Handbook of Science and Technology Studies
... Wichtige Faktoren technischer Innovationsprozesse wurden in den vergangenen zwei Jahrzehnten im Rahmen der Wissenschafts-und Technikforschung herausgearbeitet Zeitschrift für Zukunftsforschung | Jg. 3 (2014) Ausgabe 2 | ISSN: 2195-3155 (Dierkes & Hoffmann 1992, Jasanoff et al. 1995 (Hughes 1987). Ihre Kunst liegt nach Hughes darin, eine Gesellschaft zu erfinden, in der die betreffende technische Innovation eine gerechtfertigte Rolle spielt. ...
Sowohl Zukunfts- als auch Innovationsforschung haben eine lange Tradition. Bisher führten die Disziplinen in unterschiedlichen wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaften ein nahezu getrenntes Eigenleben. Wechselseitige Wahrnehmungen führten keineswegs zu einer nachhaltigen, andauernden Zusammenarbeit. Auf Basis einer kurzen Darstellung der Zukunftsforschung und einer ausführlicheren systemtheoretischen Einordnung der Innovationsforschung wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob eine intensivere wechselseitige Befruchtung beider Forschungsrichtungen aussichtsreiche Perspektiven eröffnet. Der Fokus liegt hierbei vor allem auf der Frage, welche Potenziale die Innovationsforschung für die Zukunftsforschung bietet. Die Reflexion zeigt, dass ein eingehendes Innovationsverständnis, wie es die moderne Innovationsforschung bis heute erlangt hat, für viele Fragestellungen, mit denen sich die Zukunftsforschung auseinandersetzt, von profundem Vorteil ist. Abschließend wird der Frage nachgegangen, woran die bisherige wechselseitige Zurückhaltung liegen könnte und welche Forschungsfragen den künftigen interdisziplinären Diskurs beider Forschungsrichtungen befruchten könnten.
... The field most commonly investigates these topics through the use of qualitative methods, such as interviews and case studies. STS thus offers theoretical resources for engaging public communities in scientific research and advocacy, as a significant research focus is on how science can more fully and equitably serve public communities (Hess, 1997;Jasanoff et al., 2001;Sismondo, 2010). ...
'Public engagement with science' is gaining currency as the framing for outreach activities related to science. However, knowledge bearing on the topic is siloed in a variety of disciplines, and public engagement activities often are conducted without support from relevant theory or familiarity with related activities. This first Element in the Public Engagement with Science series sets the stage for the series by delineating the target of investigation, establishing the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration and community partnerships for effective public engagement with science, examining the roles public engagement with science plays in academic institutions, and providing initial resources about the theory and practice of public engagement with science. Useful to academics who would like to conduct or study public engagement with science, but also to public engagement practitioners as a window into relevant academic knowledge and cultures. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
... Technology emerges by turning scientific knowledge into practice, and science is the foundation for technological developments (Bell & Newby, 2018). These two domains are in a cycle that feeds and together they contribute to the progress of mankind (Jasanoff, 2016). Science is a field of systematic study which seeks to understand nature, investigate phenomena, and explain our world (Ziman, 2000). ...
In the 21st century, students are expected to be equipped with the ability to use technology well, solve problems, think analytically, have critical and creative thinking skills, and make analysis and synthesis, no matter what profession they are oriented towards. Consistent with these expectations, diversity, and innovations have begun to be integrated into education and training environments. Concordantly, “coding education” has emerged in Turkey and has been included in Information Technologies and Software courses since 2012. However, it is very important to determine the expectations and opinions of the key roles of academics, students, and parents, who are expected to work in harmony to ensure the expected skill development of coding education. Therefore, the purpose was to determine the expectations of academics, students, and parents about coding education. For this purpose, the research was conducted with fifth and sixth-grade students (n=22) who took the Coding Education course, their parents (n=22), and academics (n=4) in the Distance Education Application and Research Center of a university in the province of Trabzon in the 2021-2022 academic year. In this study, where the case study method was preferred, and data was collected through clinical interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using the NVIVO 9.0 program. The categories and codes were evaluated by repeating the analysis by another researcher who is an expert in the field of education for the factors of credibility and consistency. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the students do not have enough knowledge about coding education, and they do not have enough equipment for where they can use this education in the future. In addition to the fact that the parents do not have sufficient information about coding education, it has been determined that their current knowledge is incomplete and there are misconceptions. On the other hand, it was determined that the opinions of the academicians on coding education were positive, but they did not consider themselves sufficient to convey the importance of coding education to the students and they observed that the students could not reach the desired awareness in these trainings. Considering that science and technology affect each other semantically and conceptually, it is suggested that studies on coding education should be carried out practically and that information access should be opened by creating projects that cover all segments of society.
... It has also found fertile ground to take root in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). The primary objectives of this field are inherent in the examination of the epistemological premises that underpin diverse scientific methodologies and practices and the ethical and political ramifications that are produced in the social domain as a result (Jasanoff et al., 2001). ...
