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... Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are crustaceans found in hypersaline environments around the world [1]. They are routinely used during initial feed training of both freshwater and saltwater larval fish, such as Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), African lungfish (Protopterus annectens), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), white bass (Morone chrysops), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), black sea bass (Centropristis striata), white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), trairão (Hoplias lacerdae), and other fish species that will not initially accept formulated feeds [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The introduction of live food such as artemia is especially important during the first-feeding of most marine larval fish [5]. ...
... typically live less than an hour in freshwater and feedings are sometimes needed 24 hours per day [8,10]. ...
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Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are small crustaceans routinely used during initial feed training of both freshwater and saltwater larval fish. This paper describes an artemia delivery system that conveniently and effectively dispenses consistent numbers of artemia to a fish tank at regular intervals throughout the day. This system consists of a conebottom, roto-mold tank where artemia are stored prior to delivery to a tank of larval fish, an aerator to keep them alive in the roto-mold tank, an electronic solenoid valve to openand-close the tank opening, and a programmable timer to regulate the solenoid valve to determine the duration and interval of artemia delivery. The amount of artemia dispensed in a day is completely up to the operator’s desires since the duration and interval of artemia can be set to the needs. This inexpensive (cost less than 500 USD) and simple system worked effectively to distribute artemia to the larval fish, eliminating the labor previously devoted to hand-feeding larval fish throughout the day.
... It can also have a positive effect on the sexual maturation process and the productivity of broodstocks of these species. The necessity and popularity of using Artemia in aquaculture is due to ease of access and transportation, long-term storage of dry dormant Artemia cyst which easily can be hatched to fresh nauplii after 24 hours in sea water, various sizes depending on its stage of life that is suitable for different species of fish, high nutritional value, high digestibility for larvae that have not yet developed the gastrointestinal tract, the possibility to be enriched due to nonselective filter feeding habit which can play an important role as a carrier of essential nutrients, vitamins, pigments and vaccines (Bengtson et al., 2018;Madkour et al., 2022). ...
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Artemia is one of the most important live foods used for feeding larvae and also broodstocks of shrimp, marine fish, sturgeon and ornamental fish species, which can improve the growth performance and survival of larvae and also improve reproductive performance of these species. However, small scale centers need to purchase Artemia products from the market due to the time-consuming Artemia hatching and the need for science and equipment for Artemia hatching and cultivation. Considering the seasonal fluctuation of Artemia production and consumption, as well as the high sensitivity and perishability of Artemia even during frozen storage, this product underwent quality loss. In the present study, the effect of immersion in vitamin E solution at concentrations of 0.02, 0.2 and 0.4% on shelf life and quality of Artemia urmiana biomass during frozen storage (-18°C) was investigated. Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acid (FFA) values, pH, and proximate composition of Artemia tissue (moisture, protein, fat, ash) and the profile of fatty acids were determined for all studied treatments until the end of 8 months of storage. The results showed that vitamin E in the studied concentrations could effectively prevent the deterioration of Artemia quality during frozen storage compared to the control samples. The results indicated that vitamin E treatments in terms of pH, TVB-N, PV, TBA, FFA and nutritional value had a better condition compared to the control and with an increase in the concentration of vitamin E, better preservative effects were observed. In conclusion, the use of vitamin E is suggested to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of Artemia during frozen storage, which is expected to show positive effects after feeding the aquatic animals with this product due to the transfer of vitamin E to the host
... Commonly referred to as brine shrimp, Artemia sp. represents a genus of crustaceans that holds a fundamental role in both ornamental and commercial aquaculture due to its ease of propagation, and widespread acceptance across diverse aquatic species (Bengtson et al., 2018;Kandathil Radhakrishnan et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2022Wee et al., 2021). Despite the popularity of Artemia as a live feed, literature addressing nauplii stages are more abundant than those available for adult brine shrimp. ...
