The Relevance of Implementing Comprehensive Security Concept (COMSEC) towards the Endemic Era of Covid-19

Abstract

This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0 The discussion in this paper refers to Comprehensive Security (COMSEC) as a continuous effort that is balanced, integrated at every level of government administration and societal structure and across all fields. In order to maintain the Federation of Malaysia's sovereignty, peace and prosperity, it is necessary to protect the country from all internal and external dangers. This paper discusses COMSEC and its relationship to the sovereignty and security of our nation, Malaysia. The discussion's focus has shifted when a number of issues were brought up, including the problem of cross-border crime and the current digital threat, where it is important to comprehend COMSEC in order to deal with the Covid-19 outbreak and build public awareness and resilience in order to ensure national security and sustainable development, which is the key to sustainable development. The primary objective of this discussion is to identify the issues that play a significant role in the government's attempts to implement COMSEC, as well as the challenges faced by the government in addressing the contested issues. The qualitative approach used in this writing uses secondary sources such published study findings, academic writing, online news sources, and public forums. The issue of cross-border crime, such as smuggling, human trafficking, and the invasion of illegal Immigrants (PATI) continues to plague the majority of developing nations, including Malaysia. The problem of digital threats also sparked alarm among the public and the government, since it is one of the issues the government faces in ensuring the security and sovereignty of the nation. In the meantime, there are doctrines regarding the implementation of COMSEC that are still applicable in the current day, but they should be modified to reflect the changing patterns of the times. According to the findings of the study, the government also had a crucial role in preventing the growth of the Covid-19 outbreak in Malaysia. However, other parties also play a crucial role in breaking the chain of the Covid-19 epidemic. 534 epidemic period, all parties must work together to realise the government's goals so that the safety of the people and the nation can be ensured through the application of the COMSEC concept.

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DOI 10.35631/IJLGC.729038
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW,
GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNICATION
(IJLGC)
www.ijlgc.com
THE RELEVANCE OF IMPLEMENTING COMPREHENSIVE
SECURITY CONCEPT (COMSEC) TOWARDS THE ENDEMIC
ERA OF COVID-19
Irma Wani Othman1, Saifulazry Mokhtar2*, Azmin Pullong3*
1
Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language Learning, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
Email: irma@ums.edu.my
2
Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language Learning, Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
Email: saifulazry.mokhtar@ums.edu.my
3
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Sabah (Kampus Tawau)
Email: azminpullong@uitm.edu.my
*
Corresponding Author
Article Info:
Abstract:
Article history:
Received date: 15.06.2022
Revised date: 20.07.2022
Accepted date: 30.08.2022
Published date: 29.09.2022
To cite this document:
Othman, I. W., Mokhtar, S., &
Pullong, A. (2022). The Relevance of
Implementing Comprehensive
Security Concept (COMSEC) towards
the Endemic Era of Covid-19.
International Journal of Law,
Government and Communication, 7
(29), 533-555.
DOI: 10.35631/IJLGC.729038.
This work is licensed under CC BY 4.0
The discussion in this paper refers to Comprehensive Security (COMSEC) as
a continuous effort that is balanced, integrated at every level of government
administration and societal structure and across all fields. In order to maintain
the Federation of Malaysia’s sovereignty, peace and prosperity, it is necessary
to protect the country from all internal and external dangers. This paper
discusses COMSEC and its relationship to the sovereignty and security of our
nation, Malaysia. The discussion’s focus has shifted when a number of issues
were brought up, including the problem of cross-border crime and the current
digital threat, where it is important to comprehend COMSEC in order to deal
with the Covid-19 outbreak and build public awareness and resilience in order
to ensure national security and sustainable development, which is the key to
sustainable development. The primary objective of this discussion is to identify
the issues that play a significant role in the government’s attempts to implement
COMSEC, as well as the challenges faced by the government in addressing the
contested issues. The qualitative approach used in this writing uses secondary
sources such published study findings, academic writing, online news sources,
and public forums. The issue of cross-border crime, such as smuggling, human
trafficking, and the invasion of illegal Immigrants (PATI) continues to plague
the majority of developing nations, including Malaysia. The problem of digital
threats also sparked alarm among the public and the government, since it is one
of the issues the government faces in ensuring the security and sovereignty of
the nation. In the meantime, there are doctrines regarding the implementation
of COMSEC that are still applicable in the current day, but they should be
modified to reflect the changing patterns of the times. According to the findings
of the study, the government also had a crucial role in preventing the growth
of the Covid-19 outbreak in Malaysia. However, other parties also play a
crucial role in breaking the chain of the Covid-19 epidemic. Especially in this

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epidemic period, all parties must work together to realise the government’s
goals so that the safety of the people and the nation can be ensured through the
application of the COMSEC concept.
Keywords:
Comprehensive Security (COMSEC), National Security, Sovereignty, Cross-
Border Crime, Sustainable Development
Introduction
Malaysia is a democratic, multiracial nation. The government is responsible for ensuring that
the nation’s sovereignty and security are always protected and maintained. Malaysia should be
free from all internal and external threats. The National Security Policy was introduced as the
primary document in response to the growing complexity of security threats (Majlis
Keselamatan Negara, 2021). Therefore, through National Security Policy, the implementation
of the main strategies will be able to ensure that the Core Values of the Nation are maintained,
and Malaysia will be free from all forms of threats, not just physical ones, but also those that
damage the minds of the people. National Security Policy is the primary guide and reference
for federal and state ministries and agencies and provides evidence that the government is
always committed to guaranteeing and maintaining national security. In addition, the
cooperation of the people is necessary to secure Malaysia’s continuation as an independent and
sovereign nation based on the principles of Parliamentary Democracy and Constitutional
Monarchy (Ibrahim, Ationg, Esa, Abang Muis, Othman, Yusoff & Mokhtar, 2021a). This is
not only for the welfare and peace of the current generation, but also for the generations to
come.
Malaysia is recognised as a sovereign nation due to the fact that it has its own ideology and as
well as independent and authoritative. A sovereign nation is a nation having a permanent
population and a government that is capable of managing domestic issues and is free to form
contacts with other nations (Esa, Othman, Ationg, Ibrahim, Sharif Adam, Hamid & Hajimin,
2021a). A sovereign nation has borders with other nations is capable of implementing a
systematic administration and is able to form its own political system. Regarding this
demarcation, there are numerous heavily contested elements, including the subject of cross-
border crime, such as smuggling and human trafficking, as well as the invasion of PATI. For
instance, this involvement with cross-border concerns involves nearly all nations, particularly
the issue of human trafficking. This is claimed to be the case since human trafficking is a cross-
border issue; hence, many countries around the world, whether developed or still developing
cannot avoid this issue (Hamzah, Othman & Musa, 2019). Therefore, it is crucial that those in
authority address the issue rather than allowing it to continue to hamper and damage the
country’s reputation.
This paper discusses comprehensive security, which is an ongoing effort that is balanced,
integrated at every level of government administration, community structure, and across all
fields to protect the nation from threats from within and without, thereby ensuring the
Federation of Malaysia's independence and peace. KESBAN (Security and Development),
HANRUH (Comprehensive Defence), and Winning Hearts & Minds are among the doctrines
and ideas that have been and are currently employed (Majlis Keselamatan Negara, 2021). All
of these notions have been demonstrated to be applicable and are still current. Malaysia must
be prepared to change its philosophy and approach to the changing times and behaviour of