The objective of this paper is to examine how artificial intelligence systems (AI) can reproduce phenomena of social discrimination and to develop an ethical strategy for preventing such occurrences. A substantial body of scholarship has demonstrated how AI has the potential to erode the rights of women and LGBT+ individuals, as it is capable of amplifying forms of discrimination that are already pervasive in society. This paper examines the principal approaches that have been put forth to contrast the emergence of biases in AI systems, namely causal, counterfactual reasoning, and constructivist methodology. This analysis demonstrates the necessity of considering the sociopolitical context in which AI systems are developed when evaluating their ethical implications. To investigate this conjunction, we apply the theory of gender performativity as theorized by Judith Butler and Karen Barad. This illustrates how AI functions within the social fabric, manifesting patriarchal configurations of gender through an analysis of the notorious case of the COMPAS system for predictive justice. In conclusion, we demonstrate how reframing of gender performativity theory, when applied to AI ethics, permits us to consider the social context within which these technologies will operate. This approach enables an expansion of the interpretation of the concept of fairness, thereby reflecting the complex dynamics of gender production. In the context of AI ethics, the concept of "fairness" pertains to the capacity of an algorithm to generate results dealing with sensitive categories, such as gender, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and disability, in a manner that does not engender forms of discrimination and prejudice. The gender dimension needs to be reconsidered not as an individual feature but as a performative process. Moreover, it enables the identification of pivotal issues that must be addressed during the development, testing, and evaluation phases of AI systems.
... Our analytical approach is also informed by the field of science and technology studies (STS), which investigates the social configuration of scientific practice by illustrating how scientific knowledge production and technology development are linked to society more broadly (Jasanoff et al. 1995. STS approaches show how scientific knowledge and technical interventions are also social constructions that are embedded in society. ...
This chapter examines the trajectory of analytical frameworks and gender tools intended to understand and address the challenges and inequities that shape women’s engagement in agriculture. We argue that while a focus on tools in many agricultural development projects can help to identify barriers faced by women, it often does little to address the structural inequality in which women are embedded. We highlight the tendencies of tool-led gender analysis within agricultural projects to: (1) detach tools from their theoretical frameworks, (2) ignore the structural and socio-political obstacles to gender equality in specific contexts, and (3) view tools as silver bullets to address “gender problems” while primarily serving technical agendas. We argue that the co-option, sanitization and de-politicization of gender tools is partly the result of social scientists having to fit within institutional systems dominated by certain scientific logics, frameworks, disciplinary orientations, and social norms. We recommend that meaningful attempts to facilitate gender equality and women’s empowerment should be based on politically informed, contextualized understandings that are relevant to people’s lived realities, rather than concepts, tools, and data that are externally constructed and applied by outsiders to meet normative scientific, donor, and development agendas.
... Many studies highlight the importance of public knowledge about science and technological issues and the gap that often exists between public understanding of a scientific finding and scientists' views of that same finding (Jasanoff et al., 1995;Ziman, 1991). The implicit assumption of these researchers is that a lack of information and understanding among members of the public contributes to public skepticism toward science and technology (Durant, 1999). ...
While there have always been those in the American public who mistrust science and scientists’ views of the world, they have tended to be a minority of the larger public. Recent COVID-19 related events indicate that could be changing for some key groups. What might explain the present state of mistrust of science within an important component of the American public? In this study, we delve deeply into this question and examine what citizens today believe about science and technology and why, focusing on core theories of trust, risk concern, and political values and on the important role of science optimism and pessimism orientations. Using national public survey data, we examine the correlates of science optimism and pessimism and test the efficacy of this construct as drivers of biotechnology policy. We find that science optimism and pessimism are empirically useful constructs and that they are important predictors of biotechnology policy choices.
... 1 This observation made by authors during conversations with educators at various institutions. See also (National Academy of Science, Engineering and Medicine, 2018). 2 The STS cannon is exemplified in the Handbooks of STS (Jasanoff, 1995), which have entered their fourth edition (Felt, 2018); flagship journals include Social Studies of Science (https:// journ als. sagep ub. ...
There is growing need for hybrid curricula that integrate constructivist methods from Science and Technology Studies (STS) into both engineering and policy courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels. However, institutional and disciplinary barriers have made implementing such curricula difficult at many institutions. While several programs have recently been launched that mix technical training with consideration of “societal” or “ethical issues,” these programs often lack a constructivist element, leaving newly-minted practitioners entering practical fields ill-equipped to unpack the politics of knowledge and technology or engage with skeptical publics. This paper presents a novel format for designing interdisciplinary coursework that combines conceptual content from STS with training in engineering and policy. Courses following this format would ideally be team taught by instructors with advanced training in diverse fields, and hence co-learning between instructors and disciplines is a key element of the format. Several instruments for facilitating both student and instructor collaborative learning are introduced. The format is also designed for versatility: in addition to being adaptable to both technical and policy training environments, topics are modularized around a conceptual core so that issues ranging from biotech to nuclear security can be incorporated to fit programmatic needs and resources.
