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SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
1
IMPACT OF AUTOMATED FIBRE PLACEMENT INDUCED
DEFECTS ON THE COMPRESSION BEHAVIOUR OF CFRP
STRUCTURES
!"#$%&'()$*%#%+a,(-%.&'/*&"(0%*1.'a,(2%/%$(03$'/a,(4&$'/%"(-561*#/b,(7&$5(
8*11%$1&""b,()*$&'(0&9*$*a,(!+%:&"#%$(0%$;*<a(
a(="'/*/>/%(3?(!*$5$&?/(@%'*<"(&"#(A*<6/;%*<6/(-/$>5/>$%',(8%56"*'56%(B"*C%$'*/D/(
E$&>"'56;%*<,(F//%".%59%$(@&11(GH,(-/&#%,(I%$1&"J(
b(="'/*/>/%(3?(2$3#>5/*3"(K"<*"%%$*"<(&"#(7&56*"%(833+',(A%*."*L(B"*C%$'*/D/(0&""3C%$,(
F//%".%59%$(@&11(GH,(-/&#%,(I%$1&"J((
ABSTRACT
2$35%''(*"#>5%#(#%?%5/'(#>$*"<(&>/31&/%#(?*.$%(M+&5%1%"/(N!)2O(6&C%(&"(*1M&5/(3"(/6%(
1%56&"*5&+(.%6&C*3>$(3?(5>$%#(?*.$%(531M3'*/%('/$>5/>$%'P(Q6*+%($%5>$$*"<(#%?%5/'('>56(
&'( <&M'( &"#( 3C%$+&M'( 6&C%( .%%"( %:/%"'*C%+J( '/>#*%#,( /6%( *1M&5/( 3?( /3;R/;*'/'( &"#(
?>LL.&++'(*'("3/(;%++(9"3;"P(0%"5%,(/6*'('/>#J(M$%'%"/'(/6%(?*"#*"<'(3?(531M$%''*3"(/%'/'(
5&$$*%#(3>/(3"(5&$.3"(?*.$%R$%*"?3$5%#(M3+J1%$(/%'/('M%5*1%"'(;*/6(*"/%"/*3"&++J(M+&5%#(
/3;R/;*'/'(&"#(?>LL.&++'P(86%(#%?%5/'(&$%(56&$&5/%$*'%#(.&'%#(3"(<%31%/$*5(#&/&(&5S>*$%#(
#>$*"<( +&J>MP( 86%( 5>$%#( 'M%5*1%"'( &$%( ?>$/6%$( %:&1*"%#( .J( 531M>/%$( /313<$&M6J,(
<*C*"<( &"( >"M$%5%#%"/%#( >"#%$'/&"#*"<( 3?( 63;( /6%( #%?%5/'( #%?3$1( #>$*"<( 5>$*"<( &"#(
&??%5/(/6%("%*<6.3>$*"<(+&1*"&%P(="(&##*/*3",(T@(1%'3R'5&+%(?*"*/%R%+%1%"/('*1>+&/*3"'(3?(
+&1*"&/%'(53"/&*"*"<(/6%(&?3$%1%"/*3"%#(#%?%5/'(&$%(53"#>5/%#(>'*"<(/6%(<%31%/$*5(#&/&(
?$31(/6%(/313<$&1'P(86%('*1>+&/*3"( 3>/M>/(*'(531M&$%#(/3(/6%( .%6&C*3>$( 3.'%$C%#(*"(
/6%(%:M%$*1%"/&+(/%'/'P(86%($%'>+/'(?$31( /6%( 531M$%''*3"(/%'/'(*"#*5&/%(&"(*"?+>%"5%(3?(
/6%(#%?%5/'(3"(/6%(531M$%''*3"('/$%"</6,(531M$%''*3"('/*??"%''(&"#(.>59+*"<(.%6&C*3>$(
3?( /6%( +&1*"&/%P( !( 53"5+>'*3"( *'( #$&;"( /3;&$#'( .%*"<( &.+%( /3( &55>$&/%+J( M$%#*5/( /6%(
1%56&"*5&+(*1M&5/(3?(?>LL.&++'(&"#( /3;R/;*'/'( ">1%$*5&++J,( /6>'( &*#*"<( *"( /6%(#%5*'*3"R
1&9*"<(3?(;6%/6%$(/3($%13C%('>56(#%?%5/'(#>$*"<(M&$/'(M$3#>5/*3"(*"(/6%(!)2(M$35%''P
(
1. INTRODUCTION
