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ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF BUSINESS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MIGRATION REGULATION
Abstract
Introduction. In the context of globalization, there is an intensification of migration of human resources, business, and intellectual property, which has both positive and negative effects on the economic development of the country. To minimize the negative consequences and prevent threats, it is necessary to develop an economic mechanism for regulating business migration in terms of creating favourable conditions for starting and running a business, eliminating the monopolization of economic sectors and the development of healthy competition. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to form a mechanism for regulating the migration of business and intellectual property to achieve sustainable development of the national economy. Results. It is outlined that the development of external migration processes in the migration of busi-ness and related tangible and intangible assets, intellectual property, business technologies is quite critical from the standpoint of influencing the economic security of the state. The intensification of business migration processes is mainly due, firstly, to disparities in the business environment of countries; secondly, systemic threats to the economic security of doing business in the country-the donor of business migration; thirdly, the extensive experience of successful positive business practices in the country-the recipient of business migration. Inadequate attention to the spread of business and intellectual property migration leads to weakening the potential of business activity, reducing competition, stagnation of recovery processes, deactivation of start-ups, deformation of the internal labour market, increasing the number of practices of stationary migration and resettlement, narrowing the creative sector components of the national economy competitiveness. Conclusions. The state policy of migration management in terms of ensuring the development of the national economy requires the formation of a new economic mechanism for managing business migration to preserve and increase the entrepreneurial capital of Ukraine. Keywords: business migration, state policy, national economy, intellectual property, economic mechanism, incentives, entrepreneurial capital.
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The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the tendencies of external labor migration from Ukraine. The relevance of the work is due to the limited analytical research on population migration during the pandemic. Until the beginning of 2020, changes in the formation of external labor migration flows occurred mainly under the infl uence of the internal situation in the country and the transformation of Ukraine’s political relations with certain foreign countries, but under COVID-19, the trends of external labor migration from Ukraine have changed radically for reasons independent of the socio-economic situation in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to assess the changes in the scale of labor migration due to COVID-19 and to determine the prospects for external labor migration of Ukrainians. Relevant analytical developments became the basis for the formation of recommendations for adjusting the migration policy of Ukraine in the pandemic and post-pandemic periods. The novelty of the study is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the parameters of external labor migration from Ukraine and to assess probable perspective future transformations of migration trends. Abstract-logical and systema tic approaches, the method of expert assessments are used in the study. The analysis of the migration situation in Ukraine in recent years is carried out, the latest changes in the directions and scales of external labor migration are identifi ed. The tendencies of international population movement aft er the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic are analyzed. Prospects for external migration of the population of Ukraine are determined. The future of this process will depend on the pace of economic recovery in Europe and the world at large and the local demand for labor from other countries. It is probable that the employment structure of Ukrainian labor migrants will change by type of activity: migrants who were not employed in agriculture before the pandemic will not resume work so soon, and those who remained in the recipient countries will try to fi nd employment in agriculture and related activities. The geography of working trips will also change, and a new reorientation of some migrants is probable — from Eastern Europe to Western Europe, especially Germany and the United Kingdom, which are far ahead of traditional Ukrainian employment countries (Poland, the Czech Republic and even Italy) in terms of wages. A key element of the policy of keeping some migrants in Ukraine is a radical non-declarative change in the state’s attitude to small and medium-sized businesses. It is necessary to involve representatives of small and medium business to public policy, including policy of withdrawal from quarantine, business support. Eff ective business support programs should also be implemented, in particular following the example of EU countries. For those migrants who, even under the best conditions, are not interested in starting a business in Ukraine, a strategy is needed to ensure that, on the one hand, these people are not lost to Ukraine, and on the other hand, to get the most out of working with the diaspora. This will help both to improve the situation in the economy and to improve the image and strengthen Ukraine’s infl uence in the world.
