
与普查所调查的其他事项不同,死亡数据需要依靠受访记忆间接地对息进
行统计相较于际上更为通用的命统计系统普查亡数
普查死亡
*
郑叶昕 誉腾
】评估查死亡数 量是死亡平的 和基。为
章综 使种模
与国际比较法,系统估计了第七次人口普查中各年龄段的死亡漏报并修正了
应的死亡水平。研究结果七普各年龄仍然存在显著的死亡漏报现象
方法 ($!%()&
$%( *&+$’(’#+ #% %) ## (!, +
’(%,+漏报率分!*( !-+ ,-($%’&$)
%-( )**,( ’* 率分别!’ ($) + !)( !$+.&))
年死亡概率男性))(#&女性).(&*漏报分别 ,(#’+%( #*+
由此 息仍面临不少挑战尽快建立起完善
的死登记制度
关键词】人口普查 质量 死亡水平
】李 中国究中 究中
教授; 国人 民大学社会 闫誉
国人民大社会人口学院博士究生
*受中国人大学学科重大创新规划社会治理跨 台)
家统计局第七次国人口普查方案访汇报在过去 (2019 11 1 日至 2020
10 31 的死亡人口信息具体死亡人口死亡常住地为登记地访户常住
死亡的,无论其与该户有无亲属关系都应作为该户死亡人口予以登记如果无法确定死亡
常住地或登记时与死亡人口常住地联系的,律在死亡发生地登记
2
更可愿等影响因此人口
死亡数据的 从未
1994 2004 2005;
2013婴儿死亡率反映况,亡力
起点准确性进一步影均预寿的估2015
亡水 解中人口寿状况老龄化速的重
真实的人口死亡情况量评估
尚未公认方法黄荣清曾宪2013到各评估方法
综合使 方法 获得多数评
果或的估提高不同死亡数据
量评的年不同,用的基础死亡数据不同,假设死亡式也
于对评估对方法
死亡特征
使用 口普
较法 死亡 04
6099 的死情况,
展进程的
死亡水平的估计方法
亡水平 估计方 法的原
在以研究死亡据的 方法2017第一
对全龄段估,历史数据所建立
输入婴儿死亡率寿率的
龄段特殊不依参数与死亡模式的死亡内部关系
外部2018死亡 率与 GDP
社会经济水平的综合述思路
亡水平进老龄情况
1.年龄段的
作为代表死亡据不亡数
的估当下用最广计方2017的死
死亡水平和死亡模式死亡水平易收标估
第七 人口 http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/7rp/zk/indexch.htm要使用
国人口普查年 -2020 6-4的死亡人口状况
第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估
3
!"#$ %中国人口科学 !&!! 年第 %
和衡水平亡模据大
亡指标之相关性型特征的死亡模式水平和模
结合构造不同死亡数据的体性评估
就构造可以 胡松2014
具体研究的模往往借助一生内部指标之
规律 K
次模指标代表Coale-Demeny
Coale 19661982 UnitedNations1982
19902016Clark-Sharrow Clark 2011Clark Clark
2019Wilmoth Wilmoth 2012DCMD2018
参数Brass-Logit Brass1971
Logit 换后线
MurryMurry2003不同表往
假设行交提高结
用中 供待的死亡模式和死亡水
参数其中,死亡水平 以通 5q0e0些连续 式的
选择离散参数通常
应于死亡式的通常的模
综合七普死亡
方法可第一是经Coale-DemenyBrass-Logit
2000 发展的模方法基础数据
反映死亡率的降趋势包括 MurrayWilmoth Clark-
Sharrow Clark 于相同的输入参数进用和
2.婴幼儿死亡水平的计方
尽管十分广到婴死亡水平的重要
估死亡水关系死亡水平参数的依
其中,内部系法亡数相对的人关系估,关系法
寻找死亡率与社会经济发展水平使相对
数据死亡平进计法
不同 在局 期死亡数据建立 Coale-Demeny
1982 国发展中国中国模离散的死亡模式 (如
数据(如 Clark-Sharrow 使用不同年
差异 Brass-Logit
4
nmxnMx=nDx
nNx
nNxxx+n 年中人数,
nDxxx+n 年死 nmxnqx的转
nqx=n×nmx
1+n-nax
×nmx
计时期不的生的生
过该方法莫尔2021因此要使用国会经
发展数据率进评估简称
较法死亡不受影响要受社会经济
医疗水因素是衡量一发展水平的基本指标
荣清庄亚2004在具体方法上首先会发展水 界各