!>/31&/%#(?*.$%(M+&5%1%"/(*'(&(9%J(/%56"3+3<J(?3$('%$*&+(M$3#>5/*3"(3?(+&$<%(&"#(531M+%:(
5&$.3"(?*.$%($%*"?3$5%#(531M3'*/%(M&$/',(%'M%5*&++J(*"(/6%(&C*&/*3"(*"#>'/$J(UGVP(431M+%:(
*"/%$&5/*3"'(;*/6*"(/6%(+&J>M(M$35%''(63;%C%$(1&9%'(/6%(M$35%''(M$3"%(/3(%$$3$,(;6*56(
1*<6/( $%'>+/( *"( M$35%''( *"#>5%#( #%?%5/'( *"'*#%( /6%( 531M3'*/%( M&$/P( ->56( #%?%5/'( &$%(
/JM*5&++J(?*:%#( 1&">&++J( #>$*"<( /6%( +&J>M(M$35%'',( &'( &( 53$$%5/*3"( 3?( /6%( 5>$%#( M&$/( *'(
1>56(13$%(#*??*5>+/(&"#(53'/+JP(@%/%5/*3"(3?(#%?%5/'(#>$*"<(/6%(+&J>M(M$35%''(5&"($%'>+/(
*"(1&56*"%(#3;"/*1%(3?(>M(/3(WX(Y(UHVP(Z%'%&$56(*'(>"#%$;&J(/3(&>/31&/%(/6%(#%/%5/*3"(
3?(#%?%5/'(%*/6%$(/6$3><6(/3M3+3<J('5&""*"<(UTV(3$(.J(/6%$13<$&M6*5(1%&"'(UWVP(
Q6*+%(&>/31&/%#(*"'M%5/*3"(/%56"*S>%'(&*#(*"'M%5/3$'(/3(?*"#(&"#(5+&''*?J(#%?%5/'(#>$*"<(
/6%(+&J>M(M$35%'',(*/(*'('/*++(>M(/3(/6%(*"'M%5/3$(/3(#%5*#%(63;('%C%$%(&(#%/%5/%#(#%?%5/(*'(
&"#(/3(#%5*#%(;6%/6%$(*/("%%#'($%13C&+(3$("3/P(Z%'%&$56(*'('/*++("%%#%#(*"(3$#%$(/3(.%//%$(
S>&"/*?J(/6%(%??%5/(&(#%?%5/(6&'(3"(/6%(1%56&"*5&+(M$3M%$/*%'(3?(&(5>$%#(531M3'*/%(M&$/P(
!(C&$*%/J(3?(M$35%''(*"#>5%#(#%?%5/'(&$%(#*??%$%"/*&/%#(U[VP( 86%( %??%5/(3?(/3;(M+&5%1%"/(
%$$3$',( '>56( &'( <&M'( &"#( 3C%$+&M',( &$%( %:/%"'*C%+J( '/>#*%#( &'( /6%J( 3?/%"/*1%'( &$%(
SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
2
>"&C3*#&.+%(#>%(/3(M&$/(<%31%/$J(3$($%'/$*5/*3"'(*"(M$35%''(M&$&1%/%$'P(03;%C%$,(/6%$%(
&$%(#%?%5/'(;*/6(+%''%$(9"3;"(*1M&5/',('>56(&'(/;*'/%#(/3;'(3$(?>LL.&++'(N)*<>$%(GOP(86>',(
/6*'( '/>#J( &*1'( /3( %:M&"#( /6%( 9"3;+%#<%( 3?( /6%( 1%56&"*5&+( *"?+>%"5%(/3;R/;*'/'( &"#(
?>LL.&++'(%:%$/(3"(&(5>$%#(531M3'*/%(M&$/('>.\%5/%#(/3(531M$%''*C%(+3&#'P(
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Figure 1: Tow-twist (left) and fuzzball (right)
2. EXPERIMENTATION
86$%%( /%'/( +&1*"&/%'( ;%$%( M$3#>5%#( ;*/6( &"( *"R63>'%( &>/31&/%#( ?*.$%( M+&5%1%"/(
1&56*"%(U]V,(?$31(;6*56(/%'/('M%5*1%"'(;%$%(5>/(3>/(&?/%$(5>$*"<P(86%(!)2(%"#(%??%5/3$(
*'(%S>*MM%#(;*/6(&"( *"?$&$%#( 5&1%$&( ?3$(*"R'*/>(/6%$13<$&M6*5(M$35%''( 13"*/3$*"<( UXVP(
