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International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social
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ARTICLE TITLE
STAGES OF RESETTLEMENT OF ECO-MIGRANTS OF
ADJARA REGION AND STATE STRATEGY (ON THE
EXAMPLE OF GURIA REGION)
AUTHOR(S)
Ineza Zoidze, Irakli Manvelidze, Levan Jackeli, Natalia Lazba,
Irine Tsintsadze
ARTICLE INFO
Ineza Zoidze, Irakli Manvelidze, Levan Jackeli, Natalia Lazba, Irine
Tsintsadze. (2022) Stages of Resettlement of Eco-Migrants of Adjara
Region and State Strategy (On The Example of Guria Region).
International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science.
4(36). doi: 10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30122022/7876
DOI
https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30122022/7876
RECEIVED
15 October 2022
ACCEPTED
16 November 2022
PUBLISHED
20 November 2022
LICENSE
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4.0 International License.
© The author(s) 2022. This publication is an open access article.
International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science 4(36), 2022
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1
STAGES OF RESETTLEMENT OF ECO-MIGRANTS OF
ADJARA REGION AND STATE STRATEGY (ON THE
EXAMPLE OF GURIA REGION)
Ineza Zoidze
Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Shota Rustaveli State University of Batumi.
Irakli Manvelidze
Candidate of History, Doctor of Public Administration, Professor, Shota Rustaveli State University of
Batumi.
Levan Jackeli
Doctor of Law, Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University.
Natalia Lazba
Doctor of History, Associate Professor, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University.
Irine Tsintsadze
Doctor of Mass Communication, Assistant Professor, Shota Rustaveli State University of Batumi.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30122022/7876
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Received 16 October 2022
Accepted 15 November 2022
Published 20 November 2022
The modern migration processes in Georgia, especially ecological motives that
are caused by the social enviroment have many reasons and they don’t fully
corresponds to the socio-economic strategic interests of the development of the
country.
It is the weak economy mainly due to geographical factors, the backwardness
and high cost of the service sector, and the dangerous natural processes that
periodically put the need for intensive one-way migration on the agenda. Based
on this, the purpose of the study is to determine the nature and stages of
ecomigration of the population from the Ajara region at different times in the
context of the state strategy, on the example of the ecomigrants settled in the
Guria region. In order to achieve the mentioned goal and to study the issue, the
institutional approach to the study of migration processes is used. The research
is based on quantitative and qualitative social research techniques, as well as
analysis and statistical methods. All this helped us in proper analysis and study
of collected primary and secondary scientific information and materials. The
survey was conducted from March 12 to September 25, 2022. According to the
results of the research, in the presented material, the stages of eco-migration from
the Adjara region to the Guria region are studied for the first time, its nature is
determined, the state policy and its characteristics are evaluated, and various
problems related to eco-migration are described. Also, during the research
process, we developed recommendations that will contribute to the effectiveness
of the state eco-migration policy.
Based on the set goal of the research problem and the research issues, the research
included the study of the scientific literature surrounding the research problem,
the study of state documents, including archival documents, press and media
materials, and the implementation of field research in the areas inhabited by eco-
migrants.
KEYWORDS
Ecomigration, Ecomigrant,
Integration, Adaptation, State
Policy, Local Community.
Citation: Ineza Zoidze, Irakli Manvelidze, Levan Jackeli, Natalia Lazba, Irine Tsintsadze. (2022) Stages
of Resettlement of Eco-Migrants of Adjara Region and State Strategy (On The Example of Guria Region).
International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science. 4(36). doi:
10.31435/rsglobal_ijitss/30122022/7876
Copyright: © 2022 Ineza Zoidze, Irakli Manvelidze, Levan Jackeli, Natalia Lazba, Irine Tsintsadze.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor
are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science 4(36), 2022
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Introduction.
Due to the expected or already occurring natural events, the lack of material resources, the
difficulty of organizing a farm, the lack of permanent work, the desire to improve living conditions,
migration processes took place with periodic intensity from the mountainous villages of the Adjara
region to different regions of Georgia.
From the second half of the 20th century, especially in its last period, the compact eviction of
the population from the naturally affected or naturally unstable zones mainly occurred in 19
administrative units of Georgia. Among them Meskheti-Javakheti, Kartli, Kvemo Kartli, Kakheti, some
districts of Samegrelo and Guria region. Within the framework of our research, the compact resettlement
of the eco-migrants of the Adjara region in the Guria region is particularly important. As research has
established, unlike other regions of Georgia, the migration of the population from the Adjara region to
Guria begins in the middle of the 19th century. According to various data, more than 8,000 families
have settled in the mentioned region alone with the status of eco-migrants and surplus population. Some
of them experienced re-immigration in the region, but these were isolated cases. Based on this, the
purpose of the study is to determine the stages of ecomigration and evaluate the policy implemented in
accordance with the state ecomigration strategy.
