Investigation of aquatic vascular flora at Sadullapur Upazila of Gaibandha District, Bangladesh

Abstract

The present article focused on aquatic vascular plants diversity and their conservation status in natural and manmade wetlands habitats of Sadullapur Gaibandha. The study was conducted in between May 2019 to June 2020. A total of 52 aquatic plant species was recorded from Sadullapur Gaibandha in the present study. These are assigned to 35 genera under 30 families. For each species scientific name, local name, family, division, habit, habitat, use and status are provided. Ecological habitats analysis of aquatics shows variations. Among them, 37% species prefers to grow near the edge of water, 13% submerged, 11% as emergent, 11% as free floating and 28% as rooted floating in the aquatic habitat. In case of submerged species, they produce flowers on surface of the water. After pollination fruits remain under water up to maturation. Among them, 49% species used as fodder, 22% as medicinal, 4% as aquarium purpose, 9% as vegetable, 6% as edible, 10% as fish food in the study area. The population number of different aquatic plant species in habitats is not uniform. Overall analysis showed that 46% aquatic plant species in the study area found to be rare, 44% species found common and 10% species found as abundant. This status of aquatic plant species is very preliminary. Based on field observations and discussion with local people we are able to identify a good number of rare aquatic plants and also pointed some conservation measures for them in future. The investigation recorded a number of rare aquatic plant species from the study area. These are Trapa bispinosa (Singara), Nelumbo nucifera (Paddo), Nymphaea pubescens (Sada shapla), Oenanthe javanica (Panidhone), Nymphaea rubra (Lal shapla), Ottelia alismoides (Panikola), Enhydra fluctuans (Titidata) and Centrostachys aquatica (Thuash). Populations of such species in the wild are very rare because of local demand for the use. These species need to be cared for conservation.

Full text

Corresponding author: AHM Mahbubur Rahman
Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
Copyright © 2022 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. This article is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Liscense 4.0.
Investigation of aquatic vascular flora at Sadullapur Upazila of Gaibandha District,
Bangladesh
Monira Akter Ame, Lima Khatun, Sonia Khatun, Shamima Afroj Sumona and AHM Mahbubur Rahman *
Plant Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022, 21(01), 175–187
Publication history: Received on 09 September 2022; revised on 12 October 2022; accepted on 15 October 2022
Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.21.1.0395
Abstract
The present article focused on aquatic vascular plants diversity and their conservation status in natural and manmade
wetlands habitats of Sadullapur Gaibandha. The study was conducted in between May 2019 to June 2020. A total of 52
aquatic plant species was recorded from Sadullapur Gaibandha in the present study. These are assigned to 35 genera
under 30 families. For each species scientific name, local name, family, division, habit, habitat, use and status are
provided. Ecological habitats analysis of aquatics shows variations. Among them, 37% species prefers to grow near the
edge of water, 13% submerged, 11% as emergent, 11% as free floating and 28% as rooted floating in the aquatic habitat.
In case of submerged species, they produce flowers on surface of the water. After pollination fruits remain under water
up to maturation. Among them, 49% species used as fodder, 22% as medicinal, 4% as aquarium purpose, 9% as
vegetable, 6% as edible, 10% as fish food in the study area. The population number of different aquatic plant species in
habitats is not uniform. Overall analysis showed that 46% aquatic plant species in the study area found to be rare, 44%
species found common and 10% species found as abundant. This status of aquatic plant species is very preliminary.
Based on field observations and discussion with local people we are able to identify a good number of rare aquatic plants
and also pointed some conservation measures for them in future. The investigation recorded a number of rare aquatic
plant species from the study area. These are Trapa bispinosa (Singara), Nelumbo nucifera (Paddo), Nymphaea pubescens
(Sada shapla), Oenanthe javanica (Panidhone), Nymphaea rubra (Lal shapla), Ottelia alismoides (Panikola), Enhydra
fluctuans (Titidata) and Centrostachys aquatica (Thuash). Populations of such species in the wild are very rare because
of local demand for the use. These species need to be cared for conservation.
Keywords: Species diversity; Aquatic vascular plants; Gaibandha district; Bangladesh
1. Introduction
The majority of our terrestrial ecology relies on plant variety. We are all completely reliant on plant diversity, both
directly and indirectly, for not only food energy but also for all of our everyday needs. Humans employ tens of thousands
of higher plant species and a few hundred lower plant species for a range of reasons, including food, fuel, fiber, oil, herbs,
spices, industrial crops, and pasture and fodder for domesticated animals. People in tropical areas have employed
between 25000 and 30000 plant species, with up to 25000 species being used in traditional remedies [70]. Thousands
of species are also cultivated for decorative purposes in parks, public and private gardens, as avenue trees, and for shade
and shelter. Plant variety also plays a vital part in ecosystem services, such as providing a clean environment, protecting
watersheds, stabilizing slopes, improving soils, regulating climate, and providing habitat for most of our wild wildlife.
Currently, humans are posing a significant danger to plant variety across the planet. Urbanization, commercial
agriculture, tree plantations, logging and timber extraction, mining and transportation, pollution, overharvesting,
tourism, biological invasion, and alien monoculture plantings are all examples of human-caused concerns. Natural
catastrophes and other natural occurrences have an influence on plant diversity in various ecosystems.

