Burdened Children: Theory, Research, and Treatment of Parentification
... The term "parentification" is used to signify multifaceted processes of family role reversal when children provide care to their parents and family (Boszormenyi-Nagy & Krasner, 1986Jurkovic, 1997). A few other terms such as 'role reversal' (Chase, 1999;Macfie et al., 2005;Trickett et al., 2007), 'parental child' (Chase, 1999;Minuchin, 1974), and 'child caregiver' (Byng-Hall, 2002;Winton, 2003) have been used interchangeably with parentification. Parentification often occurs particularly when there are family risk factors (e.g., parental psychopathology or illness, domestic violence, poverty, immigration), and it contributes toward stabilizing the family studies on parentification and its effects (Burton, 2007;Hooper et al., 2011;Hooper et al., 2008;Jankowski et al., 2011), most of those studies have focused on the negative psychosocial effects on adolescents and adults. ...
... The term "parentification" is used to signify multifaceted processes of family role reversal when children provide care to their parents and family (Boszormenyi-Nagy & Krasner, 1986Jurkovic, 1997). A few other terms such as 'role reversal' (Chase, 1999;Macfie et al., 2005;Trickett et al., 2007), 'parental child' (Chase, 1999;Minuchin, 1974), and 'child caregiver' (Byng-Hall, 2002;Winton, 2003) have been used interchangeably with parentification. Parentification often occurs particularly when there are family risk factors (e.g., parental psychopathology or illness, domestic violence, poverty, immigration), and it contributes toward stabilizing the family studies on parentification and its effects (Burton, 2007;Hooper et al., 2011;Hooper et al., 2008;Jankowski et al., 2011), most of those studies have focused on the negative psychosocial effects on adolescents and adults. ...
... For example, if a child is asked to provide care for the family for a short amount of time following a divorce or parental death, it may be adaptive parentification. However, if the family stress is persistent and the child is asked to continue with the caregiving role, their generational boundary weakens and becomes inappropriate and dysfunctional (Chase, 1999). Chase (1999) shared insight about children who start to experience psychosocial challenges such as lack of interpersonal skills, anxiety, low self-esteem, depression, and difficulty recognizing their own needs once they leave home and become independent. ...
The term ‘parentification’ describes role-reversed family processes when children provide care to their parents and family. Given the fact that race and ethnicity are among the least considered factors in the past research on parentification, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the lived experiences of parentification of young Asian American adults within their sociocultural context using the contextual therapy theory. Eight individuals (five identified as Hmong, two as lu Mien, and one as Filipino), seven females and one male, ages ranging from 24 to 29, participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis from which the predominant themes of early and extensive parentification experiences as children of immigrant parents, strong influences of cultural expectations, and lost childhood and identity emerged. Furthermore, the study participants complied with gender-based cultural role expectations to help their families survive. Clinical implications and study limitations are discussed.
... Existing literature, including parentification theory (Minuchin et al., 1967) and role identity theory (Fuligni and Flook, 2005), provides explanations for the relationship between filial responsibilities and psychological wellbeing among adolescents. Parentification theory posits that filial responsibilities can impede adolescent wellbeing as they are required to assume developmentally inappropriate parental roles within their family, which can be stressful (Chase, 1999). Conversely, social identity theory (Hogg, 2003) views family responsibilities as positive processes for adolescent children, as their contributions to their family can help them develop their family identity (Fuligni and Zhang, 2004). ...
... Within the realm of family studies and clinical practice, the parentification theory (Minuchin et al., 1967) is a prevailing theory that elucidates the relationship between filial responsibilities and psychological wellbeing in children and adolescents. The theory proposes that children assuming developmentally inappropriate parental roles within their family can lead to blurred parentchild boundaries and enmeshed relationships between the children and their parents (Boszormenyi-Nagy and Spark, 1973;Chase, 1999). Thus, it can be inferred that these "burdened children" (Chase, 1999) forfeit their childhood to fulfill their "parental" roles (Jurkovic, 1997). ...
... The theory proposes that children assuming developmentally inappropriate parental roles within their family can lead to blurred parentchild boundaries and enmeshed relationships between the children and their parents (Boszormenyi-Nagy and Spark, 1973;Chase, 1999). Thus, it can be inferred that these "burdened children" (Chase, 1999) forfeit their childhood to fulfill their "parental" roles (Jurkovic, 1997). Empirical evidence suggests that parentification can result in adolescent distress and pathologies such as excessive guilt, anxiety, and somatic disorder (Chase, 1999;Koerner et al., 2004;McMahon and Luthar, 2007;Jankowski et al., 2011). ...
Introduction
Adolescent children raised in single-mother households, particularly those living in poverty, often need to assume more instrumental and emotional familial responsibilities to cope with family challenges.
Method
This study examined the relationships between these filial responsibilities and adolescent psychological wellbeing, as well as the moderating effect of maternal warmth on these relationships via survey. The sample comprised 325 Chinese adolescent children (43.3% girls; Mage = 13.5) from economically disadvantaged single-mother families in Hong Kong.
Results
The results indicated that adolescents’ instrumental filial responsibilities were positively associated with their life satisfaction. Emotional filial responsibilities, on the other hand, were positively linked to life satisfaction and negatively associated with depression. Furthermore, maternal warmth was found to moderate the relationship between emotional filial responsibilities and life satisfaction. Adolescents who perceived higher levels of maternal warmth and performed more emotional filial responsibilities reported greater life satisfaction than those who performed fewer such responsibilities. Furthermore, the moderating effect of maternal warmth on the relationship between instrumental filial responsibilities and life satisfaction varied between boys and girls. Additionally, the age of the adolescent moderated the effect of maternal warmth on the relationship between emotional filial responsibilities and adolescent anxiety.
Discussion
These findings suggest that filial responsibilities do not necessarily impede adolescent wellbeing. Instead, maternal warmth appears to be a crucial family factor that influences the nature of the relationship between filial responsibilities and adolescent wellbeing. These insights are valuable for family scholars and practitioners, informing the design of supportive services to enhance the psychological wellbeing of Chinese adolescents from economically disadvantaged single-mother families.
... (Park & Park, 2014;Statistics Korea, 2022 (Panova & Carbonell, 2018;Park et al., 2013;Yoo, 2023 Lim, 2020 (Chase, 1999;Robinson, 1998;Vandivere et al., 2003).이처럼 맞벌이 부모가 일과 가정에서 다양한 역할을 한꺼번에 수행하며 어려움을 느낄 때 나타날 수 있는 아동의 경험을 잘 설 명할 수 있는 변인은 부모화(parentification)이다 (Chee et al., 2014;Grollman & Sweder, 1988 (Hooper, 2008 (Chase, 1999;Earley & Cushway, 2002 (Jurkovic, 1997;Sheldon et al., 2018;Wong et al., 2015). ...
... 이처럼 맞벌이 부모가 일과 가정에서 다양한 역할을 한꺼번에 수행하며 어려움을 느낄 때 나타날 수 있는 아동의 경험을 잘 설 명할 수 있는 변인은 부모화(parentification)이다 (Chee et al., 2014;Grollman & Sweder, 1988 (Hooper, 2008 (Chase, 1999;Earley & Cushway, 2002 (Jurkovic, 1997;Sheldon et al., 2018;Wong et al., 2015). (King, 1998;King & Emmons, 1990 (Chase, 1999;Emmons & Colby, 1995 (Emmons & King, 1988;Hooper, 2008;Robinson, 1998 (Chase, 1999;Rohner & Lansford, 2017 (Grollman & Sweder, 1988;Jeon et al., 2018;Robinson, 1998 (Park & Park, 2014;Suk & Kim, 2022 (Jeon et al., 2018;Mongrain & Vettese, 2003;Shen & Wang, 2019 (Reis & Shaver, 1988;Uchida et al., 2022 (Emmons & Colby, 1995;Uchida et al., 2022;Yu & Chung, 2023 (Chase, 1999;Grollman & Sweder, 1988 ...
... 이처럼 맞벌이 부모가 일과 가정에서 다양한 역할을 한꺼번에 수행하며 어려움을 느낄 때 나타날 수 있는 아동의 경험을 잘 설 명할 수 있는 변인은 부모화(parentification)이다 (Chee et al., 2014;Grollman & Sweder, 1988 (Hooper, 2008 (Chase, 1999;Earley & Cushway, 2002 (Jurkovic, 1997;Sheldon et al., 2018;Wong et al., 2015). (King, 1998;King & Emmons, 1990 (Chase, 1999;Emmons & Colby, 1995 (Emmons & King, 1988;Hooper, 2008;Robinson, 1998 (Chase, 1999;Rohner & Lansford, 2017 (Grollman & Sweder, 1988;Jeon et al., 2018;Robinson, 1998 (Park & Park, 2014;Suk & Kim, 2022 (Jeon et al., 2018;Mongrain & Vettese, 2003;Shen & Wang, 2019 (Reis & Shaver, 1988;Uchida et al., 2022 (Emmons & Colby, 1995;Uchida et al., 2022;Yu & Chung, 2023 (Chase, 1999;Grollman & Sweder, 1988 ...
