Introducing Multilevel Modeling
... The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; McGraw & Wong, 1996) were first calculated to assess whether the amount of variance in the dependent variables was due to differences among participants, which determined whether multilevel modeling was necessary. The ICC indicates the extent of dependency stemming from the nested structure of the data, and the values theoretically range from 0 to 1 (Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998). Homogeneity within clusters can be categorized into small, medium, and large levels, indicated by ICCs of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.20, respectively (Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998). ...
... The ICC indicates the extent of dependency stemming from the nested structure of the data, and the values theoretically range from 0 to 1 (Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998). Homogeneity within clusters can be categorized into small, medium, and large levels, indicated by ICCs of 0.01, 0.05, and 0.20, respectively (Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998). The sample size requirements were also deemed sufficient as minimum of 20 to 30 clusters of macrounit (Kreft, 1996) paired with five to 20 cluster sizes are expected to produce accurate point estimates of variance components under REML estimation within small sample sizes (McNeish & Stapleton, 2016). ...
The primary objective of this study was to investigate the role of silence in metaverse counseling. We analyzed data from 159 counseling sessions conducted in a metaverse setting, which included 26 clients from a Korean community sample. The findings revealed that the most common type of silence was productive silence, with obstructive silence being the least frequent. Additionally, there was a high occurrence of productive silence and a low occurrence of obstructive silence in metaverse counseling. Furthermore, obstructive silence, particularly disengaged silence, had a significant impact on the counselor–client relationship (working alliance) and the outcomes of the counseling sessions (session satisfaction). By contrast, productive silence did not have a significant impact on these factors. The practical and theoretical implications of this study are discussed.
... The models should be improved by learning the parameters in a joint inference over the whole population. In machine learning this is referred to as multitask learning; in statistics, such data are usually modeled with hierarchical models (Kreft and De Leeuw, 1998;Gelman and Hill, 2006). In practice, some members in a population may possess extensive historical data, while members that may have been more recently deployed will have very limited data for training. ...
... The aim is to learn a set of K predictors related to the regression task. The type of hierarchical model used for this analysis is a linear mixed model Kreft and De Leeuw, 1998, so for each member in the population, a gradient m k and intercept c k are learnt. A graphical representation of this model can be seen in Figure 5. ...
Regression is a fundamental prediction task common in data-centric engineering applications that involves learning mappings between continuous variables. In many engineering applications (e.g., structural health monitoring), feature-label pairs used to learn such mappings are of limited availability, which hinders the effectiveness of traditional supervised machine learning approaches. This paper proposes a methodology for overcoming the issue of data scarcity by combining active learning (AL) for regression with hierarchical Bayesian modeling. AL is an approach for preferentially acquiring feature-label pairs in a resource-efficient manner. In particular, the current work adopts a risk-informed approach that leverages contextual information associated with regression-based engineering decision-making tasks (e.g., inspection and maintenance). Hierarchical Bayesian modeling allow multiple related regression tasks to be learned over a population, capturing local and global effects. The information sharing facilitated by this modeling approach means that information acquired for one engineering system can improve predictive performance across the population. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using an experimental case study. Specifically, multiple regressions are performed over a population of machining tools, where the quantity of interest is the surface roughness of the workpieces. An inspection and maintenance decision process is defined using these regression tasks, which is in turn used to construct the active-learning algorithm. The novel methodology proposed is benchmarked against an uninformed approach to label acquisition and independent modeling of the regression tasks. It is shown that the proposed approach has superior performance in terms of expected cost—maintaining predictive performance while reducing the number of inspections required.
... Table 1 presents descriptive results for main variables, including the means, within person variances, between person variations, and Intraclass Correlation Coe cients (ICCs) of all variables. ICC values ranged from 0.5441 to 0.703, larger than the critical value of 0.05 [40], and therefore indicate the need to analysis the data with a multilevel approach. Within-person and between-person correlations were calculated via two level models in Mplus 8.0, as depicted in Table 2. Note. ...
The current research employed a diary method from both within and between individual perspectives to investigate the relationship between daily parental autonomy support and control and children's daily subjective well-being, as well as whether children's daily self-control and daily academic persistence play a mediating role in the relationship between daily parental autonomy support and control and children's daily subjective well-being. A 14-day consecutive diary study was conducted. A total of 164 children in grades 5 and 6 completed questionnaires about their daily parental autonomy support and control, self-control, daily academic persistence, as well as daily subjective well-being. Results of multilevel structural equation model showed that daily parental autonomy support predicted daily life satisfaction through the chain mediation of daily self-control and daily academic persistence at the within individual level; parental autonomy support and control had an indirect effect on positive affect through the chain mediation of self-control and academic persistence at the between individual level. These findings reveal the complexity of family interaction in daily life, enriching the existing theoretical framework and empirical research, and helping to reveal the process and characteristics of parent-child interaction.
... Given our interest in bystander gender, we treated each gender as a separate sample for recruitment and so aimed to recruit 120 women and 120 men. Simulation studies and benchmarks (see Kreft & De Leeuw, 1998;Maas & Hox, 2005) demonstrate the number of groups or higher level units are more important for obtaining accurate estimates, and the larger the number the more accurate the estimations (Maas & Hox, 2005). ...
Nonconsensual sexual behaviors that occur in nightlife settings pose unique policy challenges and encouraging bystander behavior (i.e., either to stop the actor or help the recipient; nonemotive words used to avoid priming participants) might be an effective way to prevent these behaviors. Few researchers, none Australian, have undertaken quantitative studies to identify factors that influence bystanders’ behavior in nightlife settings and the interactions between them. Australian participants (n = 332, 56% women) read eight vignettes depicting an incident where an actor grabbed the buttocks of a recipient, in which we manipulated the actor and recipient’s gender; relationship to the bystander; recipient and actor intoxication; and the recipient’s response to the behavior. Afterwards, participants answered seven questions to establish their personal and social norms regarding the specific vignette behavior, their likelihood to intervene in each case, and completed the Ambivalent Sexism and the Ambivalence Toward Men Inventories. We created two multilevel models to examine how the factors influenced bystanders’ likelihood to either stop the actor or help the recipient and whether there are any interactions between the factors. All factors examined, except intoxication, influenced bystanders likelihood of intervention. Gender (of the bystander, the actor, and the recipient) and the bystander’s relationship to those involved had a pervasive influence on bystander behavior with numerous interactions, sometimes nullifying or altering the impact of other factors. The findings of this exploratory study provide a better explanation to regulators of how factors such as gender influence bystander decision making and might explain previous inconsistencies in the bystander literature.
... That is, we assume study means can vary, but all studies have a common slope for the fixed effects in our investigation. We tested the dependence among studies by Intra-Class Correlation (Kreft and de Leeuw 1998) and confirmed that a random effect of studies is present in our data. For the fixed effect structure selection, we made a compromise between model fit and model complexity. ...
Climate change and biodiversity loss are severe and intertwined global threats. Land-based efforts to address both require an understanding of the spatial relationships between carbon storage and biodiversity. Here, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the strength of these spatial relationships across the literature. We synthesize the estimated spatial correlations and infer how different factors (spatial scale, metrics, biome, human pressure) impact these strengths using linear mixed-effect models. Our results show that spatial scale is a significant factor, and the combination of metrics used to express carbon storage and biodiversity plays a more important role. While relationships are moderately positive across all conditions, the strength of the relationships decreases significantly from global to local scales. We find large variations in the strength for different metrics, across different biomes, and in the presence or absence of human pressure. We find a stronger relationship in natural rather than human-dominated landscapes for temperate forests, grasslands, and deserts, but the opposite for tropical and subtropical forests. Ecosystem-level biodiversity proxies (habitat quality) show strong relationships to the total carbon pool, while taxonomic metrics (species richness) show a weaker relationship. The largest negative relationship is between total carbon and flora and fauna species richness. Our results suggest different synergies for different dimensions of carbon storage and biodiversity and shed light on where further effort is needed.