... There is an extensive corpus of research regarding how innovation takes place, whether it is from an anthropological, philosophical or technological perspective (Jaramillo, 2011;Maidagán, Ceberio, Garagalza, & Arrizabalaga, 2009); material culture studies (Hicks & Beaudry, 2010;Tilley, Keane, Küchler, Rowlands, & Spyer, 2013); materiality (Miller, 2010); technology, science and society Jasanoff, Markle, Peterson, & Pinch, 2001); and specialized studies dedicated to innovation as a phenomenon (Barnett, 1953;Fagerberg, Martin, & Andersen, 2013;Fagerberg, Mowery, & Nelson, 2005) focused on its systems, evolution and development, on its social, environmental, ethical, political and economic effect, as well as on its challenges. There are also critical approaches to innovation (Godin, 2010a(Godin, , 2010b, which helps to put this phenomenon as a category and to differentiate the political and economic uses of the term. ...
Techno-anthropology derives from transformative, functional, socio-cultural thought.
Its practitioners advocate for understanding and creation of an inclusive techno-cultural society. The field’s humanistic perspectives and approaches resonate in spaces dedicated to creativity and innovation — laboratories, universities, consultancies, etc. — spaces where new technologies and their challenges; the needs of digital society, and techno-culture with its corresponding requirements and values of a society of knowledge come together.
Techno-anthropology emerged at the beginning of the 1990’s, and approaches the study of technology as its own cultural system. It draws on analyses of social contexts and cultural knowledge, through which technology is developed and new feedback cycles of social adaptation and innovative frameworks of knowledge emerge.
Techno-anthropology finds its roots in the encounter between anthropology, the ethos of open innovation, and user-focused design; it draws on both research methods and human experience to develop new technologies and analyze their impact on contemporary and future societies.
This volume continues the analyses presented in Case Studies: Technoanthropology (2015); its essays invite the reader to reflect on the world, the nature of this emerging field, and its focus, development, and evolution from diverse disciplinary perspectives and fields of action.
... We use the term "science" to refer to the systematic collection of evidence and observations to describe and explain something about the world. While scientific authority rests on science being seen as "value-free and politically neutral" (Kinchy and Kleinman 2003, 380), most sociologists challenge the supposedly bright line between science and other areas of society, arguing that science is as much socially constructed as it is empirically based, since it is conducted by people with diverse social positions, and because science takes place within a social context (Gieryn 1983;Jasanoff et al. 1995). ...
... Further, they have been attentive to the myriad of everyday administrative processes that define contemporary regulation (Jacob and Riles 2011). Research originating within STS has shown how expert knowledge that is used and deployed in the courtroom is subject to processes of selection and translation that are both remade with every encounter, and dependent on external negotiations (Edmond and Mercer 2004;Jasanoff 2007). Such work has illuminated how the simplifications and translations at stake in determining what counts as knowledge for the purpose of the law produces its own forms of politics, and reinforces other relationships of power and disempowerment (Adams 2002;Cloatre 2019). ...
... The most obvious place for this is in the critical social theory domain of Science and Technology Studies (STS). The top 3 most cited textbooks on STS according to Google Scholar are by Sismondo [15], Jasanoff [16] and Hackett et al [17]. We conducted content searches for mentions of 'engineering' specifically in these texts to see what proportion of pages dealt with 'engineering' in its disciplinary sense, as a proportion of the overall book. ...
The governance of engineering, unlike science, is rarely discussed in the academy. We analyse this issue in relation to the prevalence of the term ‘engineering policy’ in contrast to ‘science policy’ as a means of demonstrating the nature of the different treatment of these concepts inside the academy and outside. We show that ‘engineering policy’ as a term has almost no academic inquiry relative to science policy, and that even ‘engineering’ is marginalised in critical social science domains like Science and Technology Studies, as others have noted. Further, we extend this exploration with regard to the visibility of engineering policy in practice communities where it ought to be visible but isn't. Specifically, we use the UK government and governance communities as a space to show how engineering and policy for engineering remain side-lined in policy practice. Given how central engineering is to society, the obscurity of its governance mechanisms and the absence of critical scrutiny of engineering policy, we propose a research and action agenda as a means of stimulating action and coalescing a community of stakeholders to redress this situation with some urgency.
... These players revise their thinking in response to the opportunities of debate and the incorporation of different kinds of knowledge. Upon this stage, modern interdisciplinary studies of science have changed the older monolithic, formalistic accounts of scientific practice (see various essays in Jasanoff et al 1995;Hackett et al, 2008;Felt et al 2016). ...
