Emergency and Disaster Management, Preparedness, and Planning (EDMPP) and the ‘Social’: A Scoping Review

Abstract

The importance of emergency and disaster management, preparedness, and planning (EDMPP) is ever increasing with COVID-19 being one recent EDMPP challenge. EDMPP is impacted by and impacts the ‘social’ of individuals and societies. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the ‘social’ is important for providing EDMPP. Marginalized populations are over-proportionally impacted by emergencies and disasters and often overlooked in EDMPP. Therefore, it is especially important to understand the lived experience of marginalized groups and to involve marginalized groups in providing knowledge for EDMPP. Technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning and reasoning, e-coaching, other decision support systems and Bayesian belief networks are increasingly employed for EDMPP. However, biases and other problems in the use of technologies for EDMPP are noted. Understanding the ‘social’ of marginalized populations and others is essential for designing algorithms and other technologies that are not biased towards marginalized populations and others. The phrase “equity, diversity, and inclusion” (EDI), other EDI linked phrases, and EDI frameworks are increasingly employed in workplaces to improve research, education, and workplace environments for marginalized groups such as women, Indigenous Peoples, visible minorities, racialized minorities, disabled people, people with disabilities and LGBTQ2S+. EDMPP actors are workers. Using EDI in EDMPP could improve the EDMPP situation of marginalized groups by encouraging knowledge production by and about marginalized groups related to EDMPP. The main objective of this study was to map out the engagement with the ‘social’, EDI and marginalized groups in the EDMPP-focused academic literature in general and the EDMPP academic literature covering disabled people, patients, technologies and COVID-19. A scoping review using the academic databases SCOPUS, Web of Science, and the databases accessible under Compendex and EBSCO-HOST were employed to fulfill the objectives. The study found little coverage of marginalized populations and EDI phrases and frameworks, and a lack of many terms linked to the ‘social’ in the literature searched. These gaps need to be filled given the importance of EDMPP to the ‘social’ of individuals and societies.

Full text

Citation: Lillywhite, B.; Wolbring, G.
Emergency and Disaster
Management, Preparedness, and
Planning (EDMPP) and the ‘Social’:
A Scoping Review. Sustainability 2022,
14, 13519. https://doi.org/10.3390/
su142013519
Academic Editors: Gyu Min Lee and
Ivan Kristianto Singgih
Received: 27 June 2022
Accepted: 12 October 2022
Published: 19 October 2022
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
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Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
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4.0/).
sustainability
Review
Emergency and Disaster Management, Preparedness, and
Planning (EDMPP) and the ‘Social’: A Scoping Review
Brielle Lillywhite 1and Gregor Wolbring 2,*
1
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary,
Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
2Community Rehabilitation and Disability Studies, Department of Community Health Sciences,
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
*Correspondence: gwolbrin@ucalgary.ca
Abstract:
The importance of emergency and disaster management, preparedness, and planning
(EDMPP) is ever increasing with COVID-19 being one recent EDMPP challenge. EDMPP is impacted
by and impacts the ‘social’ of individuals and societies. Therefore, a thorough understanding of
the ‘social’ is important for providing EDMPP. Marginalized populations are over-proportionally
impacted by emergencies and disasters and often overlooked in EDMPP. Therefore, it is especially
important to understand the lived experience of marginalized groups and to involve marginalized
groups in providing knowledge for EDMPP. Technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine
learning and reasoning, e-coaching, other decision support systems and Bayesian belief networks are
increasingly employed for EDMPP. However, biases and other problems in the use of technologies for
EDMPP are noted. Understanding the ‘social’ of marginalized populations and others is essential for
designing algorithms and other technologies that are not biased towards marginalized populations
and others. The phrase “equity, diversity, and inclusion” (EDI), other EDI linked phrases, and EDI
frameworks are increasingly employed in workplaces to improve research, education, and workplace
environments for marginalized groups such as women, Indigenous Peoples, visible minorities,
racialized minorities, disabled people, people with disabilities and LGBTQ2S+. EDMPP actors are
workers. Using EDI in EDMPP could improve the EDMPP situation of marginalized groups by
encouraging knowledge production by and about marginalized groups related to EDMPP. The main
objective of this study was to map out the engagement with the ‘social’, EDI and marginalized
groups in the EDMPP-focused academic literature in general and the EDMPP academic literature
covering disabled people, patients, technologies and COVID-19. A scoping review using the academic
databases SCOPUS, Web of Science, and the databases accessible under Compendex and EBSCO-
HOST were employed to fulfill the objectives. The study found little coverage of marginalized
populations and EDI phrases and frameworks, and a lack of many terms linked to the ‘social’ in the
literature searched. These gaps need to be filled given the importance of EDMPP to the ‘social’ of
individuals and societies.
Keywords:
emergency management; disaster management; social; marginalized groups; technology;
COVID; artificial intelligence; machine reasoning; machine learning; equity, diversity and inclusion
1. Introduction
Emergency and disaster management, preparedness, and planning (EDMPP) is ever-
increasing in importance [
1
–
7
] with the latest challenge being COVID-19 [
8
–
10
]. Emergen-
cies and disasters and all stages of EDMPP impact the ‘social’ reality of individuals, social
groups and societies. Marginalized groups are often underserved in EDMPP although they
are more severely impacted by emergencies and disasters [
11
] and already encounter more
problems in their ‘social’ reality. Therefore, by making use of many indicators of the ‘social’
and measures of well-being [
12
,
13
] that contain sets of indicators of the ‘social’, the first
Sustainability 2022,14, 13519. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013519 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 2 of 50
objective of this study was to map out how and to what extent the EDMPP, e-coaching,
decision support systems, and Bayesian belief network focused academic literature covers
the ‘social’.
Individual concepts such as equality, diversity, equity, belonging, dignity, justice,
dignity, accessibility, accountability and decolonization [
14
–
35
] that make up the phrase
“equity, diversity, and inclusion” (EDI), other EDI linked phrases, and are used in EDI
frameworks are engaged with in academic literature in conjunction with EDMPP; to give a
few equity related references: equity [
36
–
50
], social equity [
51
,
52
], procedural equity [
53
],
environmental equity [
54
] and COVID-19 and equity [
55
,
56
]. However, actions driven
by any one individual EDI concept have limitations and as such EDI phrases containing
more than one concept and EDI frameworks [
12
,
14
,
57
–
61
] are increasingly employed in
workplaces including universities to improve the ‘social’ in the area of research, education,
and general workplace environments for members of marginalized groups such as women,
Indigenous Peoples, visible minorities, racialized minorities, disabled people, people with
disabilities and LGBTQ2S+ [
14
] Given that EDMPP is performed as part of one’s work,
whether as a first responder, policy developer, or coder, to name a few, the second objective
was to map out whether EDI phrases and frameworks and marginalized groups covered in
EDI discourses are present in the EDMPP, and e-coaching, decision support systems, and
Bayesian belief network focused academic literature.
Many technologies are envisioned to be employed in EDMPP, such as e-coaching and
other decision support systems [
62
–
67
], artificial intelligence, machine learning
[68–78]
,
Bayesian belief networks and machine reasoning [
79
–
88
], and quantum technologies
[89–92]
.
However, the usefulness of the data depends on the quality of the data. For example, to de-
velop algorithms for EDMPP, the coder ’s knowledge of the ‘social’ and EDMPP in general
and concerning marginalized groups is essential to prevent biased algorithms. Therefore,
the third objective was to map out how literature focusing on artificial intelligence, machine
learning, machine reasoning, and quantum computing used for EDMPP covers the ‘social’.
The study asked three questions: (1) Which terms, phrases, and measures that cover
aspects of the ‘social’ are present in the EDMPP, e-coaching, decision support systems-
and Bayesian belief network- focused academic literature? (2) Which terms, phrases, and
measures that cover aspects of the ‘social’ are present in the EDMPP academic literature
that focuses on technologies, especially artificial intelligence, machine learning, machine
reasoning, and quantum technologies? (3) Which marginalized groups engaged within
EDI and which EDI phrases and concepts are covered in the EDMPP, e-coaching, decision
support systems-, and Bayesian belief network- focused academic literature?
1.1. EDMPP and the ‘Social’
Emergencies and disasters are multifaceted and ever-increasing [
11
,
93
]. Emergency
and disaster management stages include prevention, mitigation, preparedness, recovery,
and reconstruction [
93
–
95
]. Emergency and disaster management, preparedness, and
planning (EDMPP) are impacted by and impact the state of the ‘social’ that individuals,
social groups and societies experience. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the ‘social’ is
needed, and we applied many indicators, terms and measures related to the ‘social’ [
12
,
13
].
It is noted that various biases such as cognitive biases [
96
], funding biases [
97
], optimistic
biases [
98
], data selection biases [
99
] and data generation biases [
100
,
101
] can impact the
usefulness of EDMPP. A thorough understanding of the ‘social’ might counter some biases
and support the debiasing process.
The goals and objectives outlined in the 2022–2025 strategic plan of the UN Office for
Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) suggest that there is not enough good evidence and best
practices on risk [
11
]. As well, that public advocacy and interactions with stakeholders on
DRR need improvement and results have to be monitored better [
11
]. To fix these identified
problems it is important to engage with- and understand the ‘social’.
In the 2022–2025 strategic plan of the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR),
it is noted that the ones impacted the most by disasters and emergencies are the ones least

