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The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!

Authors:
Acta Scientific MEDICAL SCIENCES (ISSN: 2582-0931)
Volume 6 Issue 10 October 2022
The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!
Robert O Young*
Naturopathic Practitioner, Department of Research, pH Miracle, USA
*Corresponding Author: Robert O Young, Naturopathic Practitioner, Department of
Research, pH Miracle, USA.
Case Review
Received: September 02, 2022
Published: September 21, 2022
© All rights are reserved by Robert O Young.
What does it really mean? The blood-jerk reaction
Any rise in the alkalinity of the blood above pH 7.365 (alkaline
phosphate)—any rise—is a result or a compensatory reaction due
to over-acidity in body tissues as the blood attempts to maintain
pH balance. There is no exception for the rule of alkalinity. The
body will ALWAYS overcompensates for the excess dietary and/or
metabolic acidity in the tissues by over-alkalizing the blood with
alkalizing salts such as sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium
to maintain homeostasis. I call this the “knee-jerk reaction” effect.
Current conventional medical thought
Along comes the conventional medical attendant and perceives
that there is too much alkalinity or bicarbonate in the blood, when
really there is not! There is too much hydrogen or acidity in the
[1-3].
DOI: 10.31080/ASMS.2022.06.1377
Figure 1: A Micrograph of Live Blood Showing a Symplast of
Yeast and Bacteria in the blood plasma – A Symptom of Systemic
Acidosis of the Interstitial Fluids which can lead to
Decompensated Acidosis of the blood plasma causing sickness
and disease.
Introduction
I am certain that you have heard and even experienced a
‘knee-jerk reaction’. I am also certain that you have never heard
of a ‘blood-jerk reaction’ but you have experienced a ‘blood-jerk
reaction’ without understanding the physiology. I believe it is not
only important to understand the ‘blood-jerk reaction’ but critical
in avoiding ALL sickness and disease, especially All cancerous
conditions!
Figure 2
This is an important concept to grasp

organ have become acidic. The blood “knows” that. So, it pours out
Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
extra alkalinity or alkaline phosphate, calcium, potassium and/or
bicarbonate into the blood and the blood pH spikes up to a higher
than normal pH.
Why?


utter destruction! In other words, the body is trying to save the red
blood cells which are the foundation of life from being poisoned
           
the body. This is why the pH of the blood goes into alkalosis. It’s
like when you get the bejeebers scared out of you by something
innocent, you over-react.
When suddenly alarmed, a person might scream, holler, faint,
get mad, strike out, drop the vase, kick the dog, or even have a heart
attack. The blood does the same thing.
A ‘knee-jerk reaction’…well, actually, a ‘blood-jerk reaction.
Alternatively, how many times have you heard of a car going off
the shoulder of the road and the driver over-reacts, jerks the wheel

the time. Incidentally, if that does happen to you, you’re better off
not to interfere. Stay on the shoulder. Let the wheel stay there for a
moment. Slow the car down. But don’t overreact!
Conventional medicine, does NOT teach nor understand the
cause of the excessive alkalinity pouring into the blood, therefore
they try and stop the rushing over-alkalization with drugs that are
highly acidic setting the stage for a serious health challenge! [1].
But that’s the wrong move
We’re better off not to interfere or increase the alkalinity with
alkaline salts of sodium and potassium bicarbonate to respond to

Once more. When your little boy falls down, sees mama going
out the door, or is scared of the boogey man, what happens? He not
only cries, but how often do we see a child go into a big, fat over-
reaction? Sometimes, the child really gets worked up. It’s a natural
over-reaction to a typical situation.
Now it’s Dad’s turn to over-react. Along comes Dad and says to
keep quiet, shut-up, don’t be such a little sissy, put a lid on it, grow
up, stop that crying, OR ELSE…
Since I have digressed to make a point, I may as well digress
all the way. Wrong move, Dad. If you do that often enough, the
message you send to your child is don’t have feelings, don’t express
your feelings, you are not acceptable, don’t act like a child even
though you are a child, and don’t be who you are. So don’t over-
react Dad. Better to let the child get it out, stay in the room, validate
their feelings, and use a little active listening (www.gordontraining.
com). Strong feelings can come and go…or come and stay. If you’re
really klutzy, you could be orchestrating chronic emotional issues
for a lifetime. Gee, thanks Dad.