The Triumph of Uncertainty offers a unique autobiographical overview of how science as a discipline of thought has been characterized by philosophers and historians over the past century. Tauber frames his account through science’s – and his own personal – quest for explanatory certainty. During the 20th century, that goal was displaced by the probabilistic epistemologies required to characterize complex systems, whether in physics, biology, economics, or the social sciences. This “triumph of uncertainty” is the inevitable outcome of irreducible chance and indeterminate causality. And beyond these epistemological limits, the interpretative faculties of the individual scientist (what Michael Polanyi called the “personal” and the “tacit”) invariably affects how data are understood. Whereas positivism had claimed radical objectivity, post-positivists have identified how a web of non-epistemic values and social forces profoundly influence the production of knowledge. Tauber presents a case study of these claims by showing how immunology has incorporated extra-curricular social elements in its theoretical development and how these in turn have influenced interpretive problems swirling around biological identity, individuality, and cognition. The correspondence between contemporary immunology and cultural notions of selfhood are strong and striking. Just as uncertainty haunts science, so too does it hover over current constructions of personal identity, self knowledge, and moral agency. Across the chasm of uncertainty, science and selfhood speak.
... In the last decades, Science, Technology and Society studies (STS) have extended their analyses to many issues beyond the classic topics with which the field was born in the 1960s (Jasanoff et al. 2001), including feminist and post-colonial studies, and research on racism and social inequalities, among other issues (Felt et al. 2017). Despite this significant expansion, the field of human rights still does not receive systematic attention from STS studies. ...
... Secondly, recent decades have witnessed the emergence of many institutional instruments that are meant to "democratise" the governance of science and technology. Citizen panels, programmes of stakeholder hearings, and other similar measures that are supposed to improve the possibilities for members of the general public and stakeholder groups to have their voice heard in the governance of science and technology have been implemented in many countries and endorsed by important science policy bodies (Maassen & Weingart 2005;Jasanoff 2017;Eigi 2017). Sometimes such programmes are initiated by scientists, but as we will see in the next sections, they can also be mandatory. ...
Philosophers of science have in recent years presented arguments in favour of increasing cognitive diversity, diversity of social locations, and diversity of values and interests in science. Some of these arguments align with important aims in contemporary science policy. The policy aims have led to the development of institutional measures and instruments that are supposed to increase diversity in science and in the governance of science. The links between the philosophical arguments and the institutional measures have not gone unnoticed. Philosophers have even explicitly suggested that institutional measures could be used to increase diversity in science. But philosophical criticisms of the existing institutional instruments have also been presented. Here I review some recent case studies in which philosophers examine actual attempts to increase diversity in science by using institutional measures implemented from the top down – attempts that have failed in one way or another. These studies examine attempts to involve citizens or stakeholders in the governance of science and technology and attempts to increase the number of interdisciplinary collaborations. They draw attention to the limitations of such instruments, calling into question the most optimistic visions of using institutional instruments to increase diversity in science.
This paper sketches the development of Loet Leydesdorff’s intellectual and social contribution to the fields of scientometrics and science and technology studies. It is based on both the published record and the available historical records. The paper concludes that Leydesdorff has had an impressive impact on the field and was one of its most generous leaders and mentors.
This chapter explores the development, applications, and ethical dilemmas of facial recognition technologies. It begins by describing how these technologies work, from traditional methods to advanced deep learning techniques, and traces the history of the technologies from their military origins to their widespread use in security, consumer devices, and beyond. We critically examine the ethical concerns surrounding facial recognition technologies, including issues of privacy, bias, discrimination, and the normalisation of surveillance. By doing so, we challenge simplistic views of these technologies as inherently good or bad, arguing instead for a nuanced understanding of ethical dilemmas as relational and contextual. The chapter also discusses the global implications of facial recognition technologies, particularly in contexts of power and social control. Through the lens of assemblage theory, it explores how ethical understandings of facial recognition technologies emerge, evolve, and influence societal values, highlighting the complex interplay between technology, ethics, and power.
Scholars of secularization suggest that while the processes of disenchantment and the delegitimization of religious institutions have weakened religious belief systems, they also produced, as an unforeseen result, a renewed awakening of spiritual and existential longing. From this perspective, the search for meaning and spiritual yearning in contemporary Western societies is not simply a residual feature of human experience; rather, it emerges with new strength and urgency as an unintended consequence of secularization itself. Scientists, who are typically perceived as carriers of secularization, are an important population in which to study this phenomenon. How is spiritual yearning manifested among scientists, and what are the differences between religious and non-religious individuals? How does spiritual yearning fit within the broader context of scientific inquiry? Does science suppress spiritual yearning—as suggested by the classical thesis of disenchantment—or stimulate it? Additionally, can science offer a framework that allows scientists to explore their spiritual or existential desires outside traditional religious systems? To address these questions, we draw on data from 104 in-depth interviews conducted in 2023–2024 with biologists and physicists across four countries: India, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Through qualitative analysis, we examine how spiritual yearning intersects with scientific inquiry, and illuminate how scientists navigate and express their search for meaning in a secular age.
