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Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass)
Abstract
This datasheet on Micropterus salmoides covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Uses, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
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Introductions of aquatic organisms into Japan are controlled only on the basis of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and Flora and the quarantine acts. Up to 1986 more than 120 exotic species have been introduced, of which only 36 were made prior to 1945. Introductions are classified into four basic categories. In this paper of those in two categories, (i) species which have spread widely over Japan and are self reproducing, and (ii) those which have been maintained for generations through artificial propagation or in confined natural waters are dealt with.
Unlike most of the small lakes in the Rift Valley, Lake Naivasha is fresh despite the absence of an exit river. The most likely reason is that the dissolved substances in the input are dilute, biochemical and chemical processes are in place to remove ions such as sulphates and carbonates and there is seepage from the lake bottom (Harper et al., 1990). Because the lake is fresh, there might be an expectation of a rich fish fauna, in line with the diversity found in other lakes such as Victoria and Malawi. It comes as a surprise to many that the fish fauna is sparse and contains mostly introduced species. In the past, these have died out after only a few years. A clue to the low fish diversity, and to the frequent extinctions, may lie in the variability that is characteristic of the water level, the abundance of the aquatic macrophytes and the limnological conditions. In the face of this variability, three fish species and a crayfish form the basis of a commercial fishery that has lasted for 30 years.
This report provides a brief overview of non-indigenous freshwater fish species in inland waters of Russia in order to classify them with respect to their status and means of dispersal. Fresh waters of Russia are inhabited by 365 species (379 in total, with still undescribed species and species of doubtful status) from 148 genera, 38 families, and 14 orders (Bogutskaya et al., 2001; URL: www.zin.ru/animalia/pisces). We have analyzed the ranges of all these species mainly based on records from wide literature (see Bogutskaya & Naseka, 2002 about the bibliographic database “Freshwater fishes of Russia”) as well as on some personal field observations. To our data, the number of species recorded outside their historical ranges is at least 115. Terminology and definitions reflect different aspects of the phenomenon:
a species’ geographic range, reproductive status, population size changes, dispersal rates, sources and ways of introductions. However there is no common agreement on most terms used in Russian. In general, terminology connected with fish ranges expansion is better developed in English (see, e. g., Fuller et al., 1999), but Russian equivalents are absent for many terms. We try to find some consensus on the base of our understanding of the phenomenon. The definitions are given below.
The baitfish industry in Canada and the United States is conservatively estimated to be worth US 29 million baitfish industry in Ontario. The listing of 15 baitfish species as vulnerable or threatened and the presence of disjunct populations as a result of bait-bucket transfer of 12 species indicates Ontario baitfish regulations/enforcement have not adequately protected donor and recipient ecosystems. We also conducted a survey of baitfish practices for customers of four major baitfish dealers in Toronto, Ontario. We found that almost half of the anglers surveyed released their unused baitfish at their fishing destinations, even though this practice is prohibited by Ontario fishing regulations. We inspected contents of the dealers' holding tanks and plotted the destinations of anglers who bought these baitfish. Eighteen of the 28 species found in the tanks were potentially used outside their known ranges. In light of these findings, we present a number of recommendations to better manage this economically and ecologically important resource.
The parental behaviour of the Madagascan cichlid,Paratilapia polleni, was studied in the laboratory. According to current hypotheses of phylogenetic intrarelationship for the family Cichlidae,Paratilapia is a representative of a phylogenetically primitive cichlid lineage, and as such is of particular interest in comparative evolutionary studies. Given the basal phylogenetic placement ofParatilapia it seems reasonable to expect that, if maternal participation in brood care arose within the extant Cichlidae, then the proposed plesiomorphic system of extensive male care of eggs and embryos may be retained in this taxon. This is not the case, and already by the fertilized-egg interval male and female roles inParatilapia are strongly differentiated with the female as the primary care giver. In addition to specialized behavioural roles, a unique egg morphology and mobile egg mass is described forParatilapia. The results of the study are discussed in the context of theories of the evolution of maternal brood care within the Cichlidae.
To determine the origin of Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) introduced into Lake Biwa, haplotype variation in the control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was analyzed for 107 individuals from Lake Biwa and Lake Nishinoko (the Lake Biwa region), 39 individuals from Ikehara Reservoir, and 10 individuals from a fishery company that had previously cultivated Florida largemouth bass. Based on direct sequencing or single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of the mtDNA control region, 3 haplotypes belonging to northern largemouth bass (M. s. salmoides) and 10 haplotypes belonging to Florida largemouth bass were identified. All four Florida largemouth bass haplotypes from the Lake Biwa region were also observed in Ikehara Reservoir. In contrast, all 10 individuals from the fishery company showed only one haplotype, which belonged to northern largemouth bass. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on haplotype frequency indicated heterogeneity among populations within the Lake Biwa region. These results suggest that Florida largemouth bass of the same lineages as those found in Ikehara Reservoir were released multiple times in the Lake Biwa region.
