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Evaluation the effect of gallium oxide nanoparticles production using LIP on some complications in alloxan induced diabetic rats
Abstract
It is the first time that gallium oxide has been used to study its medicinal effect on alloxan-induced diabetes in male rats. Diabetes is a hyperglycemic metabolic condition caused by defects of insulin secretion and function. The two effects of chemical products and herbal medicine in the treatment of diabetes have been examined in many studies. The objective of the present study is to examine the effects of Gallium oxide nanoparticles GaONPs on some complications such as serum glucose, insulin levels, lipid profil, liver and kidney function, and thyroid gland in normal diabetic rats, induced with alloxan. For this experiment, thirty stable adult male Albino rats weighing 275 ± 25 gr are taken. Rats are divided into three groups (10 rats in each group). Animals are treated for 30 days by a gavage tube as follows: category I: non-diabetic control rats; group II: diabetic control rats; group III diabetic rats which received GaONPs 0.3 ml per day. At the end of the 30 days, blood samples are collected and biomedical parameters are determined using commercial assay kits in all the study groups. The findings of the present study have demonstrate that there a significantly reduction in glucose serum levels, insignificant elevation of insulin levels, amelioration in serum lipid fractions, decrease in serum levels of liver enzymes ALT, AST, significant reduction in levels of urea and creatinine, and insignificant elevation in the T3, T4 hormones. It may be proposed, according to the present findings, that the anti-hyperglycemic effect of GaONPs is at least partially mediated by amelioration according to all the parameters mentioned above. These results are definite supporting GaONPs as a new medicine for diabetic patients.
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Natural products have played and continue to play a great role in the management of different diseases. Natural products are usually believed to be safer, cheaper, easily available and sometimes more efficacious than purely synthetic drugs. Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem in the world. There is no cure for diabetes. With the increase in a number of newer drugs for diabetes, there is the possibility of a wide range of side effects that vary from one drug to another. It is, therefore, essential to practice effective methods of the treatment and management of diabetes. Hence, the need to explore antidiabetic drugs of natural origin with minimal side effects is highly essential. This review provides a scientific perspective on the usage and research of natural traditional remedies in the management of diabetes. The aim of the present review is to provide a comprehensive and concise overview of the previously reported clinical trials of antioxidative natural products in the management of diabetes. Keywords: Diabetes, Natural products, Hyperglycemia, Diabetic complications
CdO NPs were prepared using laser ablation method in Ethanol using Nd:YAG laser at different energies (171, 201 and 263 mJ/pulse). The optical, structural and morphological properties were inspected using uv-vis spectrophotometer, XRD and AFM, respectively. The results showed that when increasing the laser energy, the band gap energy increases from 2.53 to 2.85 eV. The CdO Nps are proven to be pure and of a crystalline structure. The morphological studies indicated that the size of synthesized NPs is highly dependent on the laser energy. As the energy increases, the average diameter of prepared NPs decreased from 80.18nm to 67.68 nm.
In an attempt to develop Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) for the treatment of diabetes and related complications, the antidiabetic potential of the mature unripe fruits of Coccinia grandis (CGF) was evaluated. Oxidative stress and glycation plays an important role in manifesting of diabetes and vascular complications. Agents with antioxidant and antiglycation properties may retard these pathological alterations. In this study, the edible plant Coccinia grandis was assessed for in vitro estimation of antioxidant and antiglycation potential and its insulinotrophic properties in RINm5F cells. Antioxidant activity was evaluated as DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion scavenging activities, whereas the protein glycation inhibitory potential was evaluated using in vitro albumin-fructose glycation model. Glycation inhibition was estimated by different biochemical parameters viz. fructosamine, protein carbonyl group and protein aggregation using thioflavin T fluorescence. C. grandis extract exerted a dose dependent radical scavenging activity and exhibited a significant antiglycation potential. The extract also showed a significant insulinotrophic property with 1.28 and 1.71-fold increase in insulin release when compared to control at 0.25 and 0.50 mg/mL, respectively. These data suggest the possible antidiabetic role of CGF extract, presumably by its antioxidant, antiglycation and insulin secretory effects. Present findings provide experimental evidence that the fruits of C. grandis have potential antidiabetic activity which might be used as a functional food and safe remedy for the treatment of diabetes and associated complications. This study also revealed that the plant can be a promising source for development of natural antiglycating agents and novel insulin secretagogues.