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human civilisation in order to meet new challenges in order to educate her own people (Esa,
Othman, Abu Bakar & Mokhtar, 2021b). Therefore, the idea of Comprehensive Security is
compatible with the current requirements of security management.
With cross-sectoral dependencies and interlinkages, security management is getting more
complicated, necessitating coordinated actions from the areas of policy, strategy, operational
actions, and resource management. The government apparatus is no longer solely responsible
for the management of national security. Each party must contribute equally to the execution
of their various responsibilities in accordance with their duties, expertise, positions, and
obligations as permanent members of “Team Malaysia” (Hashim, Keling & Osman, 2020).
Moreover, modern growth or advancement impacts both the environment and overall safety.
Therefore, sustainable development is founded on preventing the destruction of the
environment and preserving it. Conservation is rebuilding diminished environmental resources
such as water, forests, energy, air, and minerals without allowing them to vanish. Meanwhile,
preservation encompasses aspects of care and protection in order to keep natural resources from
being greedily exploited by humans.
The idea of sustainable development is founded on the concept and principles of continuous
development stand strives to meet the requirements of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations, especially by providing conducive higher
learning environment for our youths to signify the utmost importance of leaderships (Othman,
Esa, Ationg, Ibrahim, Lukin, & Abdul Hamid, 2021a). The concept of sustainable development
emerged from the awareness of the significance of environmental resource conservation and
preservation. Since the Earth Summits held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and Johannesburg from
26 August to 4 September 2002, considerable discussion of development issues had happened
(Minghat, Yasin, Subari & Noordin, 2013). Agenda 21 was created as a result of the meeting
in 1992; it was an action plan that includes a comprehensive set of principles to assist
governments and organisations in implementing sustainable development policies and
programmes in their individual countries (Minghat, Yasin, Subari & Noordin, 2013).
Moreover, cyber threats are currently a major concern for many nations because they pose a
substantial threat to both society and nation. Cybercrime is one of the most pervasive digital
threats and a new digital crime of the 21st century. Internet's introduction as the most recent
communication medium promises a vessel for the dissemination of knowledge and information
that will strengthen either of those. Unfortunately, no one can control the flow of information
in the cyberworld, due to the existence of millions of websites. Internet disseminates all types
of information, whether true or false, including ideas, ideologies, propaganda, and
pornography. Consequently, individuals with negative behaviours frequently commit
cybercrimes. They attack the system for amusement or to evaluate newly acquired data. The
majority are adolescents and young adults. Currently, youth participation in cybercrime is a
major national concern. It is asserted that youth are a nation's best hope for sustaining its
development. Hence, if today's youths are more involved in cybercrime, it will have a
significant impact on a nation because leadership attribute or sense of responsibility towards
youth has diminished.
Literature Review
While addressing the highlights of the literature on security concepts in the security landscape
and national administration as a holistic comprehensive security idea, there are several

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concerns that require further research in this study. The issue of concern is the research
undertaken by Hassan, Maraining & Dollah, (2020), which focuses on the issue of national
security. This study was conducted to defend the nation from invasion and to devise a plan to
preserve the nation’s fundamental principles. According to the study, the security landscape is
becoming more complex with threats posed by both nation-state and non-nation-state actors
that have the ability to significantly influence national security and sovereignty. These issues
and polemics continue to cause racial tension in Malaysia, obstructing the country’s efforts to
form a united and progressive society.
In order to maintain Malaysia’s survival as an independent, secure, and sovereign nation, the
collaboration of the people is important in providing support, joining forces, and working
together. In addition, Sharif Adam, Othman, Hamid, Esa, Ationg, Lukin & Mohd Tamring,
(2021), have studied the influence of education in multiracial nation which embedded with the
topic of national security concerns from before independence to the present. According to the
study conducted by Esa, Othman, Ationg, Ibrahim, Sharif Adam, Hamid & Hajimin, (2021b)
showed that despite the fact that Malaya had gained independence in 1957 and had been
colonised for more than 400 years by various outside forces including Europe and Asia, several
efforts and formulas are still needed to be implemented in order to ensure the unity and
prosperity of Malaya. Due to the growth in population, the unity and togetherness of the
community had become the primary and most crucial problem. However, there was support for
the proposed state union, as well as resistance from numerous parties.
The studies undertaken by Yusoff & Sarifin, (2021) analyses the effectiveness of the
government’s information dissemination and people’s adherence to the Movement control
order (MCO). In the study, numerous methods are taken to fight Covid-19, one of which is the
dissemination of information about Covid-19 during the Movement Control Order (MCO).
This study shows that the transmission of information regarding the Covid-19 pandemic and
the MCO among the Malaysian community is successful. On the other hand, the research done
by, focuses on Covid-19 and how the pandemic has affected Malaysia’s education system and
its effects on emotional conflict especially on the increment of unemployment among graduates
such as the introduction of the National Entrepreneurship Policy (NEP) 2030 in meeting the
needs and strengthening the country’s entrepreneurial ecosystem (Othman, Mokhtar, Maidin
& Moharam, 2021f; Othman, Mokhtar, Tham & Yong, 2021k).
Other studies by Zin, Ismail, Rozali, & Isa, (2021) highlighted the negative consequences of
Covid-19 in the community, as well as potential solutions. Covid-19 and the issue of depression
experienced by the Malaysian community were also discussed in the study. This study
demonstrates the effects felt by Malaysian society and how to address the issue without
upsetting individual’s emotions. In addition, the research conducted by Omar & Surat, (2021)
examines the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours of Malaysian boarding school students
regarding Covid-19. In the study, the researcher covered the knowledge, attitudes, and
behaviour of students in regard to following the SOP that the government has established.
Students were given questionnaires to examine their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours in
and out of the classroom and dorms. This study also highlighted how crucial it was for students
to follow the SOP when the Covid-19 outbreak struck Malaysia. Overall, the findings from
the study presents a descriptive analysis indicating that boarding school students have a
moderate level of understanding about Covid-19.