国与不同死亡率变动趋势情况
其次衡量国经济发展水平和的指婴儿亡率
中国相关死亡往研究影响死亡率
的社会因素经济发展水平最经济医疗卫生水
影响亡率
水平的 有关
2013数据
亡水平 估计方 法的操 作过程
使用数据需要
借助数据的年中人口和死亡人数的死nmx
死亡人口nax
此得的死亡nqx
5极低
中,寇尔德曼亡水平情Coale 1966
qx=152.5基础
使用的模据进
1.Coale-Demeny模型生命表
Coale-Demeny简称 C-D用最 广 最重要的模
之一的死亡模式和死亡水平参数模
健康婴儿C-D西
模式范围广婴儿
死亡寿 79.23
寿命为 84.23 研究综合卫生与评价研究IHME
中国寿寿 7480寿命在 7985
第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估
5
!"#$ %中国人口科学 !&!! 年第 %
C-D西模式根误RMSE
作为合度的死亡变动率标,规律
C-DHoriuchi 1990
C-D
程中往往使 5855591069
3059作为王金营2013赵梦晗杨凡2013使用不同基龄段
一进当稳七普数据而匹配西模式中寿命为
74C-D性更匹配西模式中寿命为 79C-D
2.Brass-Logit 生命表系统方法
尽管 C-D的死使用,这4种
概括的死模式无法结合
赵梦2013Brass 创新
的年 人口的死亡相关联 Brass
假设不同死亡Logit 线性关系!
"#
!人口的 ! "!Logit
为如
Logit"$
!=1
2ln%$
!
#&"$
!
=$
! (1
Logit"!=1
2ln"!
#’"!
=! (2
通过研究Brass 关系
!(α)β·#
! (3
2αβ
研究和经国人口普查死亡数据的准确
1981的生
首先 C-DBrass-Logit 相关
同年 其次,(3中,亡水
α显著回归人口死亡
中同 同年
αβ1据死亡水 α
显著水平同年
七普数据而Brass-Logit 1069
3059显著的死 α
寿水平,性为 76.24 81.52
6
1不同参照年龄组下 Brass-Logit 模型所估计的死亡模式和死亡水平
死亡模式 β显著水平 死亡水平 α显著水平 R2
559
1.233 0.000 0.1940.2850.892
1.177 0.000 -0.243 0.0950.926
1069
1.080 0.000 -0.223 0.001 0.976
1.131 0.000 -0.360 0.000 0.978
3059
1.0280.000 -0.2970.000 0.993
1.220 0.000 -0.0940.151 0.991
3.新近模型生命
表方法
作为
MurrayWilmoth
Clark-Sharrow
Clark
在方
更能反映现死亡水平MurrayBrass-Logit
Wilmoth Clark 了经
使用连续的参数模式和死 水平使的数
3参数模不同Clark-Sharrow
WilmothClark使用人 简称 HMD
据,Clark-Sharrow 型表方法亡模式婴儿死亡信息
或者 年死亡信息的死亡模式Murray
Wilmoth 的评估 Clark-Sharrow HMD
1981年中国人口死亡数据2017Clark
国的 据,状况 的发展中国(如
西Wilmoth Clark2019生事发展的人口死
亡模式经与次人口普时有虑到
中国七普数据的死亡水平进行全
可以同的参数行对用,可以
或者为双 1q0
55q0
其他年死亡45q15
寿e0
死亡率可能有
死亡作为参数计可能带来
偏误Aleshina 2005;Huy 2008提高确性使用较为 5
死亡率进参数参数的数
其他息,
19901995 卫生 30 81 5
5的死亡情况1996起实 5孕产妇死亡和缺陷监
网监 2007 336
第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估
7
!"#$ %中国人口科学 !&!! 年第 %
不同数据的下:(1 死亡率估算机 UN IGMEhttps://childmortality.org/
data/China2卫生 量与评价研究IHMEhttps://www.healthdata.org/chinaWBhttps://
data.worldbank.org/country/china卫生WHOhttps://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indica-