... Results from the unconditional means model indicated that for focus, justification, and culturally responsive practice outcomes, 54%, 18%, and 20% of the variance were at the assigned condition (Level 2). The ICC values for all models suggested that multilevel modeling was an appropriate analytic approach, as all models surpassed the recommended standard of at least 10% of variance at each level (Kreft & De Leeuw, 1998). the last measurement point. ...
The rapid growth of culturally and linguistically diverse populations in K-12 schools has increased the need for preparing culturally responsive teachers. Yet, many pre-service teachers feel unprepared to work with diverse students. With the urgent need to connect educational theory to classroom practice, teacher preparation programs have turned to case-based instruction and worked examples to relay important content. In an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study, 95 pre-service teachers came into a lab to engage in a 4-week instructional sequence that examined two factors, namely, 1) case-based instruction (classroom cases vs. textbook) and 2) worked examples (expert worked examples vs. student exploration), on pre-service teachers' understanding of culturally responsive pedagogy. Results of a multilevel growth model show that pre-service teachers who learned from the case-based instruction performed higher than those in the textbook condition. Participants' rate of change was dependent upon viewing classroom cases but not an expert-worked example. Qualitative findings indicate that preparing culturally responsive teachers through case-based instruction could offer a more in-depth, rich, realistic, and inclusive experience associated with understanding multiple perspectives.
... Based on the computed ICC value of 0.088 and a design effect index of 2.32, both satisfy the recommendations of ICC value of at least 0.05 and a design effect index of at least 1.1 in refs. 59 and 60 , respectively. Furthermore, the autocorrelations and trace graphs generated as presented in figure 2 established that the posterior distribution of the parameter estimates of the Bayesian MLM converged quickly (mixed very well). ...
Objective
Malaria is a major public health concern in most developing countries, with children under 5 years being mainly at risk. We investigated the contribution of individual and community-level covariates to the risk of malaria infection (treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapy for fever or tested positive for malaria via a rapid diagnostic test within 2 weeks prior to the survey) in children under 5 years in Ghana.
Design
Population-based secondary cross-sectional study on the 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey
Setting
Ghana.
Participants and methods
Secondary malaria data on 3004 mothers and their children under 5 years from the recent 2019 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey were analysed. Bayesian multilevel modelling under Hamiltonian Monte Carlo is applied to malaria data.
Results
The results indicate a weighted malaria prevalence of 29.7% (95% CI: 0.28 to 0.31) among children under 5, and nearly 10% (8.9%) of the risk of malaria infection significantly varied by community differences. The average annual rainfall positively correlates with the prevalence of malaria in a community, while temperature and the built-population index inversely influence it. At the cluster level, the average annual rainfall significantly increased the risk of malaria infection among children under 5 years (adjusted OR (aOR)=17.46, 95% CrI: 1.86 to 167.34). Malaria infections among children under 5 are attributed to household/individual and community-level characteristics. Children from rich households (aOR=0.66, 95% CrI: 0.50 to 0.87), who sleep under insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) (aOR=0.79, 95% CrI: 0.65 to 0.95) and are not anaemic have significantly reduced the risk of malaria infection than those from poor households, children with severe anaemia and those who do not sleep under ITNs at night. Children under 5 years from Gurma (aOR=1.82, 95% CrI: 1.92 to 2.86) ethnic backgrounds are linked to a high risk of contracting malaria, while those from the Mole-Dagbani (aOR=0.70, 95% CrI: 0.51 to 0.98) and Grusi (aOR=0.55, 95% CrI: 0.32 to 0.93) ethnic groups have significantly reduced the risk of malaria infection. All other considered factors were not significantly associated with malaria risk among children under 5 years in this study.
Conclusion
Malaria remains a serious health burden to children under 5 years. These findings call for individual and community-level measures, including improved sanitation and preventive education campaigns, to help reduce malaria infections among children under 5 in Ghana, to mitigate malaria infections among children under 5 in Ghana, thereby promoting their health and quality of life (Sustainable Development Goal 3).
... Per Nezlek (2012), we included random intercepts and random slopes in each model and trimmed the error term if the model failed to converge due to lack of variation in the random effects. Following Rights and Sterba (2019; 2021) we calculated effect sizes using the r2mlm function (Shaw et al., 2023), which provides a measure that is akin to a correlation when the square root is computed (the square root of the proportion of variance reduction, Hox, 2002;Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998;Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002). We report Rb f2 (the square root of the proportion of between-cluster variance explained by between-person predictors via fixed slopes) for between-person models and Rw f1v (the square root of the proportion of within-cluster variance explained by within-person predictors via fixed slopes and random slope variation/covariation) for within-person models. ...
Kiper, G., Newman, D. & Oyserman, D. in press Difficulty-as-improvement in Daily Live: Believing That Difficulties are Character-building Supports Well-being, Effortful Engagement, and Experiencing Successes. Self & Identity
Abstract: People vary in how much they endorse “difficulty-as-improvement,” believing that suffering unbidden life difficulties can sanctify, strengthen, build character, or elevate their spirit. Across four two-week diary studies (N=382), endorsing “difficulty-as-as-improvement” is associated with positive self-beliefs and carries over to preferences for more effortful means of attaining possible self-goals. On average, people reported experiencing difficulty on 88.16% of the days they filled in a diary. Within-person daily variability in difficulty-as-improvement scores was associated with daily action, outcomes, and self-judgments, controlling for the positivity-negativity of daily events in multilevel analyses. Endorsing difficulty-as-improvement supports meaning (difficulties happen for a reason) and worth (you are good enough); lagged analyses suggest small-sized effects of yesterday’s difficulty-as-improvement on today’s self-esteem and sense of life as meaningful.
... Within-and Between-Person Control of Average Stimulus Intensity. A powerful way around this shortcoming was recommended by Kreft and de Leeuw (1998) and Raudenbush and Bryk (1986). This approach involves the inclusion of S .p as a Level 2 predictor. ...
Operationalizations of emotion reactivity (ER) have changed rather dramatically over the past decade. Comparing the results across studies that use these diverse methods is difficult. The current article reviews and critiques these approaches to studying ER. Three desirable characteristics are identified: (a) using multiple diverse stimuli to assess emotions will enable researchers to characterize ER more completely, (b) incorporating measures of mood-triggering stimuli will enable researchers to avoid key confounds in ER–depression research, and (c) using multilevel statistical approaches will enable researchers to differentiate the within- versus between-person aspects of ER. Studies that use measures that lack one or more of these characteristics may generate incomplete if not systematically biased results. An idiothetic ER approach is described that incorporates these strengths and may help to resolve contradictions that pervade ER–depression research. Implications emerge for clinical research and practice.
... This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. Kreft and de Leeuw's (1998) formulas. SE = standard error. ...
The predominant view in the employee proactivity literature highlights the importance of personality as well as a trio of agentic forces—namely, “can do,” “reason to,” and “energized to” motivation—that drive employee proactive behavior. Complementing existing theoretical frameworks, we introduce the concept of proactivity permission, defined as an employee’s tacit perception of the extent to which they are “allowed to” perform proactive behaviors at work. In this article, we investigate the psychological experience of proactivity permission. Directly drawn from the dominance theory of deontic reasoning, we model a set of individual (employee status, psychological entitlement), relational (leader–member exchange), and group-level predictors (organizational rule consistency, normative tightness) of proactivity permission and demonstrate the construct’s value in predicting proactive behavior over and above many well-established antecedents from the literature. In a field study of 388 employees and 110 supervisors in 35 organizations, we found support for our predictions. We discuss implications of our work for the literature on employee behavior and proactive work behavior.
