Impact of Parenting Style on the Self Esteem of Adolescence

Abstract

The aim to conduct this research was to enlighten the impact of parenting style on an adolescent individual's self-esteem and to examine whether there is a gender difference in this case or not. There are a total of 160 numbers of participants, with equal number of males and females in the sample set. The tool that'd be using here is a modified short version of the Parental Authority Questionnaire (1991) developed by Buri, J. R. and The Rosenberg self-esteem scale by Morris Rosenberg (RSES) in the year 1965. The current research proved a significant gender difference in self-esteem of participants and whenever there will be higher permissive parental style, it will result in high self-esteem of adolescents, and high authoritative parental style will result in low self-esteem of the same. dolescence can be understood as the critical link between childhood and adulthood. It is the stage when the youth extend their relationships beyond parents and family and are immensely influenced by peers and the outside world. Adolescence is the years between the onset of puberty and the establishment of social independence (Steinberg, 2014). The world health organization (WHO), defines adolescence as any person between ten to nineteen years of age. One of the most dynamic, broad and influential period of human development is that of the adolescent transition. The term adolescent is derived from the Latin word 'Adolescere', which means to grow or to grow to maturity. Parenthood is a word that has a Latin origin that means 'to give birth'. In this way, parenthood is a quality that is joined to any being, particularly a person that an individual gave birth to. All the more explicitly, life as a parent implies really focusing on posterity and caring for them. Positive parenthood is taking significant consideration of one's posterity and guaranteeing that they experience childhood in a protected and blissful environment which are accomplished, and realize the distinction between good and bad. As we all know parenthood is crucial and very important for developing and morality of a child. Parents can provide moral guidance on all aspects of life be it good or negative and good parents are willing to answer their kids question about what is good for them and what are not in any given situation. Parents should provide children with love throughout their lives and also teach them to love others, in many ways they can become the model for how children behave and

Full text

Research Paper
The International Journal of Indian Psychology
ISSN 2348-5396 (Online) | ISSN: 2349-3429 (Print)
Volume 10, Issue 3, July- September, 2022
DIP: 18.01.008.20221003, DOI: 10.25215/1003.008
https://www.ijip.in
© 2022, Vasudeva, B.; licensee IJIP. This is an Open Access Research distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any Medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Impact of Parenting Style on the Self Esteem of Adolescence
Bhawini Vasudeva
1
*
ABSTRACT
The aim to conduct this research was to enlighten the impact of parenting style on an
adolescent individual’s self-esteem and to examine whether there is a gender difference in
this case or not. There are a total of 160 numbers of participants, with equal number of males
and females in the sample set. The tool that’d be using here is a modified short version of the
Parental Authority Questionnaire (1991) developed by Buri, J. R. and The Rosenberg self-
esteem scale by Morris Rosenberg (RSES) in the year 1965. The current research proved a
significant gender difference in self-esteem of participants and whenever there will be higher
permissive parental style, it will result in high self-esteem of adolescents, and high
authoritative parental style will result in low self-esteem of the same.
Keywords: Parenting, Parental, Parenthood, Adolescents, Adolescence, Self-Esteem, Ideal
Self, Self Efficacy, Adolescence, Authoritarian, Authoritative
dolescence can be understood as the critical link between childhood and adulthood. It
is the stage when the youth extend their relationships beyond parents and family and
are immensely influenced by peers and the outside world. Adolescence is the years
between the onset of puberty and the establishment of social independence (Steinberg, 2014).
The world health organization (WHO), defines adolescence as any person between ten to
nineteen years of age. One of the most dynamic, broad and influential period of human
development is that of the adolescent transition. The term adolescent is derived from the
Latin word ‘Adolescere’, which means to grow or to grow to maturity. Parenthood is a word
that has a Latin origin that means 'to give birth’. In this way, parenthood is a quality that is
joined to any being, particularly a person that an individual gave birth to. All the more
explicitly, life as a parent implies really focusing on posterity and caring for them.
Positive parenthood is taking significant consideration of one's posterity and guaranteeing
that they experience childhood in a protected and blissful environment which are
accomplished, and realize the distinction between good and bad. As we all know parenthood
is crucial and very important for developing and morality of a child. Parents can provide
moral guidance on all aspects of life be it good or negative and good parents are willing to
answer their kids question about what is good for them and what are not in any given
situation. Parents should provide children with love throughout their lives and also teach
them to love others, in many ways they can become the model for how children behave and
1
Student, Amity Institute of Psychology and Allied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
*Corresponding Author
Received: June 05, 2022; Revision Received: August 05, 2022; Accepted: August 10, 2022
A