tor-details/GHO/life-expectancy-at-birth-years
2010 计划 使方法计发展指数,其中,教育指数是
教育于或 25 的年数期受 5
教育的年数面来2021
特征5死亡率的数,点未 率和
寿命上广参考包括和卫
量与评价研究所数据虑到45q15e0的估大,
属于据,综合的参 5q0=8.10
45q15=10.62%e0=74.72的参定为 5q0=6.90
45q15=5.70%e0=80.18
死亡数据的评估
2
1 5q0
2 5q045q15
3 5q0e0
MurrayWilmothClark-Sharrow
Clark MWCSC通过 RStata
4.于外的国际比较法
较法婴儿亡率为可的指,依中国的死亡水
平进率数GDP 作为
衡量经济发展水平的指标简称 HDI中的
教育水平指标分别婴儿5率的程,
相关指标死亡率的数据
率,死亡
经济发展水平的济发水平
2020 年数据,中国经力平GDP 17312
2020 年人GDP 1500020 000 美元的其他且剔亡率 75
376 经济发展水平与亡率
5死亡关性
2四类新近模型生命表在不同条件下的应用
Clark 支持 e0 参数,
输入参数
5q05q045q15 5 q0e0
MurrayMM1M2M3
Wilmoth WW1W2W3
Clark-Sharrow CSCS1CS2CS3
Clark CC1C2-
方法
8
3不同评估方法下两性的婴幼儿死亡概率
缺乏评估 4q1相关数据,处省略
1q04q1
1.66 1.381.12 0.89
C-D14.3711.10 1.942.18
Brass-Logit 17.71 10.706.55 4.29
M16.84 5.77 1.271.13
W16.65 5.66 1.461.24
CS17.505.90 1.60 1.20
C16.725.71 1.41 1.13
M26.98 6.00 1.13 0.90
W26.65 5.67 1.461.24
CS25.30 5.90 1.20 1.20
C26.726.51 1.31 1.26
M36.956.01 1.12 0.90
W36.65 5.67 1.461.24
CS36.20 5.40 1.30 1.10
较法 12.8经济17.6-
在文水平的 使用 19902019 158指数
2020 教育指数未公使的估0.69由此
述历估数据
结果分析
普死亡 数据的 基本质 量判断
次人口普查情况与国的死
首先据七普数据接计2020
1.525.40有较出入数据
5死亡 2.547.5的水其次
寿寿 79.23
84.23 2010 数据3.623.82
寿7010 增长 2
如果用国数据与七普数据七普死亡数据
2019 界高收入的平均婴死亡5死亡4.3
5.0分别 3.74.35.66.5
均高普数据婴儿死亡率中国普查数 1.53
5
2.355
儿阶段
的死亡
(二 死亡 漏报
概率
不同方法儿实死亡
3
12
1q00
便使
第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估
9
!"#$ %中国人口科学 !&!! 年第 %
2女性 1q04q1漏报率
1q0的指
,所有方七普
6 . 72
75.30%14 1.41
20 .85%
5.9076.61%14
死亡率 1.20死亡 25.92%
的估
MurrayWilmoth
Clark-Sharrow Clark
C-D
Brass-Logit
基本
较法缺乏率的
果相对接
计方中,Brass-Logit 所估死亡
可能其基次人口普查数据死亡模有关
相较于 C-DBrass-Logit 死亡模式的
的死
更为明显Murray2003C-D
20 80的死数据 死亡 式,
死亡缺乏释力础生C-D发展
Wilmoth
2012中国年死亡模式的大程
准确中国的死亡状况获得死亡
计方法该方数据
1男性 1q04q1漏报率
10
推测也是国卫健康发展,卫生
和资源仍领展程国的亡水
数据 会使估
方法相对更新基础死亡据,死亡水
MurrayWHO 63 1 802 2000
Clark-Shallow 于更 2007年的 HMD Wilmoth 基础
WHO其他渠道死亡Clark 使用 2018年的 HMD基础数
更新十分要,20 70发展的人口转变
序幕死亡率大带来挑战C-D