Figure 3

into the blood from the stomach —even so much that the pH rises
and concerns the western medical establishment. But whatever it
was that caused the pH to over-react must be understood!
       
ahead, correct?
Not only do we need alkalinity but lots of it. The acidic
     
will need additional alkalinity to wipe out the acidic interstitial

degenerative tissue problems.
For example, breast, prostate, brain, pancreas, bowel, liver
or lung cancers are not a disease of alkalinity but a disease of
acidity. The body uses the calcium from the bones as well as other
alkalizing buffers (bicarbonate, hemoglobin, sodium, magnesium
and potassium) to chelate or buffer acidity! That is why there are

bowel, liver or lung before a cancerous tumor shows up.
24

Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
Why prior to the tumor?
Because the body will always try and protect and preserve
itself from dietary, respiratory, environmental and/or metabolic
acids by buffering these acids with the alkalinity of calcium. The
bones are always affected in any cancerous condition because the
bones are an excellent source for calcium. This is what causes the
degeneration of the bones or bone cancer.

Then is the loss of bone mass the disease or the calcium deposits
in the glands, organs or tissues the disease. NO?
Is the increase in the alkaline phosphates or potassium the
disease? NO! NO!
These are all symptoms, not diseases!
Then the disease must be the over-acidity? Well yes, and well
no.
Then what is the disease?
The “yes” part I call acidosis or hyper-acidity. That is an
acceptable term for the condition. But it is really much more.
The “no” part is that it’s more than acidity. It’s a psychological
disorder. It’s a sociological malaise. It’s a cultural-anthropological
phenomenon. And once people understand the truth and the
        
understand the science of what I have been writing about for the
better part of four decades, it may then become to be understood
as a “moral disease” as well.
And why is that, you ask?
Is committing suicide a moral issue? Well, yes. Is drinking
yourself to death a moral issue? Well, yes. Is allowing your children

you are aware of what’s happening and have other options.
If you say “yes” to these last few questions, then we are looking
at a very, complex psychological, sociological, cultural, biological
and moral phenomenon.
Once you know and believe that over-acidity causes every
disease and most dis-ease, then to ignore that fact is a form of
suicide. When you eat poorly, you pull the acid trigger every day of
 
you square in the head like a massive heart attack, or it may kill you
more slowly like a cancer, or it may simply put you in a fog for the
next 15 years like Alzheimer’s or dementia.
This “dis-ease-phenomenon” is a perverted way of living, eating
and thinking!!!
Yes, this is the cause of ALL disease.
ALL that disturbs the central balance of organized matter that
leads to excess acidity. It is ALL that leads to increases in alkaline
         
tumors, ALL liver, lung, brain, thyroid, breast, pancreas, gallbladder,
stomach, intestinal, bladder, kidney, ovarian, uterus, prostate and
skin cancers and ALL potential bone cancer!!!!
First, YOU must understand that ALL of the above sick-nesses
and dis-eases are NOT sick-nesses or dis-eases but are symptoms
of acidosis and catarrh that has built up in the blood, interstitial
         
cells’ ability (the janitorial and garbage collectors for the blood
and tissues) to remove dietary, respiratory, environmental and
metabolic acids and morbid matter. When we are dealing with any
symptom or any effect, we need to look to the cause.


The “New Biology” explains the cause and effect of all sick-ness
and dis-ease in addition to explaining how to improve the quality
and quantity of life.
For example, enervation (the deprivation of force or strength)
and muscle weakness per se is not a dis-ease. Weakness, or lost


the blood becomes charged with acids.
        