Main research questions.
What stages are separated in the process of migration from the Adjara region to the Guri region?
What were the specific reasons for ecomigration?
What was the nature of ecomigration?
How effective was the state's eco-migration strategy?
Literature review.
A special interest in the study of theoretical and practical issues of eco-migration in the Georgian
reality can be observed in the last decade. Individual issues of eco-migration are analyzed at the
scientific level in the works of such authors as: T. Trieri. M. TuraSvili (2007), O. Saldadze. A. Musk-
tailed. (2018), Ecomigration in Georgia (2017), Ecomigration... (2017), R. Getiashvili (2011), Natural
disasters... (2013), S. Silagadze (2017), I. Macharashvili (2008), M. Kukchishvili (2020), Laili J. (2012),
J. Lyle (2012), T. Putkaradze (2006), Chumburidze M. Ghvinadze N. (2015).
However, in the mentioned works, the emphasis is hardly placed on the study of eco-migration
processes from the Adjara region to the Guria region. Accordingly, no attention has been paid to the
stages and nature of ecomigration, the study of the practice of the state policy of ecomigration, and the
determination of the effectiveness of the strategy. At the same time, there are no scientific works in
modern Georgian social science that provide a comprehensive analysis of the current problems of Adjara
ecomigrants in the Guria region. In the mentioned works, the emphasis is not on the study of the issues
of eco-migrants settled in Guria region from Adjara, but on the description of the current situation of
eco-migrants settled in different regions of Georgia. Therefore, the issues of eco-migration of Adjara
eco-migrants in the Guria region have not been studied.
For the theoretical-methodological research of the issue, the works of such foreign authors as:
Kniveton D. Schmidt-Verkerk K. r Smith Ch. (2008), Arango J. (2000), Wood W. Zolberg A. (eds)
(2001). Massey D.S. Arango J. (1993). The mentioned papers are obviously not related to the study of
Georgian practice. Accordingly, this study is a novelty for Georgian scientific literature, since the given
study on the example of the research of a specific region in the Georgian reality is a novelty from the
point of view of studying the process of eco-migration from a theoretical-methodological point of view.
Research methodology.
The empirical basis of the research is the field study of issues related to the ecomigration process
of Adjarian ecomigrants settled in the villages of the Guria region, as well as the identification and
analysis of official documents as a result of archival work related to ecomigration. Accordingly, field
research included conducting research in the villages of Guria region through observation, description,
survey (questionnaire) and interviews (face-to-face, group, extended). The use of qualitative methods
made it possible to get in-depth knowledge about the current situation in places inhabited by eco-
migrants, to provide a detailed description of the problems of eco-migrants and to typologize their needs.
At the same time, the research was based on such methods, which are united in the paradigms of
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sociological and ethnographic research. In particular, within the scope of the ethnographic research, the
daily life of individuals and social groups was described in order to study their cultural norms, which in
itself meant conducting field work in the natural conditions characteristic of the studied group or
individuals, which was based on the analysis of the data collected about the existence of the title and the
elements of culture and the interpretation of the obtained results.
One of the important methodological methods of the research was interviewing, as part of the
interview, the villages of Ozurgeti, Lanchkhuti and Chokhotauri municipalities of the Guria region were
interviewed: Zot, Chkhakura, Kvalghia, Nasakiral, Naruja, Laituri, Bakhv, Dvabzu, Konchkati, Meria,
Mitisdziri, Nagomar, Shroma, Aketi , in Deepaghele, Chiba, Buknar, Chochkhati, etc. 3000 eco-
migrants or their descendants. During the in-depth interview within the framework of the research, the
content of the questions for the respondents included:
1. When and under what conditions did you settle?
2. Did you relocate by yourself or with state support?
3. What were the main reasons for your relocation?
4. What support did you feel and do you feel from the state?
5. What kind of help did you receive from the state as an eco-migrant?
6. How did you start living in new places?
7. Do you consider yourself an eco-migrant?
8. What should the state do to help you?
9. What is your relationship with local communities?
10. Did your families feel supported by the local authorities in the direction of cultural or labor
activities, and in what way was/is it manifested?
11. Did the re-migration or reverse migration of eco-migrants take place? And if so, what was
the reason? (Field research materials. 2022).
