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Quadripartite Meeting
Digital annotated1edition of a working paper regarding the quadripartite (FR, GER, UK, US) meeting
of political directors held in Bonn on March 6, 1991 about security in Central and Eastern Europe,
under folder reference PREM19/3326 of the UK Prime Ministerial Private Office files, and archived on
aUCLA Social Sciences repository2. This edition does not provide substance for any legally binding
promise made by these four representatives.
The original text is in uppercase; a version in Letter case is provided in appendix for better legibility.
072310Z
SECRET
DEDIP3BURNING BUSH4
FM FCO5
TO IMMEDIATE WASHINGTON
TELNO 460
OF 071815Z MARCH 91
INFO IMMEDIATE PARIS, BONN, UKDEL NATO6, MOSCOW
6UK Delegation to NATO; with the UKDEL twitter feed as of 2022.
5The Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) is a department of the Government of the United
Kingdom. It was created on 2 September 2020 through the merger of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office
(FCO) and the Department for International Development (DFID). The FCO, itself created in 1968 by the merger
of the Foreign Office (FO) and the Commonwealth Office, was responsible for protecting and promoting British
interests worldwide.
4“Burning Bush”: the code words covering all papers referring to Quadripartite discussions (between the US,
UK, FRG and France). in particular the restricted format of “Heads of Government Representatives” initiated by
Mr Brzezinski in January 1980; in The Invasion of Afghanistan and UK-Soviet Relations, 1979-1982, by Richard
Smith et al., 2012, page 150. More detail given in the appendix.
3DEDIP, like DESDEN, DEYOU, …are Classified information in the United Kingdom codewords. DEDIP could
mean “Only to be shown to named officials”.
2More detail on Marc Trachtenberg CV site, including his article on International Security “The United States
and the NATO Non-extension Assurances of 1990: New Light on an Old Problem?”. The document itself was
provided by Joshua Shifrinson
1Unless otherwise specified, the annotations come from the wikipedia english version, with associated links.
1
MY 4 IPTS7: QUADRIPARTITE MEETING OF POLITICAL DIRECTORS, BONN, 6 MARCH: SECURITY IN
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
SUMMARY
1. UK CIRCULATES PROMISED PAPER ON SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. GENERAL A8
AGREEMENT THAT MEMBERSHIP OF NATO AND SECURITY GUARANTEES UNACCEPTABLE.
AGREEMENT TO CONSIDER STATEMENT BY SPRING NAC9INDICATING NATO'S INTEREST IN SECURITY
AND STABILITY IN EASTERN EUROPE. THICKENING OF BILATERAL RELATIONS AND NATO/EAST
EUROPEAN CONTACTS.
DETAIL
2. CHROBOG10 (GERMANY) SAID WE NEEDED NEW IDEAS ON HOW TO PROVIDE FOR THE SECURITY
OF CENTRAL AND EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. WE HAD MADE IT CLEAR DURING THE 2+411
NEGOTIATIONS THAT WE WOULD NOT EXTEND NATO BEYOND THE ELBE (SIC)12. WE COULD NOT
THEREFORE OFFER MEMBERSHIP OF NATO TO POLAND AND THE OTHERS. WE MIGHT HOWEVER
CONSIDER REFERRING TO OUR INTEREST IN THESE COUNTRIES IN FUTURE NATO DECLARATIONS.
FURTHER STEPS COULD BE TAKEN IN THE CSCE13 AND THROUGH BILATERAL AGREEMENTS.
3. WESTON14 CIRCULATED A BRITISH PAPER ON THE SUBJECT AND RAN THROUGH IT. WE HAD TO
RESPOND TO THE REQUESTS FROM THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES FOR CLOSER
RELATIONS WITH NATO. THEY WERE CONCERNED ABOUT THE EVENTUAL DANGER OF A REVANCHIST
SOVIET UNION OR RUSSIA, INSTABILITY IN THE SOVIET UNION WITH POSSIBLE SPILL-OVER AND THE
RISK OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. OUR AIM SHOULD BE FOR THE EAST
14 Sir (Philip) John Weston KCMG (born 13 April 1938) is a retired British diplomat. He was the UK Permanent
Representative on the North Atlantic Council (NATO) from 1992 to 1995, and the British Permanent
Representative to the United Nations (UN) from 1995 to 1998.