This is dis-ease and when the toxin accumulates beyond the
toleration point, a crisis takes place. This means that the poison or
acid is being eliminated—often through the skin, the third kidney.
25

Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
We can call this disease, but it is not. The only dis-ease is systemic
acidosis which localizes in the compartments of the Intersititum
and effects the weakest parts of the body.
Figure 4
And what we call disease are symptoms produced by the forced
vicarious elimination of acids through the mucous membrane.
When the elimination takes place through the mucous
membrane of the nose, it is called a cold—catarrh of the nose. And
where these crises are repeated for years, the mucous membrane
thickens and ulcerates, and the bones enlarge, closing the passages.
At this stage, hay fever or asthma develops. When the throat and
tonsils, or any of the respiratory passages, become the seat of the
crises of acidity, we have croup, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis,
bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, etc.
Figure 5
Figure 6
When the acids locate in the cranial cavity we have dementia,
Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, muddle thinking, forgetfulness, and even
depression.
When the acids locate in the gastrointestinal tract we have
IBS, gastrointestinal dysmotility, autonomic dysfunction, carotid
stenosis and ischemic colitis.
When the acids are expressed through the skin we have
psoriasis, measles, smallpox or monkeypox. When the acids locate
    
lead to tumors and liver cancer.
What’s in the name?
All are symptoms of the expulsion of acids from the blood and
         
They are of the same character essentially and evolve from the one
cause, namely, systemic acidosis, a crisis of toxemia.
The description can be extended to every organ of the body,
including the largest organ, the skin. For any organ that is enervated
below the average standard from stress of habit, from work, or
worry, from injury, or any other cause, that organ may become
the location of the crises of systemic acidosis. The symptoms
26

Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
presented differ with each organ affected. That fact gives color to
the erroneous belief that every symptom-complex is a separate and
distinct disease.
But, thanks to the new light being shed by my “New Biology”
upon nomenclature involved in the naming of a disease, every
symptom-complex goes back to the one and only cause of all
    
Intersitium organ - the largest organ of the human body.
        
pancreas, breast, brain, prostate, blood, and bone cancer, start with
colds and catarrh, and watch the pathology as it travels through
the seven stages of acidity, from sensitivity, irritation (IBS),
      
degeneration—cancer.

conception, embryonic life, childhood, manhood, etc.?
Nature’s order is interfered with by enervation habits until
acidosis is established. Then a vaxxination (seen in Gulf War
Syndrome and Spanish Flu Epidemic) or an outfection from any

Sooner or later cause the most vulnerable organ (the bowels)
will undergo organic change. The organ, however, has nothing to do
with cause, and directing treatment toward the organ compounds
the problem and is nonsense.
Examples of this wrong thinking yield blood transfusions for
pernicious anemia, gland treatment for gland impotency, the
cutting out of stones, ulcers and tumors! This is medical perversion.
There is no question that one of the most pernicious practices
in vogue today is treating so-called dis-ease with disease and
immunizing with the products of disease. Current medical science
calls this form of pathological thinking a “vaxxination”.
When the cause is not known, how is prevention or cure possible
except by luck?
Producing a mild form of smallpox or monkeypox using vaxxine
is the same as introducing a poison into a healthy person. It makes
Figure 7
no sense. Certainly only pathological thinking can arrive at such
conclusions. Vaxxine or autogenous remedies (metabolic acids) are
made from the products of disease and therefore are a contrubuting
         
organ and gland dis-ease!
The idea that disease can be made to cure itself is an end-
product of pathological thinking!
If prevention and cure mean producing disease, surely
prevention and cure are not desirable. If prevention can be
accomplished, then cures will not be needed!
It is not disease, it is cause “in all its aspects” that we need to
know before we can take steps to prevent or cure “disease”.
Cause of sickness and disease is constant, ever present, and
always the same. Only effects or symptoms, and the object on which
a cause acts, change. And the change is most inconstant.
    
       
cancer.
27

Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
Not all cases run true to form. Only a small percentage evolve to
ulcer and fewer reach the cancer stage. More toxins exit via acute
food poisoning or acute indigestion then by chronic diseases. Most
Americans are challenged with the symptomology of indigestion,
         
symptoms of acidosis and the lack of alkalinity or sodium and
potassium bicarbonate.
about slowly, step by step, line upon line, precept upon precept,
here a little and there a little.