This study aimed to examine the effect of parentification on the smartphone dependency of upper elementary school children in double-income families and to verify whether ambivalence over emotional expression and loneliness sequentially mediates the relationship between parentification and smartphone dependency. The participants were 311 upper-elementary school students (4th to 6th graders; 126 boys, 40.5%) in double-income households residing in Seoul, Gyeong-gi, and Incheon. The data were collected through an online self-report questionnaire completed by the participants and were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.7 software. The results can be summarized as follows. Firstly, the direct effect of parentification on the smartphone dependency of the children from double-income families was statistically insignificant. Secondly, ambivalence over emotional expression mediated the effect of parentification on smartphone dependency, while loneliness did not. Lastly, parentification influenced smartphone dependency through the sequential mediating channel of ambivalence over emotional expression and loneliness. In conclusion, these findings indicate that interventions for smartphone-overdependent children from double-income families should place emphasis on children’s psychological difficulties attributed to parentification. Specifically, this study highlights the importance of alleviating the levels of ambivalence over emotional expression and loneliness to address the issue of children’s smartphone dependency in double-income families, suggesting possible involvement and support at both household and societal levels.
... In accounting for the moderating roles of filial responsibility in altering the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent mental health problems, both Family Systems Theory [21,22] and Role Identity Theory [23,24] provide diverse answers to this issue. Parentification has long been studied as a clinical phenomenon that describes a process in which a child assumes a developmentally inappropriate parental role to perform family responsibilities [22,25,26]. Parentification is commonly identified in single-parent families (e.g., [19]) and poor families [27,28] when parents face more difficulties in managing life and family stresses. ...
... According to Family Systems Theory, parentification involves role reversal that reduces or blurs the intergenerational boundaries, and the enmeshed relationship suppresses the age-appropriate needs of the children as they need to fulfil the demands of their parents and siblings, which is harmful to their development [22]. In summary, the parentified children are described as "burdened children" [26] who have lost their childhood [29]. Parentification was found to be linked to adolescent pathologies such as depression, somatic symptoms, excessive guilt, etc. [26,30]. ...
... In summary, the parentified children are described as "burdened children" [26] who have lost their childhood [29]. Parentification was found to be linked to adolescent pathologies such as depression, somatic symptoms, excessive guilt, etc. [26,30]. ...
Single motherhood and poverty have a significant, negative impact on mothers and their children. When their mothers experience maternal distress, adolescent children have to take up more instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities to comfort their mother and adapt to related changes. Based on 325 mother–child dyads of Chinese single-mother families experiencing economic disadvantage, this study examined the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent mental health problems (indexed by anxiety and depression) and the moderating roles of instrumental and emotional filial responsibilities. Results indicated that maternal distress was positively associated with anxiety and depression in adolescent children. In addition, instrumental filial responsibility intensified the associations of maternal distress with adolescent anxiety and depression. Moreover, the moderating role of emotional filial responsibility in the predictive relationship between maternal distress and adolescent anxiety was different in boys and girls. Adolescent girls with more emotional filial responsibility reported higher adolescent anxiety than did those who shouldered less emotional filial responsibility when their mother exhibited more distress, whereas the relationship between maternal distress and adolescent anxiety was stable in boys, regardless of emotional filial responsibility. In short, the present study showed that parentification was likely to occur in poor Chinese single-mother families, and adolescent children who took up a more caregiving role in the family exhibited poorer mental health. Family counselling and tangible support for single-mother families experiencing economic disadvantage are urged.
... The children may utilize to fulfill the alienated parents' emotional life (Hooper & Wallace, 2009;Minuchin, Montalvo, Guerney, Rosman, & Schumer, 1967). Further, the skewness of parent-child roles is also observed (Chase, 1999), and "parentified children", which also bear the costs associated with the development of their parents, arises (Jurkovic, 1997). Azar and Wolfe (1998) have considered parentification as child neglect or even as abuse. ...
... Especially, in Turkey, studies on parentification and the factors influencing parentification are much less common. Since the concept of parentification as a concept that can change according to ethnic and cultural influences (Chase, 1999), in this study, the concept of parentification was considered to be a concept with predominant cultural aspects and was defined in terms of individuals' personal and familial characteristics. Consequentially, it is important to examine the relationship among levels of parentification, marital satisfaction, and depression of married individuals as well as the examination of their personal and familial qualifications. ...
... Due to parentification, the family's boundaries become miscible, and a negative situation arises (Chase, 1999). As a result, uncertainness of family boundaries in Turkey leads to parentification. ...
This study aims to investigate the relationship among levels of parentification, depression and marital satisfaction of married individuals; to examine how married individuals' personal-familial characteristics affect the level of parentification. 597 married people (244 men, 353 women) filled in “Parentified Child Scale-Adult Version”, “Beck Depression Scale”, “Marital Satisfaction Scale”, and “Personal Information Form”. Parentification and depression levels of married individuals statistically predict marital satisfaction. Parentification levels statistically significantly predict individuals' depression levels. While the main effect is observed in the parentification levels according to the familial and personal variables (permanent illness in the family, spending time with the parents, substance abuse in the family, the father’s employment status, one of the parents working outside the province; the number of siblings and condition of working in childhood), the other variables indicate that there is no significant difference on their parentification level.
... Pierwszą próbą zdefiniowania procesu parentyfikacji polegającego na zamianie wewnątrzrodzinnych ról pomiędzy dziećmi a rodzicami była praca Ivana Böszörményi-Nagy i Geraldine M. Spark (1973). Następnie zjawisko to było wielokrotnie poddawane teoretycznym i empirycznym refleksjom (Minuchin, 1974;Jurkovic, 1997;Jurkovic i in., 2001;Chase, 1999;Hooper, 2007;Hooper, Marotta, Lanthier, 2008;Schier, 2010;2015;Haxhe, 2016, Grzegorzewska, 2016. Większość doniesień z badań empirycznych realizowanych w Polsce w tym zakresie dotyczy najczęściej rodzin dysfunkcyjnych w kontekście uzależnienia od alkoholu (Chase i in., 1998;Pasternak, Schier, 2014;Schier, 2015;Grzeorzewska, Cierpiałkowska, 2015). ...
... Należą do nich m.in.: zaburzenie więzi, zaniedbanie emocjonalne, poczucie bycia zdradzonym, adaptacja do przemocy, trudności w nawiązywaniu relacji z innymi ludźmi, lęk przed bliskością, atrofia potrzeb. Dzieci te mogą cierpieć na depresję (Hooper, 2007;Schier, 2015), czuć się osamotnione (Gibson, 2018), posiadać zwiększone poczucie odpowiedzialności i obniżene osiągnięć szkolnych (Chase, 1999). Jak zauważają Rostkowska i Bochet (2016), parentyfikacja negatywnie wpływa na budowanie relacji z innymi ludźmi oraz opóźnia podejmowanie ról społecznych łączących się z zakładaniem własnej rodziny, jak również zaburza proces separacji i indywidualizacji. ...
... Konsekwencją parentyfikacji jest m.in. zwiększenie poczucia odpowiedzialności i obniżenie osiągnięć szkolnych (Chase, 1999), a także kształtowanie błędnego obrazu roli. Należy zaznaczyć, że sparentyfikowaniu podlegają nie wszystkie dzieci w danym systemie rodzinnym, najczęściej odwróceniu ról ulegają dzieci najbardziej wrażliwe na potrzeby rodziców (Ohntrup i in., 2010;za: Żłobicki, 2018). ...
Introduction: The polymotivational nature of violence makes it impossible to clearly determine its cause in a given family. Also, the multitude and extent of consequences for people involved in it are very high. Parentification can be observed in families experiencing violence, which is often not only a result of being subjected to acts of violence but can also be seen as a violent behaviour exhibited by adults towards children. Objective of the study: The objective of this article is to draw attention to the problem of parentification in families experiencing violence. The article attempts to discuss the current state of knowledge about the essence of parentification, its determinants, the identification of roles taken up by children and the consequences of this problem. State of knowledge: Theoretical considerations and empirical studies in this area usually concern families with alcohol problems. It should be clarified, however, that this problem is also quite often present in families where acts of violence occur. This term is usually defined as a process where a child is obligated to look after their parents or siblings at the cost of their own needs. Summary: The article may contribute to further research and reflections on this problem, especially in the aspect of identifying and designing effective preventive and therapeutic actions dedicated to people experiencing parentification.
