The SAGE Sourcebook of Advanced Data Analysis Methods for Communication Research
... The CFI is normed so that values closer to 1 indicate a better fit (Bentler & Bonett, 1980). A CFI value of .95 or greater indicates a model that has a good fit (Hayes, Slater, & Snyder, 2008). The RMSEA, with a built-in parsimony index that corrects for sample size and model complexity, provides an index of how well a model fits the population as well as the sample (Hair et al., 2006). ...
... The RMSEA, with a built-in parsimony index that corrects for sample size and model complexity, provides an index of how well a model fits the population as well as the sample (Hair et al., 2006). An RMSEA value of .06 or less indicates a good model fit (Hayes et al., 2008). ...
... In sum, a nonsignificant χ 2 , χ 2 to degrees of freedom ratio of less than 5, CFI value of .95 or greater, and RMSEA of less than .06 indicate a good model fit (Hayes et al., 2008). See Tabachnick and Fidell (2013) for a fuller description of these indices and model fit criteria. ...
Social Interactions in Virtual Worlds - edited by Kiran Lakkaraju July 2018
... The CFI is normed so that values closer to 1 indicate a better fit (Bentler & Bonett, 1980). A CFI value of .95 or greater indicates a model that has a good fit (Hayes, Slater, & Snyder, 2008). The RMSEA, with a built-in parsimony index that corrects for sample size and model complexity, provides an index of how well a model fits the population as well as the sample (Hair et al., 2006). ...
... The RMSEA, with a built-in parsimony index that corrects for sample size and model complexity, provides an index of how well a model fits the population as well as the sample (Hair et al., 2006). A RMSEA value of .06 or less indicates a good model fit (Hayes, et al., 2008). ...
... In sum, a non-significant χ 2 , χ 2 to degrees of freedom ratio of less than 5, CFI value of .95 or greater, and RMSEA of less than .06 indicate a good model fit (Hayes, et al., 2008). See Tabachnick and Fidell (2013) for a fuller description of these indices and model fit criteria. ...
Cambridge Core - Computing and Society - Social Interactions in Virtual Worlds - edited by Kiran Lakkaraju
... (Cohen, 1988). Next, both direct and indirect effect analyses were conducted using PROCESS (Hayes et al., 2008). This is a conditional process model that utilizes an ordinary least squares-based path analytical framework (Hayes, 2017). ...
... Additionally, given that number of drugs used in addition to opioids was significantly correlated with negative mood, opioid misuse, and opioid dependence, number of drugs used was also entered into our models as a covariate. The PROCESS 'parallel mediation' function (Hayes et al., 2008) allows for one outcome variable, one independent variable, and one or more indirect variables that are tested simultaneously in the model (see Figure 1). Specifically, each indirect effect (e.g., a 1 b 1 or a 2 b 2 ) is tested while controlling for all other indirect associations (Hayes, 2017). ...
Background: Opioid misuse in the context of pain management exacts a significant public health burden. Past work has established linkages between negative mood (i.e., symptoms of anxiety and depression) and opioid misuse/dependence, yet the mechanisms underlying these associations have received little scientific investigation. Anxiety sensitivity (AS), the fear of the negative consequences of internal states, may be relevant to better understanding negative mood-opioid relations among adults with chronic pain. Methods: Simultaneous indirect effects of negative mood on opioid misuse and opioid dependence via lower-order factors of AS (physical, cognitive, and social concerns) were examined cross-sectionally in the present study. The study sample consisted of 428 adults (74.1% female, Mage = 38.27 years, SD = 11.06) who self-reported current moderate to severe chronic pain and opioid use for chronic pain. Results: Results indicated that negative mood was (in part) indirectly related to opioid misuse (in part) via AS physical and cognitive concerns and was (in part) indirectly related to opioid dependence via AS cognitive concerns only. No significant indirect effects via social concerns were observed. Discussion and Conclusions: Findings suggest the importance of further exploring the role of anxiety sensitivity cognitive and physical concerns in terms of opioid misuse and dependence among adults with chronic pain.
... Research has shown that understanding of policy theory can help researchers make progress advocating for their chosen issue (Weiner 2011). However, most scientists are overwhelmingly ignorant of communication research or policy theory (Hayes et al. 2008). Researchers are often ill-equipped to participate in science communication, though ample research has been published on the topic (Pullin and Knight 2003;Stamatakis et al. 2010;Wilhelm-Rechmann and Cowling 2011;Fuller et al. 2014;Rose 2015). ...
Individual-based models (IBMs) are increasingly used in marine conservation research, making this is an ideal time to assess IBM use in marine policy. IBMs can contribute important information to marine management and policy questions, as they offer complex methods of understanding ecosystems and animal behaviour, by allowing for heterogeneity in both individuals and environments. A review of 108 international peer-review publications utilizing marine IBMs was conducted using Web of Science (WoS). It was determined that 55% of the WoS articles claimed that the IBMs were relevant or important to marine conservation policy or management. A relevant English-language policy document was located for 83% of the IBMs, but only 32% were cited, while 85% of the same policy documents cited a different, non-IBM, modelling method. A separate survey of 175 policy documents from the Government of Canada was conducted. Of the 60 that contained citations, zero documents cited an IBM, while 75% cited a different modelling method. Of 407 webpages reviewed from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the New Zealand Department of Conservation, and the UK Government website, only 4% referenced IBMs. This research demonstrates that, despite claims of usefulness by researchers, IBMs are not used to inform policy, while other model methods are commonly cited. Modellers should not assume that their model will inherently be useful for policy and should instead ensure that they are: 1) addressing a policy need; and 2) making the information accessible to policymakers by crafting a communication plan and/or joining a relevant boundary organization.
... BCaCI [-0.33, 0.26]; 6 The assessment of whether or not each indirect effect is statistically significant is based on inspection of the confidence intervals; where these do not cross zero the effect is considered to be significant. Please note, this approach (bootstrapping and inspection of confidence intervals) was used to test for mediation in preference to Sobel tests (which were specified in the pre-registration), as bootstrapping is considered to overcome various potential shortcomings associated with the Sobel test (please see Preacher and Hayes, 2008). person as a result of the experience"; example catastrophizing item: "I keep thinking about how terrible my experience was"). ...
