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The Iron Age Culture in the United Arab Emirates, between 1100 BC and 250 BC
... It is first from the Iron Age onwards that the use of the dromedary as a riding and transport animal is first significantly observed. While new studies indicate that the domestication of the dromedary may have occurred sometime before the beginning of the Iron Age (Magee 2015), there is no doubt that it constitutes the most important change in the animal economy in eastern Arabia (Magee 2004(Magee , 2014(Magee , 2015Uerpmann and Uerpmann 2007, 2008. Dromedaries can be employed for very long-distance trade overland. ...
... It also provoked the sedentarization of populations that were still most certainly seminomadic. Thus, from the beginning of the Iron Age, all of southeast Arabia experienced a process of intensification of settlements in the mountainous foothills and on the promontories of semi-desert areas, largely linked to the development of this irrigation system (Boucharlat and Salles 1984;Boucharlat and Lombard 1985;Magee 1999;Benoist 2008). Iron Age habitat sites are now found in all environments: from coastal areas to desert margins, and from mountainous foothills to valleys carved by wadis (Fig. 3). ...
This project in the far omani Ja'alan aims to study a site likely to belong to the Iron Age period. This site is located at the junction of the wadi Hasid and wadi Bani Khalid, which lead directly to the sea downstream and go up towards the foothills of the Jebel Hajar upstream. The preponderant role of the point of Ja’alan in the regional exchanges of the Oman Peninsula, since the Bronze Age, with the Indus, Iran and Mesopotamia, underlines the archaeological potential of this site.
... It also provoked the sedentarization of populations that were still most certainly seminomadic. Thus, from the beginning of the Iron Age, all of southeast Arabia experienced a process of intensification of settlements in the mountainous foothills and on the promontories of semi-desert areas, largely linked to the development of this irrigation system (Boucharlat and Salles 1984;Boucharlat and Lombard 1985;Magee 1999;Benoist 2008). Iron Age habitat sites are now found in all environments: from coastal areas to desert margins, and from mountainous foothills to valleys carved by wadis ( fig. 4). ...
Copper metallurgy in southeast Arabia has been the focus of many studies, mainly to understand production and trade dynamics in the Bronze Age. More recently, studies have also concentrated on the Iron Age. These have focused on evidence from burial, settlement, and mining/smelting sites. However, the discovery of Uqdat al-Bakrah and Saruq al-Hadid, which were workshops dedicated to producing copper-alloy objects but not associated with any settlement or mining site, brings a new perspective to the production dynamics. Saruq al-Hadid, in particular, comprises a large quantity of metallographic, structural, and contextual evidence, from smelting to refining copper and recycling scrap metal, as well as techniques to finish copper-alloy objects, which help to understand the metallurgic copper production of the Iron Age. This evidence highlights the role of Saruq al-Hadid within an extensive regional network of copper trade and production. Furthermore, ritualized depositions of copper and associated votive and communal assemblages found at this site, similar to cultic and meeting/gathering places in the region, provide further insight into the social meaning of copper for these populations.
In the historical period, the Fars region in Iran was one of the most important cultural areas in the world, and it is considered the origin of the ancient Achaemenid and Sasanian empires. Although some areas of Sarchahan county have been studied well, no archaeological survey has been conducted there until the construction of Khansaar Dam and rescue operations in its area. As part of an archaeological survey in the Toujerdi district of Sarchahan county, 92 cairn burials were found. According to the survey conducted in five areas around Khansaar Dam, the distribution of cairn burials, commonly known as Khereftkhaneh, has been identified. From Pakistan to the west of Iran, this type of burial method can be observed, and the burials of Toujerdi region can be considered associated with burials from the Parthian and Sasanian periods.
After 2014–2015 field season