... Prior to that, we assessed the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the null models (four SIE behaviors dimensions), which indicated sufficient between-group variance to proceed with HLM analyses (8.86% proorganizational, 10.73% image-management, 11.22% self-serving, 7.70% maliciously intended). Further, the power to detect significant differences is supported in that our multilevel sample of 9,058 respondents in the 40 societies (average 226 per society, range of 67 to 553) well exceeds the 30-30 rule that there be 30 upper-level units with at least 30 lower-level entities (Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998). To reduce Type 1 errors in the conclusions drawn about the effects of the variables in a large sample, we adopted a p value of 0.01 to determine statistical significance, except for the much smaller sample size, single-society analyses (p < 0.05), which are reported in the robustness test section. ...
While business studies on gender have increased, they continue to adopt traditional approaches with limited samples drawn from general populations (e.g., students and teachers). In contrast, we investigate gender differences with our focus solely on business professionals. Specifically, we study 40 societies using the four dimensions of subordinate influence ethics (SIE) behaviors: pro-organizational behaviors, image-management behaviors, self-serving behaviors, and maliciously intended behaviors. We employed crossvergence theory as our theoretical foundation, with its two competing forces, sociocultural (gender differences) and businessideological (no gender differences), which translates to a global-business-subculture effect. We found no gender differences for three of the four SIE behaviors and minimal differences for the fourth for our sample of business professionals. Thus, our findings differ significantly from those of previous general-population samples. We also tested for societal-level moderating effects of collectivism and individualism using the business values dimensions (BVD) measure. Our individualism findings, the primary values dimension associated with business success, in conjunction with findings from other studies, support our nonsignificant SIE differences findings. In sum, the truly minimal gender differences that we found provide strong support for the perspective that there is a global-business-subculture effect. Our findings also suggest that ethical differences between genders are minimal across the global workforce. We discuss the implications for international business.
... In this study, the average value of "individual nostalgia" group in each region is regarded as the variable of "urban nostalgia". Because there is still a problem of violating the independence hypothesis of random error when analyzing nested data, the intercept of the situation effect analysis model involved is set as random effect and the slope is set as fixed effect [29], see formulas (6) β ij = γ 10 (8) ...
Revitalizing China's old restaurant brands is of great significance to the cultural self-confidence of the Chinese nation. In this study, nine old brands in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou were selected, and a total of 543 valid questionnaires were obtained to analyze consumers' willingness to choose old brands. Specifically, based on consumers' perceived attractiveness and visit resistance to old firms, the authors used the contextual analysis model in the hierarchical linear model to explore the perturbation mechanism of the two nostalgic emotions in consumers' choices. The results of the analysis are as follows: first, perceived attractiveness has a positive effect on customer choice, while visit resistance has a negative effect on customer choice. Second, individual nostalgia has a positive effect on customer choice and plays a moderating role in the relationship between attractiveness, visit resistance and choice. Third, urban nostalgia also plays an important role in the relationship between attractiveness, visit resistance and choice. Overall, based on the contextual analysis model, this paper discovered the intrinsic choice mechanism of consumers for Chinese old restaurants, which can play a guiding role for their development.
... For instance, countries with slightly above-average ingroup collectivism scores were grouped together with those having much higher scores. To address this first limitation, future studies could broaden their scope by including more countries (at least 30 countries with 30 observations per country; Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998). Researchers would then be able to examine the cross-level interaction between culture (at the country level) and identity leadership (at the individual level) and explore whether it moderates the relationship between identity leadership and its outcomes. ...
The social identity approach to leadership contends that the most effective leaders represent, advance, create, and embed a shared social identity (i.e., a sense of ‘we’ and ‘us’) within the groups they lead. Building on previous research, our study examines whether the perceived identity leadership of coaches and athlete leaders is associated with a range of key performance indicators (notably team and individual performance and effort) through team identification and team cohesion. We also examine if these relationships are generalisable across WEIRD (Westernised, Educated, Industrialised, Rich, and Democratic) and non‐WEIRD countries while looking at whether they vary as a function of national culture (i.e., ingroup collectivism). To this end, we collected data from 3,135 football players across 211 teams in nine countries who engaged in an average of 4.02 sessions per week (SD = 2.03). Data were analysed using multilevel (multigroup) regressions and indicated that coaches' and athlete leaders' perceived identity leadership was associated with all performance indicators via both team identification and cohesion. For the most part, these relationships held across WEIRD and non‐WEIRD countries. However, we also found some evidence that the relationships between identity leadership and performance varied cross‐culturally and were generally stronger in countries high on ingroup collectivism. Together, these data suggest that identity leaders—across geographical and cultural borders—can make teams more effective and that they achieve this by leveraging ‘our’ strength in ways that make ‘us’ more cohesive.
... The ICCs were all above .05, and the assumption of independence was likely violated (Kreft & De Leeuw, 1998). As such, a three-level generalized linear mixed model was used to test study hypotheses with random intercepts and slopes. ...
Objective: The goal of this study was to test if a mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) compared to an active control ameliorates the impacts of life stressors on momentary mindfulness and emotion regulation difficulties among adolescents exposed to chronic stressors. Method: Adolescents exposed to chronic stressors (N = 81, Mage = 13.75 years; 56% boys; 24% Hispanic/Latino, 57% White) were randomized to receive MBI within the context of a community-based mentoring program (MBI + mentoring) or mentoring-alone. Participants completed ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) three times each day for 7 days at three intervals/bursts (preintervention, midintervention, and postintervention), contributing to a total of 3,178 EMA reports. EMA assessed momentary exposure to life stressors, mindfulness (vs. mindlessness), and emotion regulation difficulties. Results: Linear mixed-effects models revealed that the interaction between intervention arm (MBI + mentoring vs. mentoring-alone) and burst was significantly associated with the random slopes of life stressor exposure predicting mindful attention (b = −.05, SE = .01, p < .001), mindful nonjudgment (b = −.03, SE = .01, p < .001), and emotion regulation difficulties (b = −.04, SE = .01, p < .001). Estimated marginal means revealed that MBI + mentoring, compared to mentoring-alone, produced small but significant attenuation in the association of life stressors with mindful attention, mindful nonjudgment, and emotion regulation difficulties at postintervention. Conclusion: Mindfulness training may buffer adolescents exposed to chronic stressors against the negative impacts of life stressors on mindfulness and emotion regulation in daily life. Going forward, it will be important to investigate these relationships in the context of mental/physical health outcomes and to include longer periods of follow-up to determine the sustainable benefits of MBI for adolescent health.
... When using REML to estimate model parameters, even a relatively small number of clusters as few as 10 with small cluster sizes as low as 5 [30] can yield unbiased estimates of fixed effects [3,37]. As a group size of average 25 is generally considered small but acceptable number and treated normal in educational research [25], the sample size was deemed sufficient. This was proved again by utilizing a priori power analysis with power of 0.8 (d = 0.50). ...
Considering the growing interest in VR psychotherapy, this study investigated the relationship between client laughter and session outcomes in metaverse counseling. To investigate the relationships between types of client laughter and session outcomes in metaverse counseling, we employed a multilevel analysis by separating the variables into two levels: session-level (between-sessions) and client-level (between-clients). The dataset included 159 sessions nested among 26 clients. This study found that clients’ cheerful and nervous laughter positively impacted session outcomes at the session level (within individual clients). However, when considering client-level laughter events (between-client), nervous laughter at the session level was not significantly related to session outcomes. Polite, reflective, and contemptuous laughter showed no significant relationship with the session outcomes. None of the laughter events were related to session outcomes at the client level (between clients). However, there was a significant within-level interaction effect between session and cheerful laughter on session outcomes. The implications of the effects of client laughter are discussed in metaverse counseling by comparing them with those of in-person counseling.