Records of exotic and transplanted fish species in the Tigris-Euphrates basin are reviewed and new records for Pseudorasbora parva (Cyprinidae) are documented. At least 17 species have been reported although not all have established permanent populations. Large scale movements of fishes are being carried out in this basin and the spread of exotics, with all the attendant dangers to native species and their ecosystems, has increased markedly in recent years. Kurzfassung Es wird eine Übersicht über exotische und eingeführte Fischarten im Euphrat-Tigris-Becken gegeben. Neue Nachweise für Pseudorasbora parva (Cyprinidae) werden dokumentiert. Mindestens 17 Arten wurden nachgewiesen, obwohl nicht alle permanente Populationen etablieren konnten. Im Euphrat-Tigris-Einzugsbereich werden große Mengen an Fischen transportiert, und die Ausbreitung von exotischen Arten, mit allen dazugehörigen Gefahren für die einheimischen Arten, hat in den letzien Jahren stark zugenommen.
A nation-wide survey of introduced fish fauna in large river systems (>4th order streams, 28 sites, 9 river systems, total area 75,000 km2) was conducted from July 1999 to January 2000 in South Korea. A total of 62 fish species (12,317 individuals, 16 families) were collected from two sampling programs. These included 32% of 194 known freshwater ichthyofauna of S. Korea. Dominant and subdominant species were Zacco platypus (16.2% relative abundance), Acheilognathus intermedia (10.6%), A. rhombea (7.2%), Opsariichthys bidens (7.1%), and Carassius auratus (6.9%). Fifteen exotic fish species have been introduced in S. Korea for food sources and about 120 species for aquarium use since the 1950s. In this study, five of the introduced food species were collected (Carassius cuvieri, 24 sites; Micropterus salmoides, 13 sites; Lepomis macrochirus, 7 sites; Oreochromis niloticus and Cyprinus carpio, 3 sites). C. cuvieri and M. salmoides were common (subdominant at 5 sites) and followed by L. macrochirus. These species were spread widely (93%; 26 sites) over all the study sites. Future research must consider the impacts of these exotic fish on natural ecosystem structure and function.
The introduction of fishes into North America began in the late 1600's. The number of species has increased over the years, with pulses in the late 1800's and following the 1950's. By 1989, there were 45 established exotic fishes in the continental USA, and 16 in Canada. By 1989, the number brought into, invading, or transferred with Canada was 92 species plus 13 subspecies and hybrids. A special situation for Canada is the steady invasion from US waters. Over the years, 38 such species have been identified. The species introduced represent a number of realized or potential environmental impacts. For Canada, 125 forms (species, hybrids, selected strains) which fit the new definition of introduced are summarized by province and mode of introduction. -from Author
At least 134 exotic and/or translocated fish species belonging to 34 families which were introduced to 29 of 33 European countries are documented. These include 35 species of Cyprinidae (introduced to 28 countries), 17 Salmonidae (28), 11 Coregonidae (12), 10 Cichlidae (8), six Centrarchidae (23), five Acipenseridae (8), four Ictaluridae (18), four Poeciliidae (11), four Percidae (9), four Mugilidae (1), three Catostomidae (6), three Gasterosteidae (5), two Anguillidae (3), two Atherinidae (2), two Clariidae (4), two Gobiidae (2), two Umbridae (6), two Pleuronectidae (1), two Thymallidae (3) and one species each of Anabantidae (1), Channidae (2), Clupeidae (1), Cobitidae 91), Eleotridae (1), Engraulidae (1), Esocidae (3), Mullidae (1), Osmeridae (1), Percichthyidae (1), Petromyzontidae (1), Polyodontidae (2), Siluridae (5), and Syngnathidae (1). True exotic species amount to 74 species/forms belonging to 21 families, of which 11 families are exotic for Europe. The remaining 60 species (21 families), are native in Europe and were translocated among various watersheds and/or countries. Most species were intentionally released since 1945 to enhance sport, commercial and subsistence fisheries, for fish farming and aquaculture, and for purposes such as mosquito, macrophytes and algal bloom control. Poor success was registered in most cases, along with adverse or unexpected effects on native fishes and their habitat.
In a survey of the west-central Italian rivers Ombrone, Fiora, Albegna and Bruna, among established exotic species, the Iberian barbel Barbus graellsti was recorded in Italian fresh waters for the first time. Morphological identification was supported by comparison of cytochrome b sequences with those from related barbel species. Other exotics of particular note were Barbus barbus, Pseudorasbora parva and Leuciscus cephalus, together with the Padano-Venetian Chondrostoma genei and Padogobius bonelli. Native species still present included Leuciscus lucumonis, Telestes muticellus, Rutilus rubilio and Padogobius nigricans, but were now more restricted to upper reaches and smaller watercourses. The deleterious effect of alien species on native forms is discussed with particular reference to probable competition between C. genei and L. lucumonis, and between the two gobies. The checklist of species introduced to the fresh waters of Italy is now updated to 34. For the Italian freshwater fish fauna in general, the conservation status of three native species (Acipenser naccari, Salmo marmoratus and Knipowitschia punctatissima) has been improved but five species are believed to be at risk (Salmo carpio, L. lucumonis, Scardinius scardafa, Gobio benacensis and P. nigricans) and four anadromous species (Petromyzon marinus, Lampetra fluviatilis, Acipenser sturio and Huso huso) no longer breed in Italian fresh waters. The processes of change in the composition of the Italian freshwater fish fauna as a whole may be summarized as successively ‘padanization’, ‘danubization’ and now ‘globalization’.
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