死亡60著偏Wilmoth 2012
死亡程中 死亡老龄阶段
死亡3阶段Wilmoth 1999寿水平的情况
死亡转变中特征的经计方法死亡水平
基础死亡数据进死亡模式的
式,使的死亡情况C-DMurray
C-D 要依亡指对应,然后找
亡水 Murray使匹配算其所
匹配Murray2003
参数的准确性文在
入当的参数合类参考了中国 其他第
同期的参数使用普数据
可能评估的 的死亡数据情况
参数数据 计方
率估
)老龄人口的死亡漏报与死亡率评
社会老龄加深老龄 死亡数据的36
了七普数人口的死亡率估评估
法都人口6099 显著
研究较为6079增长 80高龄
评估 的中 Wilmoth 5q0e0条件
龄老死亡率51.93 26.79%Clark-Sharrow 输入
5q045q15条件所估龄老死亡 34.63 29.27%
Clark 输入 5q045q15条件龄老 99.10
第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估
11
!"#$ %中国人口科学 !&!! 年第 %
5男性老龄人口死亡漏报率
4女性老龄人口死亡概率估计
3男性老龄人口死亡概率估计
4.16%Wilmoth 5q0
高龄
死亡率 98.035.13%
56的死率的变动模
6065
的死
种由高到降趋势黄荣
2005
的死
老金现实相关
老金上报
Brass-Logit 对于率的估
与其他方法大,可能对应
前文的死亡转变Brass-Logit
中国第次人口普查数据
计较普生
的死使其
的死亡Ferraro
2009相对C-D
的估法接
使西
其基他发
中国
状况的 C-D
年死亡水平和模式的是
12
!女性 " #" 岁人口死亡概率估计
$男性 % &% 岁人口死亡概率估计
&女性老龄人口死亡漏报率
大,较于同期年死亡(果2020
的评估果可 数模年死亡
5q0
率, 5q0与不死亡
相关
率与 5q0
5q0相关 使
5q045q15e0
死亡信息,
胡松波2015
年龄死 亡概率 估计情
准确七普
数据 1559人死亡
性11.24%6.54%
23.21%
41.75%差异
——
寿
率的
2009 显著
2022
性在统计
虑到人健康情况
人口疾病社会济发重要
要进一
为相关
支持
78 了不同模
的死亡率中
第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估
13
!"#$ %中国人口科学 !&!! 年第 %
的估范围上文专门60口死
率的78060 0 寿
74.73分别76.47 73.11
80.17 分别81.5279.00
结论与讨论
要结论
综合较法 国人口普查龄段
的死亡水平和死亡数据尽管
亡数显著从各类
死亡 中,6.7275.30%
死亡5.90 76.61%(1559
11.24 23.21%死亡6.54%41.75老龄
6099 6079的死51.93 26.79%
34.63 29.27% 8099 的死亡
99.104.16% 98.03死亡5.13%
方法 寿 74.73 80.17
家统2020 寿75.37 80.88 较为接
值分别5.774.88
七普死亡数据的评估 评估程中所使用的不同评估方法在果上
差异要进一各类中,评估
历史 20 广用,
出入 WHOUNIHME评估有较差异性在当下
挑战中, Baniste
2004死亡是死亡转变中最
寿也解 死亡
寿条件然与表存差异
反映 20
80范围人口变所的死亡模式变1990 中国
及成人死率也年人死亡(果
2020 中国
死亡普数据的
14
然,于新各类
具有通过 信息
方法死亡因此的估
可以在中国死亡水平估
登记
报对水平估的影响死亡
率的情况死亡均预寿命更的变
2015调查的人口普查访忆间
信息死亡准确性基础
口信息显著翟振雯莉2021死亡数据
用调死亡
不是的死亡数收集方法社会对于亡数
的人口数据是
方法可以记的人和社可以
接关的社特征中国缺乏
和生各政常规 命登记
系统
考文献:
1.2020中国年人口寿研究中国人口科学 3
2.胡松波2014寿方法进展中国卫生统计 1
3.胡松波2015中国模寿的评估和武汉大学博士论文
4.黄荣清200520 90 中国人口死亡水平中国人口科学 3
5.黄荣清2013死亡率水平的估人口研究 2
6. 黄荣清庄亚(2004人口死亡水平的国人口学 6
7. 1990中国中国人口科学 2
8. 2016中国中国人口
9.2018DCMD系统对数据中死亡的估人口研究 2