Diabetes has been increasing at an alarming rate around the world, and experts have relied on remedies from the utilization of ancient drugs that are essentially derived from plants. The present study aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of Chloroxylon swietenia bark extracts on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in male albino Wistar rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg b.w.). The diabetic rats were administered orally with C. swietenia bark (CSB) methanolic (CSBMEt) and aqueous (CSBAEt) (250 mg/kg b.w.) extracts and glibenclamide (600 µg/kg b.w.) by intragastric intubation for 45 days. The result showed a heavy loss in weight, increase in blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level, and decline in plasma insulin and total hemoglobin content. Furthermore, glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bis phosphatase were found to be increased whereas hexokinase and glycogen contents were decreased in STZ induced diabetic rats. CSBAEt, CSBMEt and glibenclamide treated diabetic rats showed moderate reduction in blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels; in addition, plasma insulin and hemoglobin levels were elevated. The altered activities of carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes and liver glycogen were improved remarkably. CSBMEt results were comparable to the standard drug glibenclamide. The present findings support the usage of the plant extracts for the traditional treatment of diabetes.
Hibiscus sabdariffa is an annual dicotyledonous herbaceous shrub plant popularly known as "zobo" in Nigeria which is an indigenous edible medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic medicine in India, China and Thailand. The purpose of this studies is to investigate the effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf extract on liver marker enzymes such as AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase), for its hepatoprotective effect in phenobarbitone-induced rats. Phenobarbitone treated rats showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the levels of circulatory AST, ALT and ALP. These changes were significantly decreased (P<0.05) in rats treated with HSEt and phenobarbitone. These results indicate that HSEt offers hepatoprotection by influencing the levels of liver markers in phenobarbitoneinduced rats and this could be due to its free radical scavenging property and the presence of natural antioxidants.
The present study was based on Diabetes, its cure & herbal products available in market. Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder, affecting 16 million individuals in the United States and 200 million worldwide. Despite the use of advanced synthetic drugs for the treatment, use of herbal remedies is gaining higher importance because of synthetic drugs have drawbacks and limitations. The herbal drugs with antidiabetic activity are extensively formulated commercially because of easy availability, affordability and less side effects as compared to the synthetic antidiabetic drugs. Antidiabetic herbal formulations (AHF) are considered to be more effective for the management of diabetes. There are around 600 herbal drug manufacturers in India of which almost all manufacturers are developing AHF in addition to others. Till date no article is published to give detailed information of the herbal preparations on diabetes available in market. In this we illustrate about diabetes mellitus and its types, causes, sign and symptoms, complications, pathophysiology, diabetic medication, diabetic treatment, herbal diabetic cure, advantages of herbal medicines over allopathy and herbal formulations. Thus, this review article undertake the attempt for providing updated information on the type of diabetes and herbal formulations which will enhance the existing knowledge of the researchers.
Hematological parameters which have been implicated in diabetes
mellitus were investigated in this study. N-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and
methanol fractions of the ethanolic leaf extract of Nauclea latifolia were
orally administered once daily for 2 weeks to diabetic rats. The levels of
RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, PCT, MPV, PDW, WBC,
lymphocyte and granulocyte were evaluated in blood. There was significant
reduction (P < 0.05) in RBC and HCT levels in the treatment groups of ethyl
acetate fraction (250 mg/kg) and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) with significant
increases (P < 0.05) in their MCV and MCH levels when compared with the
diabetic control group. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in PLT levels of the
treatment groups of ethanol extracts, n-hexane fractions and ethyl acetate
fraction (100 mg/kg); PCT levels of ethanol extracts group and MPV levels
of ethyl acetate fractions treatment groups was high. The treatment groups of
glibenclamide, butanol, methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate fractions and
ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) showed significant reduction (P < 0.05) in their
WBC and lymphocyte levels while significant increase (P < 0.05) in
granulocyte levels was noted in the treatment group of ethanol extract (100
mg/kg) when compared with diabetic control group. In conclusion, the
ethanol extract proved to have anti-infective property. Some fractions,
showed capabilities to boost the immune system.
Background
Flavonoid-rich aqueous fraction of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx was evaluated for its anti-hepatotoxic activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats.
Methods
Diabetes Mellitus was induced in Wistar rats by a single i.p injection of 80 mg/kg b.w. streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 6.3).
Results
The ameliorative effects of the extract on STZ-diabetes induced liver damage was evident from the histopathological analysis and the biochemical parameters evaluated in the serum and liver homogenates. Reduced levels of glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (3.76 ± 0.38 μM, 0.42 ± 0.04 U/L, 41.08 ± 3.04 U/ml, 0.82 ± 0.04 U/L respectively) in the liver of diabetic rats were restored to a near normal level in the Hibiscus sabdariffa -treated rats (6.87 ± 0.51 μM, 0.72 ± 0.06 U/L, 87.92 ± 5.26 U/ml, 1.37 ± 0.06 U/L respectively). Elevated levels of aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the serum of diabetic rats were also restored in Hibiscus sabdariffa -treated rats. Examination of stained liver sections revealed hepatic fibrosis and excessive glycogen deposition in the diabetic rats. These pathological changes were ameliorated in the extract-treated rats.
