Methods of Meta-Analysis
... Most effect sizes included were reported as correlation coefficients (n = 308), although a variety of different types of effect sizes were reported, including standardized betas (n = 36), F values and degrees of freedom for an analysis of variance (n = 3), means and standard deviations (n = 6), and odds ratios (n = 37). All effect sizes were transformed to Pearson's r for analysis following J. Cohen (1988) because correlation coefficients were the most common effect observed and because Fisher's z introduces unnecessary positive bias (Schmidt & Hunter, 2015). All studies reporting percentages, odds ratios, and F values were based on continuous underlying constructs (no studies reported experimental manipulations), and consequently, we calculated the biserial correlation coefficient for these studies (Jacobs & Viechtbauer, 2017). ...
We conducted a multilevel meta-analysis of 390 effect sizes from 167 studies with 157,923 participants examining the relationship between connectedness with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning (LGBTQ+) communities and health-related outcomes, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We conducted our initial search in January 2023 in APA PsycInfo, ERIC, Medline, and Open Dissertations, selecting studies that (a) measured LGBTQ+ community connectedness, (b) measured health, and (c) provided an estimate of the relationship between LGBTQ+ community connectedness and health. We found that connectedness with LGBTQ+ communities promotes mental health (r = .11), well-being (r = .17), and physical health (r = .09). Conversely, we found that connectedness with LGBTQ+ communities promotes substance use among younger participants, likely through behavioral engagement with LGBTQ+ others. We found that connectedness with LGBTQ+ communities was related to less mental health and more suicidality for younger people, likely because younger LGBTQ+ people seek out connectedness in response to this psychological distress. We also found that connectedness was not as health-promoting for LGBTQ+ individuals with multiple marginalized identities and that psychological feelings of belongingness with LGBTQ+ communities are generally more health-promoting than behavioral community engagement. Results from a narrative review and moderation meta-analyses suggested that, contrary to predictions made by minority stress theory, connectedness with LGBTQ+ communities does not buffer the relationship between minority stressors and health. Rather, meta-analytic mediation analyses suggested that proximal minority stressors negatively impact health-related outcomes by reducing connectedness with LGBTQ+ communities and that distal minority stressors are often less impactful on health-related outcomes because they promote connectedness with LGBTQ+ communities.
The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to determine if biodata scale scores differ based on demographic group membership (i.e., gender, race, age) and to evaluate the contextual factors that amplify or mitigate these effects (e.g., construct domain, scoring method). Despite the popularity of biodata scales for personnel selection purposes, previous research findings do not provide clear evidence as to whether adverse impact is a serious concern. To address this gap, a meta-analysis of 43 studies (56 independent samples) was conducted, providing estimates of group differences across demographic groups (female–male, Black–White, Hispanic–White, Asian–White, and age) and relevant construct domains. The majority of biodata scale scores were found to exhibit small group differences across construct domains and demographic groups (≈75% had Cohen’s d less than |.20|). Group differences were also relatively small when compared with other popular selection methods. When considered with previous research, these findings provide further support for the use of biodata scales in personnel selection scenarios.
The significance of Gender diversity in enhancing quality of reporting has been a focal point of the theoretical and empirical research in recent decades. However, discrepancies persist between empirical findings and theoretical perspectives regarding the role of female representation in improving disclosure quality. This study aims to elucidate the relationship between female representation and disclosure. This study employs a series of meta-analyses techniques on 189 empirical studies spanning over 39 countries to investigate the relationship between female representation and disclosure. It further examines how gender parity, shareholder protection, types of disclosure, and publication quality moderate this relationship. The meta-analysis results indicate that female representation is significantly positively associated with disclosure. This positive association is more pronounced in countries with high gender parity and low shareholder protection, underscoring the crucial monitoring role female representation can play in safeguarding shareholders’ interests, particularly when women have greater influence in boardroom decision-making (i.e., gender parity). Additionally, the findings reveal that female representation is more significantly associated with social and environmental disclosure than with financial and governance disclosure. The study provides valuable insights for regulators, directors, and shareholders by advocating for the empowering of female representation and increasing the representation of women in senior positions within firms.
With increasing resource shortages and environmental pollution, firms are increasingly relying on green technology application (GTA) to improve both environmental and financial performance. However, previous research found that the impact of GTA on both types of performance can be either positive or negative. Therefore, to understand the underlying mechanisms, we employ the meta‐SEM method to explore the impact of GTA on environmental performance and financial performance, considering the natural resource‐based view and socio‐technical system theory. A meta‐analysis is conducted to obtain the correlation matrix and establish a structural equation model to test the hypotheses. The results show that, first, it is difficult for firms to directly promote performance from GTA. GTA can only promote environmental performance through green innovation and green cooperation, and the mediating effect of green innovation is greater. Second, despite the direct negative impact of GTA on financial performance, it can promote financial performance through green innovation and the chain path. Third, internal environmental management can enhance all paths. Regarding the total effect, GTA has a significant positive impact on performance in both the environmental and financial dimensions. These results enrich extant knowledge on the relationship between GTA and firm performance.
Despite the large and growing number of studies on psychopathy in the workplace, the field lacks a comprehensive understanding of the link between psychopathy and core workplace-related behaviors. Basing assumptions on social exchange theory, the purpose of this meta-analytic review (k = 166; N = 49,350) is (a) to test the relationship of psychopathy with task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and counterproductive work behavior, (b) to differentiate the relationships of primary versus secondary psychopathy with these behaviors, and (c) to test for relevant moderating influences by actor- and target-/exchange-partner factors. In contrast to earlier significant but weak meta-analytic findings (O’Boyle et al., 2012), both meta-analytic overall effects and meta-analytic structural equation modeling suggest that psychopathy substantially reduces task performance and organizational citizenship behavior and enhances counterproductive work behavior. Compared to primary psychopathy, effects were mostly more pronounced for secondary psychopathy. Besides methodological factors, moderator analyses revealed relationships to vary by actor (age, organizational tenure, hierarchical level) but not by target. Together, these findings point toward new and relevant directions for future research on the effects of psychopathy in the workplace.