10.米红(2022中国 1982人口普查和调查中死亡的估——
Bayesian
研究 1
11.(2018中国城乡方法中国人口科学 3
12.李树茁199480中国人口死亡水平和模式的变动──论对 1990 年人口普查死亡水平
的调人口研究 2
第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估
15
!"#$ %中国人口科学 !&!! 年第 %
13.(2021发展指数框架的中国教育指数的研究东师大学学
科学 11
14.任强等200420 80中国人口死亡的水平模式差异中国人口科学 3
15.2015婴儿死亡均预寿差异人口研究 3
16. 汤姆·A·莫尔(2021人口学估计方法冯秋石
17. 王金营20131990 中国人口寿水平和死亡模式的人口研究 4
18. 翟振武刘雯莉2021七普数据量与中国人口人口研究 3
19.(2017二维死亡模中国人口死亡模式的研究中国人口科学 1
20.赵梦晗杨凡(2013普数据中婴儿死亡率死亡率的与评估人口研究 5
21.Aleshina N. and Redmond G.2005How High is Infant Mortalityin Centraland EastermEuropeand the
Commonwealth ofIndependent States?.!"#$%&’(") *’$+(,-. 59(139-54.
22.BanisterJ. and Hill K.2004Mortalityin China 1964-2000./"#$%&’(") 0’$+(,-.58155-75.
23.Brass W.(1971Mortality Models and Their Uses in Demography.12&)-&3’(")- "4 ’5, 6&3$%’7 "4 83’$&2(,-.
33123-142.
24.Clark S.J.2019GeneralAge-Specific Mortality Model With an Example Indexedby ChildMortalityor Both
Child and AdultMortality.9,:";2&#57.5631131-1159.
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’(") "4 ="+,%A?&-,+ <%$-’,2();.Centerfor Statistics and the Social Sciences. UniversityofWashington.
26. Coale A.J.DemenyP. and Vaughan B.1966B,;(")&% ="+,% >(4, 1&?%,- &)+ 0’&?%, C"#$%&’(")-. Prince-
ton UniversityPress.
27. Ferraro K.F. and Shippee T.P.2009Aging and CumulativeInequalityHow DoesInequalityGetUnder the
Skin?.15, D,2")’"%";(-’.49(3333-343.
28. Horiuchi S. and Coale A.J.(1990AgePatterns ofMortalityfor OlderWomen:AnAnalysis Using theAge-Spe-
cific RateofMortality Changewith Age.=&’5 !"#$%&’(") 0’$+(,-. 24245-67325.
29.Huy T.Q.Johansson A. and Long N.H.2007Reasons for Not Reporting Deaths:AQualitative Studyin Ru-
ralVietnam.E"2%+ F,&%’5 G C"#$%$%&’(").9114-23..
30.Murray C.J.L.et al.(2003ModifiedLogit LifeTable SystemPrinciplesEmpiricalValidationand Applica-
tion. C"#$%&’(") *’$+(,-. 57(2165-182.
31.UnitedNations(1982="+,% >(4, 1&?%,- 4"2 9,@,%"#(); <"$)’2(,-.UnitedNations.