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 3 of 50
causing the problem [
11
]. Furthermore, in the report Emergency Management Strategy for
Canada Toward a Resilient 2030, it is acknowledged that different variables impact groups
differently [
93
] and that a “whole of society approach” is needed [
93
] (p. 4) to deal with
emergencies and disasters. Given the diversity of impacts, it is important to understand
the ’social’, especially for marginalized groups who already encounter more problems in
their lived experience.
The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) goals and strategic objectives,
especially the identified goal to take into account marginalized groups [
11
], as well as the
“shift in focus to proactive prevention/mitigation efforts and forward-looking recovery
measures” [
93
] (p. 3) identified in the report Emergency Management Strategy for Canada
Toward a Resilient 2030 [
93
] needs knowledgeable people including leaders [
102
] to be
involved in EDMPP. To be knowledgeable must include the ‘social’ of EDMPP.
1.2. EDMP and the Social: The Case of Marginalized Groups and of EDI
One goal mentioned in the 2022–2025 strategic plan of the UN Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction (UNDRR) is to consider marginalized groups [
11
]. Although the report mentions
gender and disabled people dominantly, the strategic plan recognized that a “whole of
society approach” that “leaves no one behind” [
11
] (p. 5) is needed. Therefore, the strategic
plan also applies to other marginalized groups, including all marginalized groups covered
extensively under EDI [14].
To take into account marginalized groups makes sense. Marginalized populations
are differently impacted [
103
], encounter many problems in relation to emergencies and
disasters [
6
,
11
,
39
,
40
,
104
–
155
] including being dismissed [
116
], ignored [
105
–
112
,
119
] or
overlooked [
41
,
104
] in emergency and disaster discussions and actions and the EDMPP
literacy level about marginalized groups is low [
113
,
114
,
119
,
149
,
155
–
158
]. Marginalized
people can contribute needed EDMPP-relevant data on the ‘social’ to decrease the gap in the
literacy of people involved in EDMPP. The knowledge of the ‘social’ is also needed to train
and de-bias EDMPP actions, including machine learning models used in EDMPP [
159
].
Given the outlined problems within EDMPP, there is a need to map out the ‘social’ of
disasters and emergencies for marginalized groups.
It is argued that an “increased diversity and inclusion across all workstreams of the
organization [UNDRR] [
11
] (p. 9) is needed. The acknowledged EDMPP problems indicate
that a systematic application of an EDI lens would be useful at all workplaces and work
engaging with EDMPP.
EDMPP education is flagged as having many problems in relation to marginalized
groups [
129
,
151
,
160
], as have fields that should cover EDMPP, such as environmental
education [
161
]. Using an EDI lens will be useful to flag problems in the teaching of
EDMPP. Teaching about the ‘social’ of marginalized groups within the EDMPP context
could give students the knowledge that allows them to self-assess their biases.
The “United Nations 2018 flagship report on disability and development: realization
of the Sustainable Development Goals by, for, and with persons with disabilities” is a recent
report that might be useful for people involved in EDMPP to increase their literacy in
relation to disabled people. It outlines many problems disabled people are facing related
to emergencies and disasters, such as that many still believe that a general approach will
be enough for disabled people and that disabled people are rarely consulted although
they want to be involved [
114
]. Another problem flagged is that, disabled people often do
not disclose themselves as a disabled person due to fear of stigmatization, discrimination,
abuse and lack of being part of the community [
114
]. The report outlines many steps
on pages 245–246 to ensure disability-inclusive disaster risk reduction and response as
well as disability-inclusive humanitarian action [
114
]. To be aware and be able to address
the problems disabled people face in relation to emergencies and disasters, the people
engaged with EDMPP need a thorough understanding of the lived experience the ’social,’
of disabled people.

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 4 of 50
1.3. COVID-19 and the Social: The Case of Marginalized Groups and EDI
According to the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery [
8
] report,
COVID-19 “disproportionately impacted marginalized populations” [
8
] (p. 51). It is
noted that disaster and public health emergencies have historically impacted “racially and
ethnically diverse and socioeconomically disadvantaged communities” [
162
] (p. 1546) more
than other populations and that efforts were made to decrease that discrepancy during the
COVID-19 pandemic [
162
,
163
]. However, analysis of the pandemic revealed that many
equity, diversity, and inclusion issues remained in the COVID-19 responses to date [164].
The COVID-19 pandemic is also recognized to have disproportionately impacted
persons with disabilities [
115
,
155
,
165
]. Disabled people can be impacted by COVID-19 and
its aftermath in many ways:
1.
as potential users of COVID-19 protection measures (protection product bought by
disabled people or deployed by others to be used by disabled people);
2. as potential non-therapeutic users (consumer angle of non-COVID-19 products);
3. as potential consumers of COVID-19 knowledge;
4. as potential producers of COVID-19 knowledge;
5. as potential therapeutic users (as patient, getting treated);
6.
as potential diagnostic targets (diagnostics to prevent ‘disability’ which might increase
in the aftermath of COVID-19 due to changing family circumstances);
7.
by COVID-19 protection guidelines (staying at home, no visitors in group home
. . .
.)
8.
by changing societal parameters caused by COVID-19 aftermath (how do we act
toward each other? See for a positive possibility);
9.
by changing societal parameters caused by COVID-19 aftermath (how do certain
companies act toward disabled people?);
10.
more non-disabled people competing with disabled people for existing jobs after
COVID-19;
11.
increasing autonomy of a product or process (e.g., AI/ML judging disabled people,
see algorithm bias in health insurance . . . ) [166].
The UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery report lists over 30 population
groups as experiencing the highest degree of marginalization, including all the groups nor-
mally covered under EDI [
8
]. The report identified five pillars to achieve a socio-economic
recovery from the pandemic, which are (a) health systems and services; (b) social protection
and basic services; (c) economic response and recovery programs; (d) macroeconomic
policies and multilateral collaboration; social cohesion and community resilience [
8
] (p. 13).
The report sees equity as the main guiding principle for all actions and considers the
engagement with intersectionality as essential making the strong statement that,
“Advancing equity requires actively transforming norms, policies, laws, systems,
and institutional practices so that all people have fair and just opportunities to
thrive. For research to support these efforts, it must take an intersectional and hu-
man rights-based approach.65 Intersectionality promotes the understanding that
people’s identities are shaped by complex interactions and relationships among
multiple co-existing factors, including their age, gender, sex, race, ethnicity, In-
digeneity, sexual orientation, geography, disability, socio-economic status and
migration status.66 67 In turn, these intersecting factors interact with a complex
set of social and institutional power structures and systemic forms of discrimina-
tion and oppression. Research to support an equitable recovery from COVID-19
must grapple with these complex systems, assess human rights implications, and
centre the voices, experiences and concerns of the populations they marginalize
[RP3.1.4]”. [8] (p. 90)
The report argued that “Research is needed on all aspects of research ecosystems,
including the impact of different funding practices, methodological approaches, partnership
structures, advisory systems and translational strategies on different outcomes and in
different contexts” [
8
] (p. 112). All key inquiries listed in the report need a thorough