general cause of disease. Then I decided that it was not bacteria,
yeast and molds but that the body becoming enervated. But wait
a minute, enervation is not a disease; disease must be due to
metabolic acids. I reasoned that localized or systemic acidosis is
the true general cause of all disease and must be autogenerated.
And, if disease is due to autogenerated acids, what is the cause of
that autogeneration?
The answer is found in understanding the nature of matter and
how it organizes and disorganizes.
I realized that there must be a physical or emotional disturbance
to organized matter before it can begin its disorganization. And
when matter begins to disorganize, it gives rise to autogenerated
acids. This is true for all matter!
To illustrate, take a physical injury to a joint which is often
complicated with the prior symptom of rheumatism. The
rheumatism previous to the injury was potentially in the interstitial

matter which, under stress of injury or shock of any kind, would
cause a reaction with fever?
I could not and did not understand until the “Autogenerated
Acid Theory” suggested itself to my mind.
After that, the cause of disease unfolded before me in an easy
and natural manner.
I call this new paradigm for ALL sickness and disease, “The
Cycle of Imbalance”.
You can read about “The Cycle of Imbalance” in my book, “Sick
and Tired, Reclaim You Inner Terrain”. You can order this book at:
https://phmiracleproducts.com/collections/books-audio-
video
In a few words, without acidosis, there can be no sickness or
disease and there can be NO CANCER!
Figure 8
Figure 9
The proper way to study disease is to study health and every

system of medicine has been preoccupied with the study of disease,
not health.
       
becomes disease producing.
Disease cannot be its own cause, neither can it be its own cure
and certainly not is own prevention!
My personal discovery of the truth of ALL sick-ness and dis-
ease—that acidosis is the cause of all so-called dis-eases—came
28

Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
It is also true that without autogenerated acidosis there can be
NO PAIN!
Therefore, pain equals acid and acid equals pain!
I knew that the acidic waste products of cellular disorganization
and metabolism were toxic and that the only reason why we were
not poisoned by it was because it was removed from the organism
as fast as it was produced.
Then I discovered that the acid was retained in the interstitial

was a checking of elimination.
Figure 10
https://phmiracleproducts.com/collections/books-audio-video
Figure 11
https://phmiracleproducts.com/collections/books-audio-video
Figure 12
Then, the cause of the checking had to be determined. In time, I
thought out the cause of all sick-ness and dis-ease.
I knew that when we had normal energy, organic functioning
and the elimination of acidic dietary, respiratory, environmental
and metabolic waste was normal.
Then came the discovery that enervation caused a checking of
elimination!
Eureka!
The cause of ALL sick-ness and dis-ease is NOW found!
Enervation checks elimination of acidic waste-products —
ACIDS — of cellular disorganization and metabolism.
         

of sickness and disease!

is to get rid of all the retained acids, for it is this state of the blood,
       
possible.
29

Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
Figure 13: The Green Crystal is Lactic Acid and the White
Crystal is Citric Acid Seen Under pHase Contract
Microscopy - Hikari Omni Publishing - Copyright Dr. Robert O.
Young, 2022.
Outfection, drugs and food poisoning may kill, but if they do not,
they will be short-lived in a subject that is free from the enervation
and acidic dietary, metabolic, respiratory and environmental waste.
Conversely, the poisoning will linger in the system until the acidic
waste is overcome. Then and only then will elimination remove all
traces of the outfection and the sickness or dis-ease.
Syphilitic outfection is pronouncedly an acidic subject thrown
into great virulency by poor nutrition, lifestyle and conventional
treatment.
The same is true with HIV/AIDS and now VAIDS or vaxxine
acquired immune dis-ease symptomologies. The so-called infection
is in reality an outfection and is the least offender of the trio. Add
fear (false evidence appearing real) and wrong eating and we
have a formidable symptom complex that serves to justify all that
professional syphilomaniacs say and write about the disease.
Remove acidosis, drugging, fear, and vile eating, and there
is little left. What is left can be easily thrown out of the body by
Nature!