The Carpathian Region (Zakarpattia, Lviv, Chernivtsi, and Ivano-Frankivsk) is inferior to other regions in Ukraine regarding its economic development, which does not contribute to migration stability and, rather, serves as a factor motivating the active part of the population to emigrate. The problem of the labor market disproportions in the Carpathian Region is one of the significant causes of the formation and subsequent implementation of migration intentions, especially in rural areas, less economically developed areas, and district centers, where labor demand is much lower. The research aims to develop an innovative approach to calculating the intensity of the population’s external migration based on the introduction of a correction coefficient, which enables to consider the scale of transit migration in the Carpathian Region. The data presented in the study were collected for the period 2005–2018. Granger causality analysis is used to assess the relationship between migration and socio-economic development of the region. The analysis reveals that in all regions of the Carpathian Region, there is a short-run causal relationship between the intensity of external migration and the share of total household expenditure on food; in the medium run, the real household income, the size of the average monthly wages, and the volume of foreign portfolio investment, the foreign economic activity and retail trade turnover in the region; in the long run, living standards and indicators of economic growth. Future studies may require a more diverse set of indicators to evaluate the causal relationship in other regions of Ukraine, which will provide the integrity of the results of Granger causality analysis.
AcknowledgmentThe research has been conducted within the framework of applied research ‘Migration Activity of the Population of the Carpathian Region’ (Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Reg. No. 0119U002010, 2019–2021).
This paper presents the authors’ algorithm for estimating the conditions affecting population migration activity in the Eastern European region (on the example of Ukraine), which includes selection of indicators, determination of indicators’ weights in a group, calculation of weighted multidimensional values by each group, determination of the weights of indicators’ groups in the integral index, estimation of the calculation reliability, construction of the integral index and its interpretation. The concept of the conditions affecting migration activity is regarded as a set of factors distributed in five groups (demographic stability and public health status, education coverage, labour market and employment conditions, standard of living, country’s economic development). Based on the results of estimating the conditions affecting population migration activity in Ukraine, the conclusions are drawn regarding the level of the country’s enabling migration conditions.
Unresolved problems of social and economic development of Ukraine, exacerbated by critical negative consequences of military aggression and political instability, are accompanied by deep socio-economic contradictions and aggravation of large-scale social problems. At the same time, the qualitative system of social security, characteristic of the EU, is not formed. As a result, negative phenomena and trends are accumulated in social sphere there that manifest themselves in the critical deformations of social development, with the formation of threats of degradation and depopulation, the increase of environmental problems, deterioration of social structure, weakening of social guarantees of human rights that are evidenced and confirmed by mass and active labour migration of the Ukrainians abroad. Ensuring Ukraine’s social security objectively requires an in-depth study based on a systematic approach, applying EU principles, provisions, practices, and standards. The purpose is to substantiate approaches and means of convergence of social security of Ukraine and the EU and develop recommendations for the improvement of migration policy. Methodology. As the methodological basis of the study, theories of socio-economic growth, modern concepts of institutional and structural economic reforms have been worked out, methods of statistical, structural-functional, and system analysis, grouping have been applied. Results. The imbalances of social security of Ukraine and the EU have been determined according to the following components: labour market and employment of population; reproduction of population and labour potential of the state; migration and food security. Areas of accelerated asymmetry increase in the social development of Ukraine and the EU, which serve as a key factor in “pushing out” the population and high rates of labour migration from Ukraine to the EU Member States, have been identified. Strategic approaches and means of equalizing critical deformations and convergence of the system of social security of Ukraine in the process of integration into the EU have been determined; tools for improving the state migration policy have been developed, which implementation would result in improvement of the systemic and structural characteristics of labour potential migration. Conclusion. The study results obtained represent the existence of significant disparities in key indicators and components of the social security system of Ukraine and the EU. Low level of living standards and social protection of population serves as a factor in increasing the scope of external labour migration and, correspondingly, a critical weakening of human and labour potential of the state. Tools and means of the state policy of convergence of the social security system of Ukraine and the EU should focus on achieving the goal of systemic development of human capital and be implemented in the following directions: ensuring demographic security, upgrading health care system, renovating the quality of education, preserving cultural values, establishing a competitive labour market, improving housing affordability, social infrastructure development, systemic social insurance of population.
The main features of external labour migration from
Ukraine are defined in the article, including the scope, the
directions, the role in the modern and future development of
Ukraine. Its main components are considered that differ in the
length of migrant’s stay abroad, the composition of
participants, the impact on the overall social and economic
situation in the country and the life of migrant’s households.