... Buna göre, ebeveynleşme davranışlarını destekleyen aile ve sosyal çevre, çocuğu ebeveynleşmenin olumsuz etkilerinden koruyabilmektedir (Chase, 1999). ...
... Boszormenyi-Nagy ve Spark (1973) karşılıklılık ilkesine dayanan kişiler arası ilişkilerin bir dengede tutulduğu zaman ebeveynleşmenin zararlı olmayacağını ifade etmektedir. Diğer bir deyişle, çocuğun ebeveyni için belli bir düzeye kadar üstlendiği görevler, ebeveynin de ona karşı üstlendiği sorumluluklarla karşılıklı bir denge içerisinde olduğunda, ebeveynleşme bir sorun olmaktan çıkabilmektedir (Chase, 1999). ...
... Bu alanda yapılan çalışmalar, duygusal ebeveynleşmenin fiziksel ebeveynleşmeye göre daha olumsuz sonuçlar doğurduğunu bulmuştur (Earley ve Cushway, 2002;Hooper, 2007;Hooper, 2012;Tompkins, 2007). Fakat bulguların çoğu yüksek risk taşıyan ailelerde, yani bir takım patolojik sorunlar yaşayan ebeveynler veya problemli ailelerden gelen çocuklarla yapılan verilere dayanmaktadır (Chase, 1999). Bu çalışmalarda ortaya çıkan en önemli eksikliklerden biri çocukların kendi benliklerinin veya kişiliklerinin duygusal ebeveynleşme davranışlarını nasıl etkilediğinin ölçülmemiş olmasıdır. ...
Bu araştırmanın amacı, çocukların benlik kurguları ve açıkladıkları ebeveynleşme davranışları arasındaki ilişkide toplumsal cinsiyetin aracı rolünü incelemektir. İlişkisel benlik kurgusunun ağırlıkla duygusal ebeveynleşme boyutunu, bağımsız benlik kurgusunun ise fiziksel ebeveynleşmeyi yordaması beklenmiştir. Bununla beraber, bu ilişkilerin kız çocuklarında anlamlı farklılık yaratırken, oğlan çocukları için anlamlı bir fark yaratmayacağı öngörülmüştür. Araştırmaya 156 katılımcı (78 anne-çocuk çifti) katılmıştır. Bulgulara göre, annenin bağlanma kaygısı ve kaçınması kontrol edildiğinde, kendini daha bağımsız olarak tanımlayan kız çocukları, daha az fiziksel ebeveynleşme davranışı
gösterdiklerini belirtmişlerdir. Ayrıca kendini daha ilişkisel olarak tanımlayan kız çocukları daha fazla duygusal ebeveynleşme davranışı sergilediklerini belirtmişlerdir. Oğlan çocukları içinse anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır. Bulgular, benlik kurguları ve toplumsal cinsiyetin ebeveynleşme davranışları üzerindeki ortak etkisini işaret etmektedir.
Çalışmanın bulguları ilgili alanyazın temelinde tartışılmıştır.
Anahtar kelimeler: Fiziksel ve duygusal ebeveynleşme, toplumsal cinsiyet, benlik kurgusu
The aim of this study was to examine the moderator role of gender in predicting the relationship between children’s self-construal and parentification. We hypothesized that children’s relational self-construal would predict their emotional parentification, and independent self-construal would predict their instrumental parentification behaviors. We also hypothesized that this relationship would be significant for girls, but not for boys. One hundred fifty-six participants (78 mother-child pairs) were recruited for this study. Results showed that, when maternal attachment anxiety and avoidance were controlled, girls who described themselves as more independent, emphasized less instrumental parentification behaviors. Moreover, relational self-construal significantly predicted their emotional parentification, but only for girls. No significant difference was found for boys. These findings showed that there is a significant interaction of a child’s gender and
self-construal on their parentification behaviors. The findings were discussed in light of the literature.
Keywords: Instrumental and emotional parentification, gender, self-construal
... In this context, Minuchin, Montalvo, Guerney, Rosman and Schumer (1967) firstly described the child as the parental child to whom the parents put their own roles and responsibilities during childhood and underlined that parents transfer their own roles and responsibilities to their own children. When the literature on the concept of parentification is examined, it is seen that there is no single compromised definition (Chase, 1999). Due to the many different theoretical perspectives (e.g. ...
... Hence, they highlighted the fact that the parents put his / her own roles and responsibilities on the child, and this was done in a developmentally negative manner. Furthermore, Burt (1992) and Searles (1975) also describe the concept of parentification in terms of narcissistic injury of the basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theory (Quoted from Chase, 1999). Various psychodynamic definitions of parentification have been considered, and it has been evaluated in terms of psychosocial development as well as development of the self through object relations (Chase, 1999). ...
... Furthermore, Burt (1992) and Searles (1975) also describe the concept of parentification in terms of narcissistic injury of the basic assumptions of psychoanalytic theory (Quoted from Chase, 1999). Various psychodynamic definitions of parentification have been considered, and it has been evaluated in terms of psychosocial development as well as development of the self through object relations (Chase, 1999). ...
This study aims to develop a scale that can measure parentification levels for adults in a valid and reliable way. A total of 705 people (510 females, 195 males) participated in the study. The Filial Responsibility Scale-Adult Version developed by Jurkovic, Thirkield and Morel (2001), adopted to Turkish by Karagöbek (2014) was used for Convergent and Discrimant Validity. It was found that the Parentified Child Scale Adult Version (PCS-A) scale consists of two sub-scales and the first sub-scale has four factors and the second sub-scale has one factor through explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of PCS-A is found as .88. The item total correlation coefficients were between .37 and .71. Confirmatory factor analysis of the first sub-scale of the scale shows that 22 items had four factors and the chi-square fit (2=506.42, df=203, p=.00) was significant. The 2/df result for model fit was determined to be 2.49. In addition, RMSEA = .073, CFI = .95, NFI = .92, NNFI = .94, IFI = .95, RFI.91 and GFI = .86 were calculated. The test-retest correlation coefficient was found to be .91. The relationship between the PCS-A and the FRS was analysed as .81. The results suggest that Parentified Child Scale-Adult Version is a valid and reliable instrument. Bu çalışmanın amacı yetişkin bireyler için ebeveynleştirilme düzeylerini geçerli ve güvenilir bir şekilde ölçebilecek bir ölçme aracı geliştirmektir. Araştırmaya iki farklı çalışma grubu olarak toplam 705 kişi (510 kadın, 195 erkek) katılmıştır. Benzer ölçek geçerliliği için Jurkovic, Thirkield ve Morel (2001) tarafından geliştirilen, Karagöbek (2014) tarafından Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan Filial Sorumluluk Ölçeği-Yetişkin Versiyonu kullanılmıştır. EÇÖ-Y'nin faktör yapısını belirlemek amacıyla açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri yapılmış ve bulgular ışığında ölçeğin iki alt ölçekten oluştuğu, ilk alt ölçeğin dört faktörlü, ikinci alt ölçeğin tek faktörlü bir yapı olduğu bulunmuştur. EÇÖ-Y'nin Cronbach alpha iç tutarlık katsayısı .88 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Madde toplam korelasyon katsayıları ise .37 ile .71 arasında bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin ilk alt ölçeğinin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda 22 maddenin dört faktörlü olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir ve ki-kare uyum değerinin (2=506.42, sd=203, p=.00) anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Modelin uyumuna ilişkin 2 /sd sonucu 2.49 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca RMSEA= .073, CFI=.95, NFI=.92, NNFI=.94, IFI=.95, RFI=.91 ve GFI=.86 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Test tekrar test güvenirlik katsayı .91 bulunmuştur. EÇÖ-Y'nin, FSÖ ile arasındaki ilişkideki korelasyon katsayısı .81 olarak analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları sonucunda, EÇÖ-Y yeterli değerlere sahip geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu görülmüştür.
... A history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) influences a person's parenting characteristics. 2,4,5,6,7,16 Mothers with their own histories of CSA have been shown to be hypervigilant about the possibility of their child(ren) being sexually abused. 3 These mothers describe the rewards and obstacles of parenting in more self-focused rather than child-focused ways, and more often refer to their child as a friend compared to mothers without a history of CSA. 2 Mothers with a CSA history show more permissive parenting styles, lower reported parenting self-efficacy, 6,7,16 and are more likely to be overly dependent on their children to meet their own emotional needs than mothers without a CSA history. ...
... 3 These mothers describe the rewards and obstacles of parenting in more self-focused rather than child-focused ways, and more often refer to their child as a friend compared to mothers without a history of CSA. 2 Mothers with a CSA history show more permissive parenting styles, lower reported parenting self-efficacy, 6,7,16 and are more likely to be overly dependent on their children to meet their own emotional needs than mothers without a CSA history. 4,18 Children whose mothers have experienced CSA have been found to have higher rates of problematic behaviors and are more likely to report having been sexually abused by a person known to the child. 1 Normal sexualized behaviors are common, transient, non-aggressive, involve similar aged children, and can be redirected. 19 Behaviors considered abnormal and raise concern for possible sexual abuse or exposure to adult sexual material are imitative of adult sexual acts, associated with aggression, involve coercion, and/or are difficult to redirect the child away from. ...