... Because clients within groups (i.e., SC-VR seminar) may be more similar to each other than clients in different SC-VR seminars, a two-level linear regression analysis will be performed to account for potential clustering effects at higher levels (i.e., clients nested within SC-VR seminars). The intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient from the random intercept model with clients (level 1) and SC-VR seminar (level 2) will be calculated for the proposed secondary outcome (OQ-45.2) [46]. An ICC greater than zero will indicate a clustering effect, and any statistical analysis must be adjusted for this effect. ...
Background
Though evidence-based research about system constellations (SCs) appears marginal, it is applied in many psychiatric, psychological, and psychotherapeutic institutions as well as in different contexts of organizational counseling. To date, only one randomized controlled trial (RCT) has been conducted to assess the short- to long-term efficacy of SCs, which entail clients meeting at the same location in person. This study is to investigate the feasibility of a RCT investigating SCs in virtual reality (VR), and to calculate the number of clients needed for a confirmatory RCT.
Design
We will perform a prospective, monocentric, parallel-group, feasibility RCT with subsequent intervention. A total of 128 clients of 3-day group-based SC-VR seminars will be randomized to either the intervention group (IG; n = 64) or wait-list group (WLG; n = 64), which receives SCs in VR after 4 months. Feasibility and acceptability of the (1) research methodology and (2) intervention as well as the (3) estimation of effect sizes will be assessed using qualitative and quantitative data. Based on the model of a general mental health, the proposed primary outcome includes the SC-VR adherence, and the proposed secondary outcomes refer to psychological functioning (OQ-45.2), social system functioning (EXIS), psychological distress (FEP-2), motivational incongruence (INK-SF), and goal attainment (GAS). We plan to investigate the short-term efficacy at 2-week and 4-month follow-up within the RCT design (n = 128), and mid-term efficacy at 8- and 12-month follow-up for the intervention group (n = 64).
Discussion
The study is expected to be the first study on the feasibility of SC-VR. We will reflect on successfully implemented study procedures, and we will provide recommendations for changes considering the design, rationale, analyses, and interpretation of the study results where they became necessary. The discussion will conclude with an evaluation whether a confirmatory RCT on SC-VR is worth the investment of future resources, including the calculated number of clients needed based on the efficacy trends derived from this feasibility study.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov: ID = N CT05557890; date of registration: September 23, 2022; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05557890.
... First, the ICC values of the variables ranged from 0.304 to 0.385, indicating that 30.4% to 38.5% of the total variance in within-person level variables was explained by differences between individuals. Since the ICC value of 0.20 is considered large (Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998), this study tested the hypothesis using hierarchical linear modeling as planned. The results of HLM predicting job engagement are summarized in Table 2. ...
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of emotion regulation on the job engagement of novice school counselors while reflecting the variability and context of emotion regulation by utilizing a daily diary method. A sample of 100 South Korean school counselors completed the baseline and diary measures regarding emotion regulation and job demands and resources twice a day for 5 consecutive working days. Multilevel modeling was performed to analyze the nested data and test the research hypothesis. The use of state suppression negatively affected novice school counselors’ job engagement. Cross-level interaction effects on momentary job engagement were found between state reappraisal and job resources, as well as between state suppression and job demands. The findings highlight how daily emotion regulation interacts with contexts at work to impact on momentary job engagement of novice school counselors, underscoring the importance of considering these dynamics when promoting engagement.
... The necessity of the multilevel model was assessed by examining the ICC, which indicates the proportion of outcome variance attributed to individuals. ICC values range from 0 to 1 and homogeneity of within clusters is indicated small at 0.01, medium at 0.05, and large at 0.20 (Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998), whereas the recommended cutoff was over 0.05 (Baldwin et al., 2011). To mitigate bias arising from the small sample size in this study, restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimation was employed (Kenward & Roger, 1997). ...
The main objective of this study was to examine the role of psychological symptoms in the relationship between technological issues and session evaluation within the context of metaverse counseling. Evaluating the effectiveness of sessions within virtual counseling environments and understanding how psychological factors influence clients’ sensitivity to technological issues during these sessions seemed important. Dataset comprising 148 sessions with 25 South Korean clients and 6 counselors was used for analysis. The findings indicated that technological issues negatively influenced each session's evaluation (between session levels), but these issues did not significantly affect the overall session evaluation among clients (between‐client levels). Interestingly, clients with more severe psychological symptoms tended to be less satisfied with each counseling session when faced with more technological difficulties than clients who faced fewer psychological symptoms. The theoretical and practical implications of this study were further discussed, along with suggestions for future research.
... Although the sample of transnationally adopted children and their adoptive parents represents a unique and valuable group, the sample size was relatively modest, which may reduce statistical power, particularly for detecting small effects. While multilevel modeling has been shown to perform well with smaller groups-for instance, the present sample meets the recommendation of having at least 20 groups for detecting crosslevel interactions (Kreft and De Leeuw 1998)-caution is still warranted when interpreting findings based on fewer data points, such as between-parent findings and cross-level interactions (Arend and Schäfer 2019). To assess the robustness of the within-level findings based on the 480 within-person measurements, we conducted a post hoc Monte Carlo simulation, which accounted for the hierarchical structure of the data. ...
Introduction
Research on parenting stress in adoptive parents during the early years post‐placement reveals significant variability, yet few studies examine both parent‐ and child‐related factors. This study investigates the role of the personality dimension of self‐criticism and perceived negative child emotionality in relation to parenting stress during the first four years after transnational adoption. Additionally, it explores the moderating effect of child age at placement, a key factor associated with early adversity.
Methods
Drawing upon a longitudinal five‐wave dataset in the first 4 years after the child arrived in the adoptive family, this study used multi‐informant data of 96 adoptive mothers and fathers of transnationally adopted children (mean child age at placement = 13.48 months). Data were analyzed using a multilevel structural equation modeling approach.
Results
Parents' self‐criticism was positively associated with parenting stress at the between‐parent level. At the within‐parent level, year‐to‐year fluctuations in both parents' self‐criticism and perceived child's negative emotionality were positively associated with corresponding fluctuations in parenting stress. Child age at placement did not moderate any of these associations.
Conclusions
Overall, this study yielded convincing evidence for the dynamic nature of parenting stress in the first years after child placement, the role of parental self‐criticism, and the child's perceived negative emotionality herein.
... * p < .05. 4 The moderator analyses presented in Study 1 rely on conclusions that can arise only from multilevel modeling given the need to separate the relative contribution of moderators at the individual level versus the topic level (Nosek, 2005). Prior research has shown that this type of analysis cannot produce accurate results when there are fewer than 30 clusters in the data structure (Hofmann, 1997;Kreft & De Leeuw, 1998;Maas & Hox, 2005). Since Studies 2 and 3 each have only three topics (i.e., three clusters), we could not conduct moderator analyses using multilevel models. ...
A great deal of research in dual-process models has been devoted to highlighting differences in the structure and function of the implicit and explicit attitude constructs. However, the two forms of attitudes can also demonstrate important shared properties, and prior work suggests that one similarity may be in factors that determine measurement reliability. To better explore this issue, Study 1 analyzed the test–retest reliability in measures of both implicit and explicit attitudes within a single study session across 75 topics (N > 35,000). Explicit attitudes had greater test–retest reliability than implicit attitudes, but each showed considerable heterogeneity across topics even when measured within a single study session. Analyses also included several candidate moderator variables, such as attitude certainty or familiarity. While results were not identical, the moderators associated with greater test–retest reliability for implicit and explicit attitudes exhibited more similarities than differences. Specifically, attitudes experienced as more distinctive, more relevant to one’s self-concept, more certain, and more accessible had higher test–retest reliability for both forms of evaluation. Variation in short-term reliability for implicit and explicit attitudes was replicated in Study 2, and Study 3 revealed that topics low in short-term reliability were also lower in a longitudinal sample that completed attitude measures separated by several weeks. These results advance our understanding of each attitude construct and are consistent with a more dynamic relationship between an attitude and its measure, as even attitudes measured with high levels of conscious control could show remarkable short-term instability when assessed only minutes apart.