One of the most popular instruments used to assess perceived social support is the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Although the original structure of the MSPSS was defined to include three specific factors (significant others, friends and family), studies in the literature propose different factor solutions. In this study, we addressed the controversial factor structure of the MSPSS using a meta-analytic confirmatory factor analysis approach. For this purpose, we utilized studies in the literature that examined and reported the internal structure of the MSPSS. However, we used summary data from 59 samples of 54 studies (total N = 27,905) after excluding studies that did not meet the inclusion criteria. We tested five different models discussed in the literature and found that the fit indices of the correlated 3-factor model and the bifactor model were quite good. Therefore, we also examined both models’ factor loadings and omega coefficients. Since there was no sharp difference between the two models and the theoretical structure of the scale was represented by the correlated three factors, we decided that the correlated three-factor model was more appropriate for the internal structure of the MSPSS. We then examined the measurement invariance for this model according to language and sample type (clinical and nonclinical) and found that metric invariance was achieved. As a result, we found that the three-factor structure of the MSPSS was supported in this study.
Background
Workplace bullying depletes psychological resources, reducing job performance and organizational citizenship behavior. According to conservation of resources theory, psychological capital functions as a as a crucial psychological resource to influence the organizational citizenship behavior of employees who experience workplace bullying.
Objective
This study aimed to construct and validate a model of the associations between workplace bullying, psychological capital, and organizational citizenship behavior.
Methods
Meta-analysis and structural equation modeling (MASEM) was employed to analyze 40 quantitative empirical studies.
Results
Psychological capital was significantly and positively correlated with organizational citizenship behavior and significantly and negatively correlated with workplace bullying. However, organizational citizenship behavior was significantly and negatively correlated with workplace bullying, indicating heterogeneity among the variables. The total effects were as follows: workplace bullying negatively influenced psychological capital, psychological capital positively influenced organizational citizenship behavior, and workplace bullying negatively influenced organizational citizenship behavior. Psychological capital mediated the association between workplace bullying and organizational citizenship behavior.
Conclusions
Enterprises must address workplace bullying by establishing regulations and complaint channels. Additionally, they should prioritize recruiting employees with high psychological capital and develop employees’ psychological capital to enhance workplace contributions and organizational citizenship behavior.
The heightened awareness of environmental and social concerns has prompted businesses, including financial institutions (hereto FIs), to incorporate non‐financial factors into their operations for long‐term sustainability and value creation. Despite FI's crucial role in resource allocation and national stability, there remains a notable gap in comprehensive research on the significance of sustainable practices for driving financial performance (hereto FP) within these institutions. This study addresses this gap through a systematic review of 533 articles from (1983–2024), employing bibliometric analysis to map key contributors, themes, and future research directions. Additionally, a meta‐analysis of 40 articles assesses the relationship between sustainable practices and banks' FP. Results show a positive yet weak association between the two, suggesting that banks have not fully embraced sustainable principles in it. Social and governance practices positively correlated with FP, while environmental factors exhibit a negative relationship. This may be due to the required investment, the time differential to materialize the same, and other factors adhering to the relationship, such as innovation, development of sustainable products, or adherence to sustainable processes for screening investment choices. The study concludes by discussing implications and offering suggestions for further research.
In the era of digital news, news overload and news avoidance represent novel crises confronting the field of journalism. However, most relevant studies are limited to case studies, and a clear understanding of the relationship between news overload and news avoidance has yet to be established. To address this gap, a meta-analysis of 17 papers (with 13,143 participants) was conducted. The results suggest that news avoidance is positively linked to news overload. Compared to developing countries (r = 0.282), the correlation between news overload and news avoidance is more significant in developed countries (r = 0.330). The correlation between news overload and news avoidance is more readily observable when using specific news topics (r = 0.425) and specified news platforms (r = 0.378) than general news topics (r = 0.236) and online/social media news platforms (r = 0.228). Behavioral measurement tools (r = 0.366) reveal a stronger correlation between news overload and news avoidance than psychological measurement tools (r = 0.194). The findings enhance the theoretical framework for crisis management in the news industry and offer valuable strategies for effectively addressing issues of news overload and news avoidance by audiences.
Contributing to ongoing conversations about the central role of
creativity in entrepreneurship, we propose that creativity leads to
positive entrepreneurial outcomes through a crucial mediating
mechanism: entrepreneurial alertness. We conducted a multilevel
meta-analysis of 92 published studies with 209 effect sizes
extracted and a cumulative sample size of 927,615 participants.
Our findings suggest that alertness fine-tunes creativity and channels it toward more promising opportunities, innovation, and firm performance. Integrating Schumpeterian and Kirznerian perspectives, this study provides a pragmatist view of entrepreneurship and paves the way for further theorizing the association between creativity and alertness in explaining entrepreneurial outcomes.
Speed across various organizational processes, such as decision-making, executing operational activities, and responding to competitive challenges, represents an essential component of firms’ ability to achieve a competitive advantage. However, a theoretical and empirical consensus has yet to form whether decision speed (DS), implementation speed (IS), and response speed (RS) are beneficial or detrimental to firm performance. To help reconcile these inconclusive findings, we meta-analyze 127 studies (representing 239 effect sizes) and report overall direct effects for DS (0.21), IS (0.22), and RS (0.10) on firm performance. In addition, we examine contingencies which reveal that the performance consequences of DS, IS, and RS vary across contextual and methodological conditions.