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The study of aquatic plant diversity is critical because it offers a baseline for comparison following habitat alteration
and for tracking changes in biodiversity over time. The results of the survey can be used to identify uncommon,
imperiled, foreign, native, pest, and therapeutic plant species. The survey results are now being utilized to assess the
possible impact of proposed projects and to inform management programs in order to make biodiversity protection
decisions. Students, researchers, biodiversity management planners, social foresters, NGOs, District gazetteers, and
other enthusiastic plant enthusiasts want data on water plant variety.
Plant diversity exploration and documentation in various forests, protected areas, districts, and upazilas has already
begun [2], [3], [5-6], [9-16], [19-65], [71-72], [74-91], [93-94] and [96-106]. The South Asian subcontinent has a large
number of publications on water plants [66], [67], [68], [69], [92], [95]. In Bangladesh, researches on aquatic plants
have been identified for the districts of Kishoregonj and Noakhali, as well as the Rajshahi university campus [48], [67]
and [76]. However, for the Gaibandha district, no comparable aquatic plant survey and documentation activity has been
discovered. Dams and diversion, modern agriculture, irrigation, pollution, and biological invasion are all contributing
to the fragility of aquatic environments. Species are fast becoming extinct due to a lack of scientific record.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Study area
Sadullapur is an upazila of Gaibandha District in the Division of Rangpur, Bangladesh. Sadullapur is located at 25.3833°N
89.4667°E. It has 47,102 homes and a total area of 227.97 km2. As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Sadullapur has a
population of 243,012. Males constitute 50.4% of the population, and females 49.6%. The upazila's adult population,
over 18 years, is 117,347. Sadullapur has an average literacy rate of 25.1% (7+ years), below the national average of
32.4%. The literacy rate of this upazila is 89.3. Sadullapur Upazila is divided into 11 union parishads: Bongram,
Damodorpur, Dhaperhat, Faridpur, Idilpur, Jamalpur, Kamarpara, Khodkomor, Noldanga, Rasulpur, and Vatgram. The
union parishads are subdivided into 166 mauzas and 169 villages [4].
2.2. Methodology
The work is based on fresh materials collected during twenty six visits to Sadullapur upazila of Gaibandha district,
Bangladesh from May 2019 to June 2020 to cover the seasonal variations. The visits covered aquatic habitats in the
study area. Plant parts with either flowers or fruits were collected using traditional herbarium techniques to make
voucher specimens for documentation [73].
2.3. Identification
Collected aquatic species were authentically identified with the help of various books [1], [7] and [18]. For the current
name and up-to-date nomenclature [8] and [17] were also consulted.
3. Results
A total of 52 aquatic plant species were discovered during the current investigation of Sadullapur Gaibandha's aquatic
habitats. These species are divided into 35 genera, which are divided into 30 families (Table 1). Aside from these, the
research region also had other water-tolerant tree species. Hijal [Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn.], Koranja
[Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre], Pidali [Trewia nudiflora L.], Dumur [Ficus hispida L. f.], Jalibet [Calamus guruba Buch.-
Ham.], Shitalpati [Schumannianthus dichotomus (Roxb.]. During the monsoon, they can withstand water logging.
Table 1 Total number of Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons and Pteridophytes in case of wetlands in Sadullapur
Gaibandha
Categories
Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons
Pteridophytes
Total
Number of families
17
12
01
30
Number of genera
16
18
01
35
Number of species
29
21
02
52
The scientific name, local name, family, division, habit, habitat, usage, and status of each species are listed (Table 2). The
findings are preliminary, and future research might lead to an increase in the number of aquatic plant species in the