!"( 3M/*3"&+(+&'%$( '5&""%$( 5&"(.%( ?*//%#( ?3$( &5S>*$*"<( &( 6%*<6/( 1&M( 3?( &( ?>++J( M+&5%#(
+&1*"&/%(+&J%$,(*"5+>#*"<(#%?%5/'P
(
!++( /%'/( +&1*"&/%'( ?%&/>$%#( &( +&J>M( 3?(G[( M+*%'P( 86%( ?*$'/( /%'/( +&1*"&/%( N2GO( ?%&/>$%'( &(
'J11%/$*5(5$3''(+&1*"&/%P(86%('%53"#(&"#(/6*$#(/%'/(+&1*"&/%'(N2H,(2TO(;%$%(#%'*<"%#(/3(
.%(S>&'*R*'3/$3M*5,( ;6*+%( /6%( /6*$#(/%'/(+&1*"&/%(6&'(13$%(#*$%5/*3"&+(M$3M%$/*%'(#>%(/3(
/6$%%(^_(+&J%$'(*"(*/'(5%"/$%P(86%(+&J>M(3?(/6%(/6$%%(/%'/(+&1*"&/%'(&$%(+*'/%#(*"(8&.+%(GP(
Table 1: Layup of the three test laminates used in experimentation
2G(
UN`^,(^O3,(`^,(^
aV'(
2H(
U^,(RW[,(^,(bW[,(^,(RW[,(bW[,(`^
a
a
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2T(
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#>$*"<(/6%(+&J>M(M$35%''P(0%$%*",(+&J%$(G( $%?%$'( /3(/6%(.3//3113'/( M+JP( )>LL.&++'(;%$%(
+&*#(3"(/3M(3?(/6%('M%5*?*%#(+&J%$(&?/%$(;%*<6*"<P(83;R/;*'/'(;%$%(*"/%<$&/%#(.J(5&$%?>++J(
M>++*"<(/6%(53$$%'M3"#*"<(/3;(3>/(3?(/6%(!)2(6%&#,(/;*'/*"<(/6%(/3;,(&"#(/6%"(M>++*"<(/6%(
/3;(.&59(*"/3(/6%(6%&#(?3$(&>/31&/%#(M+&5%1%"/P(!+/63><6(1&">&++J(M+&5*"<(/6%(&??%5/%#(
/3;( ;*/6( /6%( /3;R/;*'/( 3"( /6%( 531M3'*/%( +&J>M( 1&J( .%( %&'*%$,( /6%( &?3$%1%"/*3"%#(
M$35%#>$%(.%//%$($%M$%'%"/'( /6%( 1&">?&5/>$*"<(M$35%'',(&'( /6%(53"/&5/(M$%''>$%( 3?( /6%(
!)2(531M&5/*3"($3++%$(*'("3/("%<+%5/%#P(4>$*"<(3?(/6%(/%'/(+&1*"&/%'(;&'(53"#>5/%#(*"(&"(
&>/35+&C%(;*/6('3?/(/33+*"<,(*P%P("3(6&$#(/33+*"<(;&'(M+&5%#(3"(/3M(3?(/6%(+&1*"&/%P
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G]^(11 c W^(11
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W^(11 c W^(11
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C&$*%#(*"('*L%(&"#(+&J%$(3?(*"'%$/*3"(.&'%#(3"(&"(#%'*<"(3?(%:M%$*1%"/'P()3$(%&56(#%'*<"(
M3*"/,(/6$%%('M%5*1%"'(;%$%(5>/(3>/P((
SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
3
2.1 Naming convention
0%$%*"&?/%$,(/6%(#%'*<"(M3*"/'('6&++(.%($%?%$%"5%#(?3++3;*"<(/6%("&1*"<(53"C%"/*3"(
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'1&++%$( /6&"(
HG^(11!