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respond to environment in their lives later on. So, good parenting is very crucial, as it is very
important for children to experience a loving relationship from as early stage of their lives as
they can, right through to adulthood so that when they become adults they are capable of
behaving in a nice and acceptable manner that is good for them and for others as well.
Self-esteem — an individual's feeling of worth — is significant for progress. At the point
when children feel certain and secure, they're bound to prevail in school and accomplish
individual objectives. As they age, they figure out how to stand up to issues and oppose peer
pressure. More significantly, having a positive image helps a child with feeling blissful and
equipped for keeping up with interpersonal relationships. Building children's self-esteem is a
continuous piece of nurturing. Allowing children to get things done for themselves assists
them with obtaining the required skills. At the point when parents regard their children, the
children figure out how to regard themselves. What's more, when parents show friendship,
kids figure out how to discuss their thoughts with others.
Parents' activities impact the manner in which children feel about themselves. At the point
when a parent holds a child, the child can feel how significant the individual is. Parents who
can't be with their children consistently can call them, think of the notes or send messages.
Parents ought to converse with their children, pay attention to what they need to say, and
show them that their viewpoints count. Children need their parents' unlimited love and
backing. The adoration for a parent shouldn't rely upon the acceptable conduct of a child.
Indeed, even as they put down certain boundaries and uphold discipline, parents ought to
promise their children that they love them. Keeping love from kids when they act
mischievously will cause them to regret themselves. Sometimes, parents tell a getting out of
hand child, "You're a terrible kid!" this lets the child know that the person in question is
terrible, not the way of behaving. All things considered, parents ought to clear up for the
child that what the person in question did was off-base and afterward force a result. Praising
the children when they act well causes them to feel significantly better and propels them to
proceed with the appropriate conduct — a mutually beneficial arrangement for parents and
children! Parents ought to commend children's endeavors and their victories. In the event
that a child's group loses a game, for instance, a parent could say, "You made a pretty good
attempt. You should be proud of yourself!"
Certain individuals might stress that pampering a kid a lot will spoil them. However as a
child's self-esteem develops, does he or her feeling of obligation and capability? Allocating
errands and commending achievements causes children to feel esteemed. Their self-
confidence and freedom develop, and their rising feeling of safety assists them with defying
the many difficulties that are a characteristic piece of growing up. Concentrating on showing
that children who feel sure are well and ready to face menaces. Parents ought to give kids
the devices they need to go to bat for themselves and assist them with figuring out how to
take care of issues. As they progress in years, they will actually want to deal with tough
spots all alone. The manner in which parents collaborate with their children impacts the kind
of individuals they become. Supporting parents who share their adoration assists with
expanding their children's healthy identity worth. Kids figure out how to feel better about
themselves and to think often about others. At the point when parents fabricate their
Children's self-esteem, an establishment for a solid, it is laid to cherish the relationship.
Parent food enables an individual to reflect the essence of family, though every member of
the family plays a role in shaping a child into the person he or she is today. This is a
perceptual process, though its foundation gets laid during the early months of pregnancy. A