At the same time, we sent letters to Ozurgeti, Chokhatauri and Lanchkhuti municipalities to
request public information. The requested information was about:
1. In which villages of the municipality are resettled/resettled eco-migrants from the Adjara region.
2. Since which years have settled/resettled eco-migrants from the Adjara region settled in the
villages of the municipality.
3. The number of families of settled/resettled eco-migrants from the Adjara region settled in
the villages of 3 municipalities by villages.
4. Total number of eco-migrants settled/resettled from the Adjara region settled in the villages
of the municipality according to the villages.
5. The number of ecomigrants employed in public structures.
6. Documents depicting local municipal social programs promoting adaptation-integration of
eco-migrants in local communities.
One of the important methodological methods of the research was the technique of document
analysis. Using the mentioned method, we studied archival documents, which we searched in the
respective funds of the historical and state archives of Adjara. The analysis of archival documents helped
us to study the state policy of eco-migration, to determine the stages of eco-migration and to identify
the problems associated with eco-migration. The mentioned archival materials helped us to describe the
process of eco-migration from the Adjara region to the Guria region during the Soviet and post-Soviet
periods, to reveal the peculiarities and to identify the problems. In the study of the mentioned issue, the
observation method was also important, which helped us to observe the daily life of eco-migrants in a
real environment. We studied their economic and cultural-religious life in a real environment. The
observation technique was used on the principle of direct observation. For the evolution and study of
eco-migration as a process, it was important to analyze public information requested from state agencies.
The study of the primary scientific information and data obtained using the mentioned methods
was carried out using the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis, for which we relied on the
methods of comparative, systematic and statistical analysis.
Secondary scientific information was also reflected in the research, in the form of studies
conducted on a subject of interest to us. In this regard, we would like to highlight the research conducted
with the support of the European Center for Minority Issues (Trieri T. Turashvili M. 2007), as well as
the research conducted within the framework of the Democracy Institute (Eco-migration in Georgia...
(2017) and a special report prepared by the Public Defender of Georgia (2013)). . Based on the scientific
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information obtained as a result of the research, within the framework of the desk research, we used the
methods of document analysis and monographic research.
The last stage of the research was completely devoted to the systematic processing of the
obtained primary and secondary scientific information, systematic analysis and formation of relevant
results, which are given within the scope of the present research.\
Main findings and discussion.
Georgia is characterized by high frequency of natural disasters. According to the data of the
National Environment Agency, the scale of natural disasters has increased dramatically in recent years.
All this is reflected in a particularly large and growing number of eco-migrants. Natural events are
frequent in the Adjara region, the mountainous terrain often naturally causes natural events, which are
active in different periods of the year, and as a result, many families remain without shelter and income.
Natural events and the issue of affected families is a well-known problem for the government.
The current situation in Georgia in terms of eco-migration is also complicated by the problems caused
by the unsystematic and inconsistent policy of resettling victims of natural disasters over the years,
which the state has to solve gradually.
Eco-migrants in Georgia are families that were resettled by the state decades ago, as well as
families that request resettlement, and no matter how strange it may be, families that live in the risk
zone. In other words, in Georgia, the concept (term) of eco-migrant includes both resettled and resettled
families and families belonging to the risk group, which indicates the inconsistent attitude of the state
to this issue (Eco-migration in Georgia, 2017, p. 4).
The definition of an internally displaced person in the national legislation is given in the 1996
Law of Georgia "On Internally Displaced Persons-Displaced Persons." It does not contain concepts
related to natural disasters, and also, the law does not protect a group of persons who were forced to
leave their permanent residence as a result of a natural event or a man-made disaster. place Consequently,
the government has also been relieved of its responsibility and internally displaced persons are also
deprived of the opportunities to exercise their rights established by the constitution or international
principles. No status applies to them, and persons of this category cannot benefit from the mechanism
of legal protection guaranteed by law (R. Getiashvili. 2011. p. 3-4).
As we mentioned above, the Adjara region is distinguished by the frequency of natural events,
which in turn causes massive population migration to different regions of Georgia, including the Guria
region. However, in the process of field ethnographic research in the mentioned region, as a result of
the research, we determined that in addition to natural disasters, the reason for migration could also be
an economic factor, which was also equal to labor migration.
As a result of interviews with eco-migrants, it became clear that population migration from
Adjara region to Guria region started in the second half of the 19th century and was related to economic
migration. In particular, in Upper Adjara, on the one hand, the lack of land, and on the other hand, the
excess of population (Upper Adjara is characterized by large and extended families) necessitated the
search for new housing. Since the Guria region borders the Adjara region geographically, Guria has
become the main and accessible object of settlement (field research materials. 2022).