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%:5%%#(
T^(11
P()3$(.%//%$(5+&$*/J,(/6%(3$*%"/&/*3"(3?(/3;R/;*'/'(*'(&+'3(<*C%"P(
2.2 Data processing
86%(1%56&"*5&+(M$3M%$/*%'(3?(/6%(0%:2+J(e[[HR!-W(>"*#*$%5/*3"&+(M$%M$%<(1&/%$*&+(;%$%(
#%/%$1*"%#( *"( M$%+*1*"&$J( /%'/'( ?3++3;*"<( '/&"#&$#'( @=f( Kf( =-F( [HXR[gH^^`( ?3$( /6%(
/%"'*+%( M$3M%$/*%',( @=f( Kf( =-F( GWGH]gH^^^( ?3$( /6%( 531M$%''*C%( M$3M%$/*%'( &"#( @=f(
][W]]gG``](?3$(/6%('6%&$(M$3M%$/*%'P(86%(&C%$&<%(5>$%#(M+J(/6*59"%''(;&'(?3>"#(/3(.%(
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#%?%5/'P
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/%'/*"<P(86%(/313<$&1'(?%&/>$%(&($%'3+>/*3"(3?(
GWPG[ k1 C3:%+
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C*&('%<1%"/&/*3"( N)*<>$%(HOP(@%'5$*M/*C%(M&$&1%/%$'('>56(&'(C3+>1%,(+%"</6,(;*#/6( &"#(
/6*59"%''(3?(/6%(?>LL.&++'(53>+#(/6%"(.%(#%$*C%#(?$31(/6%'%(U`VP(
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Figure 2: 3D rendering of a segmented fuzzball. Pores inside the fuzzball are marked in red.
K:M%$*1%"/&/*3"(;&'( 5&$$*%#(3>/( &/(I$&''%( o>$( 431M3'*/%( 8%'/*"<( *"( E%$+*"( >/*+*L*"<( &(
6J#$&>+*5( 531M3'*/%( 531M$%''*3"( ?*:/>$%( ;*/6( +*"%&$( <>*#&"5%P( 86%( %+3"<&/*3"( 3?( &(
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UG^VP(86*'(&++3;%#(/3(&55>$&/%+J(1%&'>$%(/6%('/$&*"(?*%+#(3?(/6%('M%5*1%"p'(>MM%$('>$?&5%(
*"(T@P(86%(+3&#(*'(*"/$3#>5%#('3+%+J(/6$3><6('6%&$R+3&#*"<(&+3"<'*#%(/6%(5&M('/$*M'P(86%(
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SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
4
3. RESULTS
86%( '/*??"%''( 3?( /6%( /%'/( 'M%5*1%"'( ;&'( 5&+5>+&/%#( &'( /6%( <$&#*%"/( 3?( /6%( '/$%''( &/( /6%(
%+3"<&/*3"'(
q+,+-. i ^P^[Y
(&"#(
q+,/-. i ^PH[Y
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86%( KR13#>+%'( &'( %:M%5/%#( ?$31( 5+&''*5&+( +&1*"&/*3"( /6%3$J(
r012
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13#>+%'(&5S>*$%#(?$31(/6%(#%?%5/R?$%%($%?%$%"5%(/%'/'(
r34%
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/%'/( +&1*"&/%P( !'( *'( &MM&$%"/,( 5+&''*5&+( +&1*"&/*3"( /6%3$J( /%"#'( /3( 3C%$%'/*1&/%( /6%(
531M$%''*3"('/*??"%''(3?(&++(/6$%%(/%'/(+&1*"&/%'(;*/6(>M(/3(
TPHW(Y
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Table 2: E-module from classical lamination theory and mean E-module from tests of the three test laminates
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s567(
s89:
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[]P`G] j HP[^e(I2&(
2H
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2T
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.%?3$%($%&56*"<(/6%*$(1&:*1>1('/$%"</6(
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&MM&$%"/(?+&//%"*"<(3?(/6%('/$%''R'/$&*"R5>$C%(N)*<>$%(TO,(;6*56($%'>+/'(?$31(.>59+*"<(&"#(
/6%(&?3$%1%"/*3"%#(3"%R'*#%#($%53$#*"<(3?(/6%('/$&*"(?*%+#P(
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Figure 3: Stress-strain diagram for P1-REF-4. Local strain fields are shown at four distinct points during testing.