The identification of variables which facilitate good quality and quantity sleep represents an important step in tackling the current global sleep loss epidemic. Previous research has established links between good sleep and the positive psychological traits of mindfulness, self-compassion, gratitude and optimism. However, studies have typically focused on single traits, limiting understanding of their collective and independent associations. The two studies reported here address this gap by exploring the combined and unique contributions of mindfulness, self-compassion, gratitude and optimism to sleep; Study 2 further investigated emotion regulation as a common underlying mechanism. Participants in both studies (Study 1 N = 268; Study 2 N = 333) completed online questionnaires assessing the four positive psychological traits and sleep quality and quantity; participants in Study 2 also completed measures of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation. Multiple regression analyses revealed that mindfulness, self-compassion, gratitude and optimism collectively accounted for 24.96% (Study 1) and 15.81% (Study 2) of the variance in overall sleep quality and quantity. Optimism and mindfulness emerged as significant linear predictors in their own right, with higher levels of optimism and mindfulness respectively being associated with better sleep. Study 2 further identified maladaptive emotion regulation as a common mediating mechanism. Findings highlight the importance of positive psychological traits in relation to sleep and indicate that optimism and mindfulness might make unique contributions to the prediction of sleep outcomes. Findings also flag emotion regulation as a potential common mediator of associations between positive psychological traits and sleep.
... For the significance test, a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used, and the significance level was set to 0.05. To further improve the rigor of the research, Harman's single-factor test was used to examine the possible common method deviation before data analysis (48). The results revealed four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, and the variance explained by the first factor was 26.27%, which is less than 40% of the critical standard value, suggesting no serious common method deviation problem in this study. ...
Introduction
The well-being of patients with chronic diseases is an issue of widespread concern in public health. While social support is thought to have a positive effect on it, the mechanisms of its influence have not been fully addressed. Thus, we explored the possible mediating effects of self-efficacy and perceived stress to determine the relationship between social support and well-being in these patients.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 4,657 patients with chronic diseases in China. The PROCESS Macro model 6 of SPSS was employed to explore the intermediary role between variables.
Results
Self-efficacy and perceived stress played a partial intermediary role between social support and subjective well-being, with an effect ratio of 48.25% and 23.61%, respectively. Self-efficacy and perceived stress had a chain intermediary effect (28.14%) between social support and subjective well-being.
Discussion
This study suggested that improving the self-efficacy of patients with chronic diseases to cope with the changes in social support caused by the disease could reduce stress and enhance subjective well-being.
... SD = 11.87) and the non-experiencer group (M = 35.14, SD = 10.39) when comparing post-video state anxiety scores, t(62) = 0.51, p = 0.613, d = 0.13 (see Fig1).In order to investigate the final hypothesis, a series of mediation analyses[40] were carried out. The initial correlation analysis between Group and change in state anxiety revealed r pb = -.270, ...
The Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) is an intensely pleasant tingling sensation originating in the scalp and neck and is elicited by a range of online video-induced triggers. Many individuals now regularly watch ASMR videos to relax, and alleviate symptoms of stress and insomnia, all which are indicative of elevated levels of anxiety. Emerging literature suggests that ASMR-capable individuals are characterised by high trait neuroticism, which is associated with a tendency to experience negative emotional states such as anxiety. To date however no literature has empirically linked these personality constructs and watching ASMR videos on the effect of reducing anxiety. In the current study, 36 ASMR-experiencers and 28 non-experiencers watched an ASMR video, and completed assessments of neuroticism, trait anxiety, and pre- / post-video state anxiety. MANCOVA with Group as the independent measures factor showed that ASMR-experiencers had significantly greater scores for neuroticism, trait anxiety, and video engagement than non-experiencers. Pre-video state anxiety was also significantly greater in the ASMR-experiencers and was significantly attenuated on exposure to the ASMR video, whereas non-experiencers reported no difference in state anxiety pre- and post-video. Thus, watching ASMR alleviated state anxiety but only in those who experienced ASMR. Subsequent mediation analyses identified the importance of pre-existing group differences in neuroticism, trait and (pre-video) state anxiety in accounting for the group difference in the reduction of state anxiety. The mediation analysis further lends support for watching ASMR videos as an intervention for the reduction of acute state anxiety. Future areas for research are discussed.
... An ANOVA analysis revealed a significant interaction effect of motivational value and message type on intent to return (F(1,96) = 5.78, p < .05. To extrapolate on this significant interaction, PROCESS Model 1 (Hayes, Slater, and Snyder 2008) was employed to distil down the results. Within the self-transcendent group, there was no significant difference between the two message types. ...
Product labeling strategies are integral to effectively communicating returnable packaging campaigns to consumers. As sustainabil- ity initiatives have grown in importance, retailers have become more sensitive to the issues of excess packaging waste. This research presents two experimental studies. Study 1 demonstrates that messages pertaining to ease of use for consumers to return products were more effective than other alternatives, such as rewards, social modelling, and control. Study 2 shows that ease of use messages were more effective than justification-based messages when individuals were primed to be more self-enhancing, but not when they were primed to be more self-transcendent. Overall, this research shows that targeting self-enhancing values via ease of use messaging improves the likelihood of intended consumer participation in returnable packaging programs.
... In other words, only the responses of the participants who completed Sections One and Two of the questionnaires, regardless of whether Section Three was completed or not, were considered in the final analysis. This listwise deletion approach (Chen & Åstebro, 2003;Rubin, 1976) was used instead of using missing data imputation techniques (Hayes, Slater, & Snyder, 2008). The researcher acknowledges that listwise deletion is "a method that is known to be one of the worst available" (Hayes et al., 2008, p. 351); however, since the amount of missing data was small (20%) within a large amount of data (Field, 2018), then listwise deletion was an acceptable approach. ...
... In addition, SPVs were not directly related to CL, but influenced CL indirectly through CS. The study adopted the non-parametric percentile method of bootstrap (5000) bias correction (BC) recommended by Hayes et al. (2008) to check mediation effect of CP between the relationship of CP and CL. The estimated specific indirect effect from CP to CL through CS was 0.152 (95 per cent BC bootstrap = 0.0828, 0.2413). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to further explore the effects of customer participation (CP) and service personal values (SPVs) on cruise customer satisfaction (CS) and customer loyalty (CL) by applying the empirical research approach.
Design/methodology/approach
A self-administered questionnaire was prepared and used to collect data. Exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling analysis was used to test the proposed model and hypotheses.
Findings
The empirical results indicate that CP positively influences SPVs, CS and CL. SPVs have a significant and positive impact on CS as well. Moreover, the study also finds that collectivism has a strong positive effect on CP. Price sensitivity negatively moderates the relationship among CP, CPV, CS and CL.