Conclusion
The anti-hepatotoxic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract in STZ diabetic rats could be partly related to its antioxidant activity and the presence of flavonnoids.
Fenugreek (Pusa Early Bunching) seeds were processed by using different processing methods viz. soaking, germination and roasting. Raw and processed fenugreek seed flours were analyzed for nutritional composition, anti- nutritional, and antioxidant activity. Raw fenugreek seed flour contained higher amount of dietary fiber (45.4 %) followed by 41.7 % in soaked seed flour, 40.9 % in roasted fenugreek seed flour and 31.3 % in germinated fenugreek seed flour. Processing of fenugreek seeds improved in vitro starch digestibility and in vitro protein digestibility. Soaking, germination and roasting enhanced total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of fenugreek seed flour as compared to raw fenugreek seed flour. The phenolic content of soaked, germinated and roasted fenugreek seed flours was 54.4, 80.8 and 48.5 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of sample in contrast to raw fenugreek seed flour (45.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents/g of sample). The antioxidant activity of the extracts of soaked, germinated and roasted fenugreek seed flours was 60.7 %, 73.9 % and 32.0 % whereas as the raw fenugreek seed flour exhibited 18.1 % antioxidant activity. Processing of fenugreek seeds also decreased phytic acid content significantly (P < 0.05) as compared to raw seeds.
Cells are not passive bystanders in the process of hormonal signaling and instead can actively customize hormonal action. Thyroid hormone gains access to the intracellular environment via membrane transporters, and while diffusing from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, thyroid hormone signaling is modified via the action of the deiodinases. Although the type 2 deiodinase (D2) converts the prohormone T(4) to the biologically active T(3), the type 3 deiodinase (D3) converts it to reverse T(3), an inactive metabolite. D3 also inactivates T(3) to T(2), terminating thyroid hormone action. Therefore, D2 confers cells with the capacity to produce extra amounts of T(3) and thus enhances thyroid hormone signaling. In contrast expression of D3 results in the opposite action. The Dio2 and Dio3 genes undergo transcriptional regulation throughout embryonic development, childhood, and adult life. In addition, the D2 protein is unique in that it can be switched off and on via an ubiquitin regulated mechanism, triggered by catalysis of T(4). Induction of D2 enhances local thyroid hormone signaling and energy expenditure during activation of brown adipose tissue by cold exposure or high-fat diet. On the other hand, induction of D3 in myocardium and brain during ischemia and hypoxia decreases energy expenditure as part of a homeostatic mechanism to slow down cell metabolism in the face of limited O(2) supply.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in men and women older than 65 years; therefore, its prevention is an important public health priority. Although cardiovascular risk is multifactorial, elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels contribute to risk even in old age. Despite the importance of lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with statins to reduce cardiovascular events, specific evidence and recommendations for older populations are limited. Where evidence supports lipid lowering in older adults, provider and patient adherence to statins remains suboptimal. Paradoxically, risk is an inverse driver of statin use regardless of age, with those most likely to benefit being least likely to receive them. Reconsidering evidence around, use of statins as well as ways to optimize the prescription of statins and adherence in appropriately selected older adults is warranted.
The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and the number of people of all ages with diabetes for years 2000 and 2030.
Data on diabetes prevalence by age and sex from a limited number of countries were extrapolated to all 191 World Health Organization member states and applied to United Nations' population estimates for 2000 and 2030. Urban and rural populations were considered separately for developing countries.
The prevalence of diabetes for all age-groups worldwide was estimated to be 2.8% in 2000 and 4.4% in 2030. The total number of people with diabetes is projected to rise from 171 million in 2000 to 366 million in 2030. The prevalence of diabetes is higher in men than women, but there are more women with diabetes than men. The urban population in developing countries is projected to double between 2000 and 2030. The most important demographic change to diabetes prevalence across the world appears to be the increase in the proportion of people >65 years of age.
These findings indicate that the "diabetes epidemic" will continue even if levels of obesity remain constant. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, it is likely that these figures provide an underestimate of future diabetes prevalence.