In particular, as the first flow of eco-migrants from the villages of Zemo Adjara-Didachari and
Ghorjomi was established by interviews with eco-migrants, about 50 families were first resettled in the
village. in Zotikeli, and then in the villages of Zot, Chkhakura, and Kvalgha. Then the total number of
eco-migrant families increased to 300. As a result of field research work, this stage of ecomigration was
established in the form of single cases and continued until the 20s of the 20th century. This was the first
flow of eco-migrants, which was caused by economic conditions and had a spontaneous, self-flowing
character, although their resettlement in the Guria region, as it is clear from the field materials, was also
in the interests of the then Guria leaders and leaders. This can be considered as the first stage of eco-
migration from Ajara region to Guria region.
The second stage of eco-migration from the Adjara region to the Guria region already began
during the Soviet regime, and it had an organized, planned nature. As determined by the study of archival
documents, which was also confirmed by interviews with eco-migrants (field research work. 2022),
during the Soviet period, the resettlement of the population from the Adjara region in the Guria region
began in the 60s of the 20th century and continued until the 70s of the same century. According to
archival documents, at that time, eco-migration took the form of intra-republican agricultural tax (Atssa.
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Foundation R-356. Part 1. Sec. 104. F. 107). The government had developed a "perspective plan for the
settlement of families in collective farms of the Georgian SSR and Soviet farms in a planned manner
(Atssa. Foundation R-356. Part. 1. Sec. 287. F. F. 9). Resettlement was carried out by the Council of
Ministers of the Georgian SSR #154 of March 5, 1963, #399 of July 2, 1964, #279 of May 8, 1965, #181
of March 24, 1866, #200 of March 30, 1976, #177 of April 23, 1969, On the basis of resolutions #184
of April 3, #39 of January 21, 1970, #411 of June 23, 1975, #103 of February 8, 1979 and decree #404
of May 4, 1971 (Atssa. Fund R-356. Section 1. Sec. 118 p. 15; p. 133. p. 32; p. 287. p. 8-9). In the
mentioned years, the resettlement of eco-migrants in the Guria region was due, on the one hand, to the
deterioration of the ecological situation and overpopulation in the highlands of the Ajara region (Atssa.
Fund R-356. Part. 1. Sak. 287. F. 8). and in collective farms (Atssa. Fund R-356. Part. 1. Sect. 118. F.
56). Also, according to the regulation of settlement-resettlement in an organized manner, a family,
whose two members would be able to work and would be employed in the Soviet farm, was subject to
settlement. (Atsa. fund R-356, case 89, sheet 21) According to the Resolution # 528 of the Council of
Ministers of Georgia of December 3, 1971, with the aim of providing labor for farms, in 1972, 56
households were resettled in the Soviet tea farm of Nasakirali, Makharadze district, 50 in the Soviet
farm of Narunji, and 20 in the Soviet farm of Laituri in the Guria region of Adjara (Atssa Foundation
R-356. Anas. 1. Sak. 89. F. 64). In exchange for state aid, eco-migrants often violated the condition
according to which eco-migrants had to work in Soviet farms. In such a case, the authorities even
discussed the issue of confiscating their home plots and they were housed in dormitories. (Atssa. fund
R-356, file 89, sheet 2; 21).
Studying the archival documents also shows that along with the organized, planned resettlement
of eco-migrants, arbitrary resettlement of the population also took place, which contradicted the
resettlement instructions developed by the state. In such cases, according to the instructions, the
migrated resident was obliged to report to the state authority of the original place of residence and obtain
a resettlement permit. Otherwise, he could not take advantage of the state aid program and was forced
to return to the territory of his original residence (Atssa. Fund R-356. Part. 1. Sak. 118. F. 66.68).
The third stage of eco-migration from the Adjara region to the Guria region already begins in the
second half of the 80s and the first half of the 90s of the 20th century. At that time, eco-migration had the
character of planned, organized, as well as spontaneous/purchasing settlement. Accordingly, the state's
approach to the issue of supporting eco-migrants has changed. In particular, in one case, the state provided
planned, organized resettlement, which was manifested in financial support for the construction of residential
houses, on the other hand, eco-immigrants could find a place to live, a house, and the state financially (by
granting a loan) helped in its purchase (atssa fund R-356. Section 1 . Sak. 38. F. 13).
Thus, the resettlement of the population from the Adjara region to the Guria region includes
three stages.