Research limitations/implications
The generalizability of the current study findings should be considered or scrutinized in light of the fact that limited samples and cross-sectional data were used. This limitation positions the findings as a continuation of the developing path toward a better understanding of customer behavior rather than a definitive conclusion.
Practical implications
The study results show that CP has a positive direct effect on SPVs, CS and CL. Even though many researchers have verified the importance and function of CP, there is a lack of literature, which assesses the influence of CP in a cruise industry context. By focusing on this gap, this research makes it feasible to empirically analyze the different effects of CP in relation to SPVs, CS and CL in Chinese cruise preferences.
Social implications
The study results suggest that CP is a new predictor of CS and CL in the cruise industry. Thus, creating a positive experience through participation is crucial. As customers are co-producers, it is beneficial for the cruise companies to raise labor productivity and reduce cost by guiding and stimulating them to take part in the service-producing process.
Originality/value
Based on the perspective of service-dominant logic, the purpose of this study is to shed light on the formation process of loyalty behavior of Chinese cruise tourists. The empirical results indicate that CP positively influences SPVs, CS and CL. SPVs have a significant and positive impact on CS as well. Moreover, the study also finds that collectivism has a strong positive effect on CP. Price sensitivity negatively moderates the relationship among CP, CPV, CS and CL.
... Effect sizes were computed using a random-effects model to allow that the true effect size might vary from one study to another, as found in the meta-analyses of communication effects research (Preiss, 2007), and to estimate the parameter mean and identify the presence of outliers (Hayes, Slater, & Snyder, 2008). Using the standardized difference of sample means obtained through coding, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, represented as r, was calculated to determine the effect sizes for the dependent measures in the analysis (Card, 2010). ...
Cause-related marketing (CRM) campaigns are a type of joint venture between a business concern and a nonprofit organization. To determine effect sizes for these campaigns, a series of bivariate meta-analyses were conducted using a random effects assumption. Results included the effect of CRM advertising on brand attitudes, r = .248, 95% CI(0.189,0.373), and purchase intentions, r = .277, 95% CI(0.141, 0.404), and the effect of cause-brand fit on brand attitudes, r = .239, 95% CI(0.167,0.309), and purchase intentions, r = .319, 95% CI(0.206, .423). Unfortunately for nonprofit organizations, none of the seven meta-analyses conducted found any effect for the study characteristic, type of cause (generic or branded company). Thus, the contribution of a specific nonprofit organization’s brand did not have a significant impact on consumer attitudes or behavioral intentions to purchase CRM products.
... Since these models are not nested, descriptive measures were used to assess which one fits the data better (A. F. Hayes, Slater, & Snyder, 2008 Figure 4). This provides further support concerning directionality in the association between PBJW and Conscientiousness as well as the mediating role of Internal Locus of Control in this relationship. ...
Extensive research efforts have been devoted to understanding the nature of Conscientiousness, the only Big Five personality trait that has been robustly linked to professional achievement and longevity. We proposed that Conscientiousness is associated with Personal Belief in a Just World (PBJW), that is, the extent to which an individual believes that her or his efforts will be rewarded. To investigate this proposition, we undertook a meta-analysis synthesizing past findings regarding the relationship between PBJW and Conscientiousness; we confirmed a positive relationship between the two constructs (r = .16) based on 17 samples and 5,810 individuals. We further proposed a theoretical framework linking PBJW to specific facets of Conscientiousness. A survey of a representative sample of the US population (n = 311) confirmed that PBJW is positively correlated with the specific facets of Self-efficacy, Achievement-striving, and Self-discipline. Internal Locus of Control mediated these associations, elucidating the underlying processes linking PBJW and Conscientiousness.
... Given the potential questioning of the stepwise regression method to check mediation, the current research also adopted the non-parametric percentile method of bootstrap (5000) bias correction (BC) recommended by Hayes et al. (2008). The estimated specific indirect effect from social impression perception to consumer purchase probability through initial trust was 0.156 (95 per cent BC bootstrap = 0.0729, 0.2427), hence, H5a was supported. ...
In recent years, the shared
housing rental platform (hereafter, the short-term rental platform), designed
to serve the Peer-2-Peer (P2P) market, has flourished and received extensive
attention from the business community and academia. However, few studies have
focused on the effect of hosts’ personal information on consumer purchase
behavior. This article selects the host’s photo as an entry point because of
its important position in the site interface and builds a conceptual framework
among host photo, reputation, initial trust, and consumer purchase probability
based on Face Processing Theory. Three-hundred valid, scenario-based
questionnaires were used for hypotheses testing. Results show that photo-based
social impression perception and reputation both help consumers form initial
trust, which ultimately affects consumer purchase probability；
photo-based perceived social impression has a greater impact on initial trust
and purchase probability than does reputation. Results will provide some
guidance for the marketing management of sharing platform organizations.
... The goodness of fit was determined using the following indicators: comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), and goodness-of-fit statistic (GFI) (Hooper, Coughlan, & Mullen, 2008;Mueller, 2012). The acceptable CFI and TLI values were equal to or N0.95 and b1, respectively (Fan et al., 2016;Hayes, Slater, & Snyder, 2008). The RMSEA value should be b0.07; the closer it is to 0, the greater the model fitness will be. ...
Purpose:
This study aimed to offer a translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric testing of the Perception of Family-Centered Care-Staff (PFCC-S) and Perception of Family-Centered Care-Parents (PFCC-P) questionnaires for use in pediatric nursing in Iran.
Design and methods:
The study was comprised of six steps. The first five steps included the preparation, forward translation, reconciliation, back translation, and back translation review of the translated questionnaires. In the sixth step, the content validity ratio, content validity index, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability were estimated. Through the convenience sampling method, 456 nurses and mothers were included in the study for confirmatory factor analysis, while 40 nurses and mothers were selected to evaluate the reliability of the two questionnaires.
Results:
Harmonized versions of the Persian PFCC-S and PFCC-P questionnaires were developed (steps 1-5). The content validity ratio of all items of the questionnaires was >0.62. The content validity index for the PFCC-S and PFCC-P questionnaires was 0.81 and 0.83, respectively. One item was added to each questionnaire, which contained 21 items. The confirmatory factor analysis verified the three subscales of respect, collaboration, and support in the two questionnaires. The intraclass correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the PFCC-S questionnaire were 0.89 and 0.87, respectively, and 0.79 and 0.81, respectively, for the PFCC-P questionnaire.
Conclusions:
This study developed questionnaires that were compatible with the Iranian culture to measure the perception of family-centered care.