... However, we referenced general rules of thumb (e.g. Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998), which suggest that a sample size of ≥30 level-1 (signals) and ≥30 level-2 (persons) units should provide adequate power to detect cross-level interaction effects. Further, findings from large scale simulation studies (e.g. ...
Emotion differentiation (ED) – complexity in the mental representation and description of one’s emotional experiences – is important for mental health. However, less is known whether ED can be enhanced in adults. We investigated if scaffolding emotion language use during affect labelling – initial provision of emotion word prompts (close-ended) followed by free response (open-ended) – impacts ED and psychological health. Utilising a crossover design, 92 college students completed questionnaires assessing psychological health at three time-points and ecological momentary assessment of emotions, affect valence and emotional self-efficacy for 14 days. Participants were randomised to the “scaffolding” group, where they reported emotions using the close-ended (7 days) followed by open-ended (7 days) approach, or the reverse sequence (control group). We extracted two ED indices: traditional intraclass correlation coefficient from close-ended reports and novel specificity index from open-ended reports. Primary analyses examined group differences across weeks while exploratory analyses examined moment-to-moment differences using multilevel modelling. Relative to controls, the scaffolding group demonstrated greater ED during open-ended emotion reporting of negative emotions and associated shifts in negative affect and emotional self-efficacy. There were no significant group differences in psychological symptoms. Results provide preliminary evidence that scaffolding may enhance ED and have implications for psychological intervention.
... Heterogeneity was assessed in the one-stage IPD using τ 00 and σ 2 (variance components), where larger values of τ 00 indicate larger between-cohort variance, and larger values of σ 2 indicate larger residual variance (Kreft & de Leeuw, 1998). ...
There is mixed evidence on personality differences among those born very preterm or with very low birth weight (VP/VLBW). This meta-analysis of individual participant data aimed to examine differences in personality traits between VP/VLBW ( n = 568) and term-born ( n = 1,060) adults, and the role of neonatal characteristics and neurosensory impairments in childhood, which have not been previously investigated. Six studies were identified from two research consortia and a systematic search of the literature (PubMed and Scopus); studies were eligible if they included VP/VLBW and term-born adults followed from birth and assessed personality using the Five-Factor Model. Risk of bias (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) was generally not a concern apart from the use of self-reported measures and the rate of follow-up. Using a one-stage approach, VP/VLBW scored lower on extraversion and openness and higher on neuroticism and agreeableness than term-born participants after adjusting for sex and parental education. Within the VP/VLBW group, those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia scored lower on extraversion and higher on neuroticism, with similar findings after removing participants with neurosensory impairments. Altogether, these findings suggest that a proportion of the effect of VP/VLBW birth on personality may be attributed to neonatal morbidities and altered brain development, although other confounding factors require further research.
... To examine the association between a hospital's Magnet status and HEI scores, we utilized multilevel modeling (MLM). Grounded in the socioecological model (National Institutes of Health Sexual and Gender Minority Research Office 2021), MLM is suitable for analyzing hierarchical data structures (Kreft, Kreft, and de Leeuw 1998;Subramanian, Jones, and Duncan 2003). Since our data include two levels (level-1 = hospital level, which encompasses Magnet status and hospital type; level-2 = state level, which includes LGBTQ+ inclusiveness in laws, political climate, racial/ethnic minority population, and Medicaid expansion status), we employed a two-level random intercept model to investigate the association of hospital and state-level factors on LGBTQ+ inclusivity in hospitals. ...
LGBTQ+ individuals face discrimination in healthcare settings. Magnet hospitals have been associated with positive patient outcomes, yet it remains uncertain whether Magnet designation is associated with hospitals' LGBTQ+ inclusivity in policies and practices. This study examined 801 American hospitals across 47 states that participated in the Healthcare Equality Index (HEI) in 2021. Multilevel modeling was utilized to investigate the association between Magnet status and HEI scores, adjusting for hospital type and state‐level covariates, including LGBTQ+ inclusiveness in laws, political climate, racial/ethnic minority population, and Medicaid expansion status. Among the 801 hospitals, 32.1% (257 hospitals) held Magnet status. Magnet hospitals demonstrated higher HEI scores compared to non‐Magnet hospitals ( γ = 2.13, p = 0.022), despite significant variations across states (intraclass correlation = 0.22). No significant cross‐level interactions were found. Overall, Magnet designation is independently associated with improved LGBTQ+ inclusivity in hospitals regardless of the state in which the hospital is located. Policymakers and healthcare leaders should consider leveraging the Magnet Recognition Program as a benchmark for promoting LGBTQ+ inclusivity within hospitals. Additionally, all healthcare institutions should prioritize comprehensive evaluations and improvements to their policies and practices to ensure inclusivity for LGBTQ+ patients.
This study investigates the relationship between government interventions aimed at curbing the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and stock market volatility across 67 countries. Using panel regression analysis, we examine how various non-pharmaceutical interventions influence financial market uncertainty. Using panel regression analysis, we examine how various non-pharmaceutical interventions influence financial market uncertainty. Our findings reveal that stringent policy responses significantly increase stock market volatility, independent of the direct impact of the pandemic itself. Specifically, information campaigns and public event cancellations are identified as major contributors to this phenomenon. These results highlight the dual role of government actions: mitigating health risks while simultaneously amplifying financial instability.
Background
Participant dependence, if present, must be accounted for in the analysis of randomized trials. This dependence, also referred to as “clustering,” can occur in one or more trial arms. This dependence may predate randomization or arise after randomization. We examine three trial designs: one “fully clustered” (where all participants are dependent within clusters or groups) and two “partially clustered” (where some participants are dependent within clusters and some participants are completely independent of all others).
Methods
For these three designs, we (1) use causal models to non-parametrically describe the data generating process and formalize the dependence in the observed data distribution; (2) develop a novel implementation of targeted minimum loss-based estimation for analysis; (3) evaluate the finite-sample performance of targeted minimum loss-based estimation and common alternatives via a simulation study; and (4) apply the methods to real-data from the SEARCH-IPT trial.
Results
We show that the two randomization schemes resulting in partially clustered trials have the same dependence structure, enabling use of the same statistical methods for estimation and inference of causal effects. Our novel targeted minimum loss-based estimation approach leverages covariate adjustment and machine learning to improve precision and facilitates estimation of a large set of causal effects. In simulations, we demonstrate that targeted minimum loss-based estimation achieves comparable or markedly higher statistical power than common alternatives for these partially clustered designs. Finally, application of targeted minimum loss-based estimation to real data from the SEARCH-IPT trial resulted in 20%–57% efficiency gains, demonstrating the real-world consequences of our proposed approach.
Conclusions
Partially clustered trial analysis can be made more efficient by implementing targeted minimum loss-based estimation, assuming care is taken to account for the dependent nature of the observed data.
Background
Basic self-disturbance (BSD), the overarching concept of various experiences of self-alienation, referred to as anomalous self-experiences (ASEs), is considered a relatively stable clinical marker for the potential development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. However, research on BSD in children and adolescents in the pre-psychotic phase is limited. Research on individuals at risk for psychosis shows that psychosocial factors are critical in psychosis development, but studies of these factors and the relationship between psychosocial factors and the severity of ASEs are lacking. The present study aims to investigate the extent to which mood, social relationships, and psychosocial factors contribute to the development of BSD in adolescents at risk for psychosis.
Methods
We used the experience sampling method to collect real-time data from 27 help-seeking 12- to 19-year-old adolescents. We analyzed data from daily registrations on a smartphone app, measuring the intensity of BSD, mood, and social settings over various time periods (hourly, daily, and weekly over 6 months) by linear mixed regression modeling.