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 5 of 50
understanding of the ‘social’ for all the marginalized groups it mentions. To make the
research ecosystem more equitable, diverse and inclusive has to include to make the
research questions more equitable, diverse and inclusive which includes more engagement
with the ‘social’ of marginalized groups.
1.4. EDMPP, Marginalized Groups, EDI and TECHNOLOGY
Many studies highlight the usefulness of technologies for EDMPP. To focus on a
few technologies; various studies describe the utility of artificial intelligence [
167
–
192
]
and machine learning and reasoning [
69
,
71
,
80
,
168
,
169
,
193
–
210
] for EDMPP including for
the evaluation of societal implications [
211
]. If it is seen as useful to evaluate societal
implications, the data must contain high quality information on the ‘social’, especially in
relation to marginalized groups.
Problems are noted in how technologies including artificial intelligence and ma-
chine learning and reasoning are used in EDMPP [
114
,
150
,
153
,
212
–
231
] such as lack of
data and biased data [
96
–
101
], algorithm/algorithmic bias in relation to marginalized
groups [
159
,
232
–
247
], and the “siloed nature of the domains of fairness, machine learning,
and disaster informatics” [231] (p. 201040). There is no one algorithm that fits every situa-
tion and problem [
248
]. It is argued that “decisions based on algorithmic, machine learning
models can be unfair, reproducing biases in historical data used to train them” [
242
] (p. 1).
While computational techniques are developed to address these problems they face many
implementation problems [
242
] especially for marginalized groups [
242
]. A systematic EDI
lens and data on the ‘social’ of EDMPP might help to deal with the non-technical side of
the problems.
It is argued that one should select an algorithm based on its prior use in a similar
problem [
248
]. That however demands that the prior algorithm already covered the ‘social’
problems marginalized groups experience. Otherwise, using prior algorithms increases
the problem. It is noted that for disaster risk reduction to work one has to ask the “right
questions on who creates the risks and who suffers the consequences of risk” [
193
], but, are
the right questions asked in relation to marginalized groups?
One subset of technologies are decision support systems [
249
] employed in emergency
management such as knowledge-based decision support systems [
250
], stress monitoring
assistants as a user-focused decision support system [
86
], systems linked to the activity of
daily living [
251
], virtual coaches [
229
,
252
], conversational agents [
84
,
253
], and robots [
253
].
Some performance measures for decision support systems are: quality of the collaborative
relationships between the user and the technology, context-awareness, how well it is tailored
to a person and intelligence [
88
], risk detection and evaluation, trust, and bias [
84
,
87
,
88
].
It is argued that “if ethical, legal, and social implications are addressed appropriately,
affective computing technologies may bring a real benefit to society by monitoring and
improving people’s mental health” [
88
]. One study set up a Bayesian network that uses
three kinds of reasoning: What is? What if? and Why? [
88
] Question is: How are these
questions answered if the right data for marginalized groups do not exist?
Many science and technology concepts and ethics fields emerged to engage with the
recognized reality that scientific and technological advancements have social, legal, ethical,
and economic consequences [
12
,
13
,
254
–
262
]. It is argued that computational fairness, AI
fairness [
263
], and ML fairness [
247
] are needed. Data on the ‘social’ is needed to discuss
the social impact of technologies in EDMPP and to ensure fairness.
2. Materials and Methods
In this section we first outline the study design and research questions, then the data
sources and inclusion criteria for the searches, then the search strategies to obtain the data
for analysis and lastly how the analysis was performed. Thoughts on limitations are at the
end of the discussion section.

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 6 of 50
2.1. Study Design and Research Questions
Scoping studies are useful in identifying the extent of research that has been conducted
on a given topic [
264
,
265
]. In this case, the aim was to answer the following research ques-
tions: (1) Which terms, phrases, and measures that cover aspects of the ‘social’ are present
in the EDMPP, e-coaching, decision support systems- and Bayesian belief network- focused
academic literature? (2) Which terms, phrases, and measures that cover aspects of the ‘so-
cial’ are present in the EDMPP academic literature that focuses on technologies, especially
artificial intelligence, machine learning, machine reasoning, and quantum technologies?
(3) Which marginalized groups engaged with within EDI and which EDI phrases and
concepts are covered in the EDMPP, e-coaching, decision support systems-, and Bayesian
belief network- focused academic literature?
The study employed a modified version of a scoping review outlined by Arksey and
O’Malley [266] and in [12].
2.2. Data Sources and Data Collection Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
On 4 March 2022, the databases Web of Science, SCOPUS (which incorporates the
full Medline database collection), the 70 academic databases accessible through EBSCO-
HOST and the databases accessible through Compendex, which include IEEE sources were
searched with no time restriction.
These databases contain journals that cover a wide range of topics from areas of
relevance to answer the research questions. They cover journals focusing on emergency
and disaster, science and technology, and many journals that cover societal aspects of
science and technology governance content. As inclusion criteria, the search focused
on English language abstracts. As to article categories, scholarly peer-reviewed journals
were included in the EBSCO-HOST search and reviews, peer-reviewed articles, conference
papers, and editorials from SCOPUS. The Compendex search was set to all document types.
Peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, review papers and book chapters were included
from Web of Science. Everything else was excluded.
2.3. Data Sources and Search Strategies
Table 1identifies the search terms and strategies that were used to generate abstracts
for manifest coding online and manifest coding of downloaded abstracts.
2.4. Data Analysis
To answer the research questions, a descriptive quantitative analysis approach
[267,268]
(manifest coding [
269
,
270
]) was performed, generating hit counts for the search term com-
binations of the strategies (Table 1). To generate the abstracts for the manifest coding of
EDMPP related content, 75,23 abstracts were generated by searching for the terms “disaster
management” OR “emergency management” OR “emergency planning” OR “disaster
planning” OR “disaster preparedness” OR “emergency preparedness”, as a starting point
(strategy 1, Table 1)
Next, five approaches were used to perform the manifest coding of the 75,243 abstracts.
In the first approach various keywords (see result tables) were used to perform searches of
the abstracts obtained from the four databases without downloading any content. The sum
of the hits from the four databases for each keyword was recorded and added up to one
final number without eliminating potential duplications of hits due to the same abstract
being present in more than one database. Then, four approaches were employed to obtain
downloaded abstracts for analysis focusing on specific topics. The 75 543 abstracts were
searched in the online search engines for technology terms (strategy 2, Table 1), disability
terms (strategy 3, Table 1), the term “patient*” (strategy 4, Table 1), and the term “Covid”
(strategy 5, Table 1).