@*'$%<&$#*"<(.>59+*"<,(&+13'/(&++(/%'/('M%5*1%"'(?&*+%#(;*/6(&55%M/%#(13#%'(3?(?&*+>$%(&'(
#%'5$*.%#(*"(@=f(Kf(=-F(GWGH]gH^^^,(*P%P(/6%(M3*"/(3?(?&*+>$%(*'(+35&/%#(*"(/6%(5%"/$%(3?(/6%(
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+&1*"&/%P(
SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
5
(
Figure 4: Broken test specimen after compression testing.
Figure 5: Simulation boundary conditions
3.1 Simulation
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?&*+>$%(13#%+(3?(2>59(UGGVP(86%(T@(?*"*/%(%+%1%"/(13#%+(;&'(M$%RM$35%''%#(;*/6(&(MJ/63"(
'5$*M/( /3( *"53$M3$&/%(/6%( #%?%5/( 56&$&5/%$*'/*5',( ;6*56( *'( #%/&*+%#( *"( U`VP( 86%(
$%M$%'%"/&/*C%( 13#%+( '*L%( ;&'( '%/( /3( 1&/56( /6%( 'M%5*1%"'( ?$%%( /%'/( &$%&,( *P%P(
W^(11 c W^(11
P(86%(M+J(/6*59"%''(*"(/6%('*1>+&/*3"(;&'(&$.*/$&$*+J('%/(/3(
h"#$ iGX[(k1
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86%(.3//31(+3&#*"<('>$?&5%(;&'(5+&1M%#(*"('M&5%(Nu%"5&'/$%vOP(86%(/3M(+3&#*"<('>$?&5%(
;&'($%'/$*5/%#(/3(3"+J(13C%(*"(:R#*$%5/*3"(/3(&553>"/(?3$(/6%(+*"%&$(<>*#&"5%(3?(/6%(/%'/(
'%/>M(&"#(&MM3*"/%#(&(531M$%''*C%(+3&#(N)*<>$%([OP(86%(+3&#(;&'(*"5$%&'%#(*"(*"5$%1%"/'(
3?(
^P[(9f
(>"/*+(?*.%$(?&*+>$%(;&'(#%/%5/%#(;*/6*"(/6%(+&1*"&/%P(
Table 3: Maximum strength values as measured in experiments and as expected from simulations for the three test laminates
(
K:M%$*1%"/&/*3"(
-*1>+&/*3"(
(
w=>?)89:
(
w@
(
wAA
(
wBAA
(
2G(
TX^P[ j GHPG(72&(
T[[PW j HTPG(72&(
]GWPT(72&(
x(
2H(
WXXPH j GTPT(72&(
WHGPH j HePG(72&(
[^`P[(72&(
T`[PH(72&(
2T(
WGGPT j GTPH(72&(
T][P` j GeP[(72&(
W]GP`(72&(
T[XPG(72&(
(
8&.+%(T(531M&$%'(/6%(%:M%$*1%"/&+(1&:*1>1('/$%"</6'(
t;<*)34%
(?$31(/6%($%?%$%"5%(/%'/'(
/3(/6%('/$%''%'(
tCC
,(&/(;6*56( ?*.$%(?&*+>$%(?*$'/( 355>$$%#( *"(/6%('*1>+&/*3"',( &"#(
tDCC
,(&/(
;6*56( *"/%$R?*.$%( ?&*+>$%,( *P%P( ?&*+>$%( 3?( /6%( 1&/$*:,( ?*$'/( 355>$$%#( *"( /6%( '*1>+&/*3"'P(
)>$/6%$13$%,(/6%('/$%''(
tE
(&/( ;6*56(/6%('M%5*1%"'('/&$/%#(/3(.>59+%(*'(&+'3(<*C%"P(f3/%(
/6&/(%'M%5*&++J(/6%( /%'/( +&1*"&/%(2G(*'( M$3"%( /3(9*"9*"<(;*/6(
t;<*)34% x tEiG[PG(72&
P(
E>59+*"<(;&'("3/( 3.'%$C%#(*"( /6%('*1>+&/*3"',( &'(/6%( '*1>+&/*3"'( ;%$%( '3+C%#( +*"%&$+J(
;*/6(&"(%:M+*5*/('3+C%$P((
SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
6
3.2 Test laminate P1
86%( /%'/( $%'>+/'( 3?( /6%( 'M%5*1%"'( ?$31( /%'/( +&1*"&/%( 2G( &$%( '63;"( *"( )*<>$%( ]P( 86%(