Results
Negative emotions were positively associated with the mean ASE scores (β = 0.30, 95% CI = (0.26, 0.34), whereas for the positive emotions, the contrast of the association was significantly negative [β = −0.57, 95% CI = (−0.63, −0.51)]. The effect of being alone at the time of the response on the intensity of ASEs compared to being with others was significantly positive [β = 0.27, 95% CI = (0.08, − 0.46)]. However, this effect was observed only when not being at home, as indicated by the effect of being at home [β = −0.04, 95% CI = (−0.09, 0.11)] compared to not being at home and the interaction between the two social context variables [β = −0.20, 95% CI = (−0.44, −0.04)].
Conclusions
Mood and social settings appear to be influencing factors in the expression and intensity of ASEs. These factors should be addressed in the clinical approach to BSD, and further studies investigating the influence of various psychosocial factors on BSD experiences should be conducted.
Objectives: This study investigates whether there is treatment effect heterogeneity in the “gang effect” for both concurrent (offending, drug use) and longer-term (offending, drug use, incarceration, education) outcomes according to baseline risk. Methods : Using panel data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, we first investigate whether the within-individual and between-individual changes in gang membership and deviance are conditional on an individual's baseline propensity to join a gang. Then, we investigate whether the relationships between gang membership and several young adult outcomes are conditional on this baseline propensity to join a gang. Results : Within-individual changes in gang membership status are associated with increased offending and drug use, but the effect does not vary across baseline propensity to join a gang. However, there is between-individual evidence that the effect of gang membership on offending and drug use decreases in magnitude as baseline propensity to join a gang increases. For each longer-term outcome, the negative effects of prior gang membership decrease as baseline propensity to join a gang increases. Conclusions : This study suggests that the average treatment effect of gang membership on several outcomes masks important heterogeneity, indicating it may be misleading to portray it as a general, universal negative turning point.
Background
Scales that comprehensively measure individual, workplace, and community factors related to fertility intentions of women are limited. This study examined the psychometric properties of scales measuring individual (nurse, husband/partner, and child), nursing unit, hospital, and community factors related to fertility intentions of female Japanese hospital nurses. We focused on these nurses because nursing is a gendered profession, and over 90% of nurses in Japan are women. Furthermore, Japanese hospital nurses differ from other female workers in several ways (e.g., professionality, working shifts, financial remuneration).
Methods
This was a methodological study. Data were collected using a cross-sectional, self-administered questionnaire survey. Data from 898 Japanese female hospital nurses (age range, 20–49 years) from 50 hospitals were analyzed. The initial scales were developed through semi-structured interviews, a literature review, an expert review, and a pilot study. Item analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed, Cronbach’s α was calculated, and known group validity was examined.
Results
The following individual factor scales were obtained: a 12-item, four-domain nurse factor (Economic Needs, Timing of Life Events, Nursing Aspirations, and Career Development) scale, a six-item, two-domain husband/partner factor (Share of Housework and Childcare and Relationship with Husband/Partner) scale, and a three-item, one-domain child factor scale. Likewise, we identified a 13-item, four-domain nursing unit factor (Guilty Feelings toward Colleagues, Unit Nurse Manager’s Management, Workability, and Collegiality) scale, a nine-item, three-domain hospital factor (Access to Legal Rights, Support for Mothers, and Comfort in Hospitals) scale, and a six-item, two-domain community factor (Governmental Family Support and Culture of Working Women) scale. Except for the child factor scale, the comparative fit index was > 0.950, and the root mean square error of approximation was < 0.070. Cronbach’s α ranged from 0.590 (community factor scale) to 0.807 (child factor scale). The scores on the nurse, husband/partner, and hospital factor scales were significantly higher for nurses with high than with low fertility intentions.
Conclusions
These results support the reliability and validity of the nurse, husband/partner, and hospital factor scales. The child, nursing unit, and community factor scales can be further improved.
This is an open-access review of a submitted manuscript eventually published as Ward et al. (2021). Multilevel ecological analysis of the predictors of spanking across 65 countries. BMJ Open, 11 (8), e046075.
Abstract:
The co-authors are well-known international leaders in the well-intentioned effort to protect children from physical violence, especially by opposing all physical punishment. This manuscript uses the largest dataset to date, as well as the most global in the number of countries involved. Other admirable features include its focus on low and middle-income countries, an excellent sampling strategy, and its measure of spanking (open handed swats on the bottom).
It needs to distinguish between tiny and more meaningful associations, because almost anything is significant with your N > 600,000. Parental beliefs that children need physical punishment is the only predictor of spanking use in the past month that meets typical standards for a meaningful association.
My greater concern, however, is the assumption underlying this study that eliminating all disciplinary spanking is best for all children in all cultures. In medical practice, no established treatment would be totally eliminated from consideration until an alternative was shown to be consistently more effective for the same presenting problems that the established treatment had been used for (considering adverse side effects, too). The current evidence falls so far short of adequate scientific standards that it risks being counterproductive not only for the most at-risk children, especially in third-world countries, but also for the reputation of science. A science skeptic would have a field day with this manuscript and other publications used elsewhere to support spanking bans. For example, she could discredit both the APA and the AAP because they opposed all spanking based on your co-authored meta-analysis of unadjusted correlations, 55% of which did not even ensure that the spanking preceded the child outcome, ignoring more nuanced meta-analyses that had stronger causal evidence than unadjusted correlations. To my knowledge, no one has shown that any alternative disciplinary tactic is more effective than nonabusive spanking when young children are persistently defiant. Timeout is an alternative emphasized in most of the empirically supported psychotherapies for treating oppositional defiance and conduct disorder in young children, yet you have supported what you call “strong positive parenting,” which discourages timeout as well as all negative disciplinary consequences imposed by parents (Holden et al., 2017). I only know of one study you have done on other disciplinary tactics, which failed to find any tactic that was correlated with significant reductions in externalizing or internalizing problems, despite investigating about 11 tactics with 88 analyses. Its conclusion stated that timeout and expressing disappointment to children were associated with significantly more behavioral problems, but the study did nothing to control for any confounding factors, not even pre-existing differences on the outcome variables.
I know of no other social work researchers who have done such an excellent job of introducing innovative statistical methods to improve causal inferences in non-randomized studies (e.g., fixed-effects regression, Bayesian methods), so it is a puzzle that this draft calls your meta-analysis of unadjusted correlations “rigorous evidence.”
Conclusion: We need causal evidence documenting alternatives to spanking that are more effective in the disciplinary situations in which spanking has been considered most appropriate traditionally.
How did the unscheduled school closures caused by COVID-19 affect children’s academic performance? The loss of skills that would have been acquired by schooling due to unscheduled school closures is called “learning loss.” In this paper, the effect of unscheduled school closures on academic achievement was analyzed using data from Japan’s “National Assessment of Academic Ability” collected in 2021.
Previous studies in Japan have pointed out the relationship among school socio-economic status（SES）, length of unscheduled school closure, and academic achievement, in which schools with a lower school SES tend to have lower aca- demic achievement. However, the findings are limited to school-based analyses.
The findings obtained by analyzing three-level hierarchical data on students, schools, and prefectures are as follows. First, the effect of temporary school vacations on academic achievement was observed for 6th grade students, but not for 9th grade students. Second, an analysis of the cross-level interaction effect be- tween the duration of unscheduled school closures（school-level factor）and student SES（student-level factor）for 6th grade students and generally observed an interaction effect between high and low SES for children with temporary absences of 60 days or more.
The fact that learning loss was more pronounced for students in lower grades and with a lower SES was consistent with previous overseas studies.