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 7 of 50
Table 1. Search strategies used to obtain abstracts (first search term) for manifest coding of terms related to the ‘social’ (second search term).
Strategy Sources Used First Search Term (Abstract) Second Search Term (Abstract)
Initial Count of Abstracts
Downloaded (Strategies 2–5
and 7–8) and Count for
Abstracts Available for
Manifest Coding in Search
Engine (Strategies 1 and 6)
Final Count of Downloaded
Abstracts for Coding after
Elimination of Duplicates
(Strategies 2–5 and 7–8)
Strategy 1
SCOPUS/EBSCO-
HOST/Compendex/Web of
Science
(“disaster management” OR “emergency
management” OR “emergency planning”
OR “disaster planning” OR “disaster
preparedness” OR “emergency
preparedness”)
- 75,243 -
Strategy 2
SCOPUS/EBSCO-
HOST/Compendex/Web of
Science
(“disaster management” OR “emergency
management” OR “emergency planning”
OR “disaster planning” OR
“disaster preparedness” OR “emergency
preparedness”)
(“artificial intelligence” OR
“machine learning” OR “robot*”
OR “quantum*” OR “machine
reasoning”)
1482 656
Strategy 3
SCOPUS/EBSCO-
HOST/Compendex/Web of
Science
(“disaster management” OR “emergency
management” OR “emergency planning”
OR “disaster planning”
“disaster preparedness” OR “emergency
preparedness”)
(“disabl*” OR “disabili*” OR
“impairm*” OR “deaf” OR
“neurodiver*” OR “autism” OR
“adhd” OR “impair*”)
1121 529
Strategy 4
SCOPUS/EBSCO-
HOST/Compendex/Web of
Science
(“disaster management” OR “emergency
management” OR “emergency planning”
OR “disaster planning” “disaster
preparedness” OR “emergency
preparedness”)
“patients” 3993 2686
Strategy 5
SCOPUS/EBSCO-
HOST/Compendex/Web of
Science
(“disaster management” OR “emergency
management” OR “emergency planning”
OR “disaster planning” OR “disaster
preparedness” OR “emergency
preparedness”)
“Covid” 1460 885
Strategy 6
SCOPUS/EBSCO-
HOST/Compendex/Web of
Science
(“e-coaching”) OR (“decision support
system”) - 100,036 -
Strategy 7
SCOPUS/EBSCO-
HOST/Compendex/Web of
Science
“Bayesian belief network” - 3492 2091
Strategy 8
SCOPUS/EBSCO-
HOST/Compendex/Web of
Science
(“e-coaching”) OR (“decision support
system”)
(“equality” OR “diversity” OR
“inclusion” OR “equity”) 1328 800

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 8 of 50
By searching for the terms “e-coaching” OR “decision support system*”, 100,036 ab-
stracts were generated by searching for the terms “e-coaching” OR “decision support
system*” as a starting point (strategy 6, Table 1). We furthermore searched for the phrase
“Bayesian belief network”, one coding process used for generating e-coaching and decision
support systems applications, generating 2091 abstracts (strategy 7, Table 1), and used the
obtained abstracts for desktop manifest coding. Finally, in strategy 8 we generated abstracts
for desktop manifest coding, containing “e-coaching” or “decision support systems” and
EDI terms (Strategy 8, Table 1).
In Step 2 the obtained abstracts (strategies 2–5 and 7–8, Table 1) were downloaded as
part of the citations into Endnote software and the Endnote software was used to delete all
duplicate abstracts and non-English documents. All these abstracts were exported from the
Endnote software as one RTF file for each of the six search strategies (strategies 2–5 and 7–8,
Table 1) and each was converted into a PDF. The manifest coding for the terms linked to
the ‘social’ was performed within the PDF’s using the ‘CTRL F’ function of Adobe Acrobat
software, making certain that the hitcounts reflected the number of abstracts and not the
number of hits, as the searches in the web-based databases did. Both authors performed
the manifest coding and no differences in the numbers were observed.
3. Results
In this section, the order of reporting our results is as follows: (1) presence of 31 social
terms obtained from [
12
] (Tables 2and 3); (2) presence of 21 wellbeing measure terms [
12
]
(Table 4); (3) presence of the indicators of four of these measures selected (Social Deter-
minants of Health, Better Life Index, Canadian Index of Well-being, and the Community
Based Rehabilitation Matrix) [
12
] (Tables 5–8); (4) presence of EDI terms and frameworks
(Table 9) and terms linked to marginalized groups covered under EDI efforts (Table 9);
(5) presence of terms linked to science and technology governance discussions (Table 10)
and (6) presence of terms and phrases containing “social” or “societal”(Table 11). For all
tables, an “x” in a table means that the hit count in the abstracts was more than 100 and we
did not look through the abstracts in the Adobe searches to record the actual abstract hits.
If the hit count was below 100, we looked at every hit to only record the number of actual
abstracts where the term showed up.
In short, the results suggest low to no engagement with concepts linked to the ‘social’
seen in Tables 2and 3and well-being measures in Table 4and low to no engagement with
many of the individual indicators of the four well-being measures (Social Determinants
of Health, Better Life Index, Canadian Index of Well-being, and the Community Based
Rehabilitation Matrix) (Tables 5–8). Furthermore, the terms ‘social’ and ‘societal’, as part
of phrases, were rarely present (Table 11). We also found low to no presence of phrases
linked to science and technology governance discussions (Table 10) and we found low to no
presence of EDI terms and frameworks (Table 9) and terms linked to marginalized groups
covered under EDI efforts (Table 9). Finally, we found that the term “patients” was 5 times
more present in the literature covered than all the different terms used to find content
related to disabled people not using the term “patients”.
Table 2shows that within the downloaded academic abstracts only few to no hits were
obtained for phrase containing the term ‘social’, concepts that engage with the ‘social’ such
as health equity and the conventions and declarations that showcase the social problems
of a variety of social groups. As to the abstracts searched online (strategies 1 and 6) the
convention and declarations received 0 or less than 10 hits. Health equity generated 36 hits
with strategy 1 and 4 hits with strategy 6. COVID-19 was present substantially. Terms like
bias and phrases containing the term ‘social’ had over 100 hits. Relative to the number of
abstracts searched online the hits were however few.
Table 3shows that the term “stakeholder” was the term mentioned the most within
the academic literature for almost all strategies followed by “privacy”, “identity”, “inter-
dependence”, “justice”, and “autonomy”. In general, relative to the number of abstracts
searched for each strategy, there were few to no hit counts.