This introductory chapter explores the concept of ethical assemblages within artificial intelligence. The term ethical assemblages refers to the complex interplay of technologies, people, organisations, values, ideas, and practices that shape socio-material and symbolic landscapes through ethical negotiations. We propose a conceptual framework that sustains the examination of the real-world cases of facial recognition technologies and assisted reproductive technologies in the next chapters, by exploring the dynamic processes of ethical contestation, uncertainty, and controversy that emerge in the media, academic literature, and online discourse. Through the lens of assemblage theory, we emphasise the fluidity and interconnectedness of ethical dilemmas, highlighting how different social actors—including technologists, medical professionals, policy makers, academics, and the public—navigate and influence ethical frameworks. We also incorporate intersectional theory to explore how multiple axes of difference, such as gender, race, and class, intersect within these assemblages. By analysing the complex networks and power dynamics at play, ethical assemblages provide a critical understanding of how ethical norms and practices are evolving in response to AI innovations, and offer insights into the broader implications for society and governance.
The contemporary prevalence of artificial intelligence and machine learning methods has resulted in a rich literature on the factors that shape computational research. This article draws on the laboratory studies literature to examine how platforms’ socio-technical infrastructures shape contemporary computational social science research. Based on 18 months of online ethnography of a university laboratory and 15 in-depth interviews with its researchers, the article makes two main arguments. First, for computational social sciences, platforms function as laboratories where the social is selectively carved and transformed, to make it knowable with computational methods. Thus, it makes the case that platforms manufacture the objects of analysis in computational social research and provide the social as a domain. Second, because of the significance of social media platforms as data laboratories for computational research, in contrast to the claims of data sciences to be domainless, these sciences may derive some of their epistemological and occupational power, as well as their cultural authority, from digital capitalism.
The article revisits the trajectory of technology governance
in the European Union over the past two decades. Drawing
from law and technology theory, and technology governance
literature, it adopts a retrospective, critical approach
towards the governance and regulatory initiatives focusing
on technology. It revisits the most challenging areas of technology
governance that became key EU priorities, offering a
bird’s eye view of the EU technology governance landscape
while shedding light on shifts and changes in perspective and
approach across the span of the past twenty years.
In this chapter, I trace the resurfacing of sociology of knowledge in the 1960s and 1970s. Given the dominant concern with the social construction of knowledge, one can speak of a constructivist turn here. With the interest for “construction”, the praxis (and practices) of knowledge creation becomes central. This happens first in the programme of social constructivism formulated by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann in their book The Social Construction of Reality. In France Pierre Bourdieu sketches his social theory of practice and proposes with his concept of habitus a sociological analysis of embodied knowledge structures and social structures. He sometimes calls his theory structural constructivism. Third, sociology of knowledge experiences a renewal with the research programme of empirical constructivism, that is the ethnomethodologically-informed and ethnographically-oriented laboratory studies within the framework of social studies of science.
La participation du public dans les débats politiques qui nécessitent des connaissances scientifiques spécialisées est un enjeu essentiel, abordé notamment dans le débat entre John Dewey et Walter Lippmann dans les années 1920. L'éducation scientifique formelle a un rôle essentiel à jouer dans les démocraties où la technologie et les experts occupent une place centrale. Le tournant participatif, qui s'est développé principalement dans les années 1980 et 1990, a notamment conduit à l’émergence des « sciences citoyennes ». Le texte propose une analyse des démarches de sciences citoyennes pour envisager l'intérêt de leur utilisation dans le cadre scolaire. Nous discutons notamment de la manière dont elles pourraient permettre de dépasser la non-authenticité des tâches scolaires de sciences « traditionnelles », et de travailler sur des questions et des problèmes socioscientifiques (notamment en lien avec l’environnement et la durabilité) en relation avec l’implication citoyenne.
The special issue on Scripts of Security proposes to advance interdisciplinary exchanges between Science and Technology Studies and Critical Security Studies. While performativity, enactment, and intra-action have opened important questions about the messiness of security practices and the contingency of their effects, there has been less attention to the obduracy of institutionalized agency and how continuities and asymmetries of power are reproduced, challenged, and maintained. This Special Issue proposes to revisit and rework the notion of script and the related analytical toolkit to make sense of both contingency and obduracy in the technopolitics of security. The contributions gathered here make three interventions in order to account for contemporary challenges posed by the increasing securitization of diverse sociotechnical practices. Firstly, they update, integrate, and reconfigure the notion of script and its associated toolbox to account for the specificities of security practices. Secondly, the articles revisit critical analyses of security in light of the notion of script. Finally, they show how such an updated notion of script can hold together accounts of contingency and obduracy and not jettison one at the expense of the other.
В статье на основе лонгитюдного исследования рассматриваются факторы перехода к трезвости в России в период с 2006 по 2020 гг. Для анализа используется база данных репрезентативных опросов Российского мониторинга экономического положения и здоровья НИУ «Высшая школа экономика за 2006-2020 гг. По результатам применения бинарной логистической регрессии выявлено несколько групп факторов, которые влияют на переход россиян к трезвости в году Т+1. Повышают вероятность перехода к трезвости более старший возраст, женский пол, принадлежность к «мусульманским этносам», проживание в городах областного подчинения и сельской местности, беременность и рождение ребенка женщинами, снижение уровня душевого дохода для женщин, утрата статуса занятого, самооценка здоровья как ухудшающегося при условии оценки здоровья в исходном году как плохого и очень плохого, самооценка здоровья как улучшающегося по сравнению с оценкой здоровья на исходном уровне как среднего, наличие трезвенников в семье. Более высокие цены на алкоголь при прочих равных условиях повышают вероятность перехода мужчин к трезвости более чем в два раза. Важнейшими факторами отказа от потребления алкоголя являются естественные - возраст и ухудшение здоровья. Но наличие непьющих членов семьи способствует отказу от потребления алкоголя, а чрезмерно пьющих – наоборот. Увеличение доли непьющих в семье и в обществе может задать образцы трезвого образа жизни как социальной нормы. Продвижение ценности здоровья в обществе будет способствовать снижению потребления алкоголя и в будущем.