The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of ESG management on corporate performance by focusing on board characteristics. To this end, this study uses financial data and empirical panel data of Fortune 300 firms from 2008 to 2021 and firm-specific ESG scores derived from the European Sustainability Reporting Standard (ESRS) to conduct an empirical analysis. Specifically, a panel model analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between ESG management and firm performance using alternative variables on board characteristics. In the basic model analysis, we adopted alternative variables for ESG management and board characteristics and conducted a panel model analysis to examine the relationship between these factors and corporate performance. In the basic model analysis that included board characteristics, only board size (+) and nationality diversity (−) had a statistically significant effect on corporate performance, while gender diversity had no statistically significant effect on corporate performance. However, in the full model analysis, where board characteristics and ESG management were combined, factors E (−) and S (+) had statistically significant effects on firm performance, confirming that the presence of a board of directors leads to better performance. We found that the effects of E and S on firm performance were reversed, indicating that there is a difference in the cost of ESG management by factor. Finally, G did not have a statistically significant relationship with firm performance, which was likely due to the fact that the characteristics of the board were already reflected in ESG, confirming the role of the board. As a result, the board of directors seems to help with the smooth implementation of ESG management by focusing on internal stabilization and communication, suggesting that future research should consider the impact of the board of directors rather than analyzing ESG management in isolation. The results also show that the board of directors in the G sector has a significant impact on ESG management, but it is not treated as an important factor in ESG evaluation criteria, suggesting that it is necessary to reflect factors on stakeholder communication. Finally, the practical implication is that a united board is necessary to implement ESG management in corporate operations.
The use of renewable energy sources enables the decarbonization of the economy. Moreover, the share of renewable energy in the global energy balance is growing. Government policymakers encourage increased investment in renewable energy generation capacity, even though the higher price of such energy compared with energy from traditional sources remains an obstacle to the complete abandonment of the use of fossil fuels for energy generation. This study examines the relationship between macroeconomic characteristics and energy consumption from renewable sources in 159 countries from 1990 to 2020. A positive association was identified between economic inequality and renewable energy consumption (a 1% increase in economic inequality was associated with a 0.58% increase in renewable energy consumption) and between GDP per capita and renewable energy consumption (a 1% increase in GDP per capita was associated with a 0.11% increase in renewable energy consumption). The negative association between economic inequality and the GDP per capita interaction with renewable energy consumption mitigates the use of energy from renewable sources in developing countries with high levels of economic inequality.
In practice, nondestructive testing (NDT) procedures tend to consider experiments (and their respective models) as distinct, conducted in isolation, and associated with independent data. In contrast, this work looks to capture the interdependencies between acoustic emission (AE) experiments (as meta-models) and then use the resulting functions to predict the model hyperparameters for previously unobserved systems. We utilize a Bayesian multilevel approach (similar to deep Gaussian Processes) where a higher-level meta-model captures the inter-task relationships. Our key contribution is how knowledge of the experimental campaign can be encoded between tasks as well as within tasks. We present an example of AE time-of-arrival mapping for source localization, to illustrate how multilevel models naturally lend themselves to representing aggregate systems in engineering. We constrain the meta-model based on domain knowledge, then use the inter-task functions for transfer learning, predicting hyperparameters for models of previously unobserved experiments (for a specific design).
Underlying the “ideal worker” image that pervades many organizational cultures is the assumption that working longer hours equates to higher performance, despite recovery research that suggests that long work hours might actually impair future work performance. In an effort to reconcile these differences in how long work hours are thought to relate to job performance, we develop and test a conceptual model in which daily boosts in same‐day performance associated with working longer hours could be offset by lower next‐day performance. More specifically, we examine if working a longer day than usual reduces sleep, which has the potential to diminish physical (i.e., physical energy) and psychological (i.e., resilience) resources the next morning, consequently impairing next‐day work performance. In a 5‐day experience sampling study of 67 employee–coworker dyads (276 days), using sleep data from a wearable device (i.e., Fitbit) in combination with daily self‐report surveys and coworker performance ratings, results indicated that daily work hours were positively related to same‐day work performance. Our results further indicated that work hours were negatively related to next‐day work performance through reduced sleep duration and morning resilience, but not through diminished physical energy. Together, our findings indicate that although employees may experience same‐day performance gains related to working long hours, they also may pay a price the following day, as longer workdays prevent employees from recovering overnight.
A psicometria e a neuropsicologia cognitiva, embora com tradições independentes, apresentam diversos aspectos que podem ser utilizados de maneira interdisciplinar para a construção do conhecimento em psicologia. O presente texto: 1. Discute como essas duas disciplinas podem interagir, 2. apresenta as contribuições da psicometria para os estudos em neuropsicologia cognitiva e 3. destaca os avanços ocorridos na neuropsicologia cognitiva ao fazer uso da psicometria. Discute-se também que os modelos de testagem da neuropsicologia estiveram, em grande parte, embasados em estudos de validade convergente e de critério. Contudo, tendências atuais da psicometria apontam a fragilidade desses modelos, bem como indicam a necessidade de estudos referentes à estrutura dos escores, processamento de resposta, validade consequencial e, principalmente, estudos que avaliem e comparem os modelos teóricos e seus construtos postulados. Uma relação recíproca entre psicometria e neuropsicologia cognitiva é importante para o avanço substancial nessas duas áreas e na psicologia geral.
From the publisher:
This fully updated fourth edition of Research Design and Statistical Analysis provides comprehensive coverage of the design principles and statistical concepts necessary to make sense of real data. The guiding philosophy is to provide a strong conceptual foundation so that readers can generalize to new situations they encounter in their research, including new developments in data analysis.
Key features include:
Emphasis on basic concepts such as sampling distributions, design efficiency, and expected mean squares, relating the research designs and data analyses to the statistical models that underlie the analyses.
Detailed instructions on performing analysis using both R and SPSS.
Pedagogical exercises mapped to key topic areas to support students as they review their understanding and strive to reach their higher learning goals.
Incorporating the analyses of both experimental and observational data, and with coverage that is broad and deep enough to serve a two-semester sequence, this textbook is suitable for researchers, graduate students and advanced undergraduates in psychology, education, and other behavioral, social, and health sciences.
The book is supported by a robust set of digital resources, including data files and exercises from the book in an Excel format for easy import into R or SPSS; R scripts for running example analysis and generating figures; and a solutions manual.
Examination copies can be requested at https://www.routledge.com/Research-Design-and-Statistical-Analysis/Rotello-Myers-Well-LorchJr/p/book/9781032897288
According to the incongruence model, unemployed people experience incongruence between their actual as compared to their desired employment status, which is an important source of distress. In contrast to other theories, this model is able to explain why unemployed people feel worse not only compared to employed people but also compared to people in other life situations, such as students, homemakers and retirees, who are assumed to experience low levels of incongruence. The current study analysed two longitudinal samples ( n = 1066 and n = 1036 at T1) that were followed over 2.5 and 1.5 years, with six and five measurement points, respectively. The results show that (1) unemployed people who found new jobs experienced a reduction in their incongruence levels; (2) changes in incongruence were associated with changes in mental health; (3) changes in incongruence mediated the effects of changes in employment status on mental health. In addition, (4) mental health changes associated with other employment status changes such as entering (or leaving) the labour force (i.e., becoming a student, homemaker or retiree) were also mediated by changes in incongruence levels. Furthermore, the effects remained stable when the influence of the latent and manifest functions of employment was controlled.
This study delves into the dynamic interplay between economic value added (EVA) and dividend payout among listed firms in India. Leveraging data spanning from 2013 to 2019 for 564 Indian-listed companies, the study employs a fixed effect panel regression model to meticulously examine the intricate relationship between EVA and dividend payout. The findings decisively indicate a significant and positive correlation between the two, underscoring that an augmented EVA is associated with an elevated dividend payout ratio. Notably, a compelling insight emerges, revealing that a 100 percent surge in EVA corresponds to a noteworthy 5 percent upswing in firms’ dividend payouts. To fortify the robustness of these findings, the study employs the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) methodology, corroborating the initial results. In essence, this paper solidifies the notion that heightened economic value added translates to increased dividend payments, providing valuable insights for both practitioners and researchers in the realm of corporate finance.
