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Catalogue of type specimens of Stick- and Leaf-insects in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien (Insecta: Phasmida). Kataloge der wissenschaftlichen-Sammlungen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien
Abstract
A detailed listing of this important collection, with notes on Brunner von Wattenwyl and Redtenbacher. 72 pages, paperback A5. OUT OF PRINT but can be downloaded here: https://www.zobodat.at/pdf/kat-nhmw_13_0003-0072.pdf
The genus Pterinoxylus Serville, 1838 is redescribed and revised at the species level. It is distributed throughout most of Central America, the northern half of South America and also has one species on the Lesser Antilles. Two new species are described from Costa Rica: P. cocoense n. sp. from both sexes and the eggs and P. speciosus n. sp. from both sexes. The female of P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908) is described and illustrated for the first time, as are the eggs of the type-species P. eucnemis Serville, 1838 and P. perarmatus (Redtenbacher, 1908).
The Oriental stick insect genus Trachythorax Redtenbacher, 1908 is diagnosed, compared to closely related taxa, and reviewed based on examination of type material, collection material and photographic records, including citizen science sourced data. Each species is discussed and two new species are described from Vietnam: T. albomaculatus sp. nov. from Kon Chu Rang National Park in Central Vietnam and T. auranticollis sp. nov. from Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve in Southern Vietnam. Trachythorax yunnanensis Gao & Liang, 2021 stat. nov. is elevated to valid species, from status of subspecies of T. maculicollis (Westwood, 1848). Trachythorax illaesa (Redtenbacher, 1908) stat. rev. comb. nov. is reinstated as a valid species from previous status of junior synonym of T. maculicollis. As a result the genus Trachythorax now contains 15 species. New distribution records are provided for several species including new country records: Thailand and Myanmar for T. gohi Brock, 1999, Sri Lanka for T. illaesa Redtenbacher, 1908, Cambodia for T. maculicollis, India for T. sparaxes (Westwood, 1859) as well as Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam for T. yunnanensis. Distribution maps are provided for T. albomaculatus sp. nov., T. auranticollis sp. nov., T. gohi, T. maculicollis and T. yunnanensis. Egg morphology and egg deposition are described, discussed and illustrated for T. maculicollis, T. albomaculatus, T. yunnanensis and T. illaesa, the three latter species for the first time. Morphological adaptations of eggs are compared to those observed in other closely related genera such as Asceles Redtenbacher, 1908, Calvisia Stål, 1875, Korinnis Günther, 1932, Loxopsis Westwood, 1859, Marmessoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893, Sipyloidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 and Tagesoidea Redtenbacher, 1908, and egg parasitism is hypothesized as a potential evolutionary driver. Egg parasitism by Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea is documented for the first time in nature for T. maculicollis and T. illaesa; it is hypothesised that several morphological characters are counteradaptations to the egg parasitism.
With every molecular review involving Chitoniscus Stål, 1875 sensu lato samples from Fiji and New Caledonia revealing polyphyly, the morphology from these two distinct clades was extensively reviewed. Morphological results agree with all previously published molecular studies and therefore Trolicaphyllium gen. nov. is erected to accommodate the former Chitoniscus sensu lato species restricted to New Caledonia, leaving the type species Chitoniscus lobiventris (Blanchard, 1853) and all other Fijian species within Chitoniscus sensu stricto. Erection of this new genus for the New Caledonian species warrants the following new combinations: Trolicaphyllium brachysoma (Sharp, 1898), comb. nov., Trolicaphyllium erosus (Redtenbachher, 1906), comb. nov., and Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense (Größer, 2008a), comb. nov. Morphological details of the female, male, freshly hatched nymph, and egg are illustrated and discussed alongside the Chitoniscus sensu stricto in order to differentiate these two clades which have been mistaken as one for decades.
The internal male genitalia have been poorly investigated in Phasmatodea, remaining virtually unexplored in phylogenetic studies. Here we describe and illustrate the main phallic elements in several Neotropical stick insects, with emphasis on Paraphasma (Pseudophasmatidae), and present a phylogenetic analysis of this genus. The analysis included ten terminals in the ingroup and 18 in the outgroup, and was based on 32 characters of the phallic organ and 48 of external morphology. In order to compare these datasets in terms of phylogenetic signal and level of homoplasy, the consistency and retention indices of the cladogram were calculated separately for each of them, and partial analyses were also conducted using each dataset alone. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed Paraphasma as polyphyletic and led us to propose a new, monotypic genus, Ecuadoriphasma gen. nov., three new combinations (Ecuadoriphasma cognatum, Paraphasma trianguliferum and Tithonophasma cancellatum) and place Oestrophora as a synonym of Paraphasma. Additionally, Olcyphides hopii and Paraphasma dentatum are synonymized with Paraphasma laterale. Both external and phallic characters were determinant for the topology obtained, and the latter were less homoplastic in the phylogenetic tree. Our results highlight the usefulness of phallic morphology for inferring phylogenetic relationships in Phasmatodea, especially among closely related genera and species.