13 The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was a key element of the détente process
during the Cold War. Although it did not have the force of a Treaty, it recognized the boundaries of postwar
Europe and established a mechanism for minimising political and military tensions between East and West and
improving human rights in the Communist bloc.
12 This “sic” refers to a probable confusion between Elbe and Oder rivers; see appendix.
11 The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, or the Two Plus Four Agreement, is an
international agreement that allowed the reunification of Germany in the early 1990s. It was negotiated in
1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (the eponymous Two),
and the Four Powers which had occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
10 Jürgen Chrobog (born February 28, 1940 Berlin) is a German jurist, diplomat, and German Ambassador to the
United States from 1995 to 2001 and German State Secretary from 2001-2005. He was kidnapped on
December 28, 2005 in eastern Yemen during a cross-country vacation, along with his wife and three grown
sons, and released three days later along with his family.
9The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the principal political decision-making body of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), consisting of Permanent Representatives from its member countries. It was established
by Article 9 of the North Atlantic Treaty and it is the only body in NATO that derives its authority explicitly from
the Treaty. The “Spring NAC” or “Spring Ministerial NAC” (hereunder) could refer to the NATO Foreign Ministers
meeting held in Copenhagen on 9-7 June 1991, see NATO website.
8sic GENERAL A AGREEMENT
7“IPTs”, most probably to be read as “IFTs”, see “My 2 IPTs (sic: IFTs)” in Documents on British Policy Overseas -
Page 106. IFT would stand for Immediate Following Telegram.
2
EUROPEANS TO BECOME PROSPEROUS, DEMOCRATIC AND WESTERN ORIENTATED STATES, WITH
THEIR OWN MILITARY FORCES STRONG ENOUGH TO DETER INTIMIDATION BUT NOT TO PRESENT A
THREAT TO THEIR NEIGBOURS15. MANY OF THE THINGS WE COULD DO FOR THEM WOULD BE IN THE
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FIELD, AND WERE NOT IN THE GIFT16 OF NATO OR THE WEU17. BUT THE
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC APPROACH WOULD NOT BE ENOUGH BY ITSELF. THERE SEEMED A
PSYCHOLOGICAL NEED IN EASTERN EUROPE TO EXAMINE THE MILITARY SECURITY DIMENSION. IT
WOULD BE IMPORTANT IN OUR RESPONSE NOT TO OSTRACISE THE RUSSIANS. WE COULD NOT
OFFER EAST EUROPEANS MEMBERSHIP OR ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP OF NATO. NOR COULD WE
OFFER EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT SECURITY GUARANTEES. THEY COULD NOT HAVE A RELATIONSHIP WITH
NATO AS A GROUP. NOR WOULD NATO HAVE A PEACEKEEPING ROLE IN THE REGION. WE SHOULD
GIVE FURTHER THOUGHT TO A NUMBER OF OTHER POSSIBILITIES INCLUDING:
A) NEGATIVE SECURITY GUARANTEES AS PROPOSED BY POLAND OR HUNGARY: OUR INITIAL
VIEW WAS THAT THESE WERE NOT WORTH PURSUING.
B) A NATO DECLARATION OF INTEREST IN THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN
EUROPE.
C) MISCELLANEOUS CONTACTS BETWEEN NATO AND THESE COUNTRIES COVERING DEFENCE
AND SECURITY ISSUES AS WELL BILATERAL CONTACTS BETWEEN WESTERN COUNTRIES AND
INDIVIDUAL CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (HE LISTED THE UK PAPER'S
EXAMPLES).
OUR INITIAL VIEW WAS THAT THE BEST WAY FORWARD WOULD BE TO CONSIDER REFERRING TO OUR
INTEREST IN THESE COUNTRIES IN THE DECLARATION FROM THE SPRING MINISTERIAL NAC: A
THICKENING OF RELATIONS WITH EASTERN EUROPE: BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL DEFENCE
CONTACTS WITH THEM: AND PROGRESS ON CSCE CRISIS MANAGEMENT.