Although corporate social responsibility (CSR) has received considerable attention in family firms, empirical findings on the CSR/family firm performance nexus are mixed and inconsistent. This meta‐analytic review aims to clarify the mixed results by establishing the degree to which CSR influences family firm performance and to test the moderating effects of contextual and methodological factors. Integrating a sample of 85 studies published up to May 2023 with 152,265 observations and employing a psychometric meta‐analysis through bivariate and meta‐regression analyses, we find that the average effect of CSR on family firm performance is positive, though small (≤0.20). Our study further reveals that CSR is positively and significantly related to financial performance, innovation, reputation, and sustainability, but the impact on firm sustainability is the largest. Our moderation analysis shows that the relationship between CSR and family firm performance is moderated by contextual factors (i.e., family ownership concentration, firm size, stock exchange listing, culture, and rule of law) and methodological factors (i.e., publication type, data type, performance proxy, and study type). Theoretically, our study appears to be the foremost meta‐analytic review on the CSR/family firm performance relationship, as previous meta‐analyses have focused on the drivers of CSR in family firms. Practically, we demonstrate that family firms can leverage CSR as both a “failure‐prevention” strategy (i.e., survival strategy) and a “success‐inducing” strategy (competitive advantage).
Cognitive Abilities Test (CogAT) is one of the most frequently used gifted identification tools. In this meta-analytic study, we investigated empirical evidence of the validity of CogAT, in relation to different types of instruments. After reviewing 1,480 studies, a total of 24 with 33 effect sizes were included in the meta-analysis. According to our findings, the average effect size of r was found to be .63 with a 95% confidence interval [.57, .69]. Based on the heterogeneity test, significant variation due to the systematic between-study differences exists among the included correlations. Egger’s test for funnel plot asymmetry also indicates that no obvious publication bias exists in our study pool, which indicates there might not be a serious threat to alter the obtained results with publication bias. The moderator analysis revealed Lohman’s authorship and publication type influenced the effect size differences among studies. CogAT’s overall correlation with other identification tools (.63) might suggest using at least one more identification tool besides CogAT.
Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) is an increasingly popular technique in psychology, especially in management and organizational psychology. MASEM refers to fitting structural equation models (SEMs), such as path models or factor models, to meta-analytic data. The meta-analytic data, obtained from multiple primary studies, generally consist of correlations across the variables in the path or factor model. In this study, we contrast the method that is most often applied in management and organizational psychology (the univariate-r method) to several multivariate methods. “Univariate-r” refers to performing multiple univariate meta-analyses to obtain a synthesized correlation matrix as input in an SEM program. In multivariate MASEM, a multivariate meta-analysis is used to synthesize correlation matrices across studies (e.g., generalized least squares, two-stage SEM, one-stage MASEM). We conducted a systematic search on applications of MASEM in the field of management and organizational psychology and showed that reanalysis of the four available data sets using multivariate MASEM can lead to different conclusions than applying univariate-r. In two simulation studies, we show that the univariate-r method leads to biased standard errors of path coefficients and incorrect fit statistics, whereas the multivariate methods generally perform adequately. In the article, we also discuss some issues that possibly hinder researchers from applying multivariate methods in MASEM.
Self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2017) has highlighted the differential roles that intrinsic life goals (for personal growth, close relationships, community connections, and physical health) and extrinsic life goals (i.e., for wealth, image, and status) play in supporting well-being. Less is known about how orientations toward these two types of aspirations develop. It is likely that early environmental influences, namely one’s parents, impact individuals’ aspirations. We address this gap by systematically reviewing the links between relevant parents’ characteristics and the intrinsic and extrinsic goals of their children. We identified 49 eligible reports. Children’s intrinsic aspirations were higher when parents provided a need-supportive environment (characterized by support for autonomy, relatedness, and competence) and when they endorsed intrinsic aspirations themselves, whereas children’s extrinsic aspirations were higher when parents exhibited extrinsic aspirations themselves, promoted the pursuit of extrinsic aspirations, and provided environments characterized by need frustration. Therefore, fostering basic psychological need satisfaction may support children’s intrinsic aspiring. In addition, parents should also be mindful of their own extrinsic goals, as they may influence extrinsic aspirations in their children and possibly compromise their well-being over the long term.
Given the substantive influence of the digital revolution on the sharing economy, it is timely and relevant to ask why some sharing platforms (e.g. Airbnb and Uber) achieve significant success while others fail. To determine which factors encourage customers to participate in sharing goods and services on sharing platforms, and when they do so, this study conducts a meta‐analysis of empirical findings from 192 independent samples, extracted from 167 studies involving 171,344 customers. As the results clarify, customer‐related factors (customer motives, customer competence, customer satisfaction and subjective norms) are key antecedents. However, platform‐related factors (service quality of the platform, trust in the platform, performance expectancy and effort expectancy) and service‐provider‐related factors (service quality of the provider, trust in the provider and provider gender) also exert meaningful effects. To assess the generalizability of these antecedents, the meta‐analysis includes contextual moderators, namely customer type (previous provider experience), provider type (private/professional supply), platform characteristics (rivalry on the platform, prestige of ownership and services/goods) and exchange type (for‐profit/non‐profit and ownership transfer). The findings advance the literature on the sharing economy and provide specific guidance for platform managers about when to focus on certain antecedents.