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Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, holds a significant role as live prey in ornamental and commercial fish aquaculture. This study addressed the nutritional deficiency in adult Artemia biomass, exploring alternative enrichers available in Brazil. Evaluating a commercial aquafeed (Polinutre Poli Camarão 400PL) and a lipid emulsion (BioViv HUFA Continum), adult Artemia were subjected to different enrichment protocols, including periods of 1, 12, and 24 hours with each enricher, as well as a test group raised 100% on the commercial feed. Protein content for Artemia exclusively fed the commercial aquafeed (CF100) reached values very similar to those provided by the main commercial products available worldwide and other commonly used live prey. Enrichment time effects were observed from 12 h onwards, showing positive impacts on protein accumulation. Lipid content peaked at 12 h, followed by a decrease at 24 h. Further studies are needed to assess whether the combination of feed-based protocols followed by 12-h lipid emulsion enrichment can surpass the current results, providing high levels of protein content while maintaining a complete lipid profile.
... Species of Artemia, especially A. franciscana, have been important in the aquaculture industry because they are easily hatched from dormant cysts and the nauplii can be used as part of a nutritious diet for fish [13,[18][19][20]. Moreover, they are widely used for ecotoxicity tests as aquatic model organisms [21][22][23][24]. ...
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Artemia is a crustacean genus belonging to the order Anostraca in the class Branchiopoda and lives in inland hypersaline lakes. Among the genus, A. franciscana is a valuable species as a fish food in the aquaculture industry or as an aquatic model organism for toxicity tests. However, genomic data for A. franciscana remains incomplete. In this study, high-quality genome assembly at the chromosome level of female A. franciscana was conducted by combining various sequencing and assembly technologies. The final A. franciscana assembled genome was 1.27 Gb in length, containing 21 chromosomal scaffolds (>10 Mb). The scaffold N50 was 45.3 Mb, with a complete BUSCO value of 91.0 %, thereby confirming that a high-quality genome was assembled. Gene annotation shows that the A. franciscana genome contained 67.26 % of repetitive sequences, and a total of 26,923 protein-coding genes were predicted. Among the 21 chromosome-scale scaffolds, chromosome 1 was identified as a sex chromosome Z. Additionally, five contigs of putative W chromosome fragments and the candidate sex-determining genes were suggested. Ten homeobox (Hox) genes were identified in A. franciscana on the chromosome 14, which were in two subclusters with a large gap. Hox gene organizations within 13 arthropods showed that four anostracans had conserved synteny. This study provides a new female Artemia genome with sex chromosome and the first complete genomic arrangement of the Hox cluster in Anostraca. This study will be a useful genomic and genetic reference for understanding the evolution and development of A. franciscana.
... No great differences were found between resting eggs diameters of P. spinosus compared with the previous study of Amarouayache (2014). According to Bengtson et al. (1991), the resting eggs diameter of a population should be stable; it is genetically determined, and large differences should not be found between samples taken at different times. On the other hand, Timms and Lindsay (2011) reported that a positive relationship between female length and the eggs size was found and variations in the egg's diameters are related to the levels of food and salinity in the environment. ...
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Phallocryptus spinosus (Milne-Edwards, 1840) and Branchinectella media (Schmankewitsch, 1873) are two anostracan species co-occurring in several saline lakes of the eastern steppic zone of Algeria. Both species produce resting eggs to persist in their temporary and unstable habitats, constituting a resting eggs bank. B. media has a wide and scattered distribution area, and it is known to prefer cold temperatures (16 °C max). Resting egg banks and hatching patterns of both species have been assessed in seven saline lakes. Results showed that densities of P. spinosus resting eggs were always higher than those of B. media, whatever the lake (F = 4.66, p = 0.0005). They range between 93,000 ± 75 and 1,495,000 ± 366.5 resting eggs m −2 for P. spinosus, and between 670 ± 30 and 365,000 ± 268 resting eggs m −2 for B. media. Hatching percentages of eggs incubated at temperatures of 16 °C and 22 °C, and salinities of 0 and 5 psu, showed that 16 °C and 5 psu was the most suitable combination for B. media, since 38.88 ± 1.93% of eggs hatched under these conditions. For P. spinosus, 81.11 ± 1.92% of eggs hatched at 22 °C and 5 psu. Resting eggs diameters measurements of both species as well as scanning electron micrographs of B. media are provided.