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According to the research conducted by Shamsuddin, Long & Ramli, (2021), security concerns
are prioritised in Open Government Partnership (OGP). The objective of this study is to discuss
the participating ministries and other agencies in order to examine the financial and legal
implications of participations in the project as well as its benefits. In addition, the objective of
this study is to achieve improved governance while simultaneously empowering the people and
eradicating corruption. This study was also conducted so that Malaysia could join the OGP, an
international platform promoting openness and transparency in government. A study conducted
by Zamhari, & Perumal, (2016), mentions that globalisation is a multi-dimensional
phenomenon that encompasses economic, technological, social, political, and cultural
elements, among others. This is supported by Othman, Topimin, Ahmad & Hassan (2021g)
emphasizing the driving importance development of SMEs’ entrepreneurs in the era of
digitalization especially from the dynamic perspective of law enforcement in Malaysia. It also
involves the compression of time and space in social relations and the emergence of a
worldwide awareness of this compression.
Further supported by the findings from Ismail & Idris (2007) that the current process of market
globalisation is having a significant impact on consumption trends. Increased trade in goods
and services is generally viewed as advantageous for consumers since it expands their options
and makes prices more competitive. Moreover, Lazim & Yusof, (2012) stated that consumption
as a determinant of well-being, the production of human capital, and an essential social and
economic input to the operation of a nation. This concept involves demand-side reforms that
concentrate on ownership, use and disposal activities, and how these might be modified to
create social and environmental advantages (Zamhari & Perumal, 2016). The concept of under
consumption and over consumption, which refers to consumption trends in various countries
around the world is frequently stressed nowadays. Under consumption refers to countries in
which it is difficult to access basic necessities such as food, water, shelter, and infrastructure.
The classification of cybercrime is referred to as the study of cyber threats. Among these,
hacking is the act of accessing a computer without authorisation from the responsible party or
the owner (Pitchan & Omar, 2019). Hacking is typically carried out by people who are highly
skilled and knowledgeable in computer programming. They are able to achieve this by
identifying the software or hardware flaw that enables them to bypass security measures and
get access to the system. When a hacker succeeds in breaking into or disabled a computer
system, they typically copy confidential information, delete or modify any information content
or programme system stored in a computer or even worse, they steal money or place orders for
goods through a hacked computer system, and the goods are then delivered to them personally.
The negative effects of this hacking are readily apparent when it results in significant financial
losses and the loss of valuable property that the victim must bear when the hacking also
involves the transfer of funds or property from a financial institution or electronic banking or
online market shops.
Nevertheless, according to Adnan, Amizah, Nazmi, & Salman, (2015), not all hackers hack
with the purpose of stealing money because there is a small number of hackers, who hack
simply to test their “reliability” in cracking the security mechanism of a computer or software
without taking information or money. Illegal money transfer is the transfer of funds from the
savings account of an individual or organisation to the bank account of another party or the
individual who committed the illegal crime. This crime is closely resembling to the crime of
breach of trust and misuse of power committed by a person who was entrusted with keeping

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property or secrecy. A study by Adnan, Zobidah, Bolong & Hayati (2017) stated that one of
the earliest reported cases in this country involved a graduate of a local school of higher
education who accumulated millions of ringgits by moving dividends from each bank account
into his own and as a result of his illicit activities, he was able to enjoy a lavish lifestyle.
Illegal money transfer refers to the transfer of funds by a person who does not have permission
or power to access an individual’s account and transfer an amount of money into his own
account or another individual’s account with the intent to own the money. This illegal transfer
of funds is a common occurrence for users of the electronic banking system, and it occurs either
due to an account intrusion or a breach of trust or betrayal by the responsible party. In the
meantime, according to reports the police have received for the first nine months of this year,
it is estimated that Malaysians have lost over RM409 million as a result of falling victim to
online fraud (Berita Harian, 2020).
Meanwhile, the term phishing refers to a fraudulent attempt to collect personal information
such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by impersonating as a trustworthy
institution for the goal of criminal behaviour, phishing is a broader term that encompasses a
variety of cybercrimes (Adnan, Husna & Ariff, 2018). According from the data gathered by
Pitchan & Omar (2019), they have come with understanding that defines phishing as typically
being carried out through applications such as email, by sending random emails that closely
resemble those from legitimate electronic banking organisations, by impersonating a legitimate
representative of the electronic banking party, and by sending a notice that asks the victim to
fill out confidential personal details such as the owner's account number, username, or
password for the purpose of stealing the owner's confidential personal information.
Typically, cybercriminals will include a hyperlink in the email or electronic notice that will
take the victim to a fake website that is specially designed to look like a legitimate online
electronic banking website, where identity theft occurs, resulting in a variety of problems for
victims such as large financial losses, identity theft, or difficulties accessing their email or
electronic notice. As a result, this condition endangers the nation's security system because
irresponsible individuals reveal information about it, making it easy for foreign forces to attack
the country. The majority of victims of internet fraud report being cheated by the seller, either
because the goods they ordered did not arrive or because they received goods that were not the
same as what they ordered, and the seller was unreachable and vanished with their money, with
the majority of fraud reported occurring through sales on social media sites.
Meanwhile Lucas-Molina, Pérez-Albéniz, Solbes-Canales, Ortuño-Sierra & Fonseca-Pedrero,
(2022) refers cyber fraud to fraud committed through the use of computer-based systems or the
creation of cyber sites, which is distinct from fraud offences that do not use computers. With
the development of the internet came the emergence of numerous online sales sites and
electronic markets on websites or social networking sites such as Facebook, which facilitated
the operation of a variety of business and commercial activities. Diverse goods are traded,
ranging in value from low to millions of ringgit and trading transactions are conducted
regardless of whether the buyer makes full payment or provides a deposit to the seller, the
buyer’s order is then processed and shipped via cash on delivery. However, not all online
transactions are honest as numerous incidents of online trading fraud involving enormous
losses have been reported.

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Cyber fraud typically involves monetary transactions, the purchase and selling of goods and
services, thus the activities become difficult to detect due to the criminals frequently offer fake
information about their personal data and account numbers when doing criminal operations. A
study by Hsia & Saat, (2020) Persistence Factors of Smuggling of Goods at the Border of
Malaysia, Sarawak (Lubok Antu) and Indonesia, West Kalimantan (Badau) explains the factors
of smuggling of goods between the Malaysia-Indonesia border, which is Lubok Antu, Sarawak
and West Kalimantan (Badau), Indonesia still persists despite the strict rules imposed by
customs and relevant parties. The study was done at the Lubok Antu-Badau border crossing
between Sarawak and West Kalimantan. It was discovered that the factors that persist in the
issue of goods smuggling across the Malaysia-Indonesia border include factors from the past
and factors from the future. The elements involve geography, culture, and family ties, and
feelings of belonging in addition to trading history.
In addition, border agreements and border gates are other later-existing issues. Another study
conducted by Ab. Hamid & Mokhtar (2013), entitled Human Trafficking: The International,
Malaysian Legal Framework and Shariah Perspectives, where the subject of human trafficking
is analysed through the lens of international human rights legislation and Malaysian law.
Likewise, this study addresses the subject of human trafficking from an Islamic perspective,
particularly in terms of Sharia, the Islamic legal code (Abang Muis, Esa, Ibrahim, Othman,
Mokhtar, Ationg & Mohd Shah, 2021b). In addition, this study also explores the topic of human
trafficking from the perspective of Islamic nations. The research conducted in the context of
this notion and doctrine is equally important because it provides a foundational understanding
of the Islamic perspective on human trafficking.
According to Mohamed Berawi (2019), a researcher who studied the Demographic Profile and
Entry Documents of Illegal Immigrants (PATI) in Johor, the purpose of this study was to
emphasise the specifics of illegal immigrants in order to debate the subject in greater depth.
The focus of this study is to identify employment, employer, and income determinants, as well
as to examine the demographic profile of immigrants and to assess document compliance
among immigrants. According to the investigation's findings, misuse of travel documents,
agency fraud, and people smuggling have all been identified, thus stricter, more integrated,
and all-encompassing law enforcement is required to overcome document issues and combat
human exploitation by imposing harsher punishments to ensure locals' safety is always
guaranteed, thereby protecting human rights, honour, and national sovereignty.
The implementation of the COMSEC concept as a solution for the Covid-19 endemic era
ultimately relates back to Malaysia’s sovereignty as a nation state. A study conducted by
Ibrahim, Ationg, Esa, Abang Muis, Othman, Yusoff & Mokhtar (2021a), sees the role of the
Federal Constitution of Malaysia as an agent in harmonising of Malaysia’s plural society and
must be understood by all parties. According to the findings of their study, the existence of the
Federal Constitution of Malaysia is a crucial aspect that binds residents’ social relationships.
This indicates that the federal constitutions as one of the primary principles that can be used as
a foundation for the health of Malaysia’s pluralistic community relations. In general, this paper
discusses the significance of Malaysia’s federal constitutions for the development of a civil
society.
In a multiracial society, the building of understanding takes effort and appreciation of history
and the constitution as unifying agents (Othman, Esa, Abu Bakar & Mokhtar, 2021b).