This paper departs from the observation that there seems to be a new appetite for critique and reflexivity in innovation policy and innovation studies (IS), owed in part to an abundance of recent innovation controversies. In what follows, I offer a cautiously optimistic take on what this new appetite means for STS’s relationship with mainstream innovation settings and why STS knowledge seems to be particularly en vogue right now. I explore three basic STS messages that have gained wider traction in mainstream innovation circles and that many actors not trained in STS now readily embrace: on the politics of technology, the politics of experimentation, and the work needed to situate innovation practices locally. Whether or not this new appetite for STS remains, as it were, primarily instrumental, it nevertheless opens up new opportunities for wider critical engagement and impact, and perhaps a stronger institutionalization of the field of STS.
We provide an overview of a transdisciplinary project about sustainable forest management under climate change. Our project is a partnership with members of the Menominee Nation, a Tribal Nation located in northern Wisconsin, United States. We use immersive virtual experiences, translated from ecosystem model outcomes, to elicit human values about future forest conditions under alternative scenarios. Our project combines expertise across the sciences and humanities as well as across cultures and knowledge systems. Our management structure, governance, and leadership behaviors have both fostered and constrained our work and must be continuously responsive to changing group dynamics. Our project presents opportunities for substantial contributions to society, including insights and knowledge about complementary ways of knowing, skills training, and professional development, and opportunities for reflexive learning about effective transdisciplinary, translational, and transformative scientific processes.
Este ensaio comparativo busca aproximar os estudos da indiana Sheila Jasanoff e da antropóloga norte-americana, Sheila Walker, ambas nasceram em 1944 e, coincidentemente, possuem o mesmo nome, além de trazerem reflexões urgentes e necessárias sobre Ciência, Cultura e Poder, assim como a produção do conhecimento e a construção de narrativas em busca de representação. Nesse sentido, defende-se neste artigo a reflexão crítica do conhecimento histórico-científico como instrumento para romper com a lógica colonizadora e racista na produção do conhecimento reproduzido pelo Estado.
Simple Summary
(1) This study focuses on the ethical challenges veterinarians face when euthanizing animals, the act of ending an animal’s life to relieve its suffering. Unlike other healthcare professionals, veterinarians are often required to perform euthanasia as part of their work. How veterinarians determine what constitutes a “good” killing, in a normative sense, needs to be explored. (2) 17 interviews with veterinarians were conducted and analyzed in detail. (3) The study found that veterinarians have different perspectives on what they consider ethically acceptable regarding euthanasia. They distinguish between farm animals and companion animals. Economic and emotional factors also influence their decisions. Ethical boundary work describes how veterinarians define what they consider normatively legitimate in these areas of veterinary medicine. (4) In conclusion, this study shows that veterinarians face difficult decisions and use ethical boundary work to meet these challenges. They must balance sometimes conflicting interests and adapt to multiple situations. By understanding the complexity of ethical boundary work, we can better understand the moral aspects of veterinary practice. This knowledge can improve veterinary care and help veterinarians make ethical decisions that benefit both animals and society.
Abstract
(1) Veterinarians are regularly required to euthanize their “objects of care” as part of their work, which distinguishes them from other healthcare professionals. This paper examines how veterinarians navigate the ethical tensions inherent in euthanasia, particularly the collision between the routine practice of killing animals within their profession and the broader social and moral implications. (2) Using the sociological concept of ethical boundary work as a theoretical framework, this research observes how veterinarians draw boundaries by positioning their euthanasia practices on the ethical “good” spectrum. A grounded theory study of 17 qualitative interviews with veterinarians was conducted. (3) The findings highlight differences in ethical boundary work within veterinary medicine, particularly in the distinction between farm animals and companion animals. Economic and emotional reasoning play differing roles in explanation and justification. Ethical boundary work is a tool for distinguishing normative frameworks in different areas of veterinary medicine. (4) In conclusion, veterinarians grapple with the realities of an imperfect world and often rely on boundary work to assert diverse interests and navigate multiple contexts. By exploring the complexities of ethical boundary work, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the moral landscape within veterinary practice.