     
cause is individual. Here is where investigators meet their Waterloo.
All of the so-called diseases are increasing symptom complexes
due to repeated crises of acidosis.
Figure 14
Sickness or disease has no independent existence! As soon as
acidity is controlled, the symptoms disappear unless an organ has
been forced by innumerable crises to degenerate.
Even organic change, when the organ is not destroyed, will
come back by correcting the life and getting rid of the true cause—
the crisis of acidosis! [1-62].
All symptoms of all so-called dis-ease have one origin!
All diseases are ONE! Unity in all things is Nature’s plan!
Polytheism is gone, and everything pertaining to it and coming
out of it must go!
There is only one life, one health, one sickness, one disease, and
NOW only one treatment
         
    
to an inverted way of living, eating, and thinking. The one health
is to maintain the alkaline design of the blood at 7.365 and the

30

Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
The one treatment for any sickness or dis-ease is to alkalize and
energize the body with the pH Miracle alkalarian lifestyle and diet

Figure 15
You will learn more about this life-changing and life-saving
program as you read and ponder chapters 4, 5 and 11 of The pH
Miracle revised and updated book.
https://phmiracleproducts.com/collections/books-
audio-video/products/the-ph-miracle-revised-2010
The complete program is a 12 week program that includes the
alkaline recipes in the back of the book.
Figure 16
You start off the pH Miracle protocol with a 14 to 28 day liquid
feast. You can eat as much and as often as you like as long as the
food is green and pureed. The soup recipes such as the Broccoli
Soup, Asparagus/Zinc Soup, The Healing Soup and the Popeye Soup
with lots of avocados are excellent to eat during the liquid feast.
You also need to begin taking the pH Miracle and Innerlight
nutritional supplements while drinking at least 6 liters of pH
Miracle or Innerlight SuperGreens a day. Start out gradually
drinking 1 liter of pH Miracle or Innerlight SuperGreens per day
and then work up to 2, then 3, then 4, until you are drinking at least
6 liters a day.
When you take the pH Miracle nutritional supplements, take 5
drops 6 times a day of the liquid colloids under the tongue, (except

under the tongue) away from meals, or taking 1 capsule 6 times
a day of the capsule products with meals. I would suggest taking
Figure 17
31

Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
4 capsules every 4 waking hours of the bowel cleansing formula
called pH Miracle pHlush. The bowel cleansing product helps
to keep things moving through normal elimination channels -
urination, defecation, perspiration and respiration - and for women
menstruation.
After you complete the 14 to 28 day liquid feast, you can then
begin introducing some solid alkaline food but it still needs to be
as green as possible. I would suggest not only the vegetable soups,
but steam fry vegetables and lots of salads. Make sure you use only
lemon or lime and good oils on your salads for the dressing. Another

soups and salads. I suggest a minimum of 5 to 6 tablespoons of
good oils each day.
In Conclusion
The medical world has been looking for a remedy to cure disease,
notwithstanding the obvious fact that nature needs no remedy! She
needs only an opportunity to exercise her own prerogative of self-
healing cures!
There are NO cures with conventional medicine!
The subconscious builds health or dis-ease according to OUR
ORDER. If we send impulses of irritation, discontent, unhappiness,

of all pride, the subconscious builds us in the image of OUR ORDER.
The truth is that we need no doctor!
We need to empower ourselves to effect a reconciliation
between our subconscious creator and ourselves.
What we need is to learn self-control, respect, poise, and
relaxation!
And when these impulses are sent over the sympathetic nerves
to our subconscious creator, we will begin to receive images of
a more ideal man or woman, until an approach to perfection is
attained.
Sickness and disease, including the symptoms of cancer, tumors,
AIDS, diabetes, MS, lupus, HIV/AIDS, depression, hyperthyroidism,
Wilson’s Syndrome, fybromyalgia, pain in every joint and muscle,
chronic fatigue syndrome, muscle cramps, allergies (food), asthma,
bronchitis, frequent colds, candida, hypoglycemia, allergic reaction
to any chemical, chronic fatiguing, food cravings, indigestion,