'M%5*1%"'( 3?( /%'/( +&1*"&/%( 2G( '63;%#( /6%( <$%&/%'/( /%"#%"5J( /3( 9*"9*"<P( -M%5*1%"'(
?%&/>$*"<(?>LL.&++'(<%"%$&++J('63;(&(#%5$%&'%(*"(/3+%$&.+%(531M$%''*3"('/$%''(
t;<*
P(-1&++(
?>LL.&++'(6%$%.J(/%"#(/3(6&C%(&(<$%&/%$(*1M&5/(3"(/6%(531M$%''*3"('/$%"</6P(-M%5*1%"'(
;*/6(?>LL.&++'(?>$/6%$('63;(&(53$$%+&/*3"(.%/;%%"(/6%(M3'*/*3"(3?(/6%(?>LL.&++(;*/6*"(/6%(
+&J>M( &"#( /6%( '/*??"%''(
r
P( Q6%"( ?>LL.&++'(&$%( *"/$3#>5%#( *"(+3;%$( M+*%',( /6%J(/%"#( /3(
#%5$%&'%('/*??"%'',(;6%$%&'(?>LL.&++'(M+&5%#(6*<6%$(>M(*"(/6%('/&59('63;(&"(*"5$%&'%(*"(
'/*??"%''P(
(
Figure 6: Deviation of
𝜎!"#
and
𝐸
relative to P1-REF for test laminate P1.
-M%5*1%"'(;*/6( /;*'/%#(/3;'(<%"%$&++J('63;(&"(*"5$%&'%(*"(.3/6(531M$%''*3"('/*??"%''(
&"#( '/$%"</6( ;6%"( 3$*%"/&/%#( M&$&++%+( /3( /6%( #*$%5/*3"( 3?( 531M$%''*3"P( 2%$M%"#*5>+&$(
+3&#*"<('63;'(3"+J(C%$J('1&++(#%5$%&'%(*"('/$%"</6(&"#('/*??"%''P((
83;R/;*'/'(;%$%("3/('*1>+&/%#P(I%"%$&++J,(/6%(*"?+>%"5%(#%?%5/'(6&C%(3"(/6%(1%56&"*5&+(
M$3M%$/*%'(3?(/6%(531M3'*/%(+&1*"&/%(*'(531M&$&.+J( '1&++( &"#(13'/+J($%'*#%(*"'*#%(/6%(
C&$*&/*3"(3?(/6%($%?%$%"5%('M%5*1%"'P((
3.3 Test laminate P2
)>LL.&++'(&+'3('63;(&"(*1M&5/(3"(/6%(1%56&"*5&+(.%6&C*3>$(3?(/%'/(+&1*"&/%(2H,(?%&/>$*"<(
&"(*"5$%&'%(*"('/$%"</6(?3$(/6%(+&$<%(?>LL.&++(*"/$3#>5%#(*"(+&J%$(X(N)*<>$%(XOP(86*'(1&J(
.%( *"/%$M$%/%#( '>56( &'( /6&/( ?>LL.&++'( *"( 1*##+%( +&J%$'( '/$%"</6%"( /6%( 531M&5/*3"(
.%6&C*3>$,(*P%P( /6%( ?>LL.&++(1&/%$*&+(1&J('>MM$%''(9*"9*"<(.J(/6*59%"*"<(/6%(531M3'*/%P(
SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
7
86*'( ?*"#*"<( 5&"( &+'3( .%( ?3>"#( *"( /6%( 3>/+*%$( 2GR)RAXRA( *"( /6%( $%'>+/'( 3?(/6%( ?*$'/( /%'/(
+&1*"&/%( 2GP( 86%( '1&++%$( ?>LL.&++'( *"( /6%( /%'/( +&1*"&/%( H( 63;%C%$( 3"+J( '63;( &( $&/6%$(
'1&++(#%C*&/*3"(*"('/$%"</6(531M&$%#(/3(/6%($%?%$%"5%('M%5*1%"'P(86%('/*??"%''(&<&*"(*'(
*"?+>%"5%#(/6%(13'/(/6$3><6(/6%(+&J%$*"<(M3'*/*3"(;*/6*"(/6%(531M3'*/%P(
Z%<&$#*"<(/3;R/;*'/',(/%'/( +&1*"&/%(2H('63;'( +*//+%(%??%5/(3"( /6%(531M$%''*3"('/*??"%''(
%:5%M/( ?3$( /6%( RW[_( 3$*%"/%#( /3;R/;*'/( *"( +&J%$( HP( I%"%$&++J,( /3;R/;*'/'( *"( &(
j
W[_(
3$*%"/&/*3"('%%1(/3('/$%"</6%"(/6%(+&1*"&/%,(;6*56(*'(*"(53"/$&#*5/*3"(/3(/6%(?*"#*"<'(*"(
/%'/(+&1*"&/%(2GP(
(
Figure 7: Deviation of
𝜎!"#
and
𝐸
relative to P2-REF for test laminate P2.