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 9 of 50
Table 2. Hit counts for terms linked to the ‘social’ in the academic literature covered.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster Preparedness”
OR “Emergency
Preparedness” AND
TECHNOLOGY Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster Preparedness”
OR “Emergency
Preparedness” AND
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
And Term “Patient*”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness“
AND “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-
Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System*”
Strategy
7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Net-
work”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
“Health equity” 36 0 1 2 6 4 0 2
COVID 2050 15 25 125 ND 313 2 4
“Social implication*” 151 0 0 1 8 26 1 0
“Social impact*” 155 2 1 3 8 80 1 1
“Societal impact*” 43 0 0 0 0 10 0 0
“Societal implication*” 4 1 0 0 0 3 0 0
“Ethic*” 128 4 15 49 15 450 2 7
“Quantum ethics” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(“wellbeing” OR “well-being”
OR “well being”) 646 2 14 27 33 209 7
Bias 370 5 3 13 9 686 24 16
“Convention on the rights of
Persons with Disabilities” 8 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
“Convention on the rights of
the child” 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Universal Declaration of
Human Rights” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change” 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“transforming our world: the
2030 agenda for sustainable
development”
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination”
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“UN flagship report on
disability and development” 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 10 of 50
Table 3. Hit counts for other social indicators from existing literature [12,13] in the academic literature covered.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster PREPAREDNESS”
OR “Emergency
Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
Privacy 411 5 2 15 8 358 6 6
“Data protection” 31 1 1 0 1 29 0 0
“Technological deskilling”
or deskilling 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 0
Solidarity 72 0 0 1 3 8 0 0
Dignity 36 0 3 0 3 4 0 0
“social wellbeing” or “social
well-being” or “social well
being”
14 0 0 0 1 5 0 0
“environmental wellbeing”
or “environmental
well-being” or
“environmental well being”
6 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
“Subjective wellbeing” or
“Subjective well-being” or
“Subjective well being”
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Societal wellbeing” or
“Societal well-being” or
“Societal well being”
0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0
“Psychological wellbeing”
or “Psychological
well-being” or
“Psychological well being”
2 0 0 0 2 3 0 0
“Emotional wellbeing” or
“Emotional well-being” or
“Emotional well being”
20 0 0 1 3 1 0 0
“Economic wellbeing” or
“Economic well-being” or
“Economic well being”
13 0 0 0 0 8 0 0
“social wellbeing” or “social
well-being” or “social well
being”
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 11 of 50
Table 3. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster PREPAREDNESS”
OR “Emergency
Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Identity 244 1 0 3 3 143 4 3
Interdependence 81 0 2 2 2 170 10 1
Interdependent 216 0 2 0 3 196 12 2
Stigma 53 0 2 5 6 16 1 0
Stereotype 11 1 0 0 0 12 0 0
Justice 493 0 13 3 13 83 1 0
Autonomy 166 12 3 12 6 260 7 6
Self-determination 12 0 1 0 0 3 0 0
“Good life” 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
“Social good” 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Independence 131 0 9 2 1 480 22 3
Stakeholder 3555 9 17 24 49 2998 216 hits not
abstracts 41
Table 4. Hit counts for the terms used for the various “measures” [12,13] in the academic literature covered.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
Aqol 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Better life index” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 12 of 50
Table 4. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
“Brief Inventory of
Thriving” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Calvert-Henderson Quality
of Life” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Canadian Index of well
being” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Community based
rehabilitation” 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
“Community based
rehabilitation matrix” 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Community rehabilitation” 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
“Comprehensive Inventory
of Thriving” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Determinants of health” 45 0 1 3 4 6 0 2
“Flourishing Scale” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Index of well-being” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Perceived Life Satisfaction” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Satisfaction with life scale” 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Scale of Positive and
Negative Experience” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Social determinants of
health” 35 0 1 3 4 5 0 2
“The Disability and
Wellbeing Monitoring
Framework and Indicators”
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“The Quality of Being Scale” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Well-being index” 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Meaning in Life” 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
“Capability approach” 4 0 1 0 0 2 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 13 of 50
Table 5.
Presence of Community Based Rehabilitation Matrix indicators in the academic literature covered. For terms that generate more than 100 hits in the abstracts
(strategies 2–5, 7–8) we added a “x” and not the final abstract tally.
Terms Secondary
Indicator
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster
Planning” OR
“Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of
Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
Health 17,350 x x x x 7963 x x
“Healthcare” OR
“Health care” 5504 17 27 x x 5108 26 x
“Assistive
technology” OR
“Assistive
technologies” OR
“Assistive device”
OR “Assistive
devices”
16 1 7 1 1 54 0 1
“Health promotion” 167 1 5 5 4 30 0 4
“Health prevention” 17 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Rehabilitation 989 2 36 49 8 637
5 (not
disabled
people
related)
8
Education 6072 16 x x 62 1836 16 x
“Childhood
education” 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0
“Primary education” 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
“Secondary
education” 10 0 1 0 0 6 0 0
Non-formal 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Life-long learning” 2 0 0 1 0 6 0 0
Livelihood 762 4 2 1 11 87 10 3
“Skills
development” 11 0 0 0 0 8 0 0
Self-Employment 3 0 0 0 1 3 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 14 of 50
Table 5. Cont.
Terms Secondary
Indicator
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster
Planning” OR
“Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
“Financial services” 26 1 0 1 0 41 1 3
“Wage employment” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Social protection” 40 0 0 0 2 11 0 0
Social 10,758 x x x x 4099 x x
“Social relationship” 21 1 0 0 0 5 1 1
Family 1934 1 29 39 23 855 18 12
“Personal
Assistance” 6 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Culture 1292 2 8 13 10 507 13 3
Arts ND 0 3 0 0 Too many FP 0 0
Recreation OR
Leisure OR Sport 513 0 2 2 12 377 11 4
“Access to justice” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Empowerment 299 1 3 5 4 86 1 3
Communication 11,256 x x x 79 4527 43 26
“Social
mobilization” 18 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
“Political
participation” 2 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
“Self-help groups” 3 0 1 0 1 4 0 0
“Disabled people’s
organizations” 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 15 of 50
Table 6.
Presence of Canadian Index of Wellbeing indicators in the academic literature covered. For terms that generate more than 100 hits in the abstracts (strategies
2–5, 7–8) we added a “x” and not the final abstract tally.
Terms Secondary
Indicator
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster
Planning” OR
“Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5:“Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of
Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
“Social
Relationships” 0 1 0 0 0 5 1 0
“Social engagement” 8 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
“Social Support” 261 0 6 11 11 43 0 1
“Community safety” 48 1 0 0 0 2 0 0
“Social norm*” 6 0 0 0 2 9 1 0
“Attitudes toward
others” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Democratic
engagement” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Participation 2250 1 20 27 23 1291 22 24
Communication 11,256 x x x 79 4527 43 26
Leadership 1601 3 5 58 36 190 4 3
Education 6072 16 x x 62 1836 16 x
Competencies 1402 0 3 29 13 379 1 5
Knowledge 9418 x x x 78 14,921 x x
Skill 2411 x x x 29 1074 13 19
Environment ND x x x x ND x x
Air ND 10 4
15 (many on air force/air
transportation not part
of 15)
9 ND ND ND
Energy ND ND 8 ND ND ND
Freshwater ND 0 0 0 0 ND ND ND
“Nonrenewable
material” ND 0 0 0 0 ND ND ND

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 16 of 50
Table 6. Cont.
Terms Secondary
Indicator
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster
Planning” OR
“Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5:“Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency
Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency
Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
“Biotic resources” ND 0 0 0 0 ND ND ND
“Healthy
population” 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Personal
wellbeing” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Physical health” 70 0 1 3 1 0 0 0
“Life expectancy” 13 0 0 0 1 73 2 1
“Mental health” 1397 0 23 63 30 227 0 7
“Functional health” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lifestyle 85 0 1 4 8 254 3 4
“Public health” 6899 14 x x x 527 8 12
Healthcare OR
“Health care” 5504 x x x x 5108 26 x
Culture 1292 2 8 13 10 507 13 3
Leisure 10 0 1 1 2 10 3 0
“Living
standard” 8 0 0 0 0 23 0 0
Income 1192 4 29 21 20 601 18 14
“Economic security” 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Time ND Not determined (ND) ND ND ND ND ND ND