4. SEITZ18 AGREED. A SERIES OF VISITS BY EASTERN EUROPEAN LEADERS [verso]19 TO WASHINGTON
WERE PLANNED, BEGINNING WITH WALESA20. THE POLES AND OTHERS WERE SEEKING BILATERAL
DECLARATIONS. THE US WOULD HAVE TO ADDRESS SECURITY IN THIS CONTEXT. WE HAD MADE IT
CLEAR TO THE SOVIET UNION, BOTH IN THE 2+4 AND IN OTHER EXCHANGES, THAT WE WOULD NOT
TAKE ADVANTAGE OF SOVIET WITHDRAWAL FROM EASTERN EUROPE. WE MUST NOT PROVIDE A
PRETEXT FOR HARDLINERS IN THE SOVIET UNION TO BUILD UP ANTI-WESTERN FEELING. NATO
20 Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a Polish statesman, dissident, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, who
served as the President of Poland between 1990 and 1995. After winning the 1990 election, Wałęsa became
the first democratically elected President of Poland since 1926 and the first-ever Polish President elected in
popular vote.
19 See appendix for recto-verso analysis
18 Raymond George Hardenbergh Seitz (born December 8, 1940)[1] is a former career diplomat and U.S.
Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
17 The Western European Union (WEU; French: Union de l'Europe occidentale, UEO; German: WestEuropäische
Union, WEU) was the international organisation and military alliance that succeeded the Western Union (WU)
after the 1954 amendment of the 1948 Treaty of Brussels. The WEU implemented the Modified Brussels Treaty.
During the Cold War, the Western Bloc included the WEU member states and the United States and Canada as
part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
16 “in the gift of”: in the power of (someone) to award.
15 sic NEIGBOURS
3
SHOULD NOT BE EXTENDED FORMALLY OR INFORMALLY TO THE EAST. THE PRIMARY EASTERN
EUROPEAN OBJECTIVE AND FORM OF REASSURANCE WAS THE REMOVAL OF SOVIET TROOPS. WE
SHOULD THICKEN UP BILATERAL RELATIONS WITH INDIVIDUAL EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AS
WELL AS NATO'S RELATIONS WITH THEM. WE MIGHT ALSO CONSIDER SEMINARS: EXCHANGES ON
CIVIL EMERGENCY PLANNING: ROUND TABLE EXPERT MEETINGS: NATO TRAINING COURSES FOR
EAST EUROPEAN OFFICERS IN CIVIL OVERSIGHT OF DEFENCE FORCES: INVITATIONS TO ATTEND THE
NATO DEFENCE COLLEGE : ESTABLISHMENT OF ATLANTIC COUNCILS IN EASTERN EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES AND THE SOVIET UNION ETC. THERE WAS SCOPE FOR INDIVIDUAL GOVERNMENTS TO
UNDERTAKE TRAINING AND EXCHANGE OF OFFICERS, POSSIBLY ACADEMY TO ACADEMY, DISCUSSION
OF STRATEGY AND POSSIBLY EVEN IN THE LONGER RUN SOME SORT OF ARMS SALES RELATIONSHIP.
5. CHROBOG SAID WE SHOULD ALSO CONSIDER BILATERAL TREATIES CONTAINING NON-AGGRESSION
ELEMENTS. SUCH TREATIES SHOULD ALSO BE CONCLUDED WITH THE SOVIET UNION. TIMSIT21
(FRANCE) SAID SHE WOULD LOOK AT THE PROPOSALS IN THE BRITISH PAPER. FRANCE WAS NOT
KEEN ON LINKS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE ALLIANCE AS
SUCH. BUT SHE HAD NO MAJOR OBJECTION TO THE PROPOSALS SHE HAD HEARD. IT WAS AGREED
THE DEBATE IN NATO SHOULD BE STEERED ALONG BROADLY THESE LINES.