In the contemporary science and higher education system, national and supranational governments fund and foster universities to collaborate through specific funding lines and competition in World University Rankings, making it indispensable for universities to demonstrate collaboration at the organizational level. Thus, universities strive to encourage their scientific members to collaborate – and to different degrees – facilitate forms of collaboration. Questions on how universities as organizations influence academic research collaboration arise. To go beyond the existing literature, this study firstly develops an analytical two-dimensional framework organizing the literature on four levels of investigation (meta, macro, meso, micro). Based on this framework, the paper presents a literature review of the current state of the art in academic research collaboration. Secondly, the paper establishes a research agenda by synthesizing organizational influences found as organizational characteristics, management strategies, and organizational culture and presents three research avenues for future research. The paper concludes that we have only just begun to study the organizational influences of universities (especially the organizational culture) on academic research collaboration and how these organizational categories are interrelated.
Science journalism is a special form of journalism that primarily covers topics such as science, engineering, technology etc. This study has been conducted to find out the coverage of Science Journalism in Pakistani English Print Media. The researcher applied both Qualitative and Quantitative content analysis methods for the collection of the data. Through this method the researcher collected data from the Pakistani English newspaper; Daily Dawn and The Daily News International. The researcher collected data from five pages including pages 1, 2, 3 4 and 12. The researcher collected data from three days including Monday, Wednesday and Friday through a systematic sampling procedure from 6 months of Newspapers (N=72+72=144). It is found that both newspapers covered science journalism whereas; a total of 211 news stories were published in 6 months from January 1, 2022, to June 30, 2022. Daily The News published 46.9% while 53.1% were published by Daily Dawn. The results revealed that The Daily Dawn has given more coverage as compared to The News International in the last six months of 2022 science journalism.
The paper firstly uses the case study of the Bhopal gas disaster to understand why many scholars and activists seek alternatives to ‘big’ development. Secondly, it critically examines the claims that have been made in this regard in the literature in political ecology, science and technology studies and environmental governance, and in doing so, articulates a framework of questions for the next generation of research and advocacy.
This book was the first handbook where the world's foremost 'experts on expertise' reviewed our scientific knowledge on expertise and expert performance and how experts may differ from non-experts in terms of their development, training, reasoning, knowledge, social support, and innate talent. Methods are described for the study of experts' knowledge and their performance of representative tasks from their domain of expertise. The development of expertise is also studied by retrospective interviews and the daily lives of experts are studied with diaries. In 15 major domains of expertise, the leading researchers summarize our knowledge on the structure and acquisition of expert skill and knowledge and discuss future prospects. General issues that cut across most domains are reviewed in chapters on various aspects of expertise such as general and practical intelligence, differences in brain activity, self-regulated learning, deliberate practice, aging, knowledge management, and creativity.
In this article, we apply and assess the concept of transreligiosity in the study of formally educated and licensed psychologists and psychotherapists in Finland who integrate mindfulness practices in their professional toolkit. Our analytical focus complements the discussion on the use of religious and spiritual traditions as therapeutic resources by turning scholarly attention from individual coping tools to the professional skills of therapeutic work and from complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices to mainstream health care and education. In the field of mindfulness research, we add to the cumulative body of ethnographic approaches by analyzing the mindfulness-related individual learning paths of mental health professionals through qualitative interview data. Based on our analysis, we conclude that the professional skills of using mindfulness practices in secular health care and education can result from transreligious learning trajectories, in which psychologists and psychotherapists supplement science-based academic education with learning in Buddhist communities and training with Buddhist teachers. This role of Buddhist environments and resources points to a blind spot in the current understanding of adult and professional learning, in which the value and position of religious traditions as possible complementary sources of professional knowledge and skills are not sufficiently recognized.
This chapter aims to contribute to our understanding of the free/libre open source software (FLOSS) innovation and how it is shaped by and also shapes various perceptions on and practices of hacker culture. Unlike existing literature that usually normalises, radicalises, marginalises, or criminalises hacker culture, I confront such deterministic views that ignore the contingency and heterogeneity of hacker culture, which evolve over time in correspondence with different settings where diverse actors locate. I argue that hacker culture has been continuously defi ned and redefi ned, situated and resituated with the ongoing development and growing implementation of FLOSS. The story on the development of EMACSen (plural form of EMACS—Editing MACroS) illustrates the consequence when different interpretations and practices of hacker culture clash. I conclude that stepping away from a fi xed and rigid typology of hackers will allow us to view the FLOSS innovation from a more ecological view. This will also help us to value and embrace different contributions from diverse actors including end-users and minority groups.
Since being released 40 years ago, computer spreadsheets have proven to be worthwhile for use in educational contexts. There is plenty of evidence for this in practically every scientific discipline and engineering field. In view on this fact, the present work exposes a didactical resource, named the sprinkler irrigation tool, developed in Excel® spreadsheet licensed by 2018 Microsoft©. The objective of this tool is to offer an alternative to students in irrigation engineering, particularly for those training in the design of sprinkler irrigation systems so they can develop their theoretical knowledge and practical skills acquired in laboratory and field experiments. The main findings reported in this paper address well-agreed methodologies for evaluating radial patterns of precipitation rates, diameter distribution frequency, ballistic simulation of water drops’ movement through air, kinetic energy, and performance indicators as part of the core parameters of efficient irrigation system management. This computing tool provides outcomes in tabular and graphical formats that are consistent with those found in studies previously published in specialized literature on related topics. Likewise, spreadsheets have been proven to be adequate pedagogical instruments on the path to achieving meaningful learning; however, this assertion still needs to be confirmed through a rigorous study of students who have used the developed tool.