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research has found that maternal emotions have small but significant effects on infant
behavior, (Bergh, 1990). In a family, usually, parents are the two most important people that
lead the way to a child's typical development. They play a crucial role in the social and
emotional development of children. Indeed, both indirect and direct processes of emotional
socialization may shape the child's experience of emotion (Guerrero & Andersen, 1998).
Parents are often compared to the child's first companions. The communication, upbringing,
lifestyles, etc. have their own role in shaping all domains of the child. What a child
perceives also has an impact on his/her development. It was found that perceived parental
warmth was positively associated with active coping and negatively correlated with the poor
mental health of adolescents (Wolfradt et al., 2003).
In the history of research on self-concept, no topic has been more heavily studied than self-
esteem. Presumably this is the case because low self-esteem is a vulnerability that has been
linked to susceptibility to mental illness (Bardone, Vols, Abramson, Heatherton, & Joiner,
2000; Roberts and Monroe, 1994), Physical illness (Brown & McGill, 1989) and even
relationship dissatisfaction (DeHart, Murray, Pelham, & Rose, 2003). In recent years,
however, researchers have begun to suspect that there may be more self-esteem than meets
the eye. Specifically, researchers have begun to focus on people’s implicit self evaluation,
I.E, unconscious, uncontrolled and overlearned (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). Despite the
recent interest in implicit self-evaluation some researchers questioned the reliability and
validity of measures that assess implicit self-esteem, (Bosson, Swann, & Pennebaker, 2000).
Importantly Bosson et. al. suggested that most studies needed to be conducted to validate the
construct of implicit self-esteem.
Many such types of research have been conducted to understand the influence of perceived
parenting styles on adolescents’ behaviors (Buschgens et al;2009, Ong et al.;2017,
Mckinney & Kwan;2018). Parenting style is the standard technique or approach that is
utilized by parents to help and keep up with the physical, emotional, social, and academic
improvement of a child from the earliest stages to adulthood. As indicated by the American
Psychological Association, parenting rehearses all over the world share three significant
objectives: ensuring children's well-being and safety, preparing children for life as useful
grown-ups, and giving them cultural qualities (APA, 2018).
Baumrind (1967, 1971, 1989, and 1991) proposed three different patterns of parenting
styles: authoritarian, authoritativeness and permissiveness. These styles of parenting are
based on levels of demandingness and responsiveness used by the parents in rearing the
child.
The authoritarian parent wishes to shape, control, and assess the behavior and attitudes of
the child as per a bunch of guidelines of direct, generally, a norm, religiously inspired and
formed by a more or higher authority position (Baumrind, 1991). Research has likewise
found that authoritarian attitudes rehearsed by moms could essentially be answerable for the
advancement of conduct problems in children (Thomson et al. 2003). Research has found
that a child's initial experience with excessive parental control will in general correspond
with the development of poor mental health (Chorpita & Barlow, 1998).
The authoritative parent is demanding as well as responsive. They attempt to coordinate the
child's activities in an issue-oriented way and their children will more often than not be
decisive, ready to regulate themselves, socially dependable, and respectful to adults. Also,
children who have authoritative parenting styles are more content, competent and successful

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(Baumrind, 1991). Research has shown that authoritative parenting might be the best way.
Nonetheless, it likewise inclines toward being the most requesting concerning parental
energy and time (Greenberger & Goldberg, 1989). It has likewise been recommended that
an authoritative parenting style leads to a positive direct impact on a child's point of view
followed by positive results on the child's self-esteem. (Yeung et al., 2016).
Permissive parenting, also known as indulgent parenting, is used by parents who are
demanding yet supportive. This strategy is utilized by parents who are not very strict, don't
anticipate that their children should keep guidelines or limits, and stay away from conflict.
The person acts more like a companion than a parent, with few guidelines, low assumptions,
and no direction or bearing (Baumrind, 1991). Parents utilizing this parenting style will
generally be extremely mindful and sustaining, however, they additionally let their children
handle hardships without their assistance in light of the fact that permissive parents are less
requesting, controlling children's lead, and laying out boundaries in their surroundings turns
out to be significantly more challenging (Baumrind & Black, 1967). The children of such a
parenting style will generally be experiencing apparent pressure and more unfortunate
emotional wellness (Barton & Hirsch, 2015) and poor emotional intelligence (Wischerth,
Mulvaney, Brackett, & Perkins, 2016).
Hypothesis
● Hypothesis 1: There would be a significant gender difference in self-esteem among
adolescents due to different parenting styles.
● Hypothesis 2: There will be lower self-esteem among adolescents having a higher
permissive parenting style.
● Hypothesis 3: There will be lower self-esteem among adolescents having a higher
authoritarian parenting style.
METHODOLOGY
Sample
● Size of sample - 160 (80 males; 80 females)
● Age -10 to 19 years, Sex – Males and Females
Participants
There were in total 160 number of participants with 80 males (M=16.67, SD=2.33) and 80
females (M=15.43, SD=1.88) in the age group of 10 to 19 from different regions of India.
Table no1; Gender of participants (F: Females & M: Males)
Gender
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
F
80
50.0
50.0
50.0
M
80
50.0
50.0
100.0
Total
160
100.0
100.0
Table no2; Geographical region of participants
Region
Frequency
Percent
Valid Percent
Cumulative Percent
Valid
Delhi
118
73.8
73.8
73.8
NCR
31
19.4
19.4
93.1
Other
11
6.9
6.9
100.0
Total
160
100.0
100.0