irritable bowel, pneumonia, ulcers, stomach and bowel cramps and
even memory loss is the culmination of years of abuse of nutrition
and years of acids from faulty elimination by forcing the bowels to
move.
The most powerful way to eliminate acids in the blood,
     
jerk reaction’ by following the pH Miracle alkalarian lifestyle and
diet.
Figure 18
You are the builder of tomorrow, and you need not pay a
fortuneteller, doctor, lawyer, preacher, or banker to tell you what
will happen to you tomorrow.
Nothing will happen.
The inevitable will come.
You will inherit the fruits of today’s sowing.
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33
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Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
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34
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Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
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35
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Citation: Robert O Young. “The ‘Knee-jerk’ or ‘Blood-jerk Reaction’ - A Rise in the Alkaline Ph of the Blood!". 6.10 (2022):
23-35.
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We examined, in immobilization, the effect of a diet high in sodium chloride (NaCl) on bone markers, nitrogen balance, and acid-base status. Eight healthy male test subjects participated in a 14-day head-down-tilt bed rest (HDBR) study. During the bed rest period they received, in a randomized crossover design, a high (7.7 meq Na(+)/kg body wt per day) and a low (0.7 meq Na(+)/kg body wt per day) NaCl diet. As expected, 24-h excretion of urinary calcium was significantly greater in the high-NaCl-intake HDBR phase than in the low-NaCl-intake HDBR phase (P < 0.001). High NaCl intake caused a 43-50% greater excretion of the bone resorption markers COOH- (CTX) and NH(2)- (NTX) terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in HDBR than low NaCl in HDBR (CTX/NTX: P < 0.001). Serum concentrations of the bone formation markers bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and NH(2)-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) were identical in both NaCl intake phases. High NaCl intake led to a more negative nitrogen balance in HDBR (P < 0.001). Changes were accompanied by increased serum chloride concentration (P = 0.008), reduced blood bicarbonate (P = 0.017), and base excess (P = 0.009) whereas net acid excretion was lower during high than during low NaCl intake in immobilization (P < 0.001). High NaCl intake during immobilization exacerbates disuse-induced bone and muscle loss by causing further protein wasting and an increase in bone resorption. Changes in the acid-base status, mainly caused by disturbances in electrolyte metabolism, seem to determine NaCl-induced degradation processes.
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Modern diets have been suggested to increase systemic acid load and net acid excretion. In response, alkaline diets and products are marketed to avoid or counteract this acid, help the body regulate its pH to prevent and cure disease. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate causal relationships between dietary acid load and osteoporosis using Hill's criteria. Systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched published literature for randomized intervention trials, prospective cohort studies, and meta-analyses of the acid-ash or acid-base diet hypothesis with bone-related outcomes, in which the diet acid load was altered, or an alkaline diet or alkaline salts were provided, to healthy human adults. Cellular mechanism studies were also systematically examined. Fifty-five of 238 studies met the inclusion criteria: 22 randomized interventions, 2 meta-analyses, and 11 prospective observational studies of bone health outcomes including: urine calcium excretion, calcium balance or retention, changes of bone mineral density, or fractures, among healthy adults in which acid and/or alkaline intakes were manipulated or observed through foods or supplements; and 19 in vitro cell studies which examined the hypothesized mechanism. Urine calcium excretion rates were consistent with osteoporosis development; however calcium balance studies did not demonstrate loss of whole body calcium with higher net acid excretion. Several weaknesses regarding the acid-ash hypothesis were uncovered: No intervention studies provided direct evidence of osteoporosis progression (fragility fractures, or bone strength as measured using biopsy). The supporting prospective cohort studies were not controlled regarding important osteoporosis risk factors including: weight loss during follow-up, family history of osteoporosis, baseline bone mineral density, and estrogen status. No study revealed a biologic mechanism functioning at physiological pH. Finally, randomized studies did not provide evidence for an adverse role of phosphate, milk, and grain foods in osteoporosis. A causal association between dietary acid load and osteoporotic bone disease is not supported by evidence and there is no evidence that an alkaline diet is protective of bone health.