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 17 of 50
Table 7.
Presence of Better Life Index indicators in the academic literature covered. For terms that generate more than 100 hits in the abstracts (strategies 2–5, 7–8)
we added a “x” and not the final abstract tally.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Network”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
Housing 1195 2 8 15 13 540 3 8
Income 1192 4 29 21 20 401 18 14
Jobs 285 4 2 2 3 591 3 1
Community 13,597 x x x x 3894 x x
Education 6072 16 x x 79 1836 16 x
Environment ND x x x x ND x x
“Physical environment” 108 1 0 1 0 30 3 0
“Civic Engagement” 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0
Health 17,350 x x x x 7963 x x
“Life Satisfaction” 16 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
Safety 9342 x x x 55 3411 x 33
“Work life balance” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 18 of 50
Table 8.
Presence of Social determinants of Health (SDH) indicators in the academic literature covered. For terms that generate more than 100 hits in the abstracts
(strategies 2–5, 7–8) we added a “x” and not the final abstract tally.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief NET-
WORK”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
Income 1192 4 29 21 20 401 18 14
Education 6072 x x x 79 1836 16 x
Unemployment 67 0 2 0 3 35 0 1
“Job Security” 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Employment 377 3 8 12 14 246 8 6
“Early Childhood
Development” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Food Insecurity” 0 0 0 0 6 30 2 0
Housing 1195 2 8 15 13 540 3 8
“Social Exclusion” 7 0 1 0 0 7 0 0
“Social Safety Network” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Health Services” 870 1 10 33 12 259 0 9
“Aboriginal” OR “first
nations” OR “Metis” OR
“Indigenous Peoples” OR
“Inuit”
76 0 1 0 1 20 3 2
Gender or Women 1127 1 19 26 14 271 6 4
“Women with disabilities”
or “Disabled women” 14 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
Race or racialized 285 0 5 9 9 1 4 0
Immigration 47 0 0 0 0 21 1 0
Globalization 92 1 0 1 5 962 7 0
Coping 1005 2 11 18 19 346 3 0
Discrimination 135 0 5 4 6 459 5 5
Genetic 914 5 0 5 2 2236 32 29

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 19 of 50
Table 8. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy 7:
“Bayesian
Belief NET-
WORK”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching”
or “Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Stress 1495 3 1 (many false positive) 21 (many more false
positive) 25 1085 11 19
Transportation 27,911 29 23 42 11 2622 x 12
“Vocational training” 13 0 1 0 0 6 0 0
“Social integration” 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Advocacy 219 0 13 17 5 20 0 0
Literacy 193 2 8 4 2 62 0 2
Ethnic 115 0 9 1 2 34 3 3
Walkability 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0
“Physical environment” 81 1 0 1 0 30 3 0
“Social engagement” 8 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
“Social status” 44 0 1 0 1 6 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 20 of 50
Table 9.
Presence of EDI terms in the academic literature covered. For terms that generate more than 100 hits in the abstracts (strategies 2–5, 7–8) we added a “x” and
not the final abstract tally.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-
Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy
7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Net-
work”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching” or
“Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
(“Athena SWAN” OR “See
change with STEMM Equity
Achievement” OR
“Dimensions: equity, diversity
and inclusion” OR “Science in
Australia Gender Equity” OR
“NSF ADVANCE” OR “Equity,
Diversity and Inclusion” OR
“Equality, Diversity and
Inclusion” OR “Diversity,
Equity and Inclusion” OR
“Diversity, Equality and
Inclusion”)
0 0 0 0 0 ABS 0/full
text 3 0 0
“Belonging, Dignity, and
Justice” OR “Diversity, Equity,
Inclusion and Belonging” OR
“Diversity, Dignity, and
Inclusion” OR “Equity,
Diversity, Inclusion, and
Accessibility” OR “Justice,
Equity, Diversity, and
Inclusion” OR “Inclusion,
Diversity, Equity and
Accessibility” OR “Inclusion,
Diversity, Equity and
Accountability” OR “Equity,
Diversity, Inclusion, and
Decolonization”
0 0 0 0 0 0/0 0 0
Equality AND inclusion AND
diversity 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Equity AND inclusion AND
diversity 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Equity ND 1 6 5 16 ND 0 x
Equality ND 3 5 0 3 ND 0 19