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Tools
Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ): This tool was created by Buri in 1991. It has 30
items in it that are designed to determine the parents' disciplinary practices perceived by
their adult children. PAQ has three subscales namely permissive, authoritative, and
authoritarian. Each subscale has 10 items for which the scoring goes from (1) strongly
disagree to (4) strongly agree, in a 5-likert scale.
Self-esteem measure by Rosenberg: It was proposed by Morris Rosenberg in the year 1965,
it comprises of 10 questions and 4-Likert Scale answers ranging from (1) strongly agree to
(4) strongly disagree. Its internal test-retest reliability ranges from .85 to .88.
Procedure
The first step was to arranging and deciding the sample. After doing so, questionnaires were
spread to the targeted audience and they were given clear instructions about aim of the study
and as well as how are they supposed to answer to all the questions. Sample was also
ensured about the confidentiality and no judgments as some of them were feeling shy before
filling the form. After collecting the data, the forms were divided into 10 groups of 16 forms
each to make it easier for the researcher to go through the answer thoroughly as it lead to
complete the scoring and doing the analysis.
RESULTS
To test the first hypothesis, the mean score of self esteem of males and females were
compared and analyzed through one-way ANOVA. As the result was calculated, it came
across that females adolescents (M= 23.71, SD= 5.13) tend to have higher self esteem than
males adolescents (M= 21.22, SD= 5.84). The self esteem score differs significantly
somewhere between the groups and the gender among the participants had a significant
impact on self esteem scores adolescents due to different parenting styles; f(1,185)= 8.184
and p= <.05.
Table no.3; Analysis of variance between scores of self esteem and gender of participants
ANOVA
Sum of
Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
Between Groups
247.506
1
247.506
8.184
.005
Within Groups
4778.338
158
30.243
Total
5025.844
159
Graph no.1; it indicated the higher parenting style in females than in males

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To test the second hypothesis, the mean score of self esteem (M=22.47, SD=5.63) and mean
score of permissive parental style (M=32.83, SD=4.94) of all the participants were compared
and analyzed, it was stated that increasing of permissive parental style leads to increasing of
self-esteem and it was approved by the statistically significant value of f(1,158)= 18.28,
p=.000, r²= .104. After putting the data under Pearson’s correlation we got the results where
r(158)=-.322 & p=<0.01. It shows that there is a significantly positive relationship between
permissive parental style and self-esteem with the 10% variance and the correlation is
significant at 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table no.4; Model summary of regression correlation between permissive parental style
and self esteem
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
1
.322a
.104
.098
5.33948
Predictors: (Constant), PER
Table no.5; Analysis of variance in regression correlation between permissive parental
style and self esteem
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of Squares
DF
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
521.258
1
521.258
18.283
.000b
Residual
4504.585
158
28.510
Total
5025.844
159
a. Dependent Variable: SE
b. Predictors: (Constant), PER
Table no.6; Pearson’s correlation between permissive parental style and self esteem
Correlations
SE
PER
SE
Pearson Correlation
1
-.322**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
160
160
PER
Pearson Correlation
-.322**
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
160
160
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
To test the third hypothesis, the mean score of self esteem (M=22.47, SD=5.63) and mean
score of authoritarian parental style (M=35.75, SD=4.69) of all the participants were
compared and analyzed, and it was stated that increasing in authoritarian parental style leads
to decreasing of self-esteem and it was approved by the statistically significant value of
f(1,158)= 15.32, p=.000, and r²=.088. After putting the data under Pearson’s correlation we
got the results where r(158)=-.297 & p=<0.01. It shows that there is a significantly negative
relationship between authoritarian parental style and self-esteem with the 8.8% variance and
the correlation is significant at a 0.01 level (2-tailed).