Practice implications:
Nurses can use these questionnaires to measure and compare the perceptions of family-centered care by staff and parents.
A growth mindset is crucial for students’ academic development. Many studies have demonstrated the influence of a growth mindset on mathematics achievement, but the mediating mechanisms underlying this relationship still warrant further exploration. This study investigates the mediating roles of students’ academic buoyancy and adaptability in the relationship between the student growth mindset and mathematics achievement within the Chinese cultural context. The sample included 1164 junior high school students (49.4% females). Using structural equation modeling, the results showed that, after controlling for gender, school type, and family socioeconomic status, the student growth mindset was positively related to mathematics achievement. Furthermore, the student growth mindset was significantly associated with the student academic buoyancy, cognitive-behavioral adaptability, and affective adaptability, but only cognitive-behavioral adaptability further mediated the relationship between the student growth mindset and mathematics achievement. The multi-group analysis demonstrated that the model exhibited invariance across the genders, school types, and SES levels, indicating that the associations were applicable to both boys and girls, to both boarding and day students, and to students from low-, middle-, and high-SES backgrounds. We discuss the findings by considering the Chinese cultural characteristics and provide insights that may help in the development of interventions to improve students’ mathematics performance.
The proportion of women engaging in insufficient physical activity is higher than that of men, and they may face greater barriers. Fitness apps, as effective tools for behavior change, can significantly promote active physical activity among women. Notably, women constitute over 60% of fitness app users. However, few studies have focused on the reasons behind the continuous use of fitness apps by female users. This study investigates the impact of different perceived values on the satisfaction and continuance intention of female fitness app users. A total of 395 female fitness app users from Guangzhou, China, participated in this study. The results indicate that hedonic value (β = 0.190, p < 0.001), utilitarian value (β = 0.171, p = 0.007), and health value (β = 0.440, p < 0.001) significantly and positively influence the satisfaction of female fitness app users. However, only utilitarian value (β = 0.135, p = 0.018) and health value (β = 0.436, p < 0.001) have a significant positive impact on the continuance intention, while hedonic value (β = 0.028, p = 0.547) does not. Additionally, satisfaction mediates the relationship between utilitarian and health values and continuance intention. Therefore, the design of fitness apps should prioritize helping female users achieve utilitarian and health values rather than overemphasizing hedonic-value-related content.
Although the importance of psychological well-being in early childhood is emphasized, the number of studies conducted with children and adolescents in this field is less than those carried out with adults. The present study aimed to explore the role of child emotion regulation in the relationship between parenting and psychological well-being among a sample of Turkish preschoolers aged 5–6. It further examines the mediating role of emotion regulation. The sample consisted of 416 mothers with children aged 5–6 (Mage = 5.38, SD = 0.48; 50% girls-boys). We collected the data using the Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS), the Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC), and the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Children (PWBS-C). The findings revealed significant relationships among parenting practices (positive/negative), the child’s emotion regulation/dysregulation, and the child’s psychological well-being. Moreover, the findings revealed that positive parenting, directly and indirectly, affects children’s psychological well-being through children’s emotion regulation. On the other hand, findings disclosed that negative parenting has both a direct and indirect impact on children’s psychological well-being through children’s emotion regulation. Overall, the study may shed light on a possible process in which positive parenting boosts a child’s emotional regulation and psychological well-being among preschoolers.
The present study pursues a two-fold objective: to evaluate the performance of rural producers’ cooperatives in Isfahan Province, Iran, and to develop a general model for this purpose. To develop a model for the comprehensive assessment of rural producers’ cooperatives in Isfahan, the survey method is employed in the present descriptive-analytical study and use is made of an especially-designed questionnaire as well as the structural equation modelling. Efforts are also made to include in a most comprehensive and systematic manner all the parameters involved in rural producers’ cooperatives. The statistical population comprises all the membership and decision-making bodies (including the General Assembly, Board of Directors and Inspectors) of the cooperatives in Isfahan. The sample size as determined by Cochran’s formula comprises 375 people. Sampling is accomplished using a two-stage stratified and cluster sampling with simple random sampling included. Results indicate that 63.36% of the cooperatives investigated record a satisfactory performance and that, from among the independent variables, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) behaviour records the highest direct impact on the performance of the cooperatives. Finally, the model fit indices reveal the capability of the proposed model in performing a comprehensive assessment of rural producers’ cooperatives.
Parents self-medicating their children with antibiotics (SMA) without consulting healthcare professionals is a common practice in China. Previous research has focused primarily on examining the socioeconomic factors that contribute to the prevalence of SMA. This study adopts and extends the theory of planned behavior to understand the cognitive and emotional factors that are associated with parental SMA in China. The responses to an online survey were collected from 961 parents of children aged 6–12 years old, primarily from Gansu, Shandong, and Shaanxi provinces. More than half of the participants (66.5%) engaged in parental SMA. Amoxicillin, Cephradine, and Azithromycin were the most frequently selected antibiotics used for children. Structural equation modeling showed that uncertainty was positively associated with negative emotions, which were in turn positively associated with attitude toward SMA. Uncertainty was also negatively associated with perceived behavioral control (PBC), but the association between PBC and SMA behavior was not significant. Attitude and subjective norm were both positively associated with SMA behavior. The relationship between subjective norm and attitude was also positive. Understanding the psychological factors driving parental SMA may inform tailored interventions to promote responsible antibiotic use among parents.
Family contexts, such as parental stress and parenting practices, play critical roles in preschoolers’ adjustment. However, these processes have been understudied in Chinese American families. The present study examined the associations between Chinese American mothers’ experiences of two types of stress (i.e., general/contextual stress and parenting stress) and their preschoolers’ socio-emotional and behavioral adjustment problems; in addition, the mediating roles of maternal psychologically controlling parenting and maternal warmth in these associations were assessed. Participants included 207 first-generation Chinese American mothers (M age = 37.78 years, SD age = 4.36) and their 3- to 6-year-old children (M age = 4.50 years, SD age = 0.90; 52% boys). Mothers reported their levels of stress, psychologically controlling parenting, and warmth practices; teachers reported on child adjustment in the school setting. The results revealed that higher levels of general/contextual stress and parenting stress were each uniquely associated with more maternal psychologically controlling parenting practices, which in turn was associated with fewer socio-emotional and behavioral adjustment problems in children. Our findings can inform parenting intervention programs designed to improve Chinese American preschoolers’ adjustment.