3.4 Test laminate P3
86%( %??%5/'( 3?( ?>LL.&++'( 3"( /6%( /%'/( +&1*"&/%( 2T( &$%( '31%;6&/( >"5+%&$( &"#( *"( M&$/(
53"/$&#*5/(?*"#*"<'( 3?( 2G( &"#( 2HP( 86%( +&$<%$( ?>LL.&++'( *"#*5&/%( &( #%M%"#%"5J( 3?( /6%(
531M$%''*3"('/$%"</6(/3(/6%(M+J(+&J%$,(*"(;6*56(/6%(?>LL.&++(;&'(M+&5%#P(86%('M%5*1%"'(
;*/6(&('1&++(?>LL.&++(*"(+&J%$(X(63;%C%$('63;(&"(>"%:M%5/%#(.%6&C*3>$,(&'(/6%J('63;(&(
<$%&/(*"5$%&'%( .3/6(*"( '/$%"</6(&"#( '/*??"%''P(863><6( /6%(#%?%5/( *'(M+&5%#( .%/;%%"(/6%(
/6$%%(&#\&5%"/(^_R+&J%$'( 3?( /6%(531M3'*/%,('3( &$%(/6%(?>LL.&++'( *"( 'M%5*1%"'(2TR)RAeRA,(
;6*56(63;%C%$(3"+J('63;(&('+*<6/(*"5$%&'%(*"('/$%"</6(&"#('/*??"%''P((
86%(/3;R/;*'/'( 3?(/%'/( +&1*"&/%( 2T(53"/$&#*5/( ?*"#*"<'(3?( /6%(3/6%$( /;3( /%'/( +&1*"&/%'P(
I%"%$&++J,(&++('M%5*1%"'(;*/6(*"6%$%"/(#%?%5/'(/%"#(/3(.3/6('/*??%"(&"#('/$%"</6%"(/6%(/%'/(
+&1*"&/%P(86%(*"5$%&'%(*"('/*??"%''(1&J(.%(#%M%"#%"/(3"(/6%(+&J%$(*"(;6*56(/6%(/3;R/;*'/(
SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
8
355>$$%#P(86*'(5&"(&+'3(.%(3.'%$C%#(*"(/6%($%'>+/'(3?(/%'/(+&1*"&/%(2GP(03;%C%$("3(5+%&$(
53$$%+&/*3"(;&'(?3>"#(?3$(/6%('/$%"</6(.%6&C*3>$(3?(/6%(/3;R/;*'/'(*"(/%'/(+&1*"&/%(2TP((
(
Figure 8: Deviation of
𝜎!"#
and
𝐸
relative to P3-REF for test laminate P3.