Self‐quantification technology is increasingly and irrevocably transforming consumers' relationships with their own minds and bodies. However, existing research findings on the contribution of self‐quantification to consumer well‐being are disparate. Given the popularity of self‐quantification technology among consumers in the post‐pandemic era and its inherent transformative nature, it is surprising that this gap remains unaddressed. To resolve this inconsistency and to examine how and when self‐quantification influences consumer well‐being, we conduct a meta‐analysis of consumer well‐being in the context of self‐quantification technology. Our findings reveal that self‐quantification positively influences consumer well‐being. However, self‐quantification also negatively affects consumer well‐being through body image and self‐esteem. The systematic moderation effects of cultural dimensions (e.g., uncertainty avoidance and individualism), prior experience, data sharing, and sample characteristics on the relationship between self‐quantification and consumer well‐being are also confirmed. While uncertainty avoidance, prior experience, and data sharing accentuate the positive effects of self‐quantification on consumer well‐being, an individualistic culture attenuates this influence. This study contributes to the consumer well‐being literature and extends objectification theory in the context of self‐quantification. These findings will guide practitioners and policymakers in devising strategies and policies to allow self‐quantification technology to be used in a way that enhances consumers' health and well‐being.
Teacher professional development (PD) is essential to continuously improve teaching skills, to adapt to diverse student needs, and to promote equity and inclusion. Only a few studies to date have synthesized how PD programs improve teachers' content knowledge and instructional quality, as well as students' academic performance. In this meta‐analysis, we aim to evaluate the impact of PD programs on science teachers and their students. We calculate a total of 514 effect sizes using Hedges' g from 66 studies published between 2010 and 2022. The bias‐corrected standardized mean difference (Hedges' g ) is within‐subject and between‐subjects design. The overall effect size is 0.772, indicating a substantial effect size on PD effectiveness ( s . e . = 0.063, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.647, 0.897]). We observe considerable heterogeneity of effect sizes, moderated by PD dosage hours, duration, and active teaching. The findings indicate that relatively short PD periods—less than 48 h—and durations under 3 months may yield the most effective science PD for educators. As an alternative, slightly longer engagement exceeding 72 h, coupled with sustained support over 6 months, has proven to be the second most effective option for PD. Furthermore, an active learning approach within PD programs (ḡ = 0.794, s.e. = 0.066, 95% CI [0.656, 0.926]) has emerged as a pivotal influence on PD effectiveness. This study provides insights into education research and policy to understand PD research and to ensure how PD can be designed and implemented to improve student performance.
Purpose
We provide the first systematic review and meta-analysis of research examining multidimensional perfectionism—perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns—and orthorexia.
Methods
The systematic review and meta-analysis was pre-registered and conducted using a search of PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Education Abstracts, and Oxford Academic, and ScienceDirect up to April 2023. PRISMA guidelines were also followed. Meta-analysis using random-effects models was used to derive independent and unique effects of perfectionism, as well as total unique effects (TUE), and relative weights. Moderation of effects were examined for age, gender, domain, perfectionism and orthorexia instruments, and methodological quality.
Results
Eighteen studies, including 19 samples (n = 7064), met the eligibility criteria with 12 of these studies (with 13 samples; n = 4984) providing sufficient information for meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that perfectionistic strivings (r⁺ = 0.27, 95% CI [0.21, 0.32]) and perfectionistic concerns (r⁺ = 0.25, 95% CI [0.18, 0.31]) had positive relationships with orthorexia. After controlling for the relationship between perfectionism dimensions, only perfectionistic strivings predicted orthorexia which also contributed marginally more to an overall positive total unique effect of perfectionism (TUE = 0.35; 95% CI [0.28, 0.42]). There was tentative evidence that orthorexia instrument moderated the perfectionistic concerns-orthorexia relationship.
Discussion
Research has generally found that both dimensions of perfectionism are positively related to orthorexia. More high-quality research is needed to examine explanatory mechanisms while also gathering further evidence on differences in findings due to how orthorexia is measured, as well as other possible moderating factors.
Level of evidence
Level 1, systematic review and meta-analysis.
What drives consumers to adopt mobile technologies has been a significant research topic in hospitality and tourism literature. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has been widely adopted to examine this topic. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) was conducted to assess the efficacy of the TAM in estimating consumers’ intention to adopt these technologies in hospitality and tourism contexts. The moderating effects of cultural differences (Eastern vs. Western) and research contexts (hospitality vs. tourism) were also examined. Based on 33 individual samples ( N = 13,635), the results indicated that: “perceived usefulness” (PU) has the strongest impact, “perceived ease of use” (PEOU) has stronger effects on PU and attitude in the context of Eastern culture compared to Western culture, and the relationship between “attitude” and “intention” was stronger in the context of hospitality than in the context of tourism. Implications for hospitality and tourism researchers and practitioners are discussed based on these findings.
The Internet of Things (IoT), a pivotal technology in enhancing user connectivity, faces a paradox: its widespread potential yet limited consumer adoption. This study addresses this dichotomy by synthesizing a large-scale meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) and hierarchical linear meta-analysis (HiLMA) of 2,736 effect sizes from 52,629 respondents across 138 studies. To better understand this paradox, we propose an integrated and heterogeneous model, underpinned by appraisal theory and the technology acceptance model (TAM), to explain the comprehensive dynamics of IoT adoption among consumers across heterogeneous settings. Our findings reveal that consumers’ primary appraisals of IoT, influenced significantly by hedonic motivation and social influence, are instrumental in forming perceptions of IoT’s ease of use and usefulness. These perceptions subsequently guide consumers in navigating the complexities of IoT, such as risk, privacy, and trust issues. These layered appraisals inform consumers’ attitudes and intentions toward IoT adoption, wherein its efficacy is heightened in contexts involving critical services versus non-critical ones, in Eastern versus Western regions, within healthcare rather than fashion sectors, and among more experienced and younger demographics, particularly students over the general public. The study also underscores the distinct impact of branded IoT devices over unbranded ones, delineating a nuanced, heterogeneous understanding of IoT adoption. Finally, the interpretation of heterogeneities in the combination of effect sizes from previous studies is an attempt to understand the IoT paradox by demonstrating which factors explain the relationship between attitude and intention toward IoT from the consumer’s perspective.