... family. This is because of the increased protein-fat ratio [154] and the secretion of additional proteolytic enzymes by the nauplii, which enhance food absorption in larvae [155]. Supplementation of diets with L-tryptophan, an amino acid that secretes serotonin, is one of the powerful ways of reducing cannibalism in C. gariepinus and other fish species [156]. ...
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The culture of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is constrained by the high mortality of fry, occasioning a shortage of high-quality seeds for stocking by farmers. Asia, a continent with many success stories for aquaculture, leads in farmed production of some catfishes, a diverse group of 37 different families. Globally, the culture of catfishes ranks fifth in global farmed finfish production. Globally, Vietnam leads in the production and export of farmed striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, with 1,400,000 tonnes produced annually from about 7,000 hectares. Similarly, China farmed the non-native Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, into the major crop, with a current annual production of 250,000 tonnes. On the contrary, C. gariepinus, the main farmed catfish species in Africa, records low annual yields, with 240,000 tonnes for the whole continent. This paper explores the factors behind the high production of P. hypophthalmus and I. punctatus in Vietnam and China, respectively, and draws lessons for C. gariepinus farmers in Africa. Specifically, the use of differentiated hatchery and nursery husbandry practices was critical in boosting seed production, quantity, availability, and distribution for expanding the culture of P. hypophthalmus in Vietnam. Improvement of fish species through well-designed genetic improvement programs helped China substantially increase production of I. punctatus. For both species, intensive fish production, as well as the adoption and implementation of suitable policies, increased seed production from hatcheries in both countries. These are discussed as some of the factors that spurred catfish production in the two Asian countries. We argue that if these are adopted by farmers in Africa, they could help improve the production of farmed C. gariepinus on the continent for food and nutrition security as well as generation of livelihood for local communities.
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Artemiais the most important live feed organism used in aquaculture, in this study we use adult Artemia as live food for fish fry after 20 days of hatching according to moth opening of fish fry. Fishfry were reared on different diets for 21 days the outcomeillustrated that fish fry fed on Artemiareferred to high total weight gain (TWG), daily weight gain (DWG), relative growth rate (RGR), specific growth rate (SGR) along the experiments and high food conversion efficiency (FCE) for the first week while the mortality rate showed in fish fry fed on soya.
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The adoption of innovations by hatcheries is closely linked to their preferences for those innovations. Hatchery preferences for live cold-stored Artemia affect hatchery management, production, and business performance. The objectives of this study were to assess the preferences and satisfaction levels of hatcheries and to analyze the financial performance of live cold-stored Artemia as the primary natural feed in L. vannamei hatcheries. Surveys were conducted in this study. A nonprobability sampling technique was used, with information collected through purposive sampling. A total of 18 hatcheries participated in the survey, including 11 that fully adopted live cold-stored Artemia (AC) and 7 that combined the use of live cold-stored Artemia and freshly self-hatching Artemia (AFC). The results of the classification tree analysis revealed that the predictors deemed highly influential on the full adoption of live cold-stored Artemia were technical and market support from producers, as well as the number of employees in the hatcheries. Hatcheries showed satisfaction with live cold-stored Artemia, demonstrated by a customer satisfaction index (CSI) of 81.02% and a customer loyalty index (CLI) of 71.76% in the loyal category. Financial analysis indicated that AC benefited the L. vannamei hatchery business more than the AFC, with benefit–cost ratios of 9.74 and 9.24, respectively. In addition, the IRR value of AC is 158% higher than 150% for AFC. The survival rate is a highly sensitive parameter of L. vannamei hatcheries. The L. vannamei hatcheries will suffer losses when the SR is 30% and lower, resulting in a negative NPV and IRR.