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Consensus and mutual tolerance amongst multi-racial communities are crucial because they
establish a scenario in which every member of the community recognises their responsibilities,
particularly in the context of maintaining peace and racial harmony for the benefit of all (Abang
Muis, Esa, Ationg, Mohd Tamring, Hamid, Mokhtar & Othman, 2021a). Therefore, the
creation of National Principles should serve as a guide to preserve Malaysia’s identity as a
unified nation.
However, numerous social issues and young unification are frequently discussed in this decade.
Thus, based on the examination of concerns and challenges of moral decay and social
symptoms in the family, moral decay among Malaysians can restrict the country’s excellence,
and the elements of moral decay such as self-identity can also pose a threat to national security
if they are not managed (Othman, Mohd Shah, Yusoff, Abu Bakar, Zulhaimi, Abang Muis &
Muda, 2021c). Mohd Basir, Hassan, Abdullah & Hassan, 2014). Therefore, the majority of
threats to the harmony of the country and the integrity of the nation stem from the misconduct
of young people. In fact, the event of stepping on pictures of leaders and flags before to the
55th independence celebration demonstrates that patriotism is losing its strength and spirit
(Bernama, 2012). Therefore, establishing a nation and developing young people to be
advanced, progressive, and practising the five National Principles is critical to increasing civic
awareness so that the young generation, particularly the youth, feel responsible for the demands
of the country and society (Haniffa, Mohamad & Ahmad Shatir, 2021; Othman, Ibrahim, Esa,
Ationg, Mokhtar, Mohd Tamring & Sharif Adam, 2021e).
Methodology
The qualitative technique used in this writing’s research methodology is based on social science
disciplines that demand scrutiny of details that are more focused with processes and events.
Information from a variety of sources, including primary and secondary sources, analysed
utilising secondary data content analysis techniques related to history, law, historiography,
sociology, and ethnography and accompanied by descriptive analytical discussion (Creswell,
2014; Eriksson & Kovalainen, 2015). The use of a qualitative approach in this writing utilizes
secondary sources such as research results in journals, scholarly writing, online news sources
and public forums. As such, this academic writing specifically uses literature review by
gathering primary and secondary sources to clarify facts based on issues related to real events.
Discussion refers to a focus on comprehensive security issues with discussion notes related to
the definition of relevant laws. Issues concerning national security and citizen participation in
the implementation of national security policies are relevant to the discussion in this writing,
which seeks to examine the relationship between external threats to Malaysian sovereignty and
national security, such as cross-border crime and digital threat issues. There have been
numerous significant events that have impacted efforts to raise public awareness and resilience
in ensuring national security, as well as the national challenge of empowering public
understanding of the National Principles in order to translate the philosophy of national security
in accordance with the concept of comprehensive security (Ibrahim et al., 2021). As such, this
academic paper utilises a literature review by compiling primary and secondary sources to
clarify facts based on real-world concerns.
Discussion
This paper discusses COMSEC and its relationship to the sovereignty and security of our
nation, Malaysia. The discussion’s focus has shifted when a number of issues were brought up,

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including the problem of cross-border crime and the current digital threat, where it is important
to comprehend COMSEC in order to deal with the Covid-19 outbreak and build public
awareness and resilience in order to ensure national security and sustainable development,
which is the key to sustainable development.
The Relevance of Implementing Comprehensive Security Concept (COMSEC)
The discussion in this paper is set against the background of Malaysia as a multiracial nation
that operates under a parliamentary democracy system with a constitutional monarch and is
founded on national, regional, and governmental unity as well as sovereignty and international
recognition. National Security Council Majlis known as Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN) is
responsible in ensuring that the nation’s sovereignty and security are always protected and
preserved. Malaysia’s national security refers to a situation free from any harm to the nation’s
fundamental values, whether that threat originates from within or without. Threats to national
security have existed since 1957 including those posed by the Communist Party of Malaya, the
Sulu Sultanate Army invasion in Sabah in 2013, efforts to topple the government outside the
democratic process, militants, terrorists, and the constant threat of creating a comprehensive
policy (Hassan & Dollah, 2008; Hassan, Maraining & Dollah, 2020).
In order to ensure that our nation’s sovereignty is not easily challenged, the overall security
issue must be prioritised as the top national priority. In light of this, Malaysia must take note
and devise a plan to ensure that national security remains the top priority. It is general
knowledge that national security refers to a condition in which there is no internal or external
threat to the nation’s core values. In fact, there have been challenges to national security from
1957, such as the Communist Party of Malaya until the terrorist invasion of the Sulu Sultanate
Army in Sabah in 2013 (Esa et al., 2021a). Similarly, efforts to topple the government outside
of the democratic process, the threat of militants and terrorists, and many forms of global
threats necessitate the formation of an all-encompassing National Security Policy.
Several primary techniques will be able to guarantee that the country’s core values are
protected in the event that preventative measures and efforts to defend the country from
invasion are taken. Next, make Malaysia free of any threats, both physical and non-physical
that influence and harm people’s thinking. Threats posed by state actors and non-state actors
have the potential to have a significant impact on national security and sovereignty in the
current security environment. Recent threats such as ISIS and Daesh have become a global
threat and are positioned as “warnings” that threaten world peace and order (Mohd Hashim &
Wan Zakaria, 2020). Foreign colonisation, communist terrorism, the Indonesian Confrontation,
regional secession, the May 13th, in the year of 1969 racial strife, and extremism are some of
the past security-related events the nation has had.
This act of extremism involves racial, ideological, religious, and political issues that are still
seen as “time bombs” that pose risks. In addition, unforeseeable threats that can threaten public
order include economic crises, natural calamities, and territorial invasions. In order to preserve
national security and the survival of Malaysia as a sovereign nation, it is necessary to consider
domestic challenges and the geopolitical climate at the regional and international levels. In fact,
according to National Security Council (MKN) in 2021, has identified 66 new issues,
challenges, and threats to national security which will be addressed by a security policy that
will be launched soon and will cover various aspects, such as military, criminal, economic,
social, political stability, and international affairs (Berita Harian, 2021).