4. CONCLUSIONS
86%(&5S>*$%#(#&/&.&'%(3?(/6%(#%?%5/'(*'(>"*S>%,(&'(/6%(#%?%5/(<%31%/$J(3?(%&56(#%?%5/(;&'(
5&M/>$%#(.3/6(.%?3$%(&"#( &?/%$( &>/35+&C%(5>$*"<P(86*'(&++3;'( ?3$(&(#%/&*+%#(*"'*<6/( *"/3(
63;(#%?%5/'("3/(3"+J( $%&5/(/3(/6%(&>/35+&C%(M$%''>$%( 5J5+%,( .>/(&+'3(&??%5/('>$$3>"#*"<(
+&J%$'(;*/6*"(/6%(531M3'*/%(+&J>MP()>$/6%$13$%,(/6%$13<$&M6*5(*1&<%'($%53$#%#(#>$*"<(
+&J>M( &++3;( ?3$( &"( %:/%"'*C%( #&/&.&'%( /3( .%( .>*+#( >M( &"#( >'%#( ?3$( /$&*"*"<( 1&56*"%(
+%&$"*"<(.&'%#( 5+&''*?*%$'P( 86%($%'>+/'( ?$31(%:M%$*1%"/&/*3"( '>MM+%1%"/(/6%( #&/&.&'%,(
&++3;*"<(/3(M$%#*5/(/6%(1%56&"*5&+(*1M&5/(3?(#%?%5/'(3"+*"%(#>$*"<(/6%(+&J>M(M$35%''P(
86%(?*"*/%(%+%1%"/('*1>+&/*3"'(63;%C%$(#*#("3/(M$%#*5/(/6%(.%6&C*3>$(3?(/6%('M%5*1%"'(
#>$*"<(%:M%$*1%"/&/*3"P(86*'(*'(1&*"+J(#>%(/3(/6%(13#%+("3/(/&9*"<(.>59+*"<(*"/3(&553>"/P(
!+'3,( *11*"%"/( #%+&1*"&/*3"',( ;6*56( ;%$%( 5+%&$+J( &>#*.+%( #>$*"<( /%'/*"<,( ;%$%("3/(
&MM&$%"/(*"(/6%('*1>+&/*3"'P(86*'(.%6&C*3>$(1*<6/(.%(*"53$M3$&/%#(*"(?>/>$%('*1>+&/*3"'(
.J( *1M+%1%"/*"<( 536%'*C%( %+%1%"/'( *"( .%/;%%"( /6%( %+%1%"/'( 3?( &#\&5%"/( M+*%'P(
!##*/*3"&++J,(?>/>$%('*1>+&/*3"($>"'('63>+#(>'%(&"(*1M+*5*/('3+C%$(/3(&553>"/(?3$(.>59+*"<P((
KC&+>&/*3"( 3?( '*1>+&/*3"'( ;*/6( *"6%$%"/( ?>LL.&++'( *1M+*5&/%( &( $%#>5/*3"( 3?( /6%( 3C%$&++(
531M3'*/%('/$%"</6(#>%(/3(#%?%5/'P(86*'(*'(1&*"+J(#>%(/3(/6%( *"#>5%#( 3>/R3?RM+&"%( ?*.$%(
;&C*"%''( 5&>'%#( .J( /6%( ?>LL.&++',( ;6*56( *'( %:*'/%"/( *"( &++( +&J%$'( &.3C%( /6%( #%?%5/P(
f&/>$&++J,(*?(/6%(#%?%5/(*'(M+&5%#(*"(+3;%$(M+*%',(/6%(%??%5/(3?(/6%(#%?%5/(*'(/6>'(M$%#*5/%#(/3(
SAMPE Europe Conference 2022 Hamburg - Germany
9
.%( 13$%( '%C%$%P( 03;%C%$,( %:M%$*1%"/&/*3"( '63;%#( /6&/( #%?%5/'( 1*<6/( %C%"( 6&C%( &(
M3'*/*C%( %??%5/( 3"( /6%( 531M$%''*3"( '/$%"</6( 3?( /6%( 531M3'*/%,( &'( /6%J( 1*<6/( 6*"#%$(
.>59+*"<($%'M3"'%(3?(/6%(531M3'*/%(M+&/%P(
86%( &>/63$'( ;3>+#( +*9%( /3( 6*<6+*<6/( /6&/( %:M%$*1%"/&/*3"( *"( /6*'( '/>#J( 53"/$&#*5/'(
?*"#*"<'(3?(4$3?/(%/(&+P(UGHV(&"#(3?(0&$*9(%/(&+P(U[V,(;6*56(.3/6(?3>"#(/6&/(/3;R/;*'/'(6&C%(
&("%<&/*C%(*1M&5/(3"(/6%(531M$%''*3"('/$%"</6(3?(531M3'*/%(M+&/%'P(86*'('/>#J('><<%'/'(
/6&/( *?( &( 531M3'*/%( M+&/%( *'( M$3"%( /3( .>59+*"<,(/6*59"%''R&+/%$*"<( #%?%5/'( '>56( &'( /3;R
/;*'/'(1*<6/(6*"#%$(.>59+*"<($%'M3"'%(&"#(/6>'(&5/>&++J(5&"(6&C%(&(M3'*/*C%,(&+.%*/(C%$J(
'1&++,(%??%5/(3"(/6%(531M$%''*C%('/*??"%''(&"#('/$%"</6(3?(&(531M3'*/%('/$>5/>$%P
(
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