Does the position of the hands interfere with the outcome of a negotiation? In this research, statistical analysis with N=110 business negotiations addressed to what extent nonverbal reinforcement (BL) moderates the relationship between opening value (OpenVal) and deal value (DealVal) of a face-to-face business negotiation requesting budgetary resources between two parties, with a 99 percent confidence interval. The null hypothesis has been rejected, and the results showed that showing hands (BL=1) was not more significant (B =-.015, p < .969) than hiding hands (BL=0), highly significant (B = 2,323, p <.000), implying that hiding hands produce more adverse results than showing hands at the bargaining table. Finally, the average difference between showing and hiding hands was 20.2 percent in the deal value, suggesting the adoption of nonverbal reinforcement in budgetary negotiations at the bargaining table.
Leadership is vital for all organizations, including higher education institutions (HEIs). Based on this, this study aimed to examine department heads’ leadership styles concerning employee performance as well as nurturing the culture of justice. For this purpose, the leadership styles (transformational and transactional leadership) relationship is examined with employee performance through the mediating role of organizational justice. Data were collected from academicians working in the HEIs located in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan using a convenience sampling approach to obtain the targeted sample. Data were analyzed through a symmetric approach and after conducting confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using AMOS, mediation models were assessed by following the Hayes process model procedure. The results indicate that organizational justice partially mediates the direct relationship between transformational and transactional leadership with employee performance in the HEIs sector of Pakistan. It is recommended that institutions need to take action to ensure that just and fair transformational leadership behavior is practiced to attain the desired employee performance in the HEIs.
Background:
Few existing studies have examined information processing as an independent variable to predict subsequent information behaviors in a pandemic context, and the mechanism of subsequent information behavior processing following the initial or prior information behavior is unclear.
Objective:
Our study aims to apply the risk information seeking and processing model to explain the mechanism of subsequent systematic information processing in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods:
A three-wave longitudinal online national survey was administered during the period of July 2020 to September 2020. Path analysis was conducted to test the relationships between prior and subsequent systematic information processing and protective behaviors.
Results:
One important finding was the key role of prior systematic information processing, as indirect hazard experience was found to be a direct predictor of risk perception (β = 0.15, p = 0.004) and an indirect predictor of protective behaviors. Another important finding was the central role of information insufficiency as a mediator/driving force in subsequent systematic information processing and protective behavior.
Conclusions:
The study has made important contributions in that it extends the scholarship on health information behaviors by (a) highlighting that relevant hazard experience in risk information seeking and processing model should be expanded to include indirect experience, and (b) providing the mechanism of subsequent systematic information processing following prior information processing. Our study also provides practical implications on health/risk communication and protective behaviors' promotion in the pandemic context.
Davranışsal iletişim araştırmacıları, son dönemlerde değişkenler arası ilişkilerin ‘neden’ ve ‘nasıl’ gerçekleştiğine dair açıklamalar sunmak amacıyla aracılık testine başvurmaktadırlar. Değişkenler arası ilişkilerin ardında yatan mekanizmanın açıklanmasına imkân sunan aracılık testinin araştırmacılar tarafından kullanılması araştırma modelinin hikayesini okuyucuya aktarabilmek için kaçınılmazdır. Ancak yakın geçmişte aracılık testinin uygulanmasına yönelik metodolojik tartışmaların işaret ettiği üzere aracılık testinin felsefik arka planının yeterince anlaşılmadığı ve bu doğrultuda metodolojik düzeyde ezber uygulamaların davranışsal iletişim araştırmalarında özellikle sergilendiği dikkat çekmektedir. Bu sorunsalın önüne geçebilmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilen bu metodolojik çalışmada, aracılık testinin felsefik ve metodolojik arka planı tartışılmaya ve genel bir bakış sunulmaya çalışılmaktadır. İlgili tartışmanın yeni bir metodolojik bilgi birikimi oluşturmasının yanında, mevcut metodolojik bilgi birikiminin daha anlaşılır kılınarak sade bir şekilde araştırmacılara sunulmasının bu çalışmada amaçlandığını da belirtmek yerinde olacaktır. Gelecekte davranışsal iletişim araştırmacıları aracı değişkenli modellerinin test ederken sadece açık prosedür yaklaşımını kullanması (önyükleme gibi), dolaylı etki için bir sınıflandırma yapmaması, aracılık için hipotezlerini literatür veya teorilere göre geliştirerek bölümleme veya iletimsel yaklaşımı tercih etmesi beklenmektedir.
In contemporary society, following the sudden changes that occur, different forms of addiction are becoming popular. Of note are the new addictions and concepts of poly-dependencies that involve common behaviors and trap people who suffering from them in a vicious circle. The main goal of this study is to investigate the possible mediating role that self-esteem had between trait anxiety and two specific new addictions: compulsive buying behavior and eating disorders. Furthermore, it was verified through a multigroup analysis that trait anxiety had a greater effect on eating disorders in a group of compulsive consumers. Three-hundred and fifty-two participants (67.9% women) were enrolled to participate in this study. The results showed that there was a direct effect of trait anxiety on eating disorders and on compulsive buying behavior; self-esteem mediated the effect of trait anxiety on eating disorders and compulsive buying behavior with specific differences; multi-group analysis showed differences in anxiety’s effect on eating disorders between compulsive and non-compulsive consumers; the group of compulsive consumers revealed a significant and stronger effect of trait anxiety on eating disorders in all domains identified. Further research is recommended to better understand the predictors of these disorders and to contribute to a more effective preventive intervention.
Underpinned by the New World Kirkpatrick model, and in the context of a community-based sport psychology programme (My Strengths Training for Life™) for young people experiencing homelessness, this process evaluation investigated (1) young peoples’ reactions (i.e., program and facilitator evaluation, enjoyment, attendance, and engagement) and learning (i.e., mental skills and transfer intention), (2) the relationship between reaction and learning variables, and (3) the mediators underpinning this relationship. A total of 301 young people living in a West Midlands housing service completed questionnaires on demographics and reaction and learning variables. Higher levels of programme engagement were positively associated with more favourable reactions to the programme. Enjoyment positively predicted learning outcomes, which was mediated by transfer intention. Recommendations are made for (1) a balance between rigor and flexibility for evaluation methods with disadvantaged youth, (2) including engagement as well as attendance as indicators of meaningful programme participation, (3) measuring programme experiences (e.g., enjoyment) to understand programme effectiveness, and (4) providing opportunities for skill transfer during and after programme participation. Our findings have implications for researchers, programme commissioners, and policymakers designing and evaluating programmes in community-based settings.