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly, and type 2 diabetes now accounts for 20 to 50% of cases of new-onset diabetes in young people.1 Electrolyte disturbances are common in patients with diabetes and may be the result of an altered distribution of electrolytes related to hyperglycemiainduced osmotic fluid shifts or of total-body deficits brought about by osmotic diuresis. Complications from end-organ injury and the therapies used in the management of diabetes may also contribute to electrolyte disturbances. In this review, we highlight the ways in which specific electrolytes may be influenced by dysregulation in glucose homeostasis.
Purpose
– An elevated level of cholesterol in blood is quite common nowadays. People are becoming more health conscious. The purpose of this paper is to study the hypocholesterolemic effect of teent, as it is a rich source of dietary fiber.
Design/methodology/approach
– Teent was processed and analyzed for proximate coposition and dietary fiber constituents. Fifteen obese volunteer subjects having high blood lipid profile were selected for the experiment. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for total, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol initially before start of feeding experiment and at the end of experiment. Teent was processed and various products using teent or teent powder were standardized. Best acceptable products, namely, chutney and biscuits were supplemented in the diets of the subjects for three months.
Findings
– The nutritional evaluation of teent indicates that it contains a good amount of protein and fiber. A significant decrease in the total cholesterol (13 percent) and LDL cholesterol (16 percent) was noticed at the end of the experiment. However, no significant change in HDL cholesterol was witnessed.
Originality/value
– In the present scenario due to urbanization more and more people are facing problem of obesity and related heart diseases. At the same time they also want to avoid consuming medicines due to their side effects so results indicate that teent supplementation may have an important role in nutritional management of hypercholesterolemia.
Many herbal medicines have been recommended for the treatment of diabetes. The antidiabetic effect of fenugreek ethanolic extract (Trigonella-foenum graecum L) was investigated in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Oral administration of fenugreek extract (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 g/kg body weight) for 14 days on the level of serum glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. Treatment of fenugreek extract alleviated body weight loss in diabetic rats. Administrations of the extract significantly decreased serum glucose, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, urea, uric acid, creatinine, AST, and ALT levels, whereas it increased serum insulin in diabetic rats but not in normal rats (P < .05). A comparison was made between the action of fenugreek extract and glibenclamide (600 μg/kg), the known antidiabetic drug. The antidiabetic effect of the extract was similar to that observed for glibenclamide. It is concluded that the plant should be considered as an excellent candidate for future studies on diabetes mellitus.
With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are being widely used in many industries as well as in medicine and pharmacology. Despite the many proposed advantages of nanomaterials, increasing concerns have been expressed on their potential adverse human health effects. In recent years, application of nanotechnology in medicine has been defined as nanomedicine. Techniques in nanomedicine make it possible to deliver therapeutic agents into targeted specific cells, cellular compartments, tissues, and organs by using nanoparticulate carriers. Because nanoparticles possess different physicochemical properties than their fine-sized analogues due to their extremely small size and large surface area, they need to be evaluated separately for toxicity and adverse health effects. In addition, in the field of nanomedicine, intravenous and subcutaneous injections of nanoparticulate carriers deliver exogenous nanoparticles directly into the human body without passing through the normal absorption process. These nanoparticulate carriers themselves may be responsible for toxicity and interaction with biological macromolecules within the human body. Second, insoluble nanoparticulate carriers may accumulate in human tissues or organs. Therefore, it is necessary to address the potential health and safety implications of nanomaterials used in nanomedicine. Toxicological studies for biosafety evaluation of these nanomaterials will be important for the continuous development of nanomedical science. This review summarizes the current knowledge on toxicology of nanomaterials, particularly on those used in nanomedicine.
To evaluate selected metabolic effects of plant fibers, we fed control and oat-bran diets in an alternating sequence to eight men with previously documented hypercholesterolemia. The two solid diets differed only in the inclusion of 100 g of oat bran in the test diet. We randomized diet sequences and the measured intakes of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and cholesterol were virtually identical on the two diets. Serum total cholesterol concentrations were stable on control diets whereas a progressive reduction was observed in seven men on oat-bran diets. On oat-bran diets, average reductions in serum total cholesterol concentrations were 13% (p less than 0.01, N = 8); plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were 14% lower (p less than 0.05) while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were not changed. Fasting and postprandial serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were similar on the two diets. Fecal excretion of total bile acids was 54% higher (p less than 0.001) on oat-bran diets than on control diets but neutral steroid excretion was slightly lower while on oat bran. Palatable and inexpensive high-fiber foods such as oat bran may have a role in the treatment of certain patients with hypercholesterolemia.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has become an epidemic, and virtually no physician is without patients who have the disease. Whereas insulin insensitivity is an early phenomenon partly related to obesity, pancreas beta-cell function declines gradually over time already before the onset of clinical hyperglycaemia. Several mechanisms have been proposed, including increased non-esterified fatty acids, inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and mitochondrial dysfunction for insulin resistance, and glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, and amyloid formation for beta-cell dysfunction. Moreover, the disease has a strong genetic component, but only a handful of genes have been identified so far: genes for calpain 10, potassium inward-rectifier 6.2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, insulin receptor substrate-1, and others. Management includes not only diet and exercise, but also combinations of anti-hyperglycaemic drug treatment with lipid-lowering, antihypertensive, and anti platelet therapy.