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district. Variations in aquatic plant species' ecological environments have been discovered. In the aquatic habitat, 37
percent like to grow along the water's edge, 13 percent as submerged, 11 percent as emergent, 11 percent as free
floating, and 28 percent as rooted floating (Figure 3). Flowers are produced on the water's surface by submerged
species. Fruits are kept under water until they reach maturity after pollination. Aquatic plant species have a wide range
of life forms. Herbs account for 94% of all species, while shrubs account for the remaining 6% (Figure 2).
In my research, I documented the utilization of a variety of aquatic plant species. In the research region, 49 percent of
the species were utilized as fodder, 22 percent as medicinal, 4% as aquarium plants, 9% as vegetables, 6% as edible,
and 10% as fish food (Figure 4). Monocots make up 41 percent of the species, Dicots make up 55 percent, and
Pteridophytes make up 4% (Figure 1). Poaceae and Cyperaceae (monocot) have the most species (3 and 4), followed by
Hydrocharitaceae, Pontederiaceae (three species), Araceae (one species), and the rest (one species) (Figure 6).
In Magnoliopsida (dicot) the largest families are Onagraceae and Nymphaeaceae contains 4 and 2 species,
Lentibulariaceae, Amaranthaceae contains 3 and 2 species, Lythraceae, Polygonaceae, Menyanthaceae, Acanthaceae and
Convolvulaceae contains 2 species and rest families contains 1 species (Figure 7) and Pteridophytes contains 1 family
Azollaceae contains 2 species. The population number of different aquatic plant species in habitats is not uniform. My
overall analysis showed that 46% aquatic plant species in the study area found to be rare, 44% species found as common
and 10% species found as abundant (Figure 5). The present inventory of aquatic plant species is very preliminary.
Further long term survey is necessary to make complete list of aquatic plant species of Sadullapur Gaibandha.
Figure 1 Percentage of plant species in Monoct, Dicot
and Pteridophytes
Figure 2 Vegetation analysis of the species based on
habit
Figure 3 Pie chart showing the percentage of plant
species in different habitats
Figure 4 Pie chart showing the uses of the species

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178
Figure 5 Pie chart showing the status of the aquatic
plant species
Figure 6 An analytical data showing dominant monocot
families along with genera and species
Figure 7 An analytical data showing dominant dicot families along with genera and species
Table 2 Aquatic plant species with scientific name, local name, family name, division, habit, habitat, use and status
Scientific Name
Local
Name
Family Name
Division
Habit
Habitat
Use
Status
Actinoscirpus
grossus (L. f.)
Goetgh. & D.A
Simpson
Kasura
Cyperaceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Common
Aeschynomene
indica L.
Bhathsola
Fabaceae
Dicot
Shrub
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Rare
Alloteropsis
cimicina (L.) Stapf
Unknown
Poaceae
Monocot
Herb
Emergent
Fodder
Common