This pilot study explored female caregiver's perception of their child's behaviors during sexual abuse evaluations. We compared reports by caregivers with histories of their own child sexual abuse (PCSA) to caregivers with no prior history of child sexual abuse (NPCSA) regarding their 1) child's sexualized behaviors and (2) perceptions of whether their child had been sexually abused. Forty-four caregivers met inclusion criteria. Ninety-five percent of PCSA caregivers versus 21% of NPCSA caregivers reported at least one behavior from the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory. Our findings identified that PCSA caregivers reported more sexualized behaviors for their children overall, potentially contributing to their perception that their child had been sexually abused. This pilot study demonstrated that caregivers were able to tolerate answering questions about their own history of child abuse. Parents should be asked these questions as this may influence perceptions of their child's behaviors and possible sexual abuse.
... In the literature, a pattern of family dynamics in which the child assumes parent-like roles and takes on responsibilities typically performed by adult caregivers is described as parentification (Chase, 1999;Hooper, 2017;Kerig, 2005). Parentified children may be held responsible for meeting the socio-emotional needs of family members (e.g., to serve as a confidant), or for supporting the family's day-to-day functioning (e.g., by managing the family finances or taking care of siblings; Jurkovic, 1997). ...
... In the current study, we distinguished between the types of family members to whom the caregiving was directed (parent or sibling). However, future research should also consider differentiating between instrumental and emotional forms of parentification, as the latter is thought to have more deleterious consequences (Chase, 1999;Hooper et al., 2008;Jurkovic, 1997). ...
Published version: https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/742HI7N2M7TRIRJN4III/full?target=10.1080/02646838.2023.2220356
... That's how the process of "parenting" came about (Chase, 1999), which is considered an effect of the departure of one of the parents. If the mother is the emigrant parent, there are situations in which older children are forced to devote more time to household activities or to take care of other family members and no longer pay attention in school. ...
... The phenomenon manifests itself in the form of two scenarios: one positive, considered healthy, in which the child develops empathy and reciprocity in relation to others, and another, negative, which can be translated by the child in the form of exploitation. In extreme cases, if a parent's dependence is high, we can talk about an "abdication" of protection and distribution of responsibility, so that the child becomes emotionally "equipped" to take care of younger siblings (Chase, 1999). In addition to the effects in terms of emotional development, over-responsibility and role transfer prevent the child from engaging in activities considered normal according to their age. ...
Migration, as a social phenomenon, is increasingly present in Romanian social reality. The delegation of parental authority, the procedure for monitoring and protecting children whose parents are working abroad, was imposed as an intervention measure facing the problems in the fields of health and psycho-social development of children. The study aims to analyze the implementation and application of this social protection measure, the effects of child neglect by parents and the action of community actors involved in rural areas. The empirical approach started from several research questions: How well-known is the procedure for delegating parental authority? How well do the delegated persons respond to the needs of children? Are children deprived of education and health services? Is there collaboration between institutions empowered to support children in rural areas? The qualitative research was based on the analysis of case studies, secondary analysis of social documents and other tools to collect data on and from subjects, from social actors in the rural community involved in the delegation procedure. The conclusions highlighted barriers and challenges of the legislative, educational approach, a poor collaboration and inter-institutional communication, behavioral disorders and in the psycho-social development of children, exclusion from health and educational services.
... Considering the importance of the conditions in which given family functions (in sociocultural and historical context), as well as related patterns of action or social expectations, Nancy Chase distinguishes two kinds of parentification, namely: "healthy (adaptive) parentification"and "pathological" (destructive) parentification (Chase 1999). ...
... A child emotionally involved in the role of their parents' guardian, may become a mediator in marital conflicts, provide a support for one or both parents, can be a scapegoat, a buffer of difficult emotions of a guardian, a family judge or arbitrator, and even a partner (including sex) (Jurkovic 1997). This division corresponds to, and even specifies, the definition given by Nancy D. Chase (1999, s. 5): 'parentification in a family involves emotional or active change of roles in which the child sacrifices their own needs for attention, safety and development support, in order to adapt to the instrumental or emotional needs of the parent and care for them' (Chase 1999). Other authors also notice the importance of sacrificing one's own needs for the good of the family. ...
The concept of parentification was created by two psychiatrists: Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy and Geraldine Spark, in order to describe specific phenomena occurring in family life, consisting of the change in family roles – when the child undertakes the responsibility for the entire family: fulfilment of needs and protecting feelings of the family members. Thus the child takes up actions exceeding his or her own powers, actions usually not ascribed to the role of a child. This issue was also tackled by Salvador Minuchin, Nancy D. Chase, Gregory J. Jurkovic and Lisa Hooper, who pointed out the specific aspects of this phenomenon and distinguished its forms: instrumental and emotional parentification, destructive (negative) and adaptational (positive) parentification.
Circumstances fostering the occurrence of parentification include: substance addiction in the family (to alcohol and drugs), disability, physical or mental chronic illness of the parents and/ or siblings, mono-parental families, conflicts between the parents, divorce, foster families, immigrant families.
One of the numerous significant consequences resulting from the experience of the reversal of family roles deserves special attention: it is the destructive sense of responsibility characterised by feeling internal compulsion, often experienced in adult life by individuals who suffered parentification. This feeling occurs as a strong urge to guard others (not merely the parents). Such individuals' attention is focused on the needs of others, often followed by actions taken to meet these needs, when at the same time they dismiss their own needs.
In my paper I would like to present this destructive sense of responsibility. The presentation is based upon biographical analysis of individuals, who have experienced parentification as children. The biographical perspective allows us to grasp the meanings the examined individuals attribute to their own experiences and their consequences following from these experiences.
... These children, who have taken on a parental role, often contribute to household management and take care of younger siblings. Parents struggling with addiction frequently create environments that facilitate this parent-child role reversal (Barnett & Parker, 1998;Chase, 1999;Gallant et al., 1998;Stein et al., 1999). Parents who misuse alcohol may become emotionally and/or physically unavailable to their children, either periodically or regularly. ...
The aim of our study presented in this paper is to explore the experiences of loss among children raised in families affected by addiction and the grieving process following the parent's death. Our empirical research analyzed written accounts from Hungarian individuals using qualitative psychological methods. The participants had parents affected by alcoholism, have lost one or both parents, and at least two years have passed since the bereavement. We conducted a thematic analysis of 78 written narratives, from which the study's findings emerged. Our research indicates that processing childhood losses-collectively referred to as a "lost childhood"-involves a much more intense grieving process than the death of the parent itself. Our findings highlight the importance of early intervention and support for children in families affected by addiction, and the need for guidance during the grieving process after losing a parent.
... By this I mean the phenomenon known as parentification, especially in certain psychotherapeutic schools, which has been researched for decades (e.g. Chase, 1999;Jurkovic, 1997). While it is normal in families to a certain extent for adolescents to gradually take on more responsibility in and for the family, the tasks must be appropriate to their capabilities. ...
... Moreover, a child can develop behavioral patterns in order to avoid triggering trauma in the parent (e.g., by avoiding sensitive topics or not making demands on the parent). This may result in a parent-child interaction pattern known as "parentification," the process of role reversal whereby the child acts as a parent to the parent (Chase, 1999;Harrison et al., 2014). Parentified children are at higher risk of having conduct problems, psychological distress, less satisfactory relationships in adulthood, and poorer caregiving capacity as parents (Masiran et al., 2023). ...
Parents who have been exposed to trauma face distinct challenges in parenting that can lead to negative child developmental outcomes and intergenerational transmission of trauma. Parenting programs for traumatized parents seem promising, but the existing evidence on their effectiveness has not yet been synthesized. This study aimed to examine the overall effect of trauma-informed parenting programs on (a) parenting and (b) parental mental health outcomes by conducting two three-level meta-analyses. Moderator analyses were performed to identify whether program components, delivery techniques, and other study and program characteristics were associated with effectiveness. A literature search conducted up to August 2024 yielded 15 studies reporting on 110 effect sizes. Significant overall effects were found of trauma-informed parenting programs on both parenting outcomes (d = 0.75, 95% CIs = [0.09, 1.15], p = .027) and parental mental health outcomes (d = 0.21, 95% CIs = [0.09, 0.32], p < .001). The first meta-analysis on parenting found no significant moderators, while the second meta-analysis on parental mental health indicated that programs emphasizing child disciplining skills yielded smaller effects (d = 0.04) compared to programs without this component (d = 0.31). Programs using modeling techniques yielded larger effects (d = 0.32) compared to programs without (d = 0.14). Larger program effects on parental mental health were also found for programs with longer durations and when individual sessions were used. Thus, evidence supports the effectiveness of trauma-informed parenting programs in improving parenting and reducing parental mental health problems.