The effects of the knowledge environment on a firm's ability to acquire, assimilate, transform, and utilize new knowledge—its absorptive capacity (AC)—to produce innovation (INN) have been largely overlooked in prior literature. Drawing on the knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship, we conduct a meta‐analysis summarizing findings from 145 empirical studies on 434,985 firms with 798,650 firm‐year observations. We distinguish between knowledge‐rich environments with abundant, easily accessible information; knowledge‐protected environments with high levels of intellectual property rights protection; and knowledge‐intensive environments with high levels of reliance on knowledge. Our study assesses the impact of the environment on the AC–INN relationship. First, we confirm that knowledge‐rich environments create more opportunities to reap innovation benefits from AC compared to knowledge‐scarce environments. Driven by the development of communication technologies and increased information sharing, the effects of AC on innovation are almost twice larger in the smartphone era as they were during the preinternet or early internet era. Second, our analysis indicates that high levels of knowledge protection, as seen in North America and Europe, while safeguarding intellectual property, also dampen positive effects of absorptive capacity on innovation. In environments with less knowledge protection, the effects of AC on innovation are stronger. Finally, our findings suggest that AC is beneficial across industry sectors, but its effects are stronger in less knowledge‐intensive sectors. The mean effect size in low‐tech manufacturing and services is two times larger than in high‐tech industries. Beyond contextual effects, we assess AC's effects on two major creativity outputs: invention , as a breakthrough scientific discovery, and commercialization , as a socially usable and marketable product. Our findings show that AC overall boosts innovation and is more strongly associated with commercialization than with invention. The implications of this study aim to inform practitioners and policymakers and advance future research on knowledge environments.
The challenges associated with realizing the benefits of workplace diversity suggest the importance of inclusive leadership. Although an increasing number of studies have investigated inclusive leadership, definitive conclusions regarding its effectiveness remain scarce. The literature also suffers from the limitations of fragmented theoretical perspectives and empirical findings. To address these issues, we conduct a meta-analysis of inclusive leadership based on 105 independent samples (N = 39,948). The results reveal a positive relationship between inclusive leadership and the following employee outcomes: task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, innovative behavior, creativity, and voice. The results also reveal a negative relationship between inclusive leadership and turnover intention. Furthermore, our findings support the parallel mediating roles of psychological safety, psychological empowerment, perceived inclusion, organizational identification, and leader–member exchange. We also identify the Gender Inequality Index and the proportion of women as theory-driven moderators. In summary, our study not only offers the first meta-analytic evidence for the effectiveness of inclusive leadership but also provides a theoretical framework to integrate and synthesize the five most-studied mediating mechanisms that link inclusive leadership to individual employee outcomes.
Trust is vital for effective collaboration, but its impact on collaboration performance has produced inconsistent findings. This study examines the trust-collaboration performance link by testing the moderating effects of diverse conceptual and contextual factors. Through a comprehensive meta-analysis of 31
empirical studies, we synthesize siloed findings and offer a systematic and evidence-based examination of the trust-collaboration performance link. Our findings show that the trust-collaboration performance relationship is positive and stronger when trust is cognition-based rather than affect-based, when performance content focuses on process and outcomes, and when performance is subjectively measured. In addition, trust is more important in low generalized trust countries and in cross-sectoral or nonprofit collaboration. These moderation effects manifest differently in different collaboration forms, with trust playing a less salient role in contracting. These findings unravel the nuanced dynamics of trust within collaboration and have substantial implications for scholars and practitioners in
collaborative governance and network management.
The empirical research on executive pay has garnered growing interest in recent years; however, these studies produce inconclusive evidence. Thereby, this study endeavors to quantitatively synthesize the results of the 137 research studies on the performance-pay relationship while factoring both institutional contexts (cross-sectional heterogeneity) and institutional dynamics (longitudinal heterogeneity). The meta-regression results corroborate the agency’s viewpoint that a positive and statistically significant relation exists between executive pay and firm performance. However, the variations in corporate governance systems substantially impact the relationship between performance and remuneration, highlighting the importance of the managerial power approach. As determined by the temporal analysis, this association has weakened over time, which is substantially attributable to the development of sound regulatory policies, the growing significance of alternative governance practices, analytical approaches, and firm nature. Furthermore, it is noted that with the convergence in governance practices, the moderating impact of different institutional contexts has become statistically less significant over time. Our results unequivocally demonstrate the critical role that institutional dynamics play in moderating the performance-pay relationship. This way, the study answers unresolved queries about the performance-pay association.
Background and aims
Application of developmental assets, one of existing Positive Youth Development (PYD) frameworks, has gained momentum in research, policy formulations, and interventions, necessitating the introduction of the most efficient scales for this framework. The present study protocol aims to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of developmental assets scales to document the underlying logic, objectives, and methodologies earmarked for the identification, selection, and critical evaluation of these scales.
Methods and materials
In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P), the intended search will encompass databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and PsycINFO, spanning from the inception of 1988 to 1st of April 2024. The review will include articles published published in English language focusing on individuals aged 10 to 29 years and reporting at least one type of reliability or validity of developmental assets scales. The review process will be in compliance with the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN), and the overall quality of evidence will be determined using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) guidelines.