32.Wilmoth J.et al.(2012AFlexible Two-Dimensional Mortality Model for Usein Indirect Estimation. C"#$%&
’(") *’$+(,-. 6611-28.
33.Wilmoth J. and Horiuchi S.(1999Rectangularization Revisited:Variabilityof Ageat Death Within Human
Populations. 9,:";2&#57.364475-495.
责任编辑:玉柱
16
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341567851
5"% 9&0#:+0#($ (- 0"% ;(*0+,#0< =%>%, ?#0" 0"% 1%>%$0" 8"#$+ .(/),+0#($ 8%$&)& Li Ting and Others·2·
Assessing thequalityofcensusmortalitydata is a prerequisiteand basis for inferring mortality levels in China. To
avoid thebias ofa single estimation method due to theviolation ofits specific assumptions,this paper comprehensively
usesmethods ofmodel lifetables and internationalcomparison to systematically estimatetheage-specific mortalityrate
and corresponding death under-reporting ratewith theseventh China population census. Theresults find that thereis
significant under-reporting in theseventh census. In terms ofthe median ofvariousmethodsresults,theadjusted infant
mortalityrates are6.72for the male and 5.90for thefemale,with under-reporting rates of75.30%and 76.61%,
respectively.Theadjusted adult(15-59)death probabilities are11.24% for the male and 6.54% for thefemale,with
under-reporting rates of23.21%and 41.75%,respectively.Theadjusted old-aged(60-79)death probabilities are51.93
for the male and 34.63for thefemale,implying under-reporting rates of26.79%and 29 .27%,respectively.The
adjusted old-aged(80-99)death probabilities are99.10for the male and 98.03for thefemale,implying under-
reporting rates of4.16%and 5.13%,respectively.Thus,therearestill manychallenges to obtaining accuratedeath in-
formation through thecensus,and a completedeath registration system shouldbe established as soon as possible.
5"% @%+,0" 10+0)& (- 0"% 8"#$%&% 9,A%*,< .(/),+0#($ +$A B0& 5*%$A& #$ CDED
CDCDF
9>#A%$2% -*(: 0"% .(/),+0#($ !%$&)& +$A 1+:/,#$G H+0+ Zhang Wenjuan Fu Min·17·
Health status is an important indicator for thequalityoflifeand crucial evidencein theprocess ofpolicy making on
the elderly,but thechanges in thehealth ofthe elderly arecomplex and unstable.Based on thenationalcensus and
sampling data since2010,this paper analyzes theself-reported health status ofthe Chinese elderly from2010 to 2020,
and discusses thetrends in the extension oftheir healthy life expectancyand disability-free life expectancy.Theresults
show that thehealth status ofthe elderly population has been developing well since2010.Their performanceon thephysical
activities ofdaily living had been improved steadily,and thehealth status ofthe elderly who lived in theruralaveas has
been improved. The life expectancy,self-reported healthy life expectancyand disability-free life expectancyofthe elderly
havesteadily increased,while thesurvivaltimein thestateofdiseaseor disabilityhas been shortened as wellas its proportion in
the life expectancy.This phenomenon conforms to thecharacter ofabsolutecompression ofdiseaseor disability,which
indicatesChina has entered thefourth stageofhealth transformation. Therefore,weshould reconsider the existing projection
on thehealth status ofthe elderly,and adjust thepessimistic expectation on therapid growth ofthe elderly careburden
in thefuture.
.(/),+0#($ @%+,0" 5*+$&#0#($ #$ !"#$+F 72"#%>%:%$0& #$ 0"% !(I%>(,)0#($ (-
J%+,0" K(>%*$+$2% +$A J%+,0" 10*+0%G#%& Zhang Zhen·32·
Morethan 70years ofthePeoplesRepublic ofChina havewitnessed theremarkable journey ofalargepopulation
with a long historyofpovertyand weakness to achieverapid improvement in health status and sustained growth in life
expectancy.Alargenumber ofliteraturehas extensively and thoroughly exploredChinas population health improvement
126
... Numerous studies on death underreporting in China have indicated that conventional assessment methods like Brass-Logit and the United Nations model life table lack adequacy in rectifying death underreporting among the Chinese population, primarily due to the rapid health transition occurring over the past four decades. In contrast, models like the life table developed by Wilmoth and other scholars, notably the flexible two-dimensional mortality model, have exhibited superior adaptability (Li et al., 2022). Hence, this paper employs the flexible two-dimensional mortality model to adjust the provincial mortality data extracted from censuses, utilizing 991 life tables sourced from the September 2023 update of the Human Mortality Database (HMD). ...