The COVID-19 pandemic reintroduced the concept of infodemic to the global health literature, since the SARS pandemic in 2003. Journals published abundantly with aims to combat infodemic wicked problems – problems difficult or impossible to solve – such as mis- and disinformation. The 2020 publication upsurge led to a variety of different interpretations of how the concept was performed, producing inconsistencies in the scientific literature. Yet it remains unclear what the nuances are within these inconsistencies, and what is, or what is not, consistent within a seemingly inconsistent infodemic literature network. Therefore, this scientometric meta-review provides new insights into how researchers perceive and perform the origins, adaptations, and utilisations of the concept of infodemic. The study utilised a mixed methods approach to map out the concept of infodemic. A quantitative scientometric analysis operationalises a cascading citation expansion, whilst a qualitative content analysis is then informed by the expanded citations. The concept of infodemic has performative flexibility in areas from science communication to disease emergence, meaning the actors in the infodemic network have produced uncertainty when referring to the concept of infodemic. This could make it difficult for science communicators to determine what is ‘wrong’ or ‘right’ if seeking a clear definition. Therefore, the concept of infodemic could be better utilised as a generalised concept; performed as an analytical tool, rather than being attached to a single study focus, such as disease emergence. The concept of performativity was necessary to better understand how concepts that describe wicked problems have multiple meanings. The utilisation of this methodology and its theoretical framework has enabled insights to unravel regarding aspects of wicked problems related to infodemics. Also highlighted was the lack of research in guidance and solutions, and the concentration of research in monitoring infodemics and addressing science communication.
Covid-19 represented a total social fact, especially for that part of the world (the so-called Global North and in particular its wealthier component) which is less used to face dramatic crises able to affect fundamental rights and provoke health threats on a daily basis. While acknowledging its enormous impact on individual biographies, political systems and socioeconomic equilibria around the planet, however we contrast those interpretations that have tended to naturalize the pandemic event, reading it as unpredictable, unique, disconnected from the dynamics that guide the (mainstream) Western lifestyle and mode of production. On the contrary, the genesis and above all the management of Covid-19 are the result and the mirror of broader dynamics linked to modernity, colonialism, capitalism, in one word of the Capitalocene. For this reason, it is even more correct to speak of a syndemic, to underline the environmental determinants of health, and the social and economic inequalities (re)produced by Covid-19. We therefore
Mediterranean coasts are prone to tsunamis due to high seismicity in some well-known areas near plate margins. However, tsunamis have a low frequency of occurrence despite having highly destructive potential. The low frequency of occurrence and historicity of the most destructive events lead to minimizing or neglecting this risk. Past research identified socio-demographic and spatial factors that may affect tsunami risk perception. This research is based on CATI survey (Computer Assisted Telephone Interview) to a sample of 5842 respondents designed to investigate whether and how risk perception and risk knowledge were affected by a major event such as the 1908 Reggio Calabria Messina tsunami, by making a comparison between areas hit by that event and unaffected areas, also providing some explanatory hypotheses. Despite differences between Calabria and Sicily, data show higher levels of tsunami risk perception in the area affected by the 1908 event, along with a major role of interpersonal sources, playing a relevant role in information gathering and understanding. Research also suggests the need to better integrate different sources of knowledge to improve people’s understanding so as to effectively cope with tsunami risk.
Este trabalho reconstrói a história de um robô submarino construído por uma pequena empresa carioca, na década de 1980, financiado pela Petrobras. O robô ficou pronto, foi aprovado e, depois de algum tempo, substituído por outros produtos estrangeiros. A empresa passou a alugar robôs de outros fabricantes para a Petrobras até ser vendida para uma empresa norueguesa. Este trabalho busca não apenas contar uma história do robô, mas mostrar a rede de interesses que atuaram na estabilização e desestabilização deste artefato tecnológico.
Cette recherche vise à comprendre la construction de la nature comme un héritage mondial, particulièrement pour l’orang-outan à Sumatra, puis à en expliquer les implications concrètes. Un ensemble cohérent d’éléments plaident pour la conservation des orangs-outans : un habitat concentré sur des terres impropres à l’agriculture, des croyances locales restées vives et l’existence d’aires protégées. Pour autant, les scientifiques internationaux, intimement liés au mouvement de la conservation, se sont engagés dans une patrimonialisation de l’orang-outan. Ce travail de patrimonialisation entretient une perception de rareté et d’extinction imminente en construisant et mobilisant des indicateurs (nombre, tendance, répartition, rareté) basés sur des modèles complexes. Il conforte aussi leur hégémonie sur la production des savoirs, élude les principaux facteurs explicatifs et rend impossible la coexistence pratique entre l’humain et l’orang-outan.
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