The scope and structure of the migratory flows in the recipient
countries are clarified. The estimates of migration mobility of
various population groups of Ukraine are presented. It is
demonstrated that external migrations in the modern Ukraine
perform the functions of social lifts, and migrant’s intentions
to leave the country has become the prevalent behavior
patterns. According to studies results, the main factor is
differences between wage in Ukraine and potential
remuneration in the country of destination, but mentality is the
important role. Due to traditional high mobility of Ukrainians,
it is unreasonable to promote the idea to stop the external
migration exclusively solely through the growth of wages. The
opportunities of the state impact on the migration behaviors
of the population are outlined and the most effective actions,
from the point of view of the author, are highlighted.
This chapter provides an overview of research on trends in Ukrainian migration before and since independence in 1991 with the aim of historicizing both the mobility patterns and research agendas of such mobilities. The chapter specifically sets out to analyze continuities and disruptions emerging from two distinct ideologies of Soviet and post-Soviet Ukraine that shaped approaches to researching and documenting migration. In seeking to link these two periods of migration it suggests factors for further research. Previous research agendas have been dominated by studies examining “hard facts” and major migration trends; in-depth studies of macro-level determinants of migration and the micro-level aspirations associated with it remain neglected. Post-independence research treats migration from Ukraine as a new economically driven phenomenon, neglecting the continuities linking it to mobility patterns of Soviet times.
The role and importance of the educational migration environment in activating migration movements of the population is described. The main components of the educational migration environment of the population are identified, and their features are outlined. Indicators have been proposed and the conditions for the formation of the educational migration environment of the population have been determined. It is proved that «freedom of knowledge movement» motivates students, teachers and researchers to combine educational and research activities with future employment abroad. The processes of educational migration in the form of cross-border education and academic mobility are presented. The concept of educational migration environment is defined and five main components of its formation are described: quantitative measurement of educational migration potential; quality of the academic environment; motivational conditions; opportunities for universities and industry collaboration in research; institutional conditions in the educational sphere. The list of indicators offered by the Ukrainian statistics is provided for quantitative representation of each component of the educational migration. Based on the method of multidimensional (cluster) analysis, the regional index of formation of educational migration environment is calculated. Using this method allows to move from the assessment of educational migration environment on 28 indicators to the construction of one synthetic indicator. Application of methodical approach allows to see the place of the region by the important parameters of development of the environment of educational migration of the population, to evaluate the attractiveness, opportunities and threats of formation of this environment in the regional dimension. It is proved that the «most favorable» environment in the Carpathian region has the Lviv region (4th place in Ukraine). Other regions of the Ukrainian Carpathians occupy in the ranking the lower places: respectively Ivano-Frankivsk (15th place), Chernivtsi (21st place), Transcarpathian region (24th place).
The article presents results of the research on the population's migration activity in the context of the formation of a new migration system (MS), such as the Ukrainian-German one. It has been determined that the expansion of the scale and diversification of the composition of migratory flows intensify their influence on contemporary demographic, socio-economic and ethno-cultural processes both in the donor country and in the recipient country. It is proved that the consideration of the migration component has become necessary in developing the demographic, social and economic, foreign and ethno-cultural strategies of the country's development. Authors present a technique to construct forecasts of migration activity in the conditions of formation of the Ukrainian-German migration system. It is based on a three-stage algorithm: 1) forecasting the size and structure of the population of Germany and Ukraine; 2) forecasting macroeconomic indicators and conditions of labour markets of Germany and Ukraine; and 3) forecasting the volumes of potential migration in the conditions of formation of the investigated MS (Ukraine-Germany). Based on the projection of the German population by 2060, and taking into account variations in the volume of immigration in the country, authors prove that a significant deformation of the age structure of the indigenous population as a result of the nation's 'hyper-aging' may lead to a demographic collapse, which makes it impossible for the country's economic growth to result in shortages of high-skilled workforce in the labour market. The arguments presented confirm the hypothesis of the dependence of the German economy on the immigration flows of human resources. On the basis of the constructed economic-mathematical model, the authors estimated the probable variants of further development of the UGMS for medium-term (by 2025) and long-term (until 2030) perspectives under different developmental scenarios (the benchmark, optimistic, tendentious, and pessimistic ones). The investigation has shown that during 2025-2030 in Ukraine, the demographic and, as a result, labour-saving crisis, caused by the emigration of human resources in young and middle age, coupled with low fertility rates, will aggravate in Ukraine. In this context, the feasibility of constructing a new migration policy with the effect of replacing the workforce has been substantiated. This publication is prepared withing the research project on "Migration activity of the population of the Carpathian region" (state registration No 0119U002010).
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