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In addition to cyber security challenges and Malaysian rivalry, the invasion of illegal
immigrants (PATI) and refugees is among the most concerning security threats. Among the
worrying concerns is the fact that the country has become a target for illegal immigration,
especially refugees like the Rohingya who can penetrate the country’s borders (Mohamed
Berawi, 2019). When there is an influx of PATIs, the people will undoubtedly feel unsafe and
uneasy in their own country, and they may also deprive us of our rights as Malaysians. One of
the negative consequences is when they begin to dominate specific industries, and the
government is looking into this thoroughly.
The National Security Council Act 2016 [Act 776] was declared on 7 June 2016 and came into
action on 1 August 2016 in order to establish the National Security Council (Majlis
Keselamatan Negara, 2021). This Act also provides the declaration of any area in Malaysia as
a security zone, the special powers of the Security Forces in the secured area, and other related
provisions. Threats to national security can occur anywhere and at any time without warning.
The question is to what extent are we prepared to deal with cross-border, highly complex, and
dynamic security threats. Therefore, the government must strengthen mechanisms and systems
in the formulation of security policies, the sharing of intelligence information, and an integrated
immediate response by the Security Forces to an incident involving security threats that exceed
the capabilities of a single agency. We cannot wait for an incident or threat to occur before
taking action, since it may be too late and might result in significant loss of life and property.
In addition, this Act was enacted in 2011 as a result of the repeal of the Emergency Ordinance
of 1971 and the Emergency Act of 1979 (Majlis Keselamatan Negara, 2021). Administratively,
the existence of MKN, JPM today is founded on a 1971 Cabinet Meeting resolution. This
administrative existence has affected the direction and coordination operations of MKN, JPM
toward national security-related Security Forces and Government Agencies. This act also
grants MKN, JPM the authority to plan coordinated actions among members of the Security
Forces. It also grants the Security Forces the authority to deal with threats within the
proclaimed security zone. Article 4(1) of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia indicates that
the Federal Constitution is the supreme law in Malaysia, citing section. It supersedes all laws,
institutions, and individuals in Malaysia. Consequently, if a law is conflicting with the law of
the United States Constitution, it is considered null and void.
Regarding human trafficking, there are currently no articles that discuss or mention the issue.
However, Ab. Hamid and Mokhtar (2013) have determined that Article 6(1) and 6(2) of the
Federal Constitution prohibit slavery and forced labour in its entirety. These two acts have also
been added to the international criminal definition. Slavery and forced labour are types of
human trafficking offences (Hamzah, Othman & Musa, 2019). This may be demonstrated by
the definition contained in International Conference to Suppress the Slave and Slavery (1926),
which defines slavery as the condition or circumstance of a person having either complete or
partial control over him in relation to property rights (Hamzah, Othman & Musa, 2019). The
Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act of 2007 is viewed as a means
of controlling crime in Malaysia in response to international efforts and U.S. government
reports on human trafficking since 2001 (Samuni & Kanyo, 2013).
The Malaysian government has also enhanced its efforts to eradicate crime by enacting major
legislation. The Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act 2007 in Malaysia is based on an international
instrument known as the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons,

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Especially Women and Children, and the Protocol Against Migrant Smuggling by Land, Sea,
and Air. Malaysia is regarded as a destination and transit country for human trafficking, and it
cannot be avoid being a source country, albeit in a limited quantity (Mohamad Eusof, 2016).
Human trafficking has become one of the most rapidly expanding criminal crises in the globe
which can manifest in numerous ways (Yaakob, 2015). These include forced labour, the sale
of organs, sexual exploitation, forced domestic slavery, and infant trafficking. In the context of
sexual exploitation, victims of human trafficking are typically lured with the promise of well-
paying jobs before being coerced into prostitution (Mohamad Eusof, 2016). Meanwhile, in
forced labour, victims of human trafficking will be illegally trafficked and thoroughly
persuaded to work under close supervision, often without compensation (Hamzah, Othman &
Musa, 2019).
Smuggling is dependent on the existence of borders and the country's declared import and
export restrictions (Hassan, Maraining & Dollah, 2020). In border control measures, imports
and exports are seldom weighed equally. At the border, the regulatory mechanism prioritises
what can be brought in over what can be taken out. For example, information leaks or illegal
arms shipments can be a source of sporadic concern. Moreover, Hassan, Maraining & Dollah,
(2020), claim that smuggling is an attractive business for smugglers because there is no
prohibition on some items and there are methods to evade the enforcement of trade duties on
imported goods at the border (Hassan, Maraining & Dollah, 2020). Consequently, IKK, which
is the National Security Index, becomes a standard for the efficacy of strategy and
implementation of security management in a complete, genuine, and trustworthy manner.
In addition, the initial measure taken by the government to combat the present border invasion
is the implementation of Ops Benteng, which has proven effective in curbing illegal
immigration and smuggling (Sinar Harian. 2020). In addition, MKN introduced the
Comprehensive Security (COMSEC) concept, which emphasises that national security is not
based solely on military or law enforcement features, but also on economic growth, social
harmony, and political stability. Finally, a new product, the National Security Strategy Centre
was built (NASTRAC). NASTRAC is a strategic planning and thinking centre for national
security policy facing future problems. This is strongly related to smuggling factors that entail
smuggling actions involving the import and export of products, the principal international
contraband in the majority of developing nations (Hsia & Saat, 2020). Consequently, there are
a number of variables that contribute to the persistence of smuggling, notably with respect to
substances and tobacco products.
According to Hsia and Saat (2020), one of the elements that contribute to the persistence of
smuggling is the component that exists first and the factors that exists later. Pre-existing
variables are those that existed before to the foundation of the nation-state in 1963 and led to
the emergence of two countries with official borders. The existing factors can thus be
characterised as a factor that exists after a cooperation agreement and the Customs Complex,
law, Immigration and Quarantine (CIQ) Crossing Checkpoint (PPLB) as the official border
(Hsia & Saat, 2020). Internal and external factors also contribute to smuggling (Hassan,
Maraining & Dollah, 2020) whereby internal variables which reflect the country's smuggling
activities are a result of a lack of national security supervision.
The deployment of armed forces is the most crucial requirement in this situation. Important
and desirable is the deployment of strong-armed forces to prevent smuggling by foes or