... Parentification refers to the role reversal between parents and children such that the children are expected to take care of their parents from a young age (Boszormenyi-Nagy & Spark, 1973). If the willingness to take care of their parents is not balanced with meeting their own needs, these children may not be able to form an existential relationship with their parents (Chase, 1999;Goldner et al., 2022). Negative social perceptions toward divorce affect not only children's view of parental divorce but also their lives after the divorce (Wallerstein & Blakeslee, 1989). ...
This study explored the premature cognitive commitments of divorced mothers and their daughters toward each other in South Korea in the early 2000s from the daughters’ perception. I conducted in-depth interviews with nine adult women who experienced parental divorce in childhood during the 2002–2004 period, revealing certain premature cognitive commitments that divorced mothers and their daughters had toward each other, such as “I can’t let my mom see that I’m struggling!” and “My daughter comes home late or stays out overnight to hang out with friends owing to her father’s absence.” Based on my findings, I discuss potential implications for counseling divorced families.
... When we refer to parental roles, we often think about the parental competencies of the conjugal partners, becoming parents. Responsible P involves the cognitive, social and emotional skills of parents (Bruck, Ceci and Principe, 2006 The role reversal was perceived differently over time : Chase, (1999), Flanzraich, Dunsavage, (1977) used the term P for the coerced child to take on the role of parent; Winnicott (1960) catalogues the situation of the child over-adapted to the demands and demands of parents at the expense of his own needs as role reversal. Around the same time, Morris & Gould (1963) There were identified, therefore, three different situations, in which we find the child as husband, the child as parent, the child as equal having all as common factor the dissolution of borders. ...
... • By zachwiany (niepełny) system rodzinny odzyskał równowagę, zwykle dochodzi do zamiany lub odwrócenia ról, gdzie jedno z dzieci przejmuje rolę nieobecnego w systemie rodzica, a jego zadania są delegowane na dziecko. Aby móc zaspokoić potrzeby (materialne bądź emocjonalne) i sprostać trudnościom rodziny po rozstaniu rodziców, dziecko niekiedy poświęca swoje własne potrzeby rozwojowe [3,4]. Parentyfikacja ma charakter destrukcyjny, czasem także adaptacyjny [5]. ...
Współczesna rodzina różni się od tej, jaką była do niedawna. Upowszechniają się trendy proponujące alternatywne formy życia rodzinnego. Wśród nich rozstanie rodziców i samotne rodzicielstwo są kluczowe z punktu widzenia rozwoju młodego człowieka. Projektując badanie, refleksji poddano proces odwrócenia ról w rodzinie, jakość więzi z rodzicem (przywiązanie) oraz jego zaangażowanie w relację z dzieckiem. Odwrócenie ról (parentyfikacja) to zjawisko poświęcania przez dziecko własnych potrzeb, aby troszczyć się o potrzeby rodzica lub rodziny. W wyniku (psychicznej lub fizycznej) niedostępności rodzica osłabieniu ulega więź łącząca dziecko z nim, zaś dla rodzica wyzwaniem staje się utrzymanie satysfakcjonującego zaangażowania w realizację swojej roli rodzicielskiej.
Celem badania było wykrycie różnic dotyczących ww. zmiennych między grupami osób pochodzących z rodzin: po rozstaniach i bez rozstań. Jako grupę badawczą wybrano osoby młode, w fazie tzw. wyłaniającej się dorosłości (emerging adulthood), ponieważ wskazuje się, że osoby te są w grupie ryzyka doświadczania negatywnych skutków odwrócenia ról i osłabionej więzi z rodzicem. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą sondażową, posługując się dwoma standaryzowanymi narzędziami: Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) i Kwestionariusz Parentyfikacji dla Młodzieży (KPdM) oraz autorskim kwestionariuszem zaangażowania rodzicielskiego.
Wykazano, że sytuacja rozstania rodziców ma znaczenie dla więzi z ojcem oraz ojcowskiego zaangażowania. Grupa osób pochodząca z rodzin po rozstaniach przejawiała niższy średni poziom wskazanych cech niż grupa osób, które nie doświadczyły rozstania. Odpowiada to powszechnej tendencji, zgodnie z którą, w wyniku nieobecności ojca, to głównie matki pozostają zaangażowane w relację z dzieckiem. Ponadto w grupie osób z rodzin po rozstaniach odnotowano istotnie wyższy poziom parentyfikacji, co potwierdza dotychczasowe doniesienia z badań. Wykazano również, że wzrost zaangażowania rodzica (zarówno matki, jak i ojca) ma silny związek z lepszą jakością więzi z nim. Jednak dla ojców utrzymanie bliskiej więzi staje się wyzwaniem i wydaje się wymagać dodatkowego zaangażowania się.
... Parentification was defined as a problematic family dynamic in which the roles of the parent and child reverse (Boszormenyi-Nagy & Spark, 1973). Similarly, Chase (1999) defined parentification as a process in which the role between the parent and child is reversed, and the child sacrifices his own emotional needs to meet the parent's emotional needs. Studies based on clinical observations indicated the relationship between narcissism and parentification. ...
A mother's pathological narcissistic traits can lead to several adverse childhood experiences. However , there is no measurement tool to assess these detrimental effects of maternal narcissism on the child's perception. The current study aims to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Perceived Maternal Narcissism Scale (PMNS). In this article, we conducted three studies with 720 participants. In studies 1 and 2, we developed PMNS and evaluated its reliability and validity. Both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis results provided evidence for 23 items and a five-factor solution (lack of empathy, grandiosity, criticism, control-manipulation, and parentification-exploitation) to assess maternal narcissism from the child's perception. Moreover, PMNS scores were significantly associated with parental attitudes and parentification measures. The PMNS demonstrated good reliability in terms of internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Finally, study 3 obtained the PMNS scores from children associated with Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 and the Pathological Narcissism Inventory scores from their mothers. The results of three studies have shown that the PMNS is a valid and reliable measurement tool to assess mothers' narcissistic traits from the children' perception.
... Quite often, SGHSs felt responsible for their parents, and for their parents' emotional needs and expectations, even at the cost of giving up their own needs and well-being ( Bar-On et al., 1998;Brown, 1998;Scharf & Mayseless, 2011;Shafat, 1994). They were attuned to their parents' moods, wishes, and vulnerabilities (Chase, 1999) and felt pressure to achieve in areas where their parents lacked opportunity (Eurelings-Bontekoe et al., 2003). In addition, they did not allow themselves to openly express their feelings, in order to avoid inflicting pain on the parent (Wiseman et al., 2006). ...
For many years, clinical case studies that have focused on the intergenerational effects of Holocaust trauma have indicated that second-generation Holocaust survivors (SGHSs) often face relational challenges in their intimate relationships. The relational attitudes of SGHSs during childhood, as well as during adulthood, have been studied. However, only in recent years has this cohort entered the “aging adult” group. In this study, we hypothesized that well-being among Israeli aging SGHSs would be associated with parentification and with specific relational attitudes toward their adult offspring. We examined whether parentification, sense of relational entitlement, pathological concern, and authenticity in relationships mediated the association between family background and well-being. A total of 329 participants (60% SGHSs; 19% men) completed questionnaires tapping retrospective accounts of parentification during childhood, inflated and restricted senses of entitlement, pathological concern, relational authenticity, and subjective well-being. Aging SGHSs reported higher levels of parentification, inflated sense of entitlement toward offspring, pathological concern, lower levels of authenticity, and subjective well-being. The association between family background and subjective well-being was mediated by parentification, inflated sense of relational entitlement, pathological concern, and authenticity. Findings suggest that especially for aging SGHSs, childhood parentification takes a heavy toll on their sense of well-being via the hindering of a balanced sense of relational entitlement and concern and the authentic expression of self.
... Parentification, a concept developed by Boszormenyi-Nagy and Spark (1973) involves a process whereby children are compelled to perform the role of parent at the expense of their own developmentallyappropriate needs and pursuits. Parentified children are most often gifted and sensitive children (Miller, 1979b) and very much attuned to their parents' moods, wishes and vulnerabilities (Chase, 1999); they quickly learn to adapt to the narcissistic needs of their parents (Miller, 1979a). The adverse effects of parentification on the development of the "true-self" has been extensively described by Alice Miller in her widely recognized book: The Drama of the Gifted Child (1981). ...