The study investigated the big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) in the Chinese mainland context, which is the phenomenon that equally able students tend to have lower academic self-concept (ASC) in high-average ability schools than their counterparts in low-average ability schools. ASC is an individual’s attitude about his/her academic ability, which is suggested that can mutually influence one’s academic performance. A total of 12,058 students aged 15–16 years old were drawn from the Programme for International Students Assessment 2018 B-S-J-Z dataset to examine by employing multilevel regression analysis. The findings show that when holding socioeconomic status constant, a relatively small BFLPE exists in this study, and no gender difference was found in the present study. This could be attributed to the unique Chinese cultural background and student characteristics. The study calls for necessary interventions for middle school students to learn more about academic self-concept and embrace their success, as well as further studies to explore more underlying reasons for BFLPE.
This study is based on the hypothesis that group cohesion and efficacy have significant effects on the academic performance of individuals in online (virtual) education environments no less than in-person education environments. To that end, this study explores the effectiveness of group activities in a virtual classroom environment using VC (Virtual Conferencing). It is based on a hypothesis that strong group cohesion and efficacy of a learning group influence the individual academic performance. The findings are as follows. First, team-building activities conducted in an online environment can further improve the level of group efficacy. Second, group cohesion formed in the online educational environment has a positive effect on the individual academic performance. Third, group efficacy amplified through online team-building activities mediate the relationship between group cohesion and individual academic performance. The results of the study support the hypothesis that psychological group variables can also affect the individual academic performance even in online educational environments. These findings will be helpful for researchers who are interested in designing educational collaborative activities and system development for computer-supported cooperative learning (CSCL).
Background
Basic self-disturbance (BSD), also called anomalous self-experiences (ASEs), are core phenotypic markers for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and a prepsychotic vulnerability marker considered to be temporally stable (trait-phenomenon). Studies of BSD in children and adolescents are lacking.
Objective
To be clinically useful, we need to know more about the characteristics and temporal development of BSD in prepsychotic phases.
Method
This study used a smartphone application measuring the occurrence and subjective intensity of ASEs in the daily life of 27 help-seeking adolescents (12–18 years) repeatedly over a period of 6 months. A total of 5223 unique application-reports based on individually selected and verbatim descriptions of personal core ASEs were analysed by mixed methods.
Findings
The intensity of ASEs, within subjects and between subjects and irrespective of time intervals or baseline scores obtained by the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) were relatively stable with a mean variability of 1.25 (0.4) SD. Participants with low EASE total scores at baseline had a significantly lower score on ASE intensity than those with high baseline EASE total scores at baseline (mean 2.42 vs 3.42, p=0.046).
Conclusion and clinical implications
In this study, ASEs were not reported as essentially fluctuating experiences but as almost constantly present, demonstrating BSD as a mainly trait phenomenon in prepsychotic phases in persons under the age of 18. Considering the continuous experience of BSD and its predictive value for psychosis development, ASEs should be targeted and monitored to the same extent as other prepsychotic features.
Data integration of multiple studies can provide enhanced exposure contrast and statistical power to examine associations between environmental exposure mixtures and health outcomes. Extant research has combined populations and identified an overall mixture–outcome association, without accounting for differences across studies. We extended the Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sum (BWQS) regression to a hierarchical framework to analyze mixtures across cohorts. The hierarchical BWQS (HBWQS) approach aggregates sample size of multiple cohorts to calculate an overall mixture index, thereby identifying the most harmful exposure(s) across cohorts; and provides cohort‐specific associations between the overall mixture index and the outcome. We showed results from 10 simulated scenarios including four mixture components in three, eight, and ten populations, and two real‐case examples on the association between prenatal metal mixture exposure—comprising arsenic, cadmium, and lead—and both gestational age and epigenetic‐derived gestational age acceleration metrics. Simulated scenarios showed good empirical coverage and little bias for all HBWQS‐estimated parameters. The Watanabe–Akaike information criterion showed a better average performance for the HBWQS regression than the BWQS across scenarios. HBWQS results incorporating cohorts within the national Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program from three different sites showed that the environmental mixture was negatively associated with gestational age in a single site. The HBWQS approach facilitates the combination of multiple cohorts and accounts for individual cohort differences in mixture analyses. HBWQS findings can be used to develop regulations, policies, and interventions regarding multiple co‐occurring environmental exposures and it will maximize the use of extant publicly available data.
Objective
Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) is increasingly being prescribed for up to 10 years to people diagnosed with hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer. AET intake is often accompanied by side effects that significantly impact the well‐being of people. The way individuals cope with medication‐related side effects might play a pivotal role in their emotional adaption.
Methods
This intensive‐longitudinal study investigated the association between self‐reported coping strategies (Brief COPE) and psychological well‐being (Patient Health Questionnaire‐4) among women undergoing AET. A multilevel factor analysis resulted in the identification of four coping factors, namely, problem‐focused, support‐focused, meaning‐focused, and avoidance‐focused coping. Daily coping efforts and experienced side effects were analyzed as predictors of psychological well‐being using multilevel modeling.
Results
A total of 215 women ( M age = 56.5 ± 10.9 years) participated, resulting in a total of n = 2080 daily surveys ( M = 9.67 ± 1.08). On average, women reported 3.7 ± 2.2 different side effects per day. Days characterized by an elevated frequency of side effects and increased burden were associated with diminished well‐being. Using more problem‐ and meaning‐focused strategies than usual to cope with side effects correlated positively with well‐being. Conversely, employing more support‐ and avoidance‐focused coping strategies than usual was linked to reduced psychological well‐being. Exploratory analyses focusing on individual coping strategies provided nuanced insights into coping behaviors.
Conclusion
The present findings underscore the relationship between women's coping efforts concerning medication‐related side effects during AET and their daily well‐being. Psychosocial education (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy) may offer valuable benefits for patients by helping them develop adaptive coping strategies to manage side effects.
The current study investigated the relationship between students’ perceived teacher–student relationship (SPTSR) and their performance in English via multiple mediation effects of resilience and autonomous learning in the Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) context. The participants were 15,184 eighth-graders from China. Results of the multilevel mediation model revealed that after controlling for students’ gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and school type, the positive association between SPTSR and students’ academic outcomes in English was partially and serially mediated by the resilience and autonomous learning. The current study sheds new light on the crucial mediating roles of resilience and autonomous learning in improving EFL learners’ English proficiency. We recommend that English language teachers establish a friendly and equal classroom climate, which may enhance students’ resilience to cope with learning setbacks. Such positive beliefs help stimulate students’ autonomy in English language learning, which in turn promotes performance in learning English.
Diabetes é um problema de saúde pública mundial que afeta 463 milhões de pessoas e, segundo estudos recentes, até 2045 haverá um incremento de 51% no número de indivíduos acometidos pela doença. A taxa de pessoas pré-diabéticas assintomáticas também é elevada, aproximadamente 84% dos casos, e essa particularidade impede que o doente receba os devidos cuidados e tratamentos antes que a enfermidade se agrave e leve à outras complicações ou até a morte. O diagnóstico precoce da doença se mostra benéfico diante deste cenário e a ciência de dados pode contribuir para que isso seja feito. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor modelos de predição precoce de diabetes utilizando os métodos supervisionados de Regressão Logística Binária e Regressão Logística Binária Multinível, avaliando qual desses modelos apresenta resultados mais acurados. O presente trabalho foi baseado em outro estudo, no qual outras metodologias foram aplicadas, mas nenhuma delas com a abordagem multinível. Respostas de um questionário aplicado à pacientes – diabéticos e saudáveis – do Sylhet Diabetes Hospital de Bangladesh foram utilizados nas modelagens, o qual continha perguntas relacionadas a sintomas geralmente associados ao diagnóstico do diabetes. Tal estudo possibilitou chegar à modelos com resultados satisfatórios, e evidenciou que a modelagem multinível apresenta melhores resultados se comparado a Regressão Logística convencional
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