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neighbouring nations. This is because, in order to ensure a nation's security and sovereignty,
the government is often responsible for border security. In order to regulate and battle the
smuggling activities that are prominent in the country's border regions, it is essential for the
government to improve the level of national security supervision. On the other hand, the back
route and proximity are described as external influences. This is related, for instance, to the
proximity of the city of Tawau to Sebatik Island, which is only divided from it by the sea
(Hassan, Maraining & Dollah, 2020). Smuggling of firearms is a well-known problem in the
nation's border region. Hence, in the context of firearms, the smuggling involved rifles and
pistols, which are in fact illegal products in Malaysia and Indonesia.
While the author Abdul Wahab (2018), also provides evidence that smuggling of weapons,
ammunition, and explosives through territorial waterways between unconquered nations has
become common in the region over the past decade in Southeast Asia. It is obvious that this
illegal activity could have a negative impact on the country's political, economic, and
community security elements. The illegal trafficking of firearms puts the nation's security,
stability, and sovereignty at risk, which leads to a number of issues in the security sector. Drug
smuggling, on the other hand, is a problem that is getting worse and is prevalent throughout
the nation's border regions. Therefore, it is completely legitimate for the governments of
Malaysia and its surrounding nations, including Indonesia, to execute drug traffickers.
Hassan and Dollah (2008) discovered that the majority of syabu (Methamphetamine) smuggled
into the country originates from neighbouring nations, particularly Bongao, Palawan,
Zamboanga, Tawi-Tawi, and Maibog. The drugs were subsequently distributed to other Sabah
districts, including Sandakan, Tawau, Lahad Datu, and Kota Kinabalu. Through the threat of
criminality and the inclusion of youngsters in drug transactions, the smuggling of these two
items endangers the safety of the local populations. Generally, drug trafficking occurs between
two nations, Malaysia and Indonesia. Up to ninety percent of drugs entering the Indonesian
market, particularly for Jakarta and Surabaya, originate in Peninsular Malaysia. Only 10
percent is smuggled into Malaysia via Sebatik Island (Hassan, Maraining & Dollah, 2020). In
their arguments, Indonesia considers Malaysia to be the main transit hub for the continuation
of drug trafficking activities in the border region between the two countries.
This demonstrates conclusively that if the two governments do not work together to address
the problems facing these two nations, this behaviour will pose a threat of sufficient severity.
Thus, the idea of Illegal Immigrant Invasion (PATI), often known as illegal migration, refers
to the flow of people into a country in violation of its immigration regulations or permanent
residence without the legal right to be in that country. Generally, illegal immigration from
poorer to wealthy nations is financially beneficial. There is a risk of arrest, deportation, and
penalty for illegally residing in another nation. In order to obtain employment, illegal
immigrants are mostly attracted to countries with economic opportunity (Othman, Mokhtar,
Ationg & Abang Muis, 2021i). However, they are considered lawbreakers because they
overstay their visas or enter the country without proper documentation or in an illegal manner.
Along with the country's modernity in recognising illegal immigrants in terms of the scope,
volume, and sophistication of human smuggling, cross-border organised crime is becoming
increasingly entwined with the nation.
The topic of illegal immigrants entering Malaysia is no longer foreign to the Malaysian
populace (Mohamed Berawi, 2019). One of the causes that led to the admission of PATIs into

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the state of Sabah was the fact that the state's economic development after independence was
inconsistent with the amount of labour needed to meet the demand for workers in the economic
sector (Dollah & Abdullah, 2017). Thus, despite the government's implementation of various
measures and policies to address the labour shortage, the issue has not been resolved (Mohd
Shah, Othman, Yusoff, Ationg, Abu Bakar, Esa & Abang Muis, 2021). As a result, the state's
economy is dependent on foreign labour from Indonesia and the Philippines, the majority of
whom are illegal foreign workers. It was noted that the second element is caused by the issue
of PATI workers' earnings. This is due to the fact that the wage supplied by employers in Sabah
is greater than the income offered in the country of origin; as a result, international employees
are prepared to work in the offered employment sector (Mohd Shah, 2021b).
COMSEC in the Context of Sustainable Development to Maintain the Safety of the People
The significance of COMSEC in the context of sustainable development to maintain the safety
of the people is directly proportional to the exponential growth of the world's population as a
result of improvements in living standards, health facilities, daily necessities and life
infrastructure. The population growth pattern of a rising nation necessitates the provision of
labour in the domains of industry, education, medicine, and administration, among others. As
a result, as the global population expands, so does the rate of demand for specific necessities
and natural resources. Nevertheless, unmanaged management of natural resources can
contribute to environmental pollution, bio-ecosystem imbalance and threats to national
security. The main causes harming the quality of human life and the environment include
uncontrolled deforestation, harmful smoke emissions from industry and motor vehicles, open
burning, disposal of solid waste and waste water into rivers and uncontrolled broad land
exploration and open burning.
This earth on which we dwell will undoubtedly be destroyed if it goes unchecked for a few
more years. Climate change and energy security are the two key issues now plaguing humanity.
To secure the future survival of the earth's occupants, including people, animals, and plants,
both of these issues must be handled sensibly and collaboratively. The Ministry of Energy,
Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA) in Malaysia in particular has been given the
responsibility of managing a portfolio pertaining to green technology. One of the methods and
answers for conserving the environment has been highlighted as using green technology (Berita
Harian, 2015). The primary issue with them, however, is how the globalisation of the market
is currently having a significant impact on the consumer trend. Consumers typically view more
trade in products and services as advantageous since it gives them access to a wider range of
options at a more affordable cost.
The terms under consumption and over consumption, which refer to consumption trends in
certain nations around the world, are frequently used today. Under consumption defines
undeveloped nations that struggle to meet their most basic requirements, including access to
clean water, food, shelter, and infrastructure. While the term "over consumption" refers to
patterns of consumption that are extravagant and wasteful in industrialised and wealthy nations
(Zamhari & Perumal, 2016). Ownership, use, and disposal of products and services by
customers are the three fundamental parts of the consumption process. Accordingly,
consumption is not just restricted to ownership but also includes the process of disposing of
commodities and services after use (Afrizal & Abdul Rahman Embong, 2013). Because human
activity entails the utilisation of natural resources, it does certainly have a significant impact
on the environment.