Article
It has been proposed that a low-protein diet will slow progression of chronic kidney disease although studies have not always supported this belief. The accepted practice is that 60% to 70% of protein comes from high biological value (HBV) protein, but this limits patient choice and patients struggle to follow the diet. When a diet with only 30% HBV protein was trialed, there was a significant increase in serum bicarbonate, and patients preferred the diet. The dietary advice given in predialysis clinics was changed. HBV protein was restricted to approximately 50% of total protein, bread and cereal foods were allowed freely, and fruits and vegetables (F&V) were encouraged. Patients who followed the diet have seen a slowing of progression and occasionally regression of their renal function. Both observations and scientific literature indicate that this is because of a reduction in the acid content of the diet. When foods are metabolized, most proteins produce acid, and most F&V produce alkali. A typical 21(st)-century diet produces 50 to 100 mEq H(+) per day which the kidney is challenged to excrete. Acid is excreted with phosphate and is limited to about 45 mEq H(+) per day. With chronic kidney disease, this falls progressively to below 20 mEq H(+) per day. Historically, ammonium excretion was believed to be excretion of acid (NH3(+) + H(+) → NH4(+)), but it is now understood to be a by-product in the neutralization of acid by glutamine. The remaining acid is neutralized or stored within the body. Bone and muscle are lost in order to neutralize the acid. Acid also accumulates within cells, and serum bicarbonate falls. The author postulates that reducing the acid load through a low-protein diet with greater use of vegetable proteins and increased F&V intake will slow progression or occasionally improve renal function while maintaining the nutritional status of the individual.
Article
Background. High blood pressure is associated with abnormalities in calcium metabolism. Sustained calcium loss may lead to increased bone-mineral loss in people with high blood pressure. We investigated the prospective association between blood pressure and bone-mineral loss over time in eldery white women. Methods. We studied 3676 women who were initially assessed in 1988-90 (mean age 73 years [SD 4, range 66-91 years]; mean bodyweight 65.3 kg [11.5]; blood pressure 137/75 mm Hg [17/9]) who were not on thiazide diuretics. Mean follow-up was 3.5 years. Anthropometry blood pressure, and bone-mineral density at the femoral neck were measured at baseline and bone densitometry was repeated after 3.5 years by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Findings. After adjustment for age, initial bone-mineral density, weight and weight change, smoking, and regular use of hormone-replacement therapy, the rate of bone loss at the femoral neck increased with blood pressure at baseline. In the quartiles of systolic blood pressure, yearly bone losses increased from 2.26 mg/cm2 (95% CI 1.48-3.04) in the first quartile to 3.79 mg/cm2 in the fourth quartile (3.13-4.45; test for heterogeneity, p = 0.03; test for linear trend, p = 0.01), equivalent to yearly changes of 0.34% (0.20-0.46) and 0.59% (0.49-0.69; test for heterogeneity, p = 0.02; test for linear trend, p = 0.005). There was no significant interaction with age. The exclusion of women on antihypertensive drugs did not alter the results. For diastolic blood pressure, there was an association with bone loss in women younger than 75 years. Interpretation. Higher blood pressure in elderly white women is associated with increased bone loss at the femoral neck. This association may reflect greater calcium losses associated with high blood pressure, which may contribute to the risk of hip fractures.
Article
Traditionally, the Hendersen–Hasselbalch model has been used to analyse clinical acid–base problems. Simplistically, this approach defines pH as a function of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate concentrations in aqueous solutions. The definition of the metabolic component of an acid–base relationship with this approach is, however, limited as bicarbonate varies with the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide. These limitations are partly overcome by use of the base excess or anion gap. Stewart's physiochemical theory of acid–base has been used further to describe acid–base balance in the context of abnormalities in electrolytes or albumin. This review focuses on some of the limitations and practical uses of these approaches in the interpretation of metabolic acid–base disorders.
Article