HURD22
NNNN23
MAIN
NO DISTRIBUTION
HEADS OF:
PLANNERS
SOVIET DEPT
SEC POL DEPT
EED
WED
NAD
PS
PS/MR HOGG24
24 Douglas Martin Hogg, 3rd Viscount Hailsham, Baron Hailsham of Kettlethorpe PC QC (born 5 February 1945),
is a British politician and barrister. [...] Hogg was moved in 1990 under the leadership of Prime Minister John
Major to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, becoming a member of the Privy Council in 1992.
23 The four characters "NNNN" generally identify an End-Of-Message signal, as in the NAVigational TEleX
standard.
22 Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell, CH, CBE, PC (born 8 March 1930) is a British Conservative
politician who served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major from 1979 to 1995, [...] Foreign
Secretary (1989–95).
21 Marie-Paule Adrienne Joëlle Timsit (née Jaffray; born 1 May 1938) is a French diplomat. On March 12, 1986,
she was appointed French ambassador to the GDR (East Germany).
4
PS/PUS
MR WESTON
MR BROOMFIELD25
MR TAIT26
MR GREENSTOCK27
MR GOULDEN28
MR BEAMISH29
PS/NO 1030
MR APPLEYARD31, CABINET OFFICE
31 Appleyard, Sir Leonard V., K.C.M.G.(1938-2020): Deputy Secretary (Overseas and Defence), Cabinet Office,
1989-1991 in A Directory Of British Diplomats:page 22.
30 10 Downing Street in London, also known colloquially in the United Kingdom as Number 10, is the official
residence and executive office of the First Lord of the Treasury, usually also the Prime Minister of the United
Kingdom.
29 Sir Adrian J. Beamish, K.C.M.G.: Assistant Under-Secretary for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (Americas),
1989-1994, in A Directory Of British Diplomats:page 42.
28 Sir (Peter) John Goulden GCMG (born 21 February 1941) is a British retired diplomat who was Ambassador to
Turkey 1992–95, then Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council and to the Western European
Union 1995–2001. Subsequently, he was a member of the Security Commission.
27 Sir Jeremy Quentin Greenstock GCMG (born 27 July 1943) is a British retired diplomat, active from 1969 to
2004. Greenstock joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1969 and served until 2004. He served in
the British embassies in Washington DC, Paris, Dubai and Saudi Arabia.
26 Michael L. Tait; Commonwealth Affairs (Eastern Europe) 1990-1992 in A Directory Of British Diplomats, by
Colin Mackie; page 488
25 Sir Nigel Hugh Robert Allen Broomfield KCMG (19 March 1937 – 29 October 2018) was a British diplomat. [...]
Deputy Under Secretary of State (Defence) at the FCO 1990–92;
5
Appendixes
PREM19/3326
The paper archived by UCLA is manually referenced as PREM19/3326, with a handwriting similar to
other folders openly available on the Margaret Thatcher Foundation, such as the PREM19/3341,
which contains several documents from the eighties classified “Burning Bush”.
Burning Bush
On 2 May 1980, a FCO paper itself classified as “SECRET - UK EYES ONLY - BURNING BUSH” provided
the definition disclosed later in the book The Invasion of Afghanistan and UK-Soviet Relations; the
paper is accessible as PREM19/238 page 54.
A combination “D E D I P Secret Burning Bush” was also used ten years before this Quadripartite
Meeting in December 1980, in the 801211 0820 UKDEL NATO to FCO (559-132), which is accessible
on another RackSpace repository.
See also “Interview subjects helped me to understand the significant of particular classifications;
most notably, code word "Burning Bush” which concealed efforts by the US, the UK, West Germany,
and France - the Four - to exclude Japan, Italy, and Canada from substantive political discussions” in
Social Closure and International Society, by Tristen Naylor, p. 281.