Discussion
This comprehensive assessment aims to identify potential biases in prior research and offer guidance to scholars regarding the optimal scales for developmental assets in terms of validity, reliability, responsiveness, and interpretability The evidence-based appraisal of the scales strengths and limitations is imperative in shaping future research, enhancing their methodological rigor, and proposing refinements to existing instruments for developmental assets.
Luxury value perception is a well‐researched, yet fragmented domain. Extant research reports several dimensions of luxury value perception, where different investigations identify varying dimensions and their impact on several consumer‐related outcomes. However, such findings are inconsistent across studies, which are carried out across various contexts using disparate samples. In this research, we use the Theory of Consumption Value and Economic Theory to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dimensions, outcomes, and moderators of luxury value perception. This investigation synthesizes extant literature through a meta‐analysis to explain the inconsistent findings and offer new insights. The meta‐analysis integrates findings from 64 papers that report 74 separate studies with 32,587 participants/consumers. The impact of the dimensions of luxury value perception (functional, social, emotional, conditional, epistemic, and economic) on consumer outcomes (affective, cognitive, and behavior), and the moderating effects of several moderators (industry type, culture, gender, and publication year) are conceptualized and examined through meta‐analytic techniques. Some relationships are under‐researched in literature and cannot be tested, which provides scope for future investigations. This research is valuable for theory as we offer novel insights and identify boundary conditions that advance theoretical understanding of the domain. Managers will benefit from this holistic understanding as they may apply the insights obtained to formulate nuanced marketing and branding strategies.
Academic interest in reducing discrimination has produced substantial research testing interventions to mitigate biased outcomes. However, disparate findings and a scarcity of studies examining work-related behavioral measures make it challenging to determine which interventions are better suited to reduce workplace discrimination. Derived from the tripartite theory of attitudes and the principle of compatibility, I develop a conceptual model mapping the attitude focus of interventions and code studies in this literature from the past two decades for these common properties. Based on a meta-analysis of 70 articles totaling 208 effect sizes, I test this conceptual model, finding that it helps explain why some interventions to reduce discrimination yield superior outcomes relative to others. In particular, results indicate that passive interventions, such as short-term education or reminders of bias processes, are largely ineffective in shifting behavior. Conversely, the class of interventions that targets behavior directly by attempting to inhibit the manifestation of bias (e.g., making individuals accountable for their decisions or changing social norms) emerged as the most helpful category of interventions in this area. Overall, results support a key prediction of the attitude dimension consistency perspective, demonstrating that aligning the attitude dimension primarily targeted by an intervention and the outcome measured could lead to improved results in this area.
The concept of career adaptability emerged from the broader field of career development theory and has received increasing attention in the past two decades. To measure career adaptability, there are different scale development studies in the literature , but the most widely used and preferred one is the Career Adapt-abilities Scale developed by Savickas and Porfeli. Therefore, in the present study, the general reliability of the Career Adapt-abilities Scale was measured through meta-analysis. One hundred forty nine study (N = 82519) were included in the analyses. For the CAAS overall score, the average reliability coefficient among the 171 reliability estimations was high. However, reliability estimates in the studies included in the research show high heterogeneity. As a result of the moderator analysis, it was concluded that reliability estimates of these scores differ by item level, culture, language, category of items, different forms of CAAS, age, and SD. Regarding the application of the CAAS in
Previous studies on the connection between sustainability disclosure (SD) and corporate reputation (CR) yielded varying results. This study presents a quantitative analysis of the impact of SD on CR, based on previous empirical studies, while determining the influence of substantive (SD and CR measures), methodological (unit and type of analysis), and extrinsic (number of countries, country legal system, country development, and continents) moderators. Specifically, by employing a meta-analytical approach grounded in a systematic review of the literature, a total of 92 empirical research articles were analyzed. The results confirmed a significant positive correlation between SD and CR, which was greatly affected by the moderation exercised by the measures of reputation of the entity, contextual country differences, and methodological characteristics.
Background
The United States’ (US) opioid overdose epidemic has evolved into a combined stimulant/opioid epidemic, a pattern driven in part by mitigating opioid overdose risk, variable substance availability, and personal preferences. This study aimed to investigate the association between self-reported substance preference (heroin or methamphetamine) and behavioral/health outcomes among individuals who used both heroin and methamphetamine in the rural US.
Methods
The Rural Opioid Initiative is a consortium of 8 research cohorts from 10 states and 65 rural counties that recruited individuals reporting past 30-day injection of any substance or opioid substance use by any route from 1/2018 to 3/2020. Analyses were restricted to participants ⩾18 years, who self-reported either heroin or methamphetamine as their preferred substance and past 30-day use of both heroin and methamphetamine. We examined cross-sectional associations between preferred substance (heroin versus methamphetamine) and behavioral and health outcomes using random effects meta-analysis with adjusted regression models.
Results
Among 1239 participants, 61% (n = 752) reported heroin as their preferred substance. Adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, methamphetamine preference was associated with lower prevalence ratios for current naloxone possession (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.68; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 0.59-0.78; P-value ⩽ .001), of ever being told they had the hepatitis C virus (HCV; aPR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.61-0.85; P-value ⩽ .001) and a personal history of overdose (aPR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.73-0.90; P-value ⩽ .001).
Conclusion
In our study analyzing associations between preferred substance and various behavioral and health outcomes amongst people who use both heroin and methamphetamine, a majority of participants preferred heroin. Methamphetamine preference was associated with lower prevalence of naloxone possession, ever being told they had HCV, and prior history of an overdose. This study underscores the need for targeted harm reduction services for people who prefer methamphetamine in rural areas.