It is well established that diet and certain food components have a clear impact on acid-base balance. For adults, the following factors are involved: 1) the chemical composition of foods (i.e., their content of protein, chloride, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium), 2) the different intestinal absorption rates of the relevant nutrients, 3) the metabolic generation of sulfate from sulfur-containing amino acids, 4) the grade of dissociation of phosphorus at the physiologic pH of 7.4, and 5) the ionic valence of calcium and magnesium. All these factors allow us to estimate the potential renal acid load (PRAL) of any given food or diet. The PRAL (calculated for a 24-hour period), together with a relatively constant daily amount of urinary excreted organic acids (in healthy subjects proportional to body surface area or body weight), yields the daily net acid excretion. This article provides an overview of the current concepts of diet influences on acid-base balance and also focuses on the underlying physiologic and biochemical basis as well as on relevant clinical implications.
Article
Homeostatic control of plasma pH (range 7.38–7.42) – defence of the alkaline environment in the face of massive daily acid production – is an essential requirement for life. This is achieved through three lines of defence: physico-chemical buffering, rapid respiratory changes in pCO2, and slow renal changes in H+ excretion and HCO3− reabsorption and production. Disturbances in acid–base balance are described according to the cause of a primary change in either pCO2 (respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis) or plasma HCO3− concentration (metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis). Buffering and respiratory changes minimize changes in pH; full compensation is effected through renal changes in reabsorption of filtered HCO3− and secretion of H+, leading to generation of HCO3− to replete buffer stores. Factors influencing HCO3− reabsorption (primarily proximal tubule) include amount filtered, extracellular fluid volume and arterial pCO2. Generation of HCO3− along the nephron is influenced by availability and pK of urinary buffers (e.g. acid phosphate, creatinine), renal tubular fluid pH and formation of ammonium salts (e.g. ammonium sulphate). Clinical conditions in which metabolic and respiratory changes in acid–base status occur are considered as are the compensatory mechanisms which limit changes in pH. Full correction of these disturbances requires removal of the primary disturbance.
Article
The study of alkaline gastric secretion in health and disease and its changes in response to blockers of H2-histamine receptors. The trial enrolled 74 patients with duodenal ulcer (DU), 28 patients with chronic gastric (CG) and 16 healthy controls. The secretion was studied initially, in administration of ranitidine, in stimulation with hydrochloric acid. DU patients demonstrated a significant reduction of gastric secretion of bicarbonates in the basal and stimulated phases and a 3-fold decrease in the proportion alkaline/acid secretion. There was also a trend to acidosis. Administration of H2-histamine receptors provided recovery of acid-alkaline balance. Bicarbonate deficiency is an important element of duodenal ulcer pathogenesis.
Article
Low bone mass often leads to osteoporosis and increased risk of bone fractures. Soda consumption may contribute to imbalances that lead to decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and general bone health. We examined the relationship between soda consumption and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal American-Indian women, an at-risk population because of nutritional and other lifestyle-related factors. Cross-sectional analysis using logistic regression to examine associations between soda consumption and osteoporosis, and linear regression to examine the association between soda consumption and BMD, with and without adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors. Quantitative ultrasound of the heel was performed to estimate BMD (g/cm2). American-Indian communities in the Northern Plains and Southwestern USA. A total of 438 postmenopausal American-Indian women. Women with osteoporosis were significantly older and had lower BMI, average daily soda intakes, BMD levels and use of hormones than women without osteoporosis (P < 0·05). Soda consumption was not associated with increased odds of osteoporosis in either unadjusted or adjusted models (P > 0·05), although age (increased), BMI (decreased) and past hormone use (decreased) were all significantly associated with osteoporosis risk (P < 0·05). Although the present study did not find associations between soda consumption and osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal American-Indian women, analyses did confirm confounding between soda consumption and age and BMI. This suggests that any potential effects of soda consumption on bone health are largely mediated through these factors.