Through the study of archival documents and interviews with eco-migrants, it was determined
that up to 20,000 families of eco-migrants were resettled in Chokhatauri, Ozurgeti and Lanchkhuti
districts/municipalities of Guria region from Khulo, Shuakhevi and Kedi districts/municipalities of
Adjara region.
As a result of the analysis of the information obtained using the in-depth interview method with
eco-migrants and the primary scientific information obtained by studying archival documents, it can be
concluded that the state support measures were also different at different stages during the eco-migration
from the Adjara region to the Guria region.
In particular, the first stage of eco-migration, which took place in the second half of the 19th
century, had a spontaneous and spontaneous nature and was not distinguished by state support measures.
At this time, eco-migrants are distinguished only by self-organization and are able to establish
themselves in new places independently. We consider an important circumstance in this case that the
state in the form of a local government did not interfere with this process. On the contrary, it was
renewed in many cases, which was manifested in the recognition of the lands occupied by eco-migrants
as their property.
During the field work, it became clear that the eco-migrants had to pay the appropriate fee to
the original owner of the land, which is confirmed by the so-called Representation of purchase
agreements, which are kept in the family archive. During this period, the population did not even ask
for any kind of support from the state. By studying the documents confirming the land ownership of
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eco-migrants, it is established that these documents were issued in 1919-1920 during the democratic
government of Georgia.
The second stage of eco-migration from the Adjara region to the Guria region is characterized
by organized support from the state. However, in the third stage, the state support was relatively
weakened, since it coincided with the process of restoring Georgia's state independence. Naturally, the
question arises as to why there was so much support for eco-migrants from the Georgian authorities
during the Soviet period.
The study of the state strategy of eco-migration during the Soviet period shows that eco-
migration was a new problem in Georgia during the Soviet period, although many things were done at
the governmental level over the years and this issue was not left without legal regulation. The problem
of displaced families affected by natural events coincided with the lack of labor in the Soviet farms and
collective farms of Georgia, which called into question the fulfillment of the set state economic plans.
Therefore, in order to solve the existing problems in this field and to develop state policy, separate legal
acts were periodically adopted, the majority of which mainly related to the settlement of eco-migrants
in Soviet farms and collective farms lacking in labor. Moreover, one of the main conditions for
settlement and state material support was that at least two members of the migrant families had to be
able to work and be employed in the Soviet farm or collective farm.
Conclusions and recommendations.
The research showed that several stages of eco-migration from the Adjara region to the Guria
region are distinguished.
The first stage took place in the 70s-90s of the 19th century (which lasted in the form of single
cases until the 20s of the 20th century), and had a self-flowing, spontaneous character, which was mainly
determined by economic and social factors, when the villages of Ghorjomi and Didachari in the
mountainous region of Adjara About 300 families settled in the village of Zot, Chkhakura and Kavalgha
of the Guria region.
The second stage of eco-migration is already related to the Soviet period, namely the 60-70
years of the 20th century. At that time, eco-migration was already carried out within the purposeful
policy of the state and was characterized by unprecedented support of the state, which was largely
determined by the interests of the planned Soviet economy and the surplus population, and therefore it
had the character of a planned, organized settlement.
The third stage begins in the late 80s of the 20th century and continues in the first half of the
90s. The third stage of the eco-migration process is characterized by a more self-flowing than an
organized, planned character, and it was caused by the deterioration of the ecological situation in the
Adjara region and the excess population, and was carried out within the framework of the financial
support of the state. We can also distinguish ecomigration.
The fourth stage, which covers the years 2007-2011 of the 21st century, although at that time
eco-migration had the character of planned settlement under the conditions of state support, but its scale
was not large, since there were no suitable places to live in the Guria region. Accordingly, eco-migration
from the Adjara region to the Guria region has almost stopped.
As a result of the research, it was determined that the settlement of eco-migrants from the Adjara
region in the villages of the Guria region took place both compactly and scattered, which affected their
economic and cultural adaptation and integration with the local communities.
As a result of the research, it was revealed that the state strategy of eco-migration was more
complete in the Soviet period than in the period after gaining independence, which was due to objective
and subjective reasons. In the post-independence period, the state strategy is poorly organized, there is
no visible systematic approach to the problem, it is based on more local and spontaneous solutions,
which shows that the state does not have a unified and complete policy towards this issue. Unfortunately,
until today there is no legal framework within the framework of which the problem would be understood
and solved step by step. Also, there is no unified state statistical data that would allow us to fully
understand the scale of the problem.
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