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GİRİŞ Sucul ekosistemlerde besin zincirin ilk halkasında fitoplanktonlar yer alır. İkinci halkayı ise artemia, daphnia (su piresi), rotifera gibi zooplanktonik organizmalar oluşturur (Cirik ve Gökpınar, 1993). Su ürünlerinde yetiştiriciliği yapan işletmeler, balıklar tarafından tercih edilen, erişimi ve kullanımı kolay olan, uygun maliyetli bir yeme ihtiyaç duyarlar. Artemia yumurtaları bir günlük inkübasyondan hemen sonra açılır ve Artemia nauplii olarak balık ve kabuklu su canlılarına ait larvaların beslenmesinde güvenle kullanılabilir. Yumurtadan yeni çıkmış ve yumurta sarısı rezervine sahip olan artemia yavruları (Evre I) ile ilk tüy dökümünden sonra fonksiyonel sindirim sistemleri olan yavrular (Evre II) üretimi kolay ve besin açısından zengin oldukları için su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinde daha yaygın olarak kullanılırlar. Bunlar küçüktür, bu da onları canlı veya kurutulduktan sonra balık ve kabuklu su canlılarının larvalarını beslemeye uygun hale getirmektedir (Geldiay ve Kocataş, 2001; Kocataş, 2002). Daphnia türleri tropikal balıkların yetiştiriciliğinde popüler bir canlı besindir. Genellikle kurbağa yavruları veya Afrika cüce kurbağası (Hymenochirus boettgeri) gibi küçük amfibi türler daphnia ile beslenirler. Daphnia türleri bilimsel çalışmalarda model organizma olarak da kullanılmaktadır (Altshuler vd., 2011). Toksinlerin bir ekosistem üzerindeki etkilerini test etmek için belirli ortamlarda kullanılabilmektedir. Bu da onları özellikle kısa ömürleri ve üreme yetenekleri nedeniyle yararlı bir indikatör organizma haline getirmektedir. Vücutları şeffaf olduğu için iç organlarını canlı olarak incelemek kolaydır. Daphnia ayrıca, zooplankton türlerine ciddi şekilde zarar veren (Örneğin, beslenme aktivitesini azaltan) ultra viyole ışınlarına karşı oldukça hassas olduğundan, iklim değişikliğini belirlemeye yönelik deneylerde de yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır (Fernandez ve Rejas, 2017). Rotiferler ve bunların yumurtaları; kuşlar, böcekler, böcek larvaları, su pireleri, kopepodlar, nematodlar, etçil bitkiler, mantarlar ve diğer rotiferler de dahil olmak üzere birçok tür için besin kaynağı oluşturmaktadır (Blackstone vd., 2003). Artemia, daphnia ve rotifera; hızlı üreyip gelişen, düşük hareket aktivitesi gösteren, besin içerikleri bakımından zengin olan organizmalardır. Larva ve yavru balıkların alabileceği büyüklükte olup, yüksek oranda sindirilebilirler. Ayrıca, bunların kültürlerinin yapılması oldukça kolaydır (Köprücü, 2022). Bu bölümde, kültürü yapılan birçok balığa ait larvaların beslenmesinde oldukça önemli ve vazgeçilmez canlı yem kaynağı olan artemia, daphnia ve rotifera hakkındaki bilgilere yer verilmiştir.
Article
Linolenic acid and/or ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (a mixture of 20:5 ω3 and 22:6 ω3) were incorporated at levels of 1% and 2%, respectively, into a corn oil control diet, and fed to red sea bream fingerlings. After a 45-day feeding period, it was found that the linolenic acid supplement did not improve the growth rate, whereas the ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid sup-plement resulted in a marked improvement in the growth rate and feed efficiency. It is to be noted that highest growth rate and feed efficiency were seen in those fish fed a pollack residual oil which contained only trace amount of linolenic acid.