The present study investigated the hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of ethanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L (HSE) in rats treated with alloxan. The results were compared with the standard hypolipidemic drug lovastatin. HSE at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg elicited dose-dependent effects on the biomarkers evaluated. In alloxan-treated rats, HSE at the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly attenuated the elevated blood glucose concentration by 57%. Lovastatin (10 mg/kg) similarly reduced the glucose level in alloxan-treated rats by 48%. HSE reduced the alloxan-induced increases in cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and atherogenic index by 29%, 36%, 40%, and 32%, respectively while lovastatin decreased the alloxan-induced increases in the parameters by 25%, 23%, 28%, and 31%, respectively. HSE (200 mg/kg) and lovastatin (P < 0.01) decreased the alloxan-induced increases in the lipid profiles both in the liver and the kidneys. HSE at 200 mg/kg attenuated the alloxan-induced decrease in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the level of glutathione (GSH) by 36%, 44%, and 64% in the liver and by 20%, 43%, and 85% in the kidney of rats. Lovastatin similarly increased SOD, CAT and GSH by 32%, 29%, and 64% in the liver and by 17%, 26%, and 73% in the kidney of alloxan-treated rats. HSE (200 mg/kg) significantly decreased the alloxan-mediated increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels in the liver by 44% and 43% and in the kidneys by 45% and 38%, respectively, while lovastatin decreased the alloxan-induced elevation in MDA and PC in the liver by 42% and 41% and in the kidney by 45% and 33%, respectively. While HSE at a dose of 200 mg/kg and lovastatin normalized the activity of phosphatidate phosphohydrolase in the liver, the extract and lovastatin did not elicit significant changes in the kidney enzyme activity in rats treated with alloxan. Overall, our data demonstrate that HSE possesses strong hypolipidemic as well as antioxidant properties in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and as such Hibiscus sabdariffa could be useful in preventing the development of atherosclerosis and possible related cardiovascular pathologies associated with diabetes.
Oxidative stress is a principal pathway for the dysfunction and ultimate destruction of cells in the neuronal and vascular systems for several disease entities, not promoting the ravages of oxidative stress to any less of a degree than diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is increasing in incidence as a result of changes in human behavior that relate to diet and daily exercise and is predicted to affect almost 400 million individuals worldwide in another two decades. Furthermore, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus can lead to significant disability in the nervous and cardiovascular systems, such as cognitive loss and cardiac insufficiency. As a result, innovative strategies that directly target oxidative stress to preserve neuronal and vascular longevity could offer viable therapeutic options to diabetic patients in addition to more conventional treatments that are designed to control serum glucose levels. Here we discuss the novel application of nicotinamide, Wnt signaling, and erythropoietin that modulate cellular oxidative stress and offer significant promise for the prevention of diabetic complications in the nervous and vascular systems. Essential to this process is the precise focus upon diverse as well as common cellular pathways governed by nicotinamide, Wnt signaling, and erythropoietin to outline not only the potential benefits, but also the challenges and possible detriments of these therapies. In this way, new avenues of investigation can hopefully bypass toxic complications, or at the very least, avoid contraindications that may limit care and offer both safe and robust clinical treatment for patients.
Effects of homeopathy remedy Syzygium jambolanum on glucose level, lipid profile and histology of pancreas of streptozotocin induced diabetes rat
- M Jamaludin
- S B Budin
- T Ketharin
Jamaludin, M., Budin, S. B., & Ketharin, T., Effects of homeopathy remedy Syzygium jambolanum on glucose
level, lipid profile and histology of pancreas of streptozotocin induced diabetes rat. Rev Glob Med Healthc Res, 1,
(2010) 135-5.
The Use Of Hemicellulose From Wheat Bran As A Mixed Ingredient On Meatballs
- M F Maulana
- F L Wijiono
Maulana, M. F., & Wijiono, F. L., The Use Of Hemicellulose From Wheat Bran As A Mixed Ingredient On
Meatballs. In ASEAN/Asian Academic Society International Conference Proceeding Series, (2018) (pp. 624-629).