High-quality partnerships between families and schools can bring enormous benefits to the development, learning, and wellbeing of children. Decades of research has identified parenting self-efficacy as a key factor influencing parents’ contributions toward effective home-school partnerships. However, the strength of this association has varied significantly across studies with the aggregated strength remaining unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the associations between parenting self-efficacy and various aspects of parents’ contribution to the home-school partnership, namely home-based involvement, school-based involvement, home-school communication and relationships, as well as parental expectations and aspirations among parents of primary school students. Moderator effects were also examined. Through systematically searching six databases and screening papers, we included 50 independent studies involving 185 effect sizes (N = 20,043 children). Results showed a small to medium correlation between parenting self-efficacy and the multidimensional construct of home-school partnership outcomes (r = .189). The associations were stronger for education-focused parenting self-efficacy (r = .183) than general parenting self-efficacy (r = .114) and were stronger still for home-based participation (r = .248) and parental expectations and aspirations (r = .248) than school-based participation (r = .124) and parent-teacher communication/relationship (r = .090). We detected limited moderating effects of child gender, parent gender, ethnicity, sample type (general or targeted), and socio-economic status and publication bias. Overall, this meta-analysis provides evidence to support the positive relationship between parenting self-efficacy and parents’ contributions to the strength of the home-school partnership. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Scholars have paid great attention to unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB), however, there is a lack of a comprehensive review to uncover the consequences of UPB. It is important to fulfill the need for a quantitative review of the outcomes associated with UPB. Therefore, we construct a holistic framework to explore the difference between actors and observers in responding to unethical pro-organizational behavior and test it using meta-analysis technology (k = 53, n = 18,710). The meta-analytic results show that actors’ UPB is positively related to actors’ counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), actors’ organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and observers’ UPB. Actors’ UPB increases actors’ CWBs via actors’ psychological entitlement, and it increases actors’ OCBs via actors’ guilt. In addition, actors’ UPB also increases observers’ UPB via observers’ moral disengagement. Actors’ organizational tenure positively moderates the relationship between actors’ UPB and actors’ CWBs. Our findings draw attention to the outcomes of UPB and have reference significance for future research on UPB.
Despite substantive criticisms of generations and mounting evidence suggesting that “generational differences” do not exist, generational characterizations remain widely popular among academics and practitioners who use them to explain employee thoughts and behaviors. The current research examined academic literature as a source that may have contributed to perpetuating generational stereotypes. In Study 1, we meta‐analyzed the generations literature to examine the extent that findings in this research conveyed a sense that generational differences exist. Results of the meta‐analysis revealed few systematic, meaningful differences among generations on a variety of outcomes. To follow up on why the generations literature generally promotes the idea of systematic differences despite the mixed and limited evidence for them, in Study 2, we conducted a qualitative investigation of the meta‐analyzed articles, looking for explanations about why research and practice using generations persist despite the lack of evidence. Results of the qualitative analysis showed that researchers often discounted null or equivocal findings and seldom raised questions about the underlying concept of generations. Our findings reinforce that researchers and practitioners should continue to seek better explanations for differences among workers, investigate the origins of generational stereotypes, and work to understand why academics and practitioners continue supporting and propagating this questionable concept.
In management research, meta-analysis is often used to aggregate findings from observational studies that lack random assignment to predictors (e.g., surveys), which may pose challenges in making accurate inferences due to the correlational nature of effect sizes. To improve inferential accuracy, we show how instrumental variable (IV) methods can be integrated into meta-analysis to help researchers obtain unbiased estimates. Our IV-based meta-analytic structural equation modeling (IV-MASEM) method relies on the fact that IVs can be incorporated into SEM, and meta-analytic effect sizes from correlational research can be used for MASEM. Conveniently, IV-MASEM does not require that each primary study measures all relevant variables, and it can address typical types of endogeneity, such as omitted variable bias. We clarify how the principles of IV-SEM can be applied to MASEM and then conduct three simulations to study the validity of IV-MASEM versus Univariate Meta-Analyses (UMA) and MASEMs that exclude IVs when the instruments were appropriate, inappropriate, and missing from a subset of primary studies. We also offer an illustrative study to demonstrate how to apply IV-MASEM to address endogeneity concerns in meta-analysis, which includes a new R function to test the qualifying conditions for IVs. We conclude with limitations and future directions for IV-MASEM.
Parent education programs have been designed explicitly for separated and divorced parents. These programs typically aim to help parents navigate the challenges of co‐parenting, reduce their children's exposure to interparental conflict, and promote their children's well‐being post‐separation and divorce. Evaluating the effectiveness of parent education programs has been challenging, given the heterogeneity of formats, duration, and settings of these programs. This meta‐analytic review aimed to complete a compressive search of relevant studies of parent education programs for separated and divorced parents. Among 40 studies, 103 treatment effects were included across education programs. The overall weighted standardized mean difference across all education programs was 0.24 (CI = 0.14, 0.34, Q = 1274.69, df : 97, p < 0.001, I ² = 0.96.7), but these small effects were not maintained at follow‐up (ES 0.00, CI: −0.09, 0.09). Given the considerable heterogeneity across effect sizes, a meta‐regression and multiple regressions were computed to assess the influence of moderator variables. This review provides further evidence of the effectiveness of parent education programs. Implications are provided to create evidence‐based guidelines.