In order to meet the needs and requirements of visitors in tourist destinations related to
modes of transport, the offer in tourist destinations must satisfy travel habits. The introduction of
the MaaS (Mobility as a Service) concept is reflected in the reduction of dependence on private cars.
The main objectives of this paper are (1) to explore the MaaS concept, awareness about the concept,
its importance and benefits in general and related to tourism in the Republic of Croatia; and (2) to
explore the connection between a multimodal mindset about mobility concepts on the very concept
of MaaS under the influence of satisfaction using mobility-related applications in tourism. The results
of the research confirm a statistically significant relationship between a multimodal mindset (way of
Thinking) and the MaaS service in the function of tourism, and that relationship is mediated by the
satisfaction with the use of mobility-related applications, but also the lack of awareness about the
concept itself.
Nursing performance can be an evaluation indicator of hospitals. Therefore, improving it positively affects the development of nurses, patients, guardians, hospitals, and society. This descriptive correlational study was conducted to provide basic data necessary to improve nurses’ work performance by examining the effects of nurses’ grit on nursing job performance and mediating effects of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The study participants were 186 nurses working at a university hospital in G province, Korea, with working experience of more than six months. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Windows program version 21.0, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple linear regression according to the purpose of the analysis in this study. In addition, PROCESS macro was used to test the mediating effect. We examined the mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in the relationship between nurses’ grit and nursing job performance. We found that the indirect effect of job satisfaction was significant in that nurses’ grit influenced nursing job performance (B = 0.11, CI = 0.05–0.21). The indirect effect of organizational commitment was also significant in influencing nurses’ grit on nursing job performance (B = 0.12, CI = 0.04–0.22). These findings contribute to the improvement of nurses’ nursing performance. When grit improves, efforts are made to achieve job satisfaction and maintain organizational commitment through focusing on work with steady effort and interest in the goal. Based on this study, enhancing the grit that predicts individual nurses’ achievement can enhance nursing job performance. Nevertheless, interventions to improve job satisfaction and organizational commitment should be developed and implemented.
Implementing a safety program is an essential step toward improving safety performance. The research aims to develop OPS model for building projects through investigating the direct and indirect impact of safety critical success factors on OPS mediated by safety program elements. To achieving the research aims, First, Interviews were carried out with experts in the Iraqi construction industry. Second, a questionnaire survey was utilized to obtain feedbacks from construction professionals. The study results revealed that there are 20 elements needed to confirm and improve the effectiveness. The elements categorized into four constructs, management commitment and employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard and prevention control, and health and safety training. The analysis confirms the relationship between safety critical success factors and OPS are mediated by safety program elements. These findings offer a glimmer of hope for implementing safety program in the Iraqi construction sector, it can also be used to enhance the safety performance.
Economic individualism—involving a belief that the individual should be in control of his/her own economic decisions and an increased emphasis on competition and achievement—is becoming more prominent in several areas of the world, but little is known about the implications of this characteristic for employee attitudes and behavior. Our study investigated the impact of economic individualism on job engagement. More specifically, the research developed and examined a model involving work motivation as a mediator and growth need strength as a moderator. Employees (N = 235, 58.3% male, 33.6% 20–29 years old, 53.2% with a bachelor’s degree) from several companies in South Korea completed survey measures of economic individualism, job engagement, work motivation, and growth need strength. Findings supported work motivation as a mediator and indicated that the indirect effect through work motivation was significant at high levels of growth need strength although not at low levels. These findings provide new insights regarding the individual-level engagement implications of economic individualism and when and why these implications hold, as prior research on economic individualism has focused on the organizational and societal levels.
Spiritual growth is a significant factor in Alcoholics Anonymous treatment process. In the literature, there is an observable lack of research regarding spiritual mechanisms of recovery in alcohol addicted individuals who are participants of self-help groups. The study purpose was to examine the potential mechanisms indirectly influencing participants of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and to determine the effects of spiritual experiences on their feelings of hopelessness through finding meaning in life, improving hope, and longer abstinence duration. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. Participants were AA meeting attenders from Poland. According to the obtained results, the relationship between spiritual experiences and feelings of hopelessness was indirect through meaning in life, hope, and abstinence duration. Additionally, the moderated mediation effect was positively verified. Meaning in life moderated the relationship between hope and feelings of hopelessness. In a group of AA participants with less-than-average and average levels of meaning in life, hope protected against feelings of hopelessness. Among AA participants with higher-than-average meaning in life, hope was not related to their depression symptoms. The spiritual mechanisms, which led to reduced feelings of hopelessness among AA participants, and the role of meaning in life, hope, and duration of abstinence were confirmed.
The aim of this research is to investigate the direct and indirect relationships between banks' website quality (BWSQ) dimensions, perceived flow (PFL), perceived playfulness (PPN), e-banking satisfaction (EBS) and e-banking loyalty (EBL) perceived by Saudi Arabian e-banking service users using the stimulus-organism-response approach. The primary data were gathered by a questionnaire survey using convenience sampling. A total of 336 usable questionnaires were returned. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 25 and AMOS 25. The results revealed that there are positive relationships between website quality dimensions and PPN, PFL, EBS and EBL. PPN and PFL play a mediating role between BWSQ and EBS. Furthermore, EBL mediates the PPN and EBL relationship. The study closes with a discussion, including implications, limitations, and the direction of future studies, and a conclusion.