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 21 of 50
Table 9. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-
Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy
7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Net-
work”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching” or
“Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Diversity ND 5 6 8 5 ND x all bio-
diversity x
Inclusion 3 22 21 9 14 x
Groups focused on in EDI discourses
“Gender” OR “Women” 1127 2 45 84 37 870 12 15
“Ethnic groups” 22 0 0 0 0 6 0 0
“Racialized minorities” 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Visible minorities” 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Racialized 20 0 1 0 2 1 0 0
Ethnic 0 10 1 2 34 3 3
“People with disabilities” OR
“Disabled people” 170 1 ND 4 13 38 1 0
“Person with a disability” OR
“Disabled person” 202 0 ND 1 0 0 0 0
“Women with disabilities” OR
“Disabled women” 14 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
“Impaired” OR “Impairment” 268 0 ND ND 0 374 5 5
Deaf 23 0 ND 0 0 12 0 0
“ADHD” OR “Autism” 46 0 ND 0 0 80 0 0
“Mental health” 1397 0 x x x 227 0 0
“Neurodiverse” OR
“Neurodiversity” 0 0 ND 1 0 0 0
Aboriginal OR “Indigenous
peoples” OR “First Nations”
OR “Metis” OR “Inuit”
76 0 0 0 1 7 3 2
“Minorit*” 427 3 10 10 15 124
4 (all
false
positive)
0
“minority group*” 29 0 0 11 4 13 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 22 of 50
Table 9. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-
Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy
7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Net-
work”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching” or
“Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
“LGBTQ*” 17 0 1 1 3 0 0 0
Patient* 3993 12 ND ND x 12,371 X X
Ableism 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Sexism 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Racism 28 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
Ageism 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Intersectionality 3 0 2 0 1 0 0 0
Table 10. Presence of science and technology governance and ethics fields terms in the academic literature covered.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-
Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy
7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Net-
work”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching” or
“Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
Total # of Abstracts 75,243 656 529 2686 885 100,036 2091 800
“Democratizing science and
technology” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Participatory technology
assessment “ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Technology assessment” 8 0 1 1 0 31 1 3
“Parliamentary technology
assessment” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Anticipatory governance” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Upstream engagement” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Responsible innovation” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 23 of 50
Table 10. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 1: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
Strategy 2: “Disaster
management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Technology Related
Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and Disability Related
Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency Management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster
Management” OR
“Emergency management”
OR “Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning”
OR “Disaster
Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness”
and “Covid”
Strategy 6:
“E-
Coaching”
OR
“Decision
Support
System”
Strategy
7:
“Bayesian
Belief
Net-
work”
Strategy 8:
“E-Coaching” or
“Decision
Support
System*” and
“Equity” or
“Diversity” or
“Inclusion” or
“Equality”
“Responsible research and
innovation” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Transformative vision
assessment” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Technology governance” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Science and technology
governance” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“AI-ethics” 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
“Bioethics” 12 0 1 2 2 0 0 0
“Computer science ethics” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Information technology
ethics” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Nanoethics” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Neuroethics” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
“Robo-ethics” 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 24 of 50
Table 11.
Presence of “social” or “societal” linked phrases in the academic abstracts downloaded including the ones already mentioned within other tables such as
Table 2.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
Total # of Abstracts 656 529 2686 885 2091 800
“Social” linked phrases
Social 240 hits not abstracts 289 hits not abstracts 260 hits not abstracts 519 hits not abstracts 275 hits not
abstracts 212 hits not abstracts
Social network 7 2 3 5 13 9
Social science 2 3 1 4 2 2
Social media 51 3 8 47 2 3
Social effects 1 1 1 1 0 0
Social interactions 0 1 1 3 0 0
Social impacts 1 2 3 8 0 2
Social geodata 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social platform 1 0 0 1 0 1
Social benefit 2 0 0 1 1 1
Social challenges 1 1 2 2 0 0
Social and economic challenges 1 0 0 1 0 0
Social vulnerability index 1 0 0 6 0 0
Social connection 1 1 0 0 0 1
Social stability 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social worker 0 0
Social and economic disruption 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social robot 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social cognition theory 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social application 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social behavior 1 0 0 0 0 2
Social and environmental
impact 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social big data 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social sensors 1 0 0 0 1 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 25 of 50
Table 11. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
social, economic, psychological,
and demographic effects 1 0 0 0 0 0
social, political, and economic
relationships 1 0 0 0 0 0
social and economic disparities 1 0 0 0 0 0
social and economic structures 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social data 1 0 1 0 0 0
Social governance 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social emergency management 1 0 0 0 0 0
social and environmental
factors 1 0 0 0 0 0
Social justice 0 7 1 4 0 0
Social support network 0 1 1 0 0 0
Social determinants 0 3 3 4 0 1
Social policy 0 1 0 1 0 0
Social model of disability 0 2 0 0 0 0
Social environment 0 2 3 1 0 0
Social disparities 0 0 1 0 0 0
Social stigma 0 1 2 1 1 0
Social vulnerability 1 11 2 1 2 9
Social capital 0 3 1 3 5 3
Social isolation 0 7 0 3 0 2
Social grounds 0 1 0 1 0 0
Social resources 0 2 0 0 0 0
Social interaction 1 3 1 3 0 0
Social, economic, and cultural
wellbeing 0 1 0 0 0 9
Social health 0 2 0 2 0 0
Social equity 0 3 0 0 0 5
Social participation 0 1 0 0 1 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 26 of 50
Table 11. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
Social services 0 2 3 5 0 0
Theory of social attachment 0 1 0 0 0 0
Social factors 0 5 1 2 2 4
Social groups 0 2 0 2 0 0
Social, political, economic, and
cultural levels 0 1 0 0 0 0
Social changes 0 2 0 2 0 0
Social issues 0 2 2 3 0 0
Social needs 0 1 5 2 1 0
Social domains 1 0 0 0 0
Social inequalities 0 3 0 2 0 0
Social and environmental
ecologies, 0 1 0 0 0 0
Social status 0 1 0 1 0 0
Social cohesion 0 2 0 3 1 1
Social views 0 1 0 0 0 0
Social indicators 0 1 0 0 0 0
Social infrastructure 0 1 0 0 0 0
Social situation 0 1 0 0 0 0
Social functioning 0 1 0 0 0 0
Social system 0 1 0 3 4 0
Social transformation 0 1 0 2 1 0
Social movement 0 1 0 1 0 0
Social responsibility 0 1 2 3 0 1
Social life 0 1 0 2 0 0
Social cost 0 2 0 0 1 0
Social care 0 0 5 0 0 2
Social and natural disaster 0 0 1 0 0 0
Social ties 0 0 1 1 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 27 of 50
Table 11. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
Social identity 0 0 1 0 0 0
Social resilience 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social and moral norms 0 0 1 0 0 0
Social marketing 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social taboo 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social anxiety 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social distancing 1 1 5 23 0 0
Social solidarity 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social safety 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social Medicine 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social Trust 0 0 0 1 0 1
Social risk 0 0 0 1 0 1
Social Dimension 0 1 0 1 0 1
Social security 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social welfare 0 1 0 6 1 1
Social dissatisfaction 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social Disruption 0 0 0 3 0 0
Social assistance 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social protection 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social injustice 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social disturbance 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social Insurance 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social restriction 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social Initiative 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social influence 0 1 0 1 0 1
Social cues 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social fissure 0 0 0 1 0 0
Social parties 0 0 0 1 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 28 of 50
Table 11. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
Social Background 0 0 1 1 0 0
Social development 0 0 0 1 0 2
Social learning 0 1 1 1 3 0
Social reality 1 0
Social process 1 1
Social innovation 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social and economic 0 0 0 0 13 0
Political, economic, social
cultural and technological 0 0 0 0 1 0
Ecological, social and economic
values 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social, environmental and
economic dimensions 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social engineering 0 0 0 0 3 0
Social, and environmental
impacts 0 0 0 0 1 0
Geological, engineering,
economic, social, political and
cultural factors.
0 0 0 0 1 0
Social dynamics 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social-ecological 0 0 0 0 16 0
(Integrating social,
environmental and economic
elements)
0 0 0 0 1 0
Social and economic terms. 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social contacts 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social neighbor hood 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social norm 0 0 0 2 1 0
Social pressure 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social computing 0 0 0 0 1 1
Social consideration 0 0 0 0 1 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 29 of 50
Table 11. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
Social interest 0 0 0 0 1 0
Livelihoods: natural, human,
social, physical, and financial. 0 0 0 0 0 0
Social harmony 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social dysfunction 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social outcomes 0 0 0 0 3 0
Social entities 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social uses 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social aspects 3 0 0 1 2 0
Social inclusion 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social, economic, and
environmental outcomes 0 0 0 0 1 0
Social capital 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social exchange theory 0 0 0 0 0 1
social software 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social control 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social skills 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social factors 0 0 0 0 0 4
Social amenities 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social care 0 0 0 0 0 3
Social and technical aspects 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social, economic and budgetary
policy 0 0 0 0 0 1
Technology, social, human and
environmental factors 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social and ecological priorities 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social and economic
investigations 0 0 0 0 0 1
Biophysical, ecological, social,
economic and cultural assets 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 30 of 50
Table 11. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
Environmental, social, cultural
and economic datasets social
and economic conditions
0 0 0 0 0 1
Social equity 1 0 0 0 0 4
Social hierarchy 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social development 0 0 0 0 0 1
Economic and social
importance 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social acceptability/social
acceptance 0 0 0 0 0 2
Social agent 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social demands 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social welfare 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ecological, economic and social
suitability 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social influence 0 0 0 0 0 1
Technical, technological,
economical, social, cultural,
ecological and other aspects
0 0 0 0 0 1
Social, cultural, ethical,
psychological, emotional,
religious and ethnic aspects
0 0 0 0 0 1
Technological, technical,
organizational, social, cultural,
ethical, psychological,
emotional, religious and
environmental terms
0 0 0 0 0 1
Social concern 0 0 0 0 0 2
Social responsibility 0 1 2 3 0 1
Social dimensions 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social, economic,
environmental and technical
perspectives
0000 1

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 31 of 50
Table 11. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
Social, economic,
environmental and system
aspects.
0 0 0 0 0 1
Social sensing 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social-learning processes 0 0 0 0 0 1
Socialization 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social cohesion 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social modelling 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social determinants 0 2 4 6 0 1
Social and ethical issues 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social connection 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social loafing 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social platform 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social livability 0 0 0 0 0 1
Social features 0 0 0 0 0 2
Societal
Societal 11 8 6 13 18 5
Societal inequalities 0 0 0 1 0 0
Societal outcome 0 0 0 1 0 0
Societal level 0 0 0 1 0 0
Societal resilience 0 0 0 2 0 0
Societal norms 0 1 1 1 0 0
Societal Challenges 0 0 0 1 0 0
Societal differences 0 0 1 0 0 0
Societal disruptions 0 0 1 0 0 0
Societal concerns 0 0 1 1 0 0
Societal progress 0 0 1 0 0 0
Societal views 0 1 0 0 0 0
Societal implementation 0 1 0 0 0 0

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 32 of 50
Table 11. Cont.
Terms
Strategy 2: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Technology Related Terms
Strategy 3: “Disaster management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
Disability Related Terms
Strategy 4: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Patients”
Strategy 5: “Disaster Management”
OR “Emergency Management” OR
“Emergency Planning”
OR “Disaster Planning” OR
“Disaster Preparedness” OR
“Emergency Preparedness” and
“Covid”
Strategy 7:
Bayesian Belief
Network
Strategy 8: “E-Coaching”
or “Decision Support
System*” and “Equity” or
“Diversity” or “Inclusion”
or “Equality”
Societal groups 0 1 0 1 0 0
Societal changes 1 1 0 0 0 0
Societal attitudes 0 1 0 0 0 0
Societal response 1 0 0 1 0 0
Societal emergency
management 1 0 0 0 0 0
Societal value 1 0 0 0 0 0
Societal implication 1 0 0 0 0 1
Societal barriers 1 0 0 0 0 0
Societal reconstruction 1 0 0 0 0 0
Societal problems 1 0 0 1 0 0
Societal safety 0 0 0 0 1 0
Societal behavior 0 0 0 0 1 0
Societal consequences 0 0 0 0 1 0
Societal choice 0 0 0 0 1 0
Societal consequences 0 0 0 0 1 1
Societal drivers 0 0 0 0 1 0
Societal conditions 0 0 0 0 1 0
Societal aspects 0 0 0 0 0 1
Societal perspectives 0 0 0 0 0 1
Societal benefit 0 0 0 0 0 1