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Unsustainable resource use can have a number of detrimental repercussions, including
pollution, global warming, resource depletion, and natural disasters like landslides and floods.
Many people think that excessive consumption is beneficial and provides comfort and pleasure
(Afrizal & Abdul Rahman Embong, 2013). However, in the long run this consumption pattern
and trend are expected to have greater detrimental repercussions, claims (Zamhari & Perumal,
2016). All of this poses a risk to both human health and life. High expenditure in the context
of modern living indicates high well-being. Consumption is viewed as a leisure activity and for
ego enhancement rather than to satisfy a basic need, which makes the situation worse when it
relates with unnecessary big spender and unmanaged money matters (Yusoff, Othman, Mohd
Shah, Esa, Zulhazmi, Ibrahim & Ationg, 2021a).
The next obstacle is the approach in education that refers to the current materialistic lifestyle,
causing an increasing number of people to disregard the practise of sustainability in their daily
lives and inhibiting the establishment of a sustainable community. Education at a young age is
essential since it is a step toward educating the community to be more environmentally
conscious (Marzuki, Abd Rahman, Kaspin, Jamal, Mohd Nor & Othman, 2021). However, it
is clear that education has not contributed to the formation of a sustainable community. A
community cannot necessarily become a leader in a sustainable society if its education is
focused exclusively on theory (Ationg, Esa, Othman, Mohd Shah, Yusoff, Ramlie & Mokhtar,
2021a). The part of community building that must be stressed is how the local community may
apply the concept of sustainability to daily life. It can be implemented in schools where students
are exposed to sustainable behaviours and practises of sustainable use. To expose students to
sustainable use activities, it is necessary to emphasise learning concepts that not only
emphasise theory but also emphasise practical components.
This is aggravated by difficulties associated to the local government's administrative problems
in building a sustainable consumer base, which are also viewed as being caused by the local
government's administrative problems. The continued underestimation of environmental
cleanliness in the community is attributable to the absence of environmental activity
monitoring by those responsible for its supervision. This is evident when more solid waste is
produced as a result of consumption. Inadequate management and enforcement of
environmental legislation arose from an increase in local authorities' jurisdictional and
financial burdens Afrizal & Abdul Rahman Embong, 2013). According to Zamhari & Perumal
(2016), if the decision makers do not know or lack information about the ecological and social
repercussions, the community has little motivation or ability to change its habits in response to
those effects.
Finally, the issue of cyber threats is linked to the rise of the Internet as the most recent
communication instrument, which theoretically promises a vehicle for sharing knowledge and
information to strengthen it. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is crucial to
the development strategy and growth of corporate organisations in the 21st century in order to
promote productivity, business capacities, competitiveness, and the development of new online
commercial activities. Meanwhile, it has been discovered that practically everywhere in the
globe, the focus is on improving trust in electronic transactions, developing human resources,
bridging the digital divide, and establishing new business prospects and activities. Nonetheless,
the development of ICT is accompanied by the problem of cyber-attacks and simultaneously
generates a cyber security challenge.

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The dominance and quick growth of ICT, according to Aziz, Raop & Ahmad Shukor (2021),
have made cyber-attacks an "attractive and effective" form of warfare against a country. This
is due to its low cost in comparison to the expenditures of developing, maintaining, and
deploying advanced military assets. Minimal effort is necessary to recruit agents or spies
capable of producing false information, modifying information, or launching harmful code on
an information system connected to a globally shared telecommunications infrastructure. Next,
the sophistication of ICT necessitates that individual be prepared for a variety of life-
threatening cyberattacks on computer systems and networks (Aziz, Raop & Ahmad Shukor,
2021). Cyberattacks are a new issue that many nations and organisations are now paying
particular attention to. It can manifest in a variety of ways, and most alarmingly, it attacks in
silence.
Malaysia has also recognised the importance of national ICT security, especially if it wishes to
compete with other developed nations. Malaysia established a security monitoring organisation
for information and communication technology (ICT) in April 2001 in order to address ICT
security issues in the country. The National Information Technology Council (NITC) has, since
January 1998, sanctioned the establishment of the National ICT Security and Emergency
Response Centre (NISER) (Adnan et al., 2015). In addition, NISER provides security services
in partnership with other government agencies, the private sector, the community, and private
citizens. Nonetheless, the issue of ICT security is not only receiving considerable consideration
from Malaysia, but also from ASEAN nations.
Initiatives Implemented to Protect against the Possibility of Cyber-Attacks and Threats
Various services relating to cyber security, support, and technical assistance are offered to
various parties, including governmental and private sector entities, industry, academic
institutions, and internet users. In the context of Malaysia, NISER has devised four significant
measures to combat cyber security threats: (a) Indicating the level of urgency in order to do a
prompt follow-up; (b) Drafting policies related to computer network system security issues; (c)
Coordinating actions between Internet service providers; and (d) Notifying the public to take
precautionary measures. According to Adnan et al., (2015), cyber security issue cannot be
resolved on an individual basis, hence NISER has adopted the appropriate measures to curb
the problems. Although it is possible that the attack originated from a single individual, all
parties should be informed of the role performed by each individual in order to eliminate this
threat quickly.
Important information regarding a cyber threat must be conveyed to the public, but not all
segments of society are knowledgeable and aware of this issue without the assistance of the
media. In addition, measures such as the provision of cyber security products and services
must be implemented. This is due to the fact that since 2007, over 35 CSM products and
services within the cyber security area have included responsive, proactive, outreach and
capacity building and strategic research services (Adnan et al., 2017). While the Cyber Security
Empowerment Programme (SiberKASA) was implemented to improve the continuity of CSM
product and service offerings to users from various sectors (public-private), industry, and
internet users in an effort to assist the growth of cyber security in Malaysia. Next, it is necessary
to execute the CyberSAFE Program (Cyber Security Awareness for Everyone) (Aziz, Raop &
Ahmad Shukor, 2021).

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All individuals will get cyber security education and best practises for using technology and
the internet in a safe, beneficial, ethical and responsible manner. In addition, programmes
associated with Human Capital Development provide expertise and capacity development
programmes to create more expert, knowledgeable, and skilled personnel in the field of cyber
security, adding and upgrading cyber security programmes that are recognised at national and
international levels through the Security Professional Certification Scheme Cyber Certified
Global or Global ACE Scheme (Aziz, Raop & Ahmad Shukor, 2021). CompuSmart (CSM)
also strengthens regional cyber security by enhancing information security management
through the sharing of information, implementing information security standards and best
practises, formulating effective strategies such as coordinating laws and procedures to combat
cross-border cybercrime, and exchanging information and cyber security expertise to combat
cyber threats more effectively.
Concluding Thoughts
Malaysia has experienced a difficult journey in terms of upholding its sovereignty, national
security, and law and order. The security situation is becoming more complicated, with both
state actors and non-state actors posing risks that could have a significant impact on sovereignty
and national security. Colonialism by foreign powers, communist terrorism, the Indonesian
Confrontation, territorial secession, the May 13th, in the year of 1969 racial conflict, extremism
(racial, ideological, religious, and political), economic crises, natural disasters, and territorial
invasions are some of the past security-related experiences the nation had faced (Esa, Ationg,
Othman, Mohd Shah, Yusoff, Ramlie & Abang Muis, 2021c).
Aspects of domestic dangers and the geopolitical climate at the regional and international
levels, such as the fragility of national unity, must be considered in efforts to ensure national
security and Malaysia's existence as a sovereign nation. Issues involving ethnic and cultural
sensitivities that are extensively disseminated on social media without a response continue to
produce tension between races in Malaysia, which has an impact on the nation's efforts to build
a progressive and cohesive society thus tainted reputation and discourage diaspora of global
people (Othman, Yusoff, Mohd Shah, Mokhtar, Abang Muis, Marinsah & Marzuki, 2021).
Again, the democracy of the nation faces challenges. Attempts and movements to overthrow
the government via techniques outside of the democratic process violate the country's laws,
and territorial claim conflicts are another. Land, marine, and air territorial conflicts with nearby
nations and powerful nations continue to be an issue for Malaysia. The bilateral ties between
Malaysia and its neighbours may be impacted by this conflict as well as disease outbreaks and
pandemic factors. Malaysians are now more vulnerable to health risks due to the world's
population's easier and quicker mobility throughout the nation. The socioeconomics of the
nation can be impacted by the spread of infectious diseases and pandemic outbreaks, whether
the source is domestic or international.
Cross-border crime is a contributing aspect to security matters. Malaysia is vulnerable to cross-
border threats such as human trafficking, piracy, organised crime, cybercrime, money
laundering, economic crime, and pirating at sea because it shares a land border with
neighbouring countries and is situated on a strategic maritime route through the Malacca Strait
and the South China Sea (Malaysian Security Policy). Indeed, cross-border crime is one of the
most highly contested Comprehensive Security concerns. It is indisputable that cross-border
crime has become the norm in almost all emerging nations and cannot be avoided. This is stated
to be the case due to the attitude of a few individuals who are not responsible and committing