Studied the association between features of DSM-IV personality disorders, temperament, character and attachment styles among 109 second-generation offspring of victims of World War II. The majority of these patients, all born after 1945, have been insecurely attached. An dynamic integration of descriptive and structural data, taken from a combination of personality features and drawn from an object relation perspective points to the presence of narcissistic personality pathology in this population. It is concluded that the main focus in any psychotherapeutic treatment of these patients should be their fragile sense of self. However, although self-pathology seems to be the central issue in these patients, they cannot be considered a homogeneous group. In accordance with what is known about narcissistic pathology, two types of narcissistic patients are identified: the oblivious and the hypervigilant. Implications for treatment are discussed.
... Parentification is considered to be a type of role reversal, which refers to the broader category of relational disturbances in which an adult looks to the child to fulfill unmet needs for intimacy, parenting, or socialization by expecting the child to take on the role of partner, parent, or peer . Other types of role reversals include triangulation, in which the child is assigned the role of intermediary between two parents (Chase, 1999) and spousification, in which the adult looks to the child to fulfill intimacy needs. There is an inconsistency in the terms utilized to denote the occurrence of parentification, with some researchers referring to the process directly as "parentification" (Barnett & Parker, 1998;Boszormenyi-Nagy & Spark, 1973;Earley & Cushway, 2002;Hooper, 2007aHooper, , 2007bHooper, , 2008Hooper et al., 2008;Jones & Wells, 1996) and others speaking of the problem in terms of "role reversal" (Katz et al., 2009;Mayseless et al., 2004). ...
... Boszormenyi-Nagy and Spark (1973) originally described the phenomenon of a child fulfilling a parental role and the concept has been extended and explored by many in the fields of systemic, attachment and psychodynamic therapies (see Minuchin, 1974;Chase, 1999;Byng-Hall, 2002. One of the potential destructive consequences of being a parental child is that despite the outward appearances of high levels of competency, the child often experiences extreme guilt, inadequacy and shame . ...
Sophie was the girl who rescued lost dummies. She collected any she found in the street and took them home to care for them in her ‘rescue home for dummies’. Sophie ¹ was 14 years old and for the past four years had struggled with severe mental health difficulties. Her mother had chronic alcoholism and consequently, Sophie lived with her father and paternal grandmother. Following a number of serious suicide attempts and significant self-harm, Sophie was admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit for young people. This paper explores a piece of complex family therapy with Sophie and her family on the unit, drawing on best clinical practice and acknowledging the intricate ethical dilemmas and child protection concerns that this work exposed.
... Traditionally, parentification refers to children who parent their parents (Chase, 1999). However, in the present study, it is defined as the fulfillment of the caregiver role by a sibling in place of the unavailable parent (Hooper et al., 2011). ...
This article presents and discusses a theoretical model grounded in data regarding sibling dynamics in the context of parental child maltreatment. The model aimed to explain the process by which parental maltreatment shaped the siblings' dynamics while following the process from childhood to adulthood. The model is based on the triangulated analysis of three samples: 120 forensic interviews with maltreated children, 83 interviews with adults who experienced maltreatment in childhood, and 48 interviews with professionals. The theoretical model presents key concepts for sibling dynamics: sibling camaraderie, sibling abuse, parentified sibling, and sibling cut‐off. In addition, the overlap and movements within and between these concepts are discussed, as well as contexts that might explain the model.
... These children are under the necessity to become 'adults' in their family at a very young age to fulfill those responsibilities that parents are not able to do. These children might neglect their own needs and desires and grow up to be a person with high responsibility and over-functioning behavior [67]. Daughters may be at higher risk in terms of parentification and caretaking roles [65], hence this could be the reason why female participants mentioned the topic of other addictions in the family more often. ...
1) Background: Work addiction is a syndrome characterized by excessive and compulsive work disturbing one's health and personal and social life. Several quantitative studies investigated the correlates of work addiction, but the personal experiences of workaholics remained hidden. Our qualitative research explores the perceived parental style and childhood family climate of individuals affected by work addiction. (2) Method: Based on our previous research, we invited 29 individuals (48,3% females) at risk for work addiction based on a work addiction scale. Semi-structured interviews have addressed topics of working habits, work addiction, social relationships, and their early family experiences. The texts were analyzed by qualitative thematic analysis using both de-ductive and inductive methods. (3) Results: The interviewees were affected by dysfunctional family mechanisms, i.e., lack of sense of security at home and addictions in the family. The participants reported that internalized parental values (transferred values and work attitudes, high expectations, and compulsion to conform) contributed to their later compulsive overwork. (4) Conclusions: Qualitative research can help to emphasize the individuals' own experiences about the development of their work addiction. Dysfunctional family mechanisms and parental values might be significant risk factors for the work addiction of an offspring.
... Therefore, withdrawing or holding back information may be an attempt to benefit the family group in line with altruistic societal ideals. Secondly, specific challenges within strained family structures, such as low levels of trust, low parental tolerance of distress, porous intergenerational boundaries, and 'parentification' (see Chase, 1999) may contribute to the young people's choice to self-isolate, as this may appear to be the best option for their own and their loved ones' well-being. Thirdly, given the prevalence of 'carer burden' discourse, it is perhaps unsurprising that young people may conclude that talking about their mental health will contribute to their families' suffering. ...
Objectives:
Most existing research on the family context of psychosis focuses on the 'burden' of caring for people experiencing psychosis. This research is the first to ask young people experiencing early psychosis to 'map' and describe their experiences and understandings of their family relationships, and how they have related to their psychosis and recovery.
Design:
The research took an inductive, multimodal hermeneutic-phenomenological approach (Boden, Larkin & Iyer, 2019, Qual. Res. Psychology, 16, 218-236; Boden & Larkin, 2020, A handbook of visual methods in psychology, 358-375).
Method:
Ten young adults (18-23), under the care of early intervention in psychosis services in the UK, participated in an innovative relational mapping interview (Boden, Larkin & Iyer, 2018), which invited participants to draw a subjective 'map' of their important relationships. This visual methodology enables subtle, complex, ambivalent, and ambiguous aspects of the participants' experiences to be explored.
Results:
Findings explore the participants' accounts of how they love, protect, and care for their families; how they wrestle with family ties as they mature; and their feelings about talking about their mental health with loved ones, which was typically very difficult.
Conclusions:
This paper advances understanding of recovery in psychosis through consideration of the importance of reciprocity, and the identification and nurturance of relational strengths. The capacity of a young person to withdraw or hold back when trying to protect others is understood as an example of relational agency. The possibility for extending strengths-based approaches and family work within the context of early intervention in psychosis services is discussed.
Practitioner points:
Young adults experiencing early psychosis may benefit from support to identify their relational strengths and the opportunities they have for reciprocity within their family structures, where appropriate. Relational motivations may be important for a range of behaviours, including social withdrawal and non-communication. Services may benefit from exploring the young person's relational context and subjective meaning-making in regard to these actions. Young adults experiencing early psychosis may benefit from opportunities to make sense of their family dynamics and how this impacts on their recovery. Attachment-based and relationally oriented interventions that increase trust and openness, and reduce feelings of burdensomeness are likely to support family functioning as well as individual recovery.
... Similar to other constructs regarding the family structure, emotional incest is a culture-dependent construct because the family structure cannot be thought of as independent of culture (Chase, 1999;Goldenberg & Goldenberg, 2008). Therefore, it is important to emphasize that developing the CEIS on Turkish culture may have affected the construct in that some of the items on the CEIS may have to be written in more negative language than they would in Western society. ...
Describing a maladaptive parent-child relationship wherein a parent turns to a child for the satisfaction of emotional and/or relational needs, emotional incest remains an underinvestigated phenomenon. This is partly due to a lack of an empirically based measure of childhood emotional incest, and as a result, a 2-factor, 12-item scale was created based on expert opinion and a preliminary study of 319 university students. Each consisting of 6 items, the factors were called "Surrogate Spouse" and "Unsatisfactory Childhood." A follow-up study conducted with a second sample of 415 participants supports the 2-factor structure as a good fit to the data as well as the invariance of the scale across genders. The Childhood Emotional Incest Scale (CEIS) demonstrates good convergent validity with childhood emotional neglect (r = .58) and emotional abuse (r = .52) as well as good divergent validity with early memories of warmth and safeness (r = -0.54). The CEIS has also been found to be a stronger predictor of decreased life satisfaction and increased anxiety than the Parent-Focused Parentification subscale. Based on the values of internal consistency, composite reliability, and test-retest reliability, both factor and total scores of the CEIS can also be considered reliable. Therefore, as a measure of childhood emotional experiences for the retrospective assessment of adults, the 12-item CEIS can be utilized in the research of counseling, psychology, and education, particularly with regard to expanding knowledge into the roots and consequences of emotional incest and promoting parenting practices and marital/relational dynamics that are more functional. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
... Children of prisoners may further experience stress due to the increased likelihood of parental separation or divorce (Apel et al., 2010;Lopoo & Western, 2005), and increased risk of experiencing mental (e.g., Mears & Siennick, 2016) and physical health problems (e.g., Turney, 2014). These stressors that children of imprisoned parents might experience could lead to parentification, whereby children take on developmentally inappropriate responsibilities at a younger age (Chase, 1999). For example, these children may have to provide care for and give emotional support to younger siblings (Turney & Lanuza, 2017), or even the non-imprisoned caregiver. ...