zet Yakın zamana kadar, iki değişen arasındaki olası bir aracı etkinin istatistiki olarak test edilmesinde genellikle Baron ve Kenny (1986) tarafından önerilen nedensel adımlar yaklaşımı büyük ilgi görmüştür. Ancak son yıllarda bazı araştırmacılar, Baron ve Kenny yönteminin aracılık testleri için güçlü bir yöntem olmadığını öne sürerek bu geleneksel yöntem yerine bootstrap tekniğine dayanan ve daha geçerli ve güvenilir sonuçlar veren modern yaklaşımın kullanılması gerektiğini öne sürmüşlerdir. Bu çalışmada; Baron ve Kenny yöntemi ile modern yaklaşım arasındaki farklılıkların ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesi ve gerçek bir veri seti üzerinden bahse konu iki yaklaşımı uygulayarak elde edilen bulguların karşılaştırılarak çelişkilerin tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Aracılık modellerinin testi, Baron ve Kenny Yöntemi, nedensel adımlar yaklaşımı, modern yaklaşım. 1. Giriş Davranış araştırmalarında uzun yıllar boyunca iki değişken arasındaki ilişkilerin anlaşılmasına odaklanılmıştır. Örneğin; bir bağımsız değişkenin (X), bir bağımlı değişken (Y) üzerindeki etkisi, X ile Y arasındaki ilişki, X'in Y'yi açıklama gücü ya da Y'yi yordayan/açıklayan bağımsız değişkenlerin neler olduğu çoğu zaman davranış araştırmalarının temel motivasyonunu oluşturmuştur. Ancak davranış alanında kaydedilen yöntembilimsel (methodologic) ilerlemeler ile birlikte bu ilgi, X ve Y değişkeni arasındaki ilişkinin nasıl bir bağlantı mekanizması ile gerçekleştiği (aracılık-mediation) ya da X ve Y arasındaki ilişkinin hangi durumlarda meydana geldiği
Sentiment contagion across the media tweet network of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, including traditional and non-traditional journalistic outlets, was identified and analyzed using time-series analysis. Online non-partisan journalistic accounts reported the highest use of positive sentiment words, while political commentators reported the highest level of negative sentiment word use. Online partisan accounts, including @drudge_report, were identified as intermedia agenda setters that led negative sentiment contagion in multiple journalistic outlet categories. No evident individual agenda setter account was found in positive sentiment contagion. Implications for media influence researchers and journalistic actors were discussed.
Phubbing (phone snubbing) has become a commonplace behavior. The more we are phubbed the more likely we are to phub others. The extraordinary attention-grabbing ability of the smartphone would only be an interesting story if not for its impact on social media use and, ultimately, stress and depression. In Study 1 (n = 258, Mage = 20), we develop a parsimonious and valid measure of phubbing. Extant “phubbing” measures all lack important qualities needed to be able to assess phubbing with a brief and valid scale that can be replicated and used in a variety of research settings. In Study 2 (n = 157, Mage = 39), we test and extend the David and Roberts (2017) phubbing model, while further validating our perceived phubbing measure. We use Social Exchange Theory and Kardefelt-Winther’s (2014) model of compensatory internet use as theoretical support for our expected findings. Results find that phubbed individuals experience a sense of social exclusion that, paradoxically, is associated with an increased use of social media. This increased use of social media is associated with higher reported levels of anxiety and depression. Future research directions and study limitations are discussed.
The aim of this study is to evaluate a theoretical model for analyzing the influence of need satisfaction, need thwarting, motivation, enjoyment, boredom, and exhaustion in physical education on the intention to be physically active. In addition, we examined the mediation effect of motivation between psychological basic needs and the intention to be physically active. The study was based on self-determination theory. To achieve this, 480 students between 12 and 18 years old filled out a questionnaire to measure the satisfaction and thwarting of basic psychological needs, motivation, enjoyment, boredom, exhaustion, and intention to be physically active. The results of path analysis showed the relevance of the satisfaction of the need for competence in physical education in order to increase self-determined motivation, enjoyment, and intention to be physically active. Additionally, intention was positively predicted by enjoyment and negatively predicted by exhaustion. Need thwarting directly predicted negative consequences, such as boredom and exhaustion. Motivation mediated the relationship between basic needs and intention to be physically active. These data highlight the importance of considering basic psychological need thwarting in studies on the promotion of physical activity.
In this study, we aimed to explore the psychosocial factors related to consumers’ safe food-handling behaviors to reduce the transmission risk of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria through food products. To this end, we investigated the extent to which the variables of the health action process approach (HAPA) and subjective norms can predict safe food handling by consumers. Data were collected from a representative sample of consumers belonging to the German-speaking part of Switzerland by administering a self-reporting questionnaire. The results showed that risk perception, self-efficacy, and positive outcome expectancy (i.e., the motivational phase of HAPA) were significant predictors of the intentions to handle food in a safe manner (see graphical abstract below). Additionally, in the volitional phase of HAPA, intention was found to be a significant predictor of safe food-handling behaviors. Contrary to expectations based on HAPA, action planning did not mediate the intention–behavior relationship. Only a small part of the variance in behavior was explained by coping planning and action control. The findings confirmed that the motivational phase of HAPA may be useful for determining safe food handling.
Revenge during intergroup conflict is a human universal, but its neurobiological underpinnings remain unclear. We address this by integrating functional MRI and measurements of endogenous oxytocin in participants who view an ingroup and an outgroup member's suffering that is caused mutually (Revenge group) or respectively by a computer (Control group). We show that intergroup conflict encountered by the Revenge group is associated with an increased level of oxytocin in saliva compared to in the Control group. Furthermore, the medial prefrontal activity in response to ingroup pain in the Revenge but not Control group mediates the association between endogenous oxytocin and the propensity to give painful electric shocks to outgroup members regardless of whether they were directly involved in the conflict. Our findings highlight an important neurobiological correlate of revenge propensity which may be implicated in conflict contagion across individuals in the context of intergroup conflict.
Research has demonstrated that turnover rates among employees and executives in the acquired firm are much higher during an M&A event. Recent empirical and review articles on M&A have also shown that employee retention/turnover can best be understood by looking at psychological attributes and perceptions of M&As, thus drawing significant attention to the psychological and 'human' side voids to theoretically exploit and enhance understanding of people-related problems in M&A endeavors. In this article, we develop a moderated mediation model and propose that acquired firm employees' psychological ownership is positively related to acquired firm employees' retention through the direct and mediating effects of employees' commitment and involvement in M&A. We also propose that the effect of acquired firm employees' psychological ownership on employees' commitment and involvement and, ultimately, acquired firm employees' retention is moderated by loss of acquired firm autonomy. We also discuss implications for theory and practice, as well as future research directions of such an employees' psychological ownership perspective on retention effects.
Discipline Medicine [D23] Sub-discipline Cancer / Oncology [SD-MD-3]
The relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and thought-action fusion (TAF) has been widely supported by numerous studies. However, the relationship
between these variables and the predictor role of TAF construct require a more detailed study. This study examined the role of psychological inflexibility (PI: the dominance of private experiences over chosen values and contingencies in guiding action), the central component of the acceptance and commitment therapy model of psychopathology, in the effect of TAF on obsessive-compulsive symptoms. A total of 93 nonclinical participants completed questionnaires assessing the constructs of interest. Mediation analyses revealed that psychological inflexibility mediated the effects of TAF on obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Theoretical and treatment implications of the results are discussed.
The relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and thought-action fusion (TAF) has been widely supported by numerous studies. However, the relationship
between these variables and the predictor role of TAF construct require a more detailed study. This study examined the role of psychological inflexibility (PI: the dominance of private experiences over chosen values and contingencies in guiding action), the central component of the acceptance and commitment therapy model of psychopathology, in the effect of TAF on obsessive-compulsive symptoms. A total of 93 nonclinical participants completed questionnaires assessing the constructs of interest. Mediation analyses revealed that psychological inflexibility mediated the effects of TAF on obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Theoretical and treatment implications of the results are discussed.
El presente trabajo aborda el estado de la producción académica en comunicación circunscrita al ámbito hispánico (España e Hispanoamérica) durante el período que transcurre de 2013 a 2017. Al igual que en otras metainvestigaciones precedentes, el objetivo aquí radica en poner de manifiesto las posibles carencias de la disciplina, tanto a nivel teórico como metodológico. Desde un punto de vista instrumental, se implementó un análisis de contenido sistemático, objetivo y cuantitativo sobre una muestra probabilística de 1.548 artículos pertenecientes a las siete principales revistas del área, todas ellas indexadas en los primeros cuartiles del ranking SJR-Scopus. Además del reporte porcentual de cada variable, se ejecutaron dos análisis de conglomerados bietápicos para identificar patrones de publicación estadísticamente significativos. En lo que a los resultados respecta, cabe destacar el cariz empírico de los trabajos, apoyados habitualmente en metodologías cuantitativas, aunque sin hacer alusión a corpus teóricos concretos. Por otro lado, y si bien las redes sociales y las TIC han cobrado un notable protagonismo, los medios tradicionales continúan siendo, de manera agregada, los de mayor relieve en la investigación en comunicación. Finalmente, los desafíos del área parece que girarán en torno a dos ejes: nutrir a los estudios de la robustez metodológica y, muy en especial, del acervo teórico necesarios para afrontar, con garantías, la comprensión de las líquidas manifestaciones comunicativas que manan, a gran velocidad, de la Sociedad de la Información.
Automated communication systems are increasingly common in mobile and ehealth contexts. Yet, there is reason to believe that some high risk segments of the population might be prone to avoid automated systems even though they are often designed to reach these groups. To facilitate research in this area, avoidance of automated communication (AAC) is theorized - and a measurement instrument validated - across two studies. In study 1, an AAC scale was found to be unidimensional and internally reliable as well as negatively correlated with comfort, perceptions, and intentions to use technology. Moreover, individuals with social phobia had lower AAC scores which was consistent with the idea that they preferred non-human interaction facilitated by automated communication. In study 2, confirmatory factor analysis supported the unidimensional structure of the measure and the instrument once again proved to be reliable. Individuals with lower AAC had greater intentions to utilize automated communication, EHRs, and an automated virtual nurse program. AAC is a disposition that predicts significant variance in intentions and comfort with various automated communication technologies. Avoidance increases with age but may be mitigated by systems that allow participants to opt-out or immediately interact with a live person.
The most recent developments in the field of sustainability science and the emergence of a psychology of sustainability and sustainable development have contributed to collect evidences about the fact that modern organizations need healthy and motivated employees to survive and to prosper within this fast-moving scenario. In this vein, a confirmation to these evidences came from the abundant research on HEalthy and Resilient Organizations (HERO), showing that when organizations make systematic, planned, and proactive efforts to improve employees’ subjective resources then organizational processes and outcomes benefit in turn. Moving forward from these premises, the present study aimed to explore these assumptions within the context of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), investigating the relationships among the organizational practices, employees’ subjective resources, and organizational behaviors. Two hundred and thirty-six participants working in SMEs located in the south of Italy took part. They were invited to fill in a questionnaire investigating their perception of organizational resources and practices (autonomy, leadership, communication, organizational mindfulness, and commitment to resilience), of their individual resources (work engagement and psychological capital), and finally, of some organizational outcomes (extra-role behavior). Results showed that psychological capital was a significant mediator of the relationship between employees’ perception of the organizational resources and practices and extra-role behaviors. Concrete implications of these conclusions in terms of human resource management (HRM) are discussed together with limitations of the study and future developments.
In this study, we investigated how perceived ethnic discrimination is related to attitudes towards the national majority group and willingness to confront injustice to promote the social standing of a minority group. We examined this relationship via two mediating factors; national (dis)identification from and out-group (dis)trust of the national majority group. The Rejection-Disidentification Model (RDIM) was refined, first, to account for willingness to confront injustice as a consequence of perceived rejection, and second, intergroup (dis)trust was examined as an additional mediating mechanism that can explain attitudinal and behavioural reactions to perceived rejection simultaneously with national disidentification. The model was tested in a comparative survey data of Russian-speaking minority in Estonia (N = 482), Finland (N = 254), and Norway (N = 219). In all three countries, the more Russian-speakers identified as Russians and the more they perceived ethnic discrimination, the more negative were their attitudes toward the national majority groups and the more willing they were to engage in action to confront group-based injustice. Whereas disidentification from and distrust of national majority group accounted for the discrimination-attitude link to a large extent, both factors had demobilizing effects on willingness to confront injustice, making Russian-speaking immigrants more passive but hostile. The findings are discussed in relation to the risks involved in politicization of immigrants struggling with perceived inequalities.
Poor comparability of social groups is one of the major methodological problems that threatens the validity of health disparities (HD) research findings. We illustrate a methodological solution that can additionally unpack the mechanisms behind differential effects on depression and anxiety. We describe racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of depression and anxiety scores between Black and White women using classic methods, and then we illustrate a 1:1 matching procedure that allows for building of individual-level difference scores, i.e., actual HD difference score variables, for each pair of comparable participants. We compare the prevalence of depression disorder between Black and White young women after matching them 1:1 on common socio-economic characteristics (age, employment, education, and marital status). In essence, we follow matching or stratification methods, but make a step further and match cases 1:1 on propensity scores, i.e., we create Black–White ‘dyads’. Instead of concluding from plain comparisons that 11% more White young women (18–30 years old) report a depressive disorder than Black young women, the matched data confirms the trend, but provides more nuances. In 27% of the pairs of comparable pairs the White woman was depressed (and the comparable Black woman was not), while in 15% of the pairs the Black woman was depressed (and the comparable White woman was not). We find that Black-to-White disparities in neighborhood disorder do not predict depression differences (HDs), while such an effect is evident for anxiety HDs. The 1:1 matching approach allows us to examine more complex HD effects, like differential mediational or resilience mechanisms that appear to be protective of Black women’s mental health.
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