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This paper examines the trends in life expectancy and life disparity among the older population in China and its sub-national regions based on China National Population Census data from 1981 to 2020, using the life disparity indicator developed by Zhang and Vaupel. It is shown that, first, the life expectancy of the older population in both China and its sub-national regions has experienced a significant upward trend; however, the growth is uneven across regions. Second, life disparities due to deaths among the elderly in China and its sub-national regions followed a downward trend, but life disparities due to deaths among the elderly as a ratio of total life disparities increased, indicating an increasing importance of deaths among the elderly in life disparities amid overall mortality improvements. Third, multiple linear regression models indicate that variations in life expectancy and life disparity among the older population across regions in China may stem from uneven development in the health transition process and resulting disparities. The eastern region of China has experienced a faster health transition compared to the western region, as evidenced by the greater impact of investments in medical facilities and economic development levels on increasing old-age life expectancy and reducing old-age life disparities in the eastern region. This paper reveals that the life expectancy and life disparity of China's older population has improved considerably over the past four decades, and its relatively lagging improvement compared to that of developed countries over the same period may be related to the relatively lagging health transition in the western region of the country.
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Despite its widespread use, the Coale-Demeny model life table system does not capture the extensive variation in age-specific mortality patterns observed in contemporary populations, particularly those of the countries of Eastern Europe and populations affected by HIV/AIDS. Although relational mortality models, such as the Brass logit system, can identify these variations, these models show systematic bias in their predictive ability as mortality levels depart from the standard. We propose a modification of the two-parameter Brass relational model. The modified model incorporates two additional age-specific correction factors ( γx and θ x ) based on mortality levels among children and adults, relative to the standard. Tests of predictive validity show deviations in age-specific mortality rates predicted by the proposed system to be 30-50 per cent lower than those predicted by the Coale-Demeny system and 15-40 per cent lower than those predicted using the original Brass system. The modified logit system is a two-parameter system, parameterized using values of l 5 and l 60 .
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Mortality estimates for many populations are derived using model life tables, which describe typical age patterns of human mortality. We propose a new system of model life tables as a means of improving the quality and transparency of such estimates. A flexible two-dimensional model was fitted to a collection of life tables from the Human Mortality Database. The model can be used to estimate full life tables given one or two pieces of information: child mortality only, or child and adult mortality. Using life tables from a variety of sources, we have compared the performance of new and old methods. The new model outperforms the Coale-Demeny and UN model life tables. Estimation errors are similar to those produced by the modified Brass logit procedure. The proposed model is better suited to the practical needs of mortality estimation, since both input parameters are continuous yet the second one is optional.
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Rectangularization of human survival curves is associated with decreasing variability in the distribution of ages at death. This variability, as measured by the interquartile range of life table ages at death, has decreased from about 65 years to 15 years since 1751 in Sweden. Most of this decline occurred between the 1870s and the 1950s. Since then, variability in age at death has been nearly constant in Sweden, Japan, and the United States, defying predictions of a continuing rectangularization. The United States is characterized by a relatively high degree of variability, compared with both Sweden and Japan. We suggest that the historical compression of mortality may have had significant psychological and behavioral impacts.