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179
Alpinia nigra
(Gaertn.) Burtt.
Tara
Zingiberaceae
Monocot
Shrub
Near the
edge of
water
Medicinal
Rare
Alternanthera
philoxeroides
(Mart.) Griseb.
Helencha
Amaranthaceae
Dicot
Herb
Emergent
Medicinal
Common
Alternanthera
sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex
Roem. & Schult.
Hainsashak
Amaranthaceae
Dicot
Herb
Emergent
Medicinal
Common
Ammannia
alternifolia
H.Perrier.
Red
Ammannia
Lythraceae
Dicot
Herb
Submerged
Aquarium
plant
Rare
Ammannia gracilis
Guill. & Perr.
Red
Ammannia
Lythraceae
Dicot
Herb
Submerged
Aquarium
plant
Rare
Azolla filiculoides
Lamarck
Lal
Khudipana
Azollaceae
Pteridophytes
Herb
Free floating
Fish food
Abundant
Azolla pinnata R.
Br.
Lal
Khudipana
Azollaceae
Pteridophytes
Herb
Free floating
Fish food
Abundant
Brachiaria
distachya (L.) Stapf
Cori ghas
Poaceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Common
Brachiaria mutica
(Forssk.) Stapf
Nardul
Poaceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Common
Ceratophyllum
demersum L.
Kanta
jhangi
Ceratophyllaceae
Dicot
Herb
Submerged
Fodder
Rare
Colocasia esculenta
(L.) Schoott
Kachu
Araceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Vegetable
Common
Commelina
benghalensis L.
Dholpata
Commelinaceae
Monocot
Herb
Emergent
Fodder
Rare
Cyperus
alopecuroides
Rottb.
Chancha
Cyperaceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Common
Cyperus laxus
Lamk.
Unknown
Cyperaceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Common
Eichhornia
crassipes (Mart.)
Solms
Kachoripana
Pontederiaceae
Monocot
Herb
Free floating
Fodder
Abundant
Enhydra fluctuans
Lour.
Titidata
Asteraceae
Dicot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Vegetable
Rare
Hydrilla
verticillata (L. f.)
Royle
Kanjal
Hydrocharitaceae
Monocot
Herb
Submerged
Fodder
Rare

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Hygrophila erecta
(Burm. f.) Hochr
Unknown
Acanthaceae
Dicot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Common
Hygrophila
phlomoides Nees
Unknown
Acanthaceae
Dicot
Herb
rooted
floating
Fodder
Common
Ipomoea aquatica
Forssk.
Kalmi Shak
Convolvulaceae
Dicot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Vegetable
Common
Ipomoea fistulosa
Mart. ex Choisy
Dhol kolmi
Convolvulaceae
Dicot
Shrub
Near the
edge of
water
Medicinal
Common
Kyllinga
microcephala
Steud.
Nirbishi
Cyperaceae
Monocot
Herb
Emergent
Fodder
Common
Lemna perpusilla
Torrey
Khudipana
Lemnaceae
Monocot
Herb
Free floating
Fish food
Common
Limnocharis flava
(L.) Buchen.
pani kala
Limnocharitaceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Abundant
Limnophila
heterophylla
(Roxb.) Benth.
Unknown
Scrophulariaceae
Dicot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Rare
Ludwigia
adscendens (L.)
Hara
Kesara-dum
Onagraceae
Dicot
Herb
Emergent
Medicinal
Common
Ludwigia
hyssopifolia (G.
Don) Exell
Molsishak
Onagraceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
floating
Medicinal
Common
Ludwigia perennis
L.
Unknown
Onagraceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
Floating
Medicinal
Rare
Ludwigia prostrata
Roxb.
Unknown
Onagraceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
Floating
Medicinal
Rare
Monochoria
hastata (L.) Solms
Baranukha
Pontederiaceae
Monocot
Herb
Rooted
Floating
Fodder
Common
Monochoria
vaginalis (Burm. f.)
C.Presl
Sarkachu
Pontederiaceae
Monocot
Herb
Rooted
floating
Fodder
Common
Myriophyllum
tetrandrum Roxb.
Unknown
Haloragaceae
Dicot
Herb
Free floating
Fodder
Common
Najas gracillima
(A. Br. ex Engelm.)
Magnus
Unknown
Najadaceae
Monocot
Herb
Submerged
Fish food
Rare
Nechamandra
alternifolia (Roxb.
ex Wight) Thw.
Rasnajhangi
Hydrocharitaceae
Monocot
Herb
Submerged
Fish food
Rare
Nelumbo nucifera
Gaertn.
Padma
Nelumbonaceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
Floating
Medicinal
Rare