While it is widely recognized that imprisonment affects the lives of prisoners, there is increasing evidence that the consequences also extend to prisoners’ children. Recently, several studies showed that the experience of parental imprisonment could also have an impact on family formation processes when children grow older. These previous studies, however, used relatively short follow-up periods, up to adolescence or early adulthood. The current study uses a Dutch multigenerational dataset with follow-ups at, on average, age 28 (N = 1147) and 47 (N = 1241), which makes it possible to also examine life events that usually occur later in life. Official registration data were used to examine the relationship of parental offending and parental incarceration with offspring’s family formation patterns. Results show that children who experienced parental imprisonment were less likely to marry than those with parents who were never convicted. However, when they did marry, it was at a younger age and more often while being pregnant. Children of prisoners were also younger when they had their first child. Most of these differences were also found while comparing children of prisoners with children of convicted but not imprisoned parents. This suggests that these different family formation patterns are specifically related to the imprisonment of the parent rather than to the parent’s criminal behavior.
Artykuł przedstawia analizę treści książki Świat w lustrze. Dobro może być większe autorstwa Zofii Kulińczak, Aleksandry Kulińczak, Katarzyny Kulińczak oraz Cezarego Smuniewskiego, z ilustracjami Anny Kaszuby-Dębskiej. Tekst bada edukacyjne i etyczne walory książki, koncentrując się na jej strukturze narracyjnej oraz artystycznych ilustracjach. Artykuł podkreśla znaczenie otwartej narracji oraz pedagogiki odwróconych ról (parentyfikacja), wskazując, że dobro może pochodzić z niespodziewanych źródeł, niezależnie od pozycji społecznej. Ilustracje odgrywają istotną rolę, wzmacniając emocjonalne przesłanie tekstu. Refleksje teologiczne oraz wieloaspektowe podejście do moralności wzbogacają przesłanie książki, która stanowi cenne narzędzie edukacyjne rozwijające empatię, wyobraźnię oraz zrozumienie dla różnych perspektyw i wartości moralnych. Autorzy wykorzystują metaforę lustra, by ukazać dobro jako wartość, która domaga się odkrywania z różnych perspektyw i zróżnicowanych kontekstach. Książka angażuje młodych odbiorców, rozwijając ich wyobraźnię, empatię oraz zdolność do refleksji nad wartościami etycznymi i społecznymi. Jest to przykład literatury dziecięcej adresowanej również do dorosłych czytelników.
Age limits play an important role in various areas of law. In this chapter, we look at the psychological, biological and neuroscientific research on puberty, adolescence and adulthood. According to new proposals, adolescence extends from the age of ten to 24. While various studies suggest that cognitive development has reached adult level by the age of 16–20, researchers assume a longer process for emotional and social maturity. These views are compared with new findings on brain development. The question of the extent to which “typical” adolescent behavior is a reaction to psychosocial circumstances is also addressed. A specific “adolescent brain” cannot be identified based on current knowledge.
The current study aimed to explore the experience, expression and manifestation of parentification among adolescents experiencing parental discord in Pakistan. Interpretative phenomenological analysis design (IPA) was used for the study, and purposive sampling strategy was employed. The sample included eight boys and girls of class 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th of government secondary and higher secondary schools of Lahore, Pakistan, and they were selected by non‐probability purposive sampling. The mean age of the participants was 16.37 and SD was 1.11. In depth, interviews were conducted with each participant. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed, and IPA analysis was used for data analysis and interpretation. Three group experiential themes were identified: functional maturation, emotional ramifications and stifling self . The responses revealed that parentified adolescents were assumed accountable for a wide range of responsibilities, including financial contribution, managing household, maintaining familial relationships as well as bringing up younger siblings. This study will help understand the indigenous experience of parentification of Pakistani adolescents, and it will facilitate further elaboration of understanding the nature of the common practice of parentification, as well as its impact upon the adolescents.
This paper proposes a new model of stress that integrates earlier models and adds insights from developmental psychology. Previous models describe the behavioral and physical effects of stress events, but have not explained the translation of experiences into stress itself. The Developmental Model of Stress shows how psychosocial developmental challenges in childhood create persistent negative beliefs and behaviors that increase threat perception and maladaptive stress responses. These developmental challenges produce early psychological and physiological predispositions for increased stress responses over time. Ongoing stress leads to dysregulation of physical stress-response systems (allostatic load), which is associated with multiple diseases. High allostatic load provides the necessary preconditions for the diathesis-stress model, which says the addition of an acute stressor to a weakened or predisposed system can lead to disease development. The paper also documents the evolving measurement of stress to better understand the stress-disease relationship, helping to resolve conflicting results between studies. The Developmental Model of Stress was combined with clinician insight and patient reports to build an integrative framework for understanding the role of stress in the development and progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). It includes the first mapping of maladaptive beliefs and behaviors arising from developmental challenges that are common to people with MS. An initial comparison shows these may be distinct from those of people with other chronic diseases. These beliefs and behaviors form the predisposing factors and contribute to the triggering factors, which are the acute stressors triggering disease onset. These often took two forms, a prolonged incident experienced as feeling trapped or stuck, and threat of a breach in a relationship. The reinforcing factors add the stress of a chronic disease with a poor prognosis and seemingly random symptom fluctuation, still managed with the same beliefs and behaviors developed in childhood, increasing physiological dysregulation and symptom severity. A pilot study is described in which these three categories of stress factors in MS were explicitly addressed. This study noted clinically important improvements in physical and mental well-being, providing preliminary support for the Developmental Model. Future research might expand on the pilot using a more robust sample and design.
Recent research suggests that older people who lack adequate social support can experience inordinate shame. The present writing examined the life and work of legendary musician, poet, and painter Don Van Vliet (1941–2010), better known as Captain Beefheart. In the late 1970s, after having already released a series of critically-acclaimed but low-selling albums, Van Vliet was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. Recent shame research was paired with psychoanalytic insights to shed light on Van Vliet’s successful transition to life as a respected painter. A qualitative research schema, featuring a hermeneutical-interpretative paradigm and a psychobiographical approach, was employed. The chapter concluded that the subject’s infusing into his art his lifelong feeling of shame over American society’s unconcern with environmentalism, animal rights, and women’s rights allowed him to overcome a history of personal and professional adversity.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, ergenlerin ebeveynleşme yaşantılarının ve bilişsel esneklik düzeylerinin tükenmişlik düzeylerini ne derecede yordadığını incelemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, Hatay’da yer alan iki devlet ve iki özel olmak üzere dört lisede 2022- 2023 eğitim öğretim yılında eğitim almakta olan 224 (% 54) kadın ve 191 (%46) erkek lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma modeli olarak genel tarama modellerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, “Kişisel bilgi formu”, “Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri-Öğrenci Formu”, “Ebeveynleşme Envanteri Ergen Formu” ve “Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeği” olmak üzere toplam dört ölçme aracıdan elde edilen verilerin analizinde Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon katsayısı ve adımsal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Tükenmişliğin alt boyutları için yapılan analizler sonucunda ebeveynleşmeden algılanan adaletsizlik ve bilişsel esnekliğin tükenmişliği yordadığı bulunmuştur. Aynı zamanda yapılan regresyon analizinde bilişsel esneklik, ebeveyn odaklı ebeveyleşme ve ebeveynleşmeden algılanan adaletsizliğin duyarsızlaşmayı yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Son olarak, bilişsel esneklik, ebeveyn odaklı ebeveynleşme, öğrencilerin not ortalaması ve kardeş odaklı ebeveynleşme lise öğrencilerinin yetkinlik düzeylerini anlamlı biçimde yordadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Gelecekte yapılacak çalışmaların farklı örneklem gruplarında, farklı aile yapılarını, farklı kültürleri de dahil ederek yapılması ebeveynleşme yaşantısının öğrencilerin okul tükenmişliği ile ilişkisinin anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca ergenlik döneminde bulunan öğrencilerin okula yönelik yaşadıkları tükenmişlik düzeyini ölçen bir ölçme aracı bulunmaktadır. Bununla birlikte ergenlerin kişiler arası ilişkilerinden kaynaklanan tükenmişlik düzeyini ölçen bir ölçüm aracının geliştirilmesinin alana katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
In therapeutic talk metaphors are used very frequently, but often without recognizing the metaphoric dimension. This book refers to the Cognitive Linguistic analysis of metaphors as delivered by George Lakoff and followers and tries to show how important not only use and invention of metaphors is, but also a sensitive analysis of metaphors in order to estimate a metaphor's conceptual limits,
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase youths’ risk for leaving high school before graduating. However, to our knowledge, no one has examined how youth themselves conceptualize the role of ACEs in their journeys away from school. In this exploratory qualitative study, we used narrative analysis to examine (1) whether youth (n = 27) described ACEs leading them away from school, (2) how early these trajectories began, from youth’s own perspectives, and (3) if this varied by elements of identity and social position. Focus groups were conducted with youth ages 18-25 from 13 communities across the U.S. We found that youth described their journeys away from school as starting with early ACEs. We also found that youths’ narratives reflected intersectional gender differences in the pathways away from school that youth described. Girls articulated how ACEs influenced subsequent non-academic priorities; they eventually left or were kicked out due to a lack of credits. Boys expressed that early ACEs were followed by risk behaviors, punishment, and dropout. Implications for healing-centered engagement across settings and targeted dropout prevention are discussed.