Quadripartite representatives summarized
United Kingdom: Douglas Hurd, John Weston
Germany: Jürgen Chrobog
U.S.A. Raymond G.H. Seitz
France Joëlle Timsit
Example of the Immediate Following Telegram (IFT) expression in The Southern Flank in Crisis,
1973-1976: Series III, Volume V: Documents on …, by Keith Hamilton, Patrick Salmon, page 117
Possible confusion between Oder and Elbe
In Die Welt, on 02/18/2022
Am wenigsten bemerkenswert ist noch, dass sich Chrobog offenbar versprach und „Elbe“
sagte statt richtig „Oder“ – deshalb setzte der offensichtlich (was bei einem professionellen
6
Diplomaten nicht erstaunlich ist) gebildete Verfasser der Aktennotiz das lateinische Wörtchen
„sic“ dahinter: üblicher Hinweis auf einen erkannten Irrtum.
What is least remarkable is that Chrobog apparently made a mistake and said "Elbe" instead
of the correct "Oder" - which is why the author of the memo, who was obviously educated
(which is not surprising for a professional diplomat), put the Latin word "sic" after it: usual
note to a recognized error.
On a map
Elbe and Oder, ~200 km apart
Recto - Verso
Surprisingly for a telex-like thin paper, this memo is printed recto-verso, as visible on the binder
perforation. One can distinguish a part of the recto line “INSTABILITY IN THE SOVIET UNION WITH”
inside this (flipped) verso image, three lines above the paper crease.
Same in pp; 43-46 of the PREM19/3341
7
Letter case version of the text
My 4 IFTs32: Quadripartite Meeting Of Political Directors, Bonn, 6 March: Security In Central And
Eastern Europe
Summary
1. UK circulates promised paper on security in central and eastern Europe. General agreement that
membership of NATO and security guarantees unacceptable. Agreement to consider statement by
Spring NAC33 indicating NATO's interest in security and stability in eastern Europe. Thickening of
bilateral relations and NATO/East European contacts.
Detail
2. Chrobog34 (Germany) said we needed new ideas on how to provide for the security of Central and
East European countries. we had made it clear during the 2+435 negotiations that we would not
extend NATO beyond the Elbe (sic)36. We could not therefore offer membership of NATO to Poland
and the others. We might however consider referring to our interest in these countries in future
NATO declarations. Further steps could be taken in the CSCE37 and through bilateral agreements.
3. Weston38 circulated a British paper on the subject and ran through it. We had to respond to the
requests from the central and eastern European countries for closer relations with NATO. They were
concerned about the eventual danger of a revanchist Soviet Union or Russia, instability in the Soviet
Union with possible spill-over and the risk of conflicts between eastern European countries.
38 Sir (Philip) John Weston KCMG (born 13 April 1938) is a retired British diplomat. He was the UK Permanent
Representative on the North Atlantic Council (NATO) from 1992 to 1995, and the British Permanent
Representative to the United Nations (UN) from 1995 to 1998.
37 The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was a key element of the détente process
during the Cold War. Although it did not have the force of a Treaty, it recognized the boundaries of postwar
Europe and established a mechanism for minimizing political and military tensions between East and West and
improving human rights in the Communist bloc.
36 This “sic” refers to a probable confusion between Elbe and Oder rivers; see appendix.
35 The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, or the Two Plus Four Agreement, is an
international agreement that allowed the reunification of Germany in the early 1990s. It was negotiated in
1990 between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (the eponymous Two),
and the Four Powers which had occupied Germany at the end of World War II in Europe: France, the Soviet
Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
34 Jürgen Chrobog (born February 28, 1940 Berlin) is a German jurist, diplomat, and German Ambassador to the
United States from 1995 to 2001 and German State Secretary from 2001-2005. He was kidnapped on
December 28, 2005 in eastern Yemen during a cross-country vacation, along with his wife and three grown
sons, and released three days later along with his family.
33 The North Atlantic Council (NAC) is the principal political decision-making body of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), consisting of Permanent Representatives from its member countries. It was established
by Article 9 of the North Atlantic Treaty and it is the only body in NATO that derives its authority explicitly from
the Treaty. The “Spring NAC” or “Spring Ministerial NAC” (hereunder) could refer to the NATO Foreign Ministers
meeting held in Copenhagen on 9-7 June 1991, see NATO website.
32 “IPTs”, most probably to read as “IFTs”, see “My 2 IPTs (sic: IFTs )” in Documents on British Policy Overseas -
Page 106. IFT would stand for Immediate Following Telegram.