Stick insects have received little attention in Brazil, with many taxa lacking taxonomic, biological and morphological information on the literature. This represents a gap of knowledge for inclusive groups in Phasmatodea and for the Neotropical diversity as a whole, including members of poorly known Pygirhynchini (Heteronemiidae). Canuleius similis Redtenbacher belongs to that lineage and is redescribed based on 123 individuals recently collected or raised in captivity. Bacteria ornata Brunner von Wattenwyl is found to be a junior synonym of C. similis. Lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated for Canuleius inermis Redtenbacher, of which part of the syntype series is assigned to C. similis. The male, female, nymphs and eggs were analyzed, illustrated and described. External macromorphology of mouthparts, cerci, tarsi, antennae and internal morphology of genitalia of both sexes, in special the male genitalia were accounted for. The findings on male and female genitalia are discussed considering available information for Phasmatodea, including so far infrequently referenced works on Chilean species, hoping to shed more light in the understanding of genital structures in these insects. The male genitalia have common characters between Heteronemiidae and Pseudophasmatidae, indicating that the former may be a member of Occidophasmata. Female and male internal genitalia vary interespecifically and appears to be conservative in the same population. Traditional taxonomic characters, mostly related to camouflage, are shown to vary whereas detailed morphology is emphasized to be more conservative and encouraged to be included in future analyses. Additional information on habitat, behavior and development are given.
The enigmatic, monotypic genus Laciphorus Redtenbacher, 1908 (type species: Laciphorus lobulatus Redtenbacher, 1908) is redescribed and its taxonomic position is explained. It belongs to a subgroup of ‘anareolate’ Phasmatodea currently referred to as Diapheromerinae: Diapheromerini: ‘Bacteria-group’ and now members of a clade termed Occidophasmata (Simon et al., 2019). Globocalynda Zompro, 2001 is shown to be the morphologically most similar and presumably most closely related genus. Two new synonymies are revealed. The previously believed lost female holotype of Laciphorus lobulatus Redtenbacher, 1908 is traced in the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna (NHMW) and is shown to be the same specimen as the holotype of Bostra scabrinota Redtenbacher, 1908, which consequently is a junior objective synonym (n. syn.). Both species are here shown to be synonyms of Ocnophila capitata Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907, because this represents the male of Redtenbacher’s two aforementioned species (n. syn.). Thus, the valid name for this species now is Laciphorus capitatus (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) n. comb. A lectotype is designated for Ocnophila capitata Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907. Laciphorus appears to be geographically restricted to the ‘Coastal Lomas’ of western Peru, which biogeographically lie within the Coastal Peruvian Desert, and seems to be peculiar to its host-plant Ophryosporus pubescens Small, 1814 (Asteraceae).
The present paper describes 16 new species and one new genus from French Guiana and numerous taxonomic changes are proposed to the Phasmatodea of French Guiana. Fifty-six new combinations, twenty-six new synonymies, two lectotypes and four neotypes are designated.
We present new information on the poorly known genus of stick insects, Canuleius Stål, 1875, with redescriptions of two Brazilian species, Canuleius grandis Toledo Piza, 1936 and Canuleius sanguinolentus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) comb. nov., the latter herein transferred from Bacteria Berthold, 1827. Type material of both species was examined, as well as additional specimens recently collected and deposited at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). The types of two other species in the genus, Canuleius affinis Toledo Piza, 1936 and Canuleius brevipes Toledo Piza, 1936, were also examined and both species are herein synonymised under C. grandis (syn. nov.). The study includes the first descriptions of the male of C. grandis, the female of C. sanguinolentus and the eggs of both species, which are the first descriptions of eggs of Canuleius. Some notes are presented on the biology of both species, including the first observations of mating and oviposition in Heteronemiidae. Taxonomic aspects of Canuleius are discussed.
Six species of Pseudosermyle Caudell, 1903 occurring in Mexico are discussed. Three new species from Mexico are described and illustrated, all of which are closely related to Pseudosermyle phalangiphora (Rehn, 1907): P. chorreadero n. sp. from both sexes, P. procera n. sp. and P. claviger n. sp. from the males only. The males of P. inconguens (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907) and P. tolteca (Saussure, 1859) are re-described and illustrated. Detailed descriptions and illustrations are furthermore provided for both sexes and the eggs of P. phalangiphora (Rehn, 1907). Taxonomic problems caused by misidentifications and wrong synonymies of previous authors concerning to these six species are clarified. A lectotype is designated for Pseudosermyle incongruens (Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907). Ocnophila crudis Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 and Dyme depressa Brunner v. Wattenwyl, 1907 are shown to be junior synonyms of P. phalangiphora Rehn, 1907.
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