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Nymphaea
nouchali Burm. f.
Nilpaddo
Nymphaeaceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
Floating
Edible
Rare
Nymphaea rubra
Roxb. ex Andr.
Lal shapla
Nymphaeaceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
floating
Edible
Rare
Nymphoides
hydrophylla
(Lour.) Kuntze
Panchuli
Menyanthaceae
Dicot
Herb
Footed
floating
Fodder
Common
Nymphoides
indicum (L.)
Kuntze
Chandmalla
Menyanthaceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
floating
Fodder
Common
Oenanthe javanica
(Blume) DC.
Panidhone
Apiaceae
Dicot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Vegetable
Rare
Persicaria glabra
(Willd.) M. Gomez
Lal-kukri
Polygonaceae
Dicot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Medicinal
Rare
Persicaria
hydropiper (L.)
Delarbre
Bishkaatali
Polygonaceae
Dicot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Medicinal
Rare
Pistia stratiotes L.
Topapana
Araceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fish food
Abundant
Potamogeton
crispus L.
Unknown
Potamogetonaceae
Monocot
Herb
Near the
edge of
water
Fodder
Common
Sagittaria
guayanensis Kunth
Kaowathukri
Alismataceae
Monocot
Herb
Rooted
floating
Fodder
Rare
Trapa bispinosa
Roxb.
Singara
Trapaceae
Dicot
Herb
Free
floating
Edible
Rare
Utricularia aurea
Lour.
Jhangi
Lentibulariaceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
floating
Fodder
Rare
Utricularia inflexa
Forssk.
Panijhangi
Lentibulariaceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
floating
Fodder
Rare
Utricularia
scandens Benj.
panijhangi
Lentibulariaceae
Dicot
Herb
Rooted
floating
Fodder
Rare
4. Discussion
The wetlands in Gaibandha district yielded a total of 52 aquatic plant species, divided into 35 genera and 30 families.
Magnoliopsida (Dicots) has 17 families, 17 genera, and 29 species, while Liliopsida (Monocots) has 12 families, 18
genera, and 21 species, and Pteridophytes has 1 family, 1 genus, and 2 species, which is higher than Magnoliopsida
(Dicots). [76] Discovered 22 species in Bangladesh's Noakhali Sadar, divided into 16 families and 21 genera. The
greatest families in Magnoliopsida are Nymphaeaceae and Onagraceae, which have 2 and 4 species each, whereas the
largest families in Liliopsida are Cyperaceae and Poaceae, which contain 4 and 3 species each, comparable to [90].
Asteraceae (7 species) in Magnoliopsida and Poaceae (7 species) in Liliopsida are the two biggest families, according to
[90]. In Magnoliopsida, [94] identified the biggest Fabaceae family (23 species) and Poaceae (16 species) in Liliopsida.