Previous studies have found positive, negative, and null effects of Competitive Intelligence (CI) on performance, and there is limited evidence about the moderators that might strengthen or weaken this relationship. In response, the authors provide needed insight into these empirical questions by conducting a meta-analysis of CI on sales performance, and propose a theoretical framework that includes the moderating roles of CI diversity and organizational tenure. Using data collected from1) managers and 2) salespeople, the results demonstrate that managers’ CI, salespeople’s CI, and overall CI positively influence objective and subjective performance, while high levels of CI diversity and organizational tenure amplify these relationships. the authors conclude with directions for future research which—in answering—should prove illuminating for both sales theory and practice, as the collection, use, and dissemination of CI has become increasingly important in a modern selling environment
While Bayesian methodology is increasingly favored in behavioral research for its clear probabilistic inference and model structure, its widespread acceptance as a standard meta-analysis approach remains limited. Although some conventional Bayesian hierarchical models are frequently used for analysis, their performance has not been thoroughly examined. This study evaluates two commonly used Bayesian models for meta-analysis of standardized mean difference and identifies significant issues with these models. In response, we introduce a new Bayesian model equipped with novel features that address existing model concerns and a broader limitation of the current Bayesian meta-analysis. Furthermore, we introduce a simple computational approach to construct simultaneous credible intervals for the summary effect and between-study heterogeneity, based on their joint posterior samples. This fully captures the joint uncertainty in these parameters, a task that is challenging or impractical with frequentist models. Through simulation studies rooted in a joint Bayesian/frequentist paradigm, we compare our model's performance against existing ones under conditions that mirror realistic research scenarios. The results reveal that our new model outperforms others and shows enhanced statistical properties. We also demonstrate the practicality of our models using real-world examples, highlighting how our approach strengthens the robustness of inferences regarding the summary effect.
Research Summary
The knowledge‐based view (KBV) claims that knowledge is the most important strategic resource because it is the strongest determinant of firm competitive advantage and the glue that pulls resources together. We examine this assertion through a meta‐analysis of the accumulated evidence on the relationships among strategic resources and firm performance (stock market, financial performance, and growth). Findings from 348 samples reporting 248,136 firm‐level observations show that knowledge resources have the highest positive association with all three performance dimensions, with the highest positive relationship with growth, followed by market and then financial performance. Further, knowledge may serve as a foundational resource by augmenting other strategic resources and helping make firms different. These findings support the KBV's core prediction that knowledge resources offer superior strategic value.
Managerial Summary
Managers need to understand what resources yield the strongest and most consistent returns. We examined the often‐invoked claim that knowledge is the most important resource associated with firm success. Our study combines evidence from over 300 samples and finds that knowledge‐based resources are consistently associated with the strongest profit, stock market, and growth returns relative to other types of resource investments. For managers, the message is clear—acquire, integrate, retain, and motivate knowledge‐related resources because doing so pays off.
Employee benefits constitute 38.1% of compensation costs, representing a sizeable investment in the workforce. Unlike other forms of support that depend on the actions of individuals throughout the organization, benefits can be changed through decisions at the highest level and influence employees throughout the company. Yet, the literature on benefits has been largely disjointed, resulting in theoretical ambiguity and practical questions about the role of employee benefit experiences in individual employee outcomes. To inform theory and practice, we organized the benefits literature using social exchange theory as a framework and conducted a meta-analysis on the relationships of employee benefit availability, use, and subjective evaluation with perceived organizational support, employee attitudes, and well-being. Our review (k = 134, N = 260,604) found unique relationships between the availability and subjective evaluation of employee benefits and affective organizational commitment, withdrawal intentions, job satisfaction, and well-being, with these relationships partially mediated by perceived organizational support. Benefit use contributed little to these outcomes beyond benefit availability and subjective evaluation. Benefit subjective evaluation was also more strongly related to most outcomes than were benefits availability and use. These relationships varied across types of benefits, with training benefits more strongly related to job satisfaction and health care and retirement benefits more strongly related to turnover intentions. Altogether, this meta-analysis integrates the empirical literature on employee benefits and highlights the implications of benefit experiences and types for the employee–organization relationship and employee well-being.
Recent studies have indicated the potential detrimental psychological effects of Instagram use (IU) and problematic Instagram use (PIU). PIU and IU have been associated with depression, anxiety, and negative general well-being. This study aimed to investigate that correlation through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seven databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, were explored in February of 2023. Studies that assessed the association between IU and/or PIU with depression, anxiety, other psychological distresses, and/or general well-being were deemed eligible. The Hunter-Schmidt random effects model and multilevel meta-analysis were applied to assess the outcomes of interest. A total of 1,927 hits were identified with 37 studies included in the quantitative analysis after removal of duplicates and screening of abstracts and full texts, with the total number of participants at 14,305. The obtained correlations between PIU and depression, anxiety, and well-being with 95% confidence interval were found to be r = 0.35, [0.25, 0.44], r = 0.31, [0.22, 0.40], r = -0.17, [-0.24, -0.10], respectively. Similarly, for IU and depression r = 0.11, [0.06, 0.16], p < 0.05 for all of the aforementioned results. The association between IU and anxiety was found to be r = 0.12, [0.04, 0.21], p < 0.05. The present meta-analysis found significant conceptual heterogeneity across the studies included due to different study designs and population heterogeneity. The results show a positive association of PIU and IU with depression, anxiety, and other psychological distress(es). There is a need for robust designed longitudinal research to explore this association.
With increasing interest in the role of emotions in politics across the discipline, we review theoretical and methodological approaches utilized by political psychologists. Although theorists have been highlighting the role of emotions in politics for thousands of years, modern political psychologists primarily employ Marcus, Neuman, and MacKuen's (2000) affective intelligence theory to grapple with the consequences of emotions for political attitudes and behavior. We present results from a formal meta‐analytic assessment exploring the strength of the empirical evidence for the relationship between emotions and political information search and decision strategies. Overall, we find weak but statistically reliable evidence linking anger, anxiety, and enthusiasm to information search when search is self‐reported, but when information search is objectively measured, we find no link between it and anxiety or enthusiasm. Surprisingly, we also find little reliable evidence linking emotions to differential reliance on heuristics or more evidence‐based criteria in voter decision‐making.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.