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"In this paper we propose a mortality measure that seems useful in analyzing age patterns of death rates. The measure, which will be denoted by k(x), indicates the proportional increase or decrease with age in the risk of death at a given age x, and is called the age-specific rate of mortality change with age." Estimations are presented for women in 10 countries. "Eight of the selected sets of data are for developed nations in the 1960s and 1970s, and the other two sets of data, for Taiwan, 1931-35, and for Germany, 1910-11, represent relatively high mortality. For France and West Germany, three different periods are included for an investigation of cohort effects on the observed age patterns." Other mathematical models of age-specific mortality rates are discussed and compared. (SUMMARY IN FRE)
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This paper examines the measurement of infant mortality in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). There are worrying indications that official infant mortality counts, based on administrative data, may understate the true gravity of the problem in 15 countries in the region, including 11 out of 12 CIS countries, and 4 countries in South Eastern Europe. In the case of eight CIS countries in the Caucasus and Central Asia plus Romania, the evidence is strongest, not least because surveys that allow independent estimation of infant mortality have been carried out there. In the case of the remaining six countries, the evidence is more circumstantial, and based on inconsistencies within the official data themselves, combined with information on how live births are defined. However, we find also that surveys are rather blunt instruments, and that the confidence intervals that surround estimates from these surveys are often large.
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BACKGROUND. The majority of countries in Africa and nearly one third of all countries require mortality models to infer complete age schedules of mortality, required for population estimates, projections/forecasts and many other tasks in demography and epidemiology. Models that relate child mortality to mortality at other ages are important because all countries have measures of child mortality. OBJECTIVE. 1) Design a general model for age-specific mortality that provides a standard way to relate covariates to age-specific mortality. 2) Calibrate that model using the relationship between child or child/adult mortality and mortality at other ages. 3) Validate the calibrated model and compare its performance to existing models. METHODS. A general, parametrizable component model of mortality is designed using the singular value decomposition (SVD-Comp) and calibrated to the relationship between child or child/adult mortality and mortality at other ages in the observed mortality schedules of the Human Mortality Database. Cross validation is used to validate the model, and the predictive performance of the model is compared to that of the Log-Quad model, designed to do the same thing. RESULTS. Prediction and cross validation tests indicate that the child mortality-calibrated SVD-Comp is able to accurately represent the observed mortality schedules in the Human Mortality Database, is robust to the selection of mortality schedules used to calibrate it, and performs better than the Log-Quad Model. CONCLUSIONS. The child mortality-calibrated SVD-Comp is a useful tool that can be used where child mortality is available but mortality at other ages is unknown. Together with earlier work on an HIV prevalence-calibrated version of SVD-Comp, this work suggests that this approach is truly general and could be used to develop a wide range of additional useful models.
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This article draws from cumulative disadvantage and life course theories to develop a new theory for the social scientific study of aging. Five axioms of cumulative inequality (CI) theory are articulated to identify how life course trajectories are influenced by early and accumulated inequalities but can be modified by available resources, perceived trajectories, and human agency. Although the concept of CI has attracted considerable attention among social scientists, it holds promise for integrating additional disciplinary approaches to the study of aging including, but not limited to, biology, epidemiology, and immunology. The applicability of CI theory to gerontology is illustrated in research on the early origins of adult health. Primary contributions of the theory to gerontology include greater attention to family lineage as a source of inequality; genes, gestation, and childhood as critical to early and enduring inequalities; the onset, duration, and magnitude of exposures to risk and opportunity; and constraints on generalizations arising from cohort-centric studies.
: 《80 年代中国人口死亡水平和模式的变动分析──兼论对 1990 年人口普查死亡水平 的调整》 , 《人口研究》 , 第 2 期。 第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估计
  • 李树茁
李树茁 (1994): 《80 年代中国人口死亡水平和模式的变动分析──兼论对 1990 年人口普查死亡水平 的调整》 , 《人口研究》 , 第 2 期。 第七次人口普查数据死亡水平估计
, Mortality in China
  • J Banister
  • K Hill
Banister J. and Hill K. (2004), Mortality in China 1964-2000. Population Studies. 58 (1): 55-75.
Mortality Models and Their Uses in Demography. Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries
  • W Brass
Brass W. (1971), Mortality Models and Their Uses in Demography. Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries. 33: 123-142.