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 33 of 50
Table 4shows that the term “determinants of health” was mentioned the most within
the academic literature searched for all strategies followed by “social determinants of
health”(if mentioned at all). Many of the measures only has one-two hits or none.
Table 5shows that only generic terms such as “health” or “education” or “social” to
name three received more than 100 hits (x in the table indicates more than 100 hits). For
more specific terms the hits were low or no hits were obtained.
Table 6shows that only generic terms such as “communication” or “knowledge” or
“education” to name three received more than 100 hits (x in the table indicates more than
100 hits). For more specific terms the hits were low or no hits were obtained.
Table 7shows that only generic terms such as “health” or “community” or “safety” to
name three received more than 100 hits (x in the table indicates more than 100 hits). For
more specific terms the hits were low or no hits were obtained.
Table 8shows that only generic terms such as “transportation” or “stress” or “educa-
tion” to name three received more than 100 hits (x in the table indicates more than 100 hits).
For more specific terms the hits were low or no hits were obtained. Table 8also had some
EDI groups related terms. EDI group related terms are more engaged with under Table 9.
Table 9shows that EDI phrases and frameworks were hardly to not all mentioned.
As to EDI related groups the terms “gender or women” were mentioned the most. The
term “patient” had the most hits by far. Terms covering Indigenous Peoples or other EDI
related groups were found much less. We also searched for some negative isms linked to
EDI groups finding few to no hits.
Table 10 shows that of the ethics fields covered the term “bioethics” was mentioned
the most although even that term was not found with each strategy. Ai-ethics had only one
hit with one strategy. All the other ethics fields generated no hits at all. As to the science
and technology governance terms only “technology assessment” generated more than
one hit although not every strategy generated hits. “Participatory technology assessment”
generated one hit with one strategy. The other science and technology governance terms
generated no hits.
Table 11 only covered the ‘social’ terms found in the downloaded abstract found with
strategy 2–5 and 7–8. The table shows the generic term ‘social’ was present to some extend
but with specific aspects of the ‘social’ indicated by phrases containing the term “social”
the hits were much less. The term “social media” and “social network” generated the most
hits. Many social containing phrases only showed up in one strategy and often only one
time. The term “societal” was rarely mentioned and a given phrase containing “societal”
even less.
4. Discussion
The objective of this study was to map out the engagement with the ‘social’, EDI and
marginalized groups and technologies in the EDMPP-focused academic literature. In short,
many of the ‘social’ terms and EDI phrases and frameworks were minimally mentioned or
not at all. Marginalized groups covered within normally in EDI discussions were rarely
mentioned. The term “patient*” was 5 times more present than the disability terms covered.
In the remainder of the discussion, we cover EDMPP including COVID-19 first in relation
to the ‘social’, followed by EDI, and lastly the issue of technologies.
4.1. EDMPP including COVID-19 and the Social
The COVID-19 research roadmap [
8
] mentions the term ‘social’ over 211 times and uses
phrases such as “social protection”, “social cohesion”, social change and socio-economic
recovery. The UN Office for disaster risk reduction (UNDRR) strategic framework 2022–
2025 [
11
] mentions the term ‘social’ as part of its strategic objective 1 stating: “Faced with
an increasingly complex and uncertain risk landscape, where climate change and systemic
risks threaten our social, economic and financial systems, greater understanding of the
interconnected nature of hazards, exposure and vulnerability will be critical for effective
disaster risk reduction and for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)” [
11
]

Sustainability 2022,14, 13519 34 of 50
(p. 11). It also contains the “Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015–2030“ in its strategic framework document, which by itself mentions the social as
part of the outcome, the goal and priority for action [
11
]. The United Nations Office for
Disaster Risk Reduction in their strategic framework 2016–2021 argues that “managing
disaster risks cannot be separated from the broader governance of social and economic
development” [
271
]. Given these three documents we argue that a solid engagement with
various aspects of the ‘social’ are needed.
However, our findings show that the engagement with the social (Tables 2–8and 11)
was very uneven with EDMPP in general (strategy 1) and COVID-19 (Strategy 5). Although
our online search within the 75,243 abstracts (strategy 1), for the very term “social”, gen-
erated 10,758 hits and was over 100 times present in abstracts obtained with strategy 5,
specific phrases linked to the ‘social’ were much less present. For example, the phrase
“social implication*” was only found 151 times with strategy 1 and 8 times with strategy
5. Similarly, “social impact*” was mentioned 155 times with strategy 1 and 8 times with
strategy 5 (Table 2). “Social protection”, mentioned in the COVID-19 research road map,
generated only 40 hits with strategy 1 and two hits with strategy 5. “Social cohesion” was
not found with strategy 5 and “social change” only twice with strategy 5 (Table 11). We
also added as search terms the “UN Framework Convention on Climate Change” and
the United Nations document “transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable
development” which are about preventing the worsening of certain aspects of the ‘social’
linked to emergencies and disasters, whereby the first generated 5 hits with strategy 1 and
none with strategy 5. The latter did not generate hits with strategies 1 and 5. Table 11 shows
how little to no phrases containing the ‘social’ were present for strategy 5. Many terms
could be used more such as the different well-being concepts, the concept of health equity,
which includes the problems with the ‘social’ [
13
], and terms such as stigma, stereotype
and “social norms” to name only a few. In Table 4, we list many wellbeing measures that
contain sets of indicators of the ‘social’. Most were not mentioned at all using strategies 1
and 5. The findings in Tables 2–8and 11 suggest that the literature we covered does not
add to the understanding of the ‘social’ in relation to EDMPP. The findings are particularly
problematic for marginalized groups that often experience problems with the ‘social’.
EDMP including COVID-19 and the Social: The Case of Marginalized Groups
Marginalized population are known to encounter many social and societal problems.
In the UN Office for disaster risk reduction (UNDRR) strategic framework 2022–2025 [
11
]
it is noted that human rights treatise can be used to deal with vulnerability. Our find-
ings show that the human rights treatises “Convention on the Rights of Persons with
Disabilities”, “Convention on the Rights of the Child”, “Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Discrimination against Women”, “Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples”, “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” and the “International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination” are not used in the literature
covered to enhance EDMPP processes and actions. It is known that a major challenge
for any EDMPP is that different groups are impacted differently by emergencies and
disasters [
103
,
105
,
109
,
113
,
114
,
135
–
150
,
272
–
274
]. At the same time it is recognized that
marginalized populations encounter many problems in relation to emergencies and dis-
asters [
104
–
121
]. Our findings show a lack of engagement with many of the social terms
present in Tables 2–8and 11 which is especially a problem for marginalized groups.
It is acknowledged that the literacy in relation to marginalized groups is low [
149
] and
that numerous biases [
114
,
118
,
144
,
149
,
151
–
154
,
275
] exist often due to a lack of data or bias
in what data is produced [
155
,
159
]. Our findings related to the ‘social’ suggest that the data
needed for increasing the literacy of- or decreasing the bias by people involved in EDMPP
related to the social challenges faced by marginalized groups is not generated.
The results obtained through strategy 3 which covers disabled people in conjunction
with EDMPP and strategy 4 that covers EDMPP literature using the term patient, both
show the same lack of engagement with the ‘social’ (as outlined for the data obtained from