In the United States, it is estimated that more than 5.4 million children and adolescents under age 18 provide care for adult family members who are aging or have a chronic illness, disability, or other health conditions that require assistance. However, little is known about how providing care to the family during childhood and adolescence impacts youth development. We examined whether caregiving as a youth is associated with emotional challenges, peer difficulties, course grades, and physical health risk behaviors. A large, diverse sample of middle and high school students in Florida completed the first systematic school-based survey in the U.S. to date to count caregiving youth (N = 10,880; 52% female; Mage = 14.40, 40% Latinx). Youth reported the amount of caregiving they provided to the family each week, in addition to items reflecting their emotional challenges (e.g., suicidality), peer difficulties (e.g., experiences of conflict or victimization), academic course grades, and health risk behaviors (e.g., diet, physical activity, sleep). We found that Latinx and Black youth provided higher levels of caregiving to the family compared to youth from White non-Latinx, Asian, or Other ethnicities. Caregiving was associated with more emotional challenges, more peer difficulties, and lower course grades for all groups. In addition, providing caregiving was associated with a less healthy diet among older youth and sleeping less than 8 hr per night among White non-Latinx youth. These findings highlight a need to support caregiving youth and their families via policies and institutional supports.
Résumé Le point de vue de l’enfant sur la violence et sur les relations au sein de sa famille est souvent retenu comme un prédicteur de l’adaptation de l’enfant exposé à la violence conjugale mais les relations entre ceux-ci sont mal connues. Cette étude a pour objectif de vérifier dans quelle mesure le blâme que l’enfant s’attribue pour la violence conjugale, la menace que cette violence représente pour lui et la peur d’être abandonné par les parents prédisent les conduites de parentification et les conflits de loyauté de l’enfant. L’étude a été menée auprès de 79 enfants (41 garçons et 38 filles) âgés de 8 à 12 ans et vivant avec leur mère dans un refuge pour femmes violentées. Les résultats révèlent que le blâme et la peur d’abandon prédisent la parentification et que la peur d’abandon prédit aussi les conflits de loyauté. La discussion souligne l’importance des caractéristiques de l’enfant dans la prédiction de la parentification et des conflits de loyauté en contexte de violence conjugale. Elle montre aussi l’intérêt d’une analyse prenant en compte le statut du conjoint violent selon que celui-ci est ou non le père biologique de l’enfant.
The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of experiential avoidance in relationships between triangling configurations (balanced, mediator, cross‐generational coalition, scapegoating), anxiety, and negative self‐image (NS). The study sample comprised 381 university students. Data were collected from these participants using the Triangular Relationship Inventory (TRI), the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire‐II (AAQ‐II), the Negative Self and Anxiety Subscales of Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and a demographic information form. Findings of the structural equation modelling analyses revealed that triangling configurations and experiential avoidance (together) explained 36% of the variance in negative self and 44% of the variance in anxiety. Regarding indirect effects, it was found that experiential avoidance fully mediated the relationships between triangling configurations (except scapegoating), NS, and anxiety. The mediator type of triangling was found to play a protective role against NS and anxiety—the literature delineates the study findings.
Mobile media offer new ways for older adults to access and interact with their social support networks. While mobile media usage has been increasing among older adults, less is known about why older adults with chronic pain prefer to select members of their existing social network for quality social support interactions, what types of communication mechanisms they engage in when utilizing mobile media, and how they use their mobile media to manage their interactions and relationships. The analysis of 25 semi-structured interviews with older adults with chronic pain reveals that a sense of camaraderie and shared meaning of pain experiences underlie their preferences for communicating with similar others about chronic pain. On the other hand, having to take on a role reversal of comforting and receiving unsolicited advice are the main reasons for avoiding social support interactions with dissimilar others. Additionally, older adults strategically utilize specific features of mobile media such as SMS text messaging for short forms of validation and encouragement, staccato social support, and management of interaction coordination or avoidance. This study demonstrates how mobile technology can be adopted and appropriated to meet social, emotional, and interpersonal needs of older adults’ lives. It also provides important insights into communicative dynamics of pain-related social support interactions and communication channel selection of older adults. The way mobile media are used to leverage social interactions and support networks can contribute to self-management, health-promoting behavior, and overall quality of life for older adults with chronic pain.
George Eliot lived in a period marked by rapid changes and radical ideas. She had the opportunity to witness change and question the dogmas of her time during her transformation from a village girl to an educated woman, and through getting acquainted with the influential intellectuals of the nineteenth century. In time, she formed her own philosophy against the rigidly defined codes of Victorianism, and she came believe in the prominence of reality in life and art. Hence, reality became the perfect media for her to depict the true picture of individual in society. For Eliot, the individual is a problematic, self-deceptive being: he/she is inclined to form a fictitious image of himself/herself and fake social relations which result in self-deception and insincerity, and which distort the natural flow of life. The solution for this problem, Eliot thinks, is to encounter reality through a tragic experience which teaches and brings maturity to the individual and to life itself. In Adam Bede, George Eliot depicts four flawed, escapist characters: Adam, Dinah, Hetty, and Arthur are, in their own ways, self-deceptive, ego-centred figures. Having already formed second personality traits, they are neither true to themselves nor to the society do they live in. In the end these personality traits cause the emergence of tragedy and suffering after which their lives turn to normal. However, wisdom comes too late: it comes after experiencing tragedy.
Keywords: self-deception, family, parentification, individual, society, maturity
Keywords: Adolescence Ego identity Family Parentification Responsibility Culture and idiosyncratic family configuration play a significant role in neglect, such as parentification. Some family systems may engender an inappropriate overlap in subsystems, with member participating in roles that are traditionally reserved for other members. We have the case of adolescents in parental roles. The adolescent is brought to make personal choices that will have long term repercussions on varied domains of his life. To this effect, the society should give to him the possibility of a psycho-social moratorium which is a necessary period for the construction of a true identity. So how the construction of self-identity would be effectuated in the case of parentified adolescents. We carried out a semi-structured interview on five adolescents in Yaounde, the capital city of Cameroon who are in a situation of parentification. For the analysis, we used the content as well as the thematic analysis of the interviews. The findings show that the parentified adolescent have had no time to live the stage of adolescence. They are early parents because of the responsibilities they carry at an age or time they are not ready or prepared for. What is particular and special about them is the extent to which they are able to construct a positive self and give positive self-view of life. So, the process of parentificatin will have positive repercussions on the construction of ego identity of the adolescent. The findings of this study has shown the importance of contextual study as a good number of literature on parentification have shown the destructive and maladaptive impact of parentification on the development of adolescents.
In den letzten 25 Jahren haben Studien zur Vulnerabilität für psychische Erkrankungen signifikante Zusammenhänge mit psychischer Traumatisierung und emotionaler Deprivation in Kindheit und Jugend erbracht. Inzwischen wurde eine Reihe prospektiver sowie zahlreiche Querschnittsstudien an großen Bevölkerungsstichproben durchgeführt und unter Bezugnahme auf neurobiologische Stressparameter, epigenetische Mechanismen und entwicklungspsychologische Erkenntnisse (z. B. Bindungstypologie, Stressbewältigungsstrategien) die Zusammenhänge weiter differenziert. Immer deutlicher kristallisierte sich dabei heraus, dass eine hoch stressbelastete Kindheitsentwicklung auch das Risiko für eine Reihe von häufigen körperlichen Erkrankungen erhöht und es dadurch zu einer signifikant reduzierten Lebenserwartung kommen kann. Das vorliegende Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu diesen Zusammenhängen und skizziert jene Faktoren, welche pathogenetisch eine Vermittlerfunktion haben zwischen frühen Prägungen durch ungünstige Umweltbedingungen und späterem Risikoverhalten für das Auftreten körperlicher Erkrankungen, welche die Lebenserwartung reduzieren.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.