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this crime, despite the fact that it is clearly illegal. Therefore, the government created the
National Security Policy 2021-2025 to ensure that the sovereignty and security of the country
and the community are always protected from foreign elements and threats capable of
compromising the country's security and sovereignty (Shamsuddin, Long & Ramli, 2021). The
government should constantly take a role and increase its efforts to combat cross-border crime,
such as smuggling, human trafficking, and the influx of illegal immigration (PATI).
SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus has triggered a significant outbreak of the disease Covid-
19 with a greater global impact than two earlier fatal pneumonia diseases, SARS and MERS
(Mohamed Berawi, 2019). As a result of the alarming tendencies observed in other nations, the
Malaysian government prioritised the implementation of constructive and effective measures
to combat this pandemic in the early phases of its growth in Malaysia. A strategy to isolate
patients and prevent them from infecting others, specific hospitals have been designated with
handling Covid-19 cases. The laboratory's capacity and capabilities have been increased to
expedite the testing of samples and the preparation of results. The MCO was implemented as
the government's most significant measure to break the chain of Covid-19 in the community.
In addition to these collective actions, all Malaysians have contributed in various ways to aid
the nation in combating this serious disease.
Each individual plays a significant part in eliminating Covid-19 from society and the nation.
Therefore, security is crucial for maintaining the nation's peace and prosperity. Peace,
prosperity, and quick economic expansion in Malaysia are additional factors that attract foreign
immigrants and 'refugees'. In addition to having social, economic, criminal, political, and
diplomatic implications, their presence obviously affects the country's order and security.
Therefore, socio-political stability is essential for fostering peace and harmony among the
people. The government is responsible for safeguarding parliamentary democracy,
constitutional monarchy, the rule of law, and the supremacy of the Constitution, as well as
recognising and securing the fundamental rights of the people in accordance with the Federal
Constitution. Hence, the collaboration of the people especially the younger generation is done
by educating them thus it become necessary for providing support and joining forces to
maintain Malaysia's survival as an independent, secure, and sovereign nation (Othman, Yusoff,
Mohd Shah, Esa, Ationg, Ibrahim & Raymond Majumah, 2021d).
Clearly, excessive spending and materialistic lifestyles have a harmful effect on the
environment. The community must therefore be empowered through education, mass media,
and law enforcement. Education is a crucial approach for influencing human growth, thus
shifting the national higher education landscape in facing current challenges and marketability
strategies of covid-19 pandemic era graduates will provide individuals with the knowledge and
comprehension required to be more conscious of sustainable development (Othman, 2021h).
Given the prevalence of environmental issues, especially in urban areas, it is necessary to
establish sustainable communities. Therefore, implementation programmes, especially
campaigns that supported the sustainability of the infrastructure system at varsities in order to
generate a conducive learning, must be user-friendly and emphasise knowledge-based acting
abilities (Othman, Esa Hajimin & Marinsah, 2021j). In order for these campaigns to be more
effective and capable of altering consumption practises from unsustainable to sustainable,
greater emphasis must be placed on the consumption process and how consumption contributes
to environmental degradation.

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It is impossible for society to avoid using mass media as mass media plays a crucial role in
informing users in the present day. Numerous television programmes emphasise the
importance of living a simple life. Additionally, interactive applications can foster
environmental awareness. The significance of biodiversity conservation and utilisation
practises in Malaysia can be illustrated through both print and electronic media. As a result,
hackers will continue to seek out opportunities using the most recent techniques and methods
of operation. Therefore, every level of society, even the elite and upper class, is susceptible to
being targeted. Even more terrible is when vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, fall victim
to cyber-attacks owing to a lack of exposure and awareness. This is due to the fact that cyber
threats affect more than only physical factors, such as the loss and theft of ringgit. The topic
of ICT cyber security is a strategic issue at the national and worldwide levels, and it should not
be ignored since the implications are massive for nations, international commercial
organisations, and the global public at large. In reality, it also has implications for individuals'
emotional health. Existence of laws and policies, as well as organisational efforts to increase
computer security, can offer a secure ICT environment. Nonetheless, cybercriminals will
continue to develop new sorts of attacks, perhaps outside the legal definition. In addition, the
persistent phenomena of cyber-attacks put cyber law under ongoing scrutiny. ICT concerns and
challenges necessitate the commitment of all stakeholders to improve the good use and
acceptance of ICT at all societal levels.
To conclude, the National Security Policy 2021-2025 is a strategic document that explains in
detail how the Federation of Malaysia develops a strategic plan for addressing present and
future security management concerns. It allows for the development of industry policies,
strategies and action plans in order to preserve Malaysia's autonomy. Through this document's
introduction of the National Security Philosophy, all levels of society will be able to
comprehend, embody, and perform their respective duties in accordance with the national goals
for National Security Shared Responsibility. In accordance with the proposed concept of
comprehensive security, each party has its own job and task function as national security is
underpinned by the concerted efforts of every citizen of the Federation of Malaysia to preserve
the country's independence, prosperity, and peace. The resulting improvement in quality.
Therefore, the link of understanding between different races is a vital factor in the nation. In
the meantime, there are doctrines regarding the implementation of COMSEC that are still
applicable in the current day, but they should be modified to reflect the changing patterns of
the times. According to the findings of the study, the government also had a crucial role in
preventing the growth of the Covid-19 outbreak in Malaysia. However, other parties also play
a crucial role in breaking the chain of the Covid-19 epidemic. Especially in this epidemic
period, all parties must work together to realise the government’s goals so that the safety of the
people and the nation can be ensured through the application of the COMSEC concept.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge and extended special gratitude to the Global Academic
Excellence (M) Sdn Bhd, who granted the Publication Grant Scheme for this project.
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