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Emergent (Emergent plants grow in shallow waters and situations near water bodies where water recedes), free
floating (Floating plants are found on the surface of large, deep, and shallow depths of water bodies), and aquatic
(Aquatic plants are found in the surface of large, deep, and shallow depths of water bodies. Some plants in this
environment float freely and travel large distances, while others float on the water's surface but attach to soil beneath
the water's surface), submerged (species germinate, sprout, develop, and reproduce beneath the water's surface).
Their reproductive organs and roots stay in the soil at the bottom of the water body), rooted floating (species that float
on the top but are rooted on the bottom), and certain species that grow along the water's edge. During the study period,
6 species were emergent, accounting for 11% of all plant species, 6 species were free floating, accounting for 11% of all
plant species, 7 species were submerged, accounting for 13% of all plant species, 15 species were rooted floating,
accounting for 28% of all plant species, and 19 species were found near the edge of water bodies, accounting for 37%
of all plant species, which is higher than Basak et al [67] Four species are floating, four are emergent, and two are
submerged, according to the data. Some species are economically significant and have a positive impact on the local
community.
Ipomoea aquatica (Kalmi shak) is one of them, and it is utilized as a vegetable. Locals grow it in a swamp and sell it near
the market. It was given the name Schumannianthus dichotomus in the area. Patipata, a water-tolerant plant, can be seen
growing around the edges of ponds and other bodies of water. The plant is worth a lot of money. It was first planted by
the Bangladesh Forest Department on a commercial plot of wet forest lands. The peel of the plant's stem is used to make
a fine mat. Mats are used as a bed cover, a wall mat, and a material for handicrafts. The plant is flourishing despite its
lack of attention. It has the ability to regenerate through sprouting. It will continue to grow from generation to
generation after you have planted it. The juice of the leaves is used by the locals to treat ear ache. Sheetolpati is well-
known in the broader Sylhet region, as you are all aware. Nelumbo nucifera (padma) is a plant that is used to treat hair
problems and is known as takpata by the locals. The species' blossom is particularly huge and spectacular. Diabetic
patients love the seeds of such plants. Helencha Alternanthera philoxeroides is a vegetable that is also used as cow
feeding. Oenanthe javanika (Panidhone) is a plant that is used as a vegetable and is commercially significant.
Aquatic Centrostachys Thuash, as it is known locally, is also commercially significant and is grown as a vegetable by men
in marshes. Stems are offered as a vegetable at the local market. It was utilized by the locals to boost appetizers. It
contains therapeutic characteristics that can help with coughs, cold, and stomach problems. The stem paste is highly
useful in cases of constipation. I also hypothesized that the stem of such a plant may help to lower blood sugar levels in
humans. To prove the local claim of therapeutic capabilities, phytochemical and pharmacognosy studies are required.
Ducks consume Azolla pinnata and Azolla filiculoides (Lal khudipana). Cows consume a variety of plants from the
Cyperaceae and Poaceae families, including Hygroryza aristata (Jangli dhan), Actinoscirpus grossus (Kasura), and others.
In this location, uncommon species such as Trapa bispinosa (Singara), Nymphaea rubra (Lal shapla), Nelumba nucifera
(paddo), Oenanthe javanica (panidhone) and Ottelia alismoides may be found. Only one location in the area has
Nymphaea rubra (Lal shapla) and Nelumba mucifera (Padma). This species grows in an undisturbed environment; if any
disturbances, such as fishing or farming, occur in the marsh, they will go extinct in the near future.
Only this location grows Ammannia alternifolia, Ammannia gracilis, Centrostachys aquatica (Thuash), Oenanthe javanica
(Panidhone), and Ottelia alismoides (Shamakola). These species have a very limited range; throughout my field
investigation, I only discovered them in one site. These factories are vital to the economy. Centrostachys aquatica, often
known as Thuash, is a plant whose stems are marketed as vegetables in the local market. Oenanthe javanica, also known
as Panidhane, is an aquatic herb that grows near water's edge. The plant's shoot is sold as a vegetable in the local market.
The juice of the leaves is used to treat jaundice. In the research region, the species is quite uncommon. I discovered it in
nature and also saw it at the market. The fruits of Ottelia alismoides, also known as Shamakola, are consumed as
vegetables. Because of local demand for their use, these species' populations are extremely scarce. These animals
require special attention to ensure their survival. Otherwise, the species will be extinct in the near future.
5. Conclusion
Aquatic plants are the major components of wetland ecosystems. All aquatic life other than plants directly and indirectly
depends on green products. Any change in the species and population composition of aquatic ecosystem may fail to
maintain ecological balance in which many organisms interact with each other for their survival. The preliminary survey
in Sadullapur Gaibandha resulted in recording of total 52 aquatic plant species. They are belonging to 35 genera under
30 families. Among them, Dicotyledons is represented by 17 families whereas Monocotyledons are represented by 12
families and Pteridophytes represented by 1 family. In Magnoliopsida, Nymphaeaceae and Onagraceae are the largest
family each of them contain2 and 4 species, whereas in Liliopsida the largest families are Cyperaceae and Poaceae

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contains 4 and 3 species. The investigation recorded a number of rare aquatic plant, species from the study area. These
are Trapa bispinosa (Singara), Nelumbo nucifera (Padma), Nymphaea pubescens (Sada shapla), Oenanthe javanica
(Panidhone), Nymphaea rubra (Lal shapla), Ottelia alismoides (Shamakola), Enhydra fluctuans (Helencha) and
Centrostachys aquatica (Thuash). Population of such species in the wild is very rare because of local demand for the use.
These species need to be cared for conservation. Otherwise, the species will be eliminated from the wild very soon.
Based on the preliminary survey in Sadullapur Gaibandha, it is very difficult to make sound conclusion on the status of
aquatic flora. The results of present study showed that aquatic habitats of Gaibandha district is floristically rich in terms
of area and the district is also the home for many rare aquatic plant species of Bangladesh. To make a complete inventory
of the aquatic flora of Sadullapur Gaibandha further long term survey is necessary.
Compliance with ethical standards
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the local people at Sadullapur upazila of Gaibandha district, Bangladesh for their co-
operation and help during the research work. The authors are also grateful to the Ministry of Science and Technology
(MoST), Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh for financial support to complete this research work.
Disclosure of conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interests.
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