8
Our aim should be for the East Europeans to become prosperous, democratic and western orientated
states, with their own military forces strong enough to deter intimidation but not to present a threat
to their neighbours. Many of the things we could do for them would be in the economic and political
field, and were not in the gift39 of NATO or the WEU40. But the political and economic approach
would not be enough by itself.
There seemed a psychological need in Eastern Europe to examine the military security dimension. It
would be important in our response not to ostracise the Russians. We could not offer East Europeans
membership or associate membership of NATO. Nor could we offer explicit or implicit security
guarantees.
They could not have a relationship with NATO as a group. Nor would NATO have a peacekeeping role
in the region. We should give further thought to a number of other possibilities including:
a) Negative security guarantees as proposed by Poland or Hungary: our initial view was that
these were not worth pursuing.
b) A NATO declaration of interest in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
c) Miscellaneous contacts between NATO and these countries covering defence and security
issues as well bilateral contacts between western countries and individual central and
eastern European countries (he listed the UK paper's examples).
Our initial view was that the best way forward would be to consider referring to our interest in these
countries in the declaration from the Spring Ministerial NAC:
➢a thickening of relations with Eastern Europe:
➢bilateral and multilateral defence contacts with them:
➢and progress on CSCE crisis management.
4. Seitz41 agreed. a series of visits by eastern European leaders [verso]to Washington were planned,
beginning with Walesa42. The Poles and others were seeking bilateral declarations. The US would
have to address security in this context. We had made it clear to the Soviet Union, both in the 2+4
and in other exchanges, that we would not take advantage of Soviet withdrawal from Eastern Europe.
42 Lech Wałęsa (born 29 September 1943) is a Polish statesman, dissident, and Nobel Peace Prize laureate, who
served as the President of Poland between 1990 and 1995. After winning the 1990 election, Wałęsa became
the first democratically elected President of Poland since 1926 and the first-ever Polish President elected in
popular vote.
41 Raymond George Hardenbergh Seitz (born December 8, 1940)[1] is a former career diplomat and U.S.
Ambassador to the United Kingdom.
40 The Western European Union (WEU; French: Union de l'Europe occidentale, UEO; German: WestEuropäische
Union, WEU) was the international organisation and military alliance that succeeded the Western Union (WU)
after the 1954 amendment of the 1948 Treaty of Brussels. The WEU implemented the Modified Brussels Treaty.
During the Cold War, the Western Bloc included the WEU member states and the United States and Canada as
part of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
39 “in the gift of”: in the power of (someone) to award.
9
We must not provide a pretext for hardliners in the Soviet Union to build up anti-western feeling.
NATO should not be extended formally or informally to the East. The primary Eastern European
objective and form of reassurance was the removal of Soviet troops.
We should thicken up bilateral relations with individual eastern European countries as well as NATO's
relations with them. We might also consider
➢seminars
➢exchanges on civil emergency planning
➢round table expert meetings
➢NATO training courses for east European officers in civil oversight of defence forces
➢invitations to attend the NATO defence college
➢establishment of Atlantic Councils in Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union etc.
There was scope for individual governments to undertake training and exchange of officers, possibly
academy to academy, discussion of strategy, and possibly even in the longer run, some sort of arms
sales relationship.
5. Chrobog said we should also consider bilateral treaties containing non-aggression elements. Such
treaties should also be concluded with the Soviet Union. Timsit43 (France) said she would look at the
proposals in the British paper. France was not keen on links between individual Eastern European
countries and the alliance as such. But she had no major objection to the proposals she had heard.
It was agreed the debate in NATO should be steered along broadly these lines.
Douglas Richard Hurd44
44 Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell, CH, CBE, PC (born 8 March 1930) is a British Conservative
politician who served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major from 1979 to 1995, [...] Foreign
Secretary (1989–95).
43 Marie-Paule Adrienne Joëlle Timsit (née Jaffray; born 1 May 1938) is a French diplomat. On March 12, 1986,
she was appointed French ambassador to the GDR (East Germany).
10