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Table no.7; Model summary of regression correlation between authoritarian parental
style and self esteem
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
.297a
.088
.083
5.38494
Predictors: (Constant), AN
Table no.8; Analysis of variance in regression correlation between authoritarian parental
style and self esteem
ANOVAa
Model
Sum of Squares
DF
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
444.220
1
444.220
15.319
.000b
Residual
4581.624
158
28.998
Total
5025.844
159
a. Dependent Variable: SE
b. Predictors: (Constant), AN
Table no.9; Pearson’s correlation between permissive parental style and self esteem
Correlations
SE
AN
SE
Pearson Correlation
1
-.297**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
160
160
AN
Pearson Correlation
-.297**
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
160
160
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the present study stated that there is an apparent relationship between
parenting style and self-esteem of an individual. Results of the data analysis indicated that
there is a significant gender difference between the level of self-esteem scores due to
different parenting styles f(1,185)= 8.184 and p= <.05 of 160 participants and parenting
style and self-esteem are significantly associated (p<0.01), which supported the second and
the third hypothesis respectively. This shows that increasing the permissive parenting style
will lead to increasing self-esteem f(1,158)= 18.28, p=.000, r²= .104, and authoritarian
parenting style was a significant predictor of the low self-esteem as f(1,158)= 15.32,
p=.000, and r²=.088. Subsequently, we can conclude that impression of the parenting style of
one's parents can impact self-esteem of adolescents.
This study was parallel to studies that uncovered the views of authoritative and authoritarian
parenting were separately connected with high hope and low self-esteem all through the
review and there was a general decrease in hope and self-esteem over the long run, with
females declining more quickly than males. Despite the fact that hope declined over a long
time, it was observed that teenagers from authoritative families were at benefited with
respect to mean degrees of hope. Also, self-esteem levels declined after some time, yet the
impression of low parental authoritarianism seemed to support the members' self-esteem
(Heaven & Ciarrochi ,2008) also, adolescents who see their parents high in responsiveness
and control develop high self-esteem and adolescents who see their parents low in
responsiveness and control develop low self-esteem (Rency & Chacko, 2022). A consequent
study recommended that the children of such families are more effective at laying out

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achievements for themselves, tracking down the resources to accomplish those objectives,
and defeating boundaries to their objectives (Synder et. al, 2002). Based on our results, we
would argue that adolescents brought up by parents perceived to be permissive tend to have
higher self-esteem than adolescents who reported other parental styles i.e, authoritative or
authoritarian.
While doing the research work, I note that in Psychology, we need to note new parenting
styles that are not included in Baumrind’s analysis of parenting styles, for example,
Maccoby and Martins (1983) showed that permissive parenting in the Baumrind (1971)
typology should be classified into two styles, these two styles cover indulgent and neglectful
parents. Other than that, future researches are expected to more profoundly break down
these styles. Another constraint of the current review is our dependence on self-reports,
despite the fact that it would be very hard to get spectator evaluations of parental ways of
behaving for such a huge example and without disturbing typical family interactions. Gray
and Steinberg (1999) saw those different elements of authoritativeness contrast in their
capacity to anticipate results. Along these lines, they noted contrasts in conduct control,
autonomy, and perceptions of parental contribution.
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Acknowledgement
The researcher acknowledges the supervisor’s guidance and participant’s honesty and support
towards this research.
Conflict of Interest
The author declared no conflict of interest.
How to cite this article: Vasudeva, B. (2022). Impact of Parenting Style on the Self Esteem
of Adolescence. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 10(3), 091-100. DIP:18.01.008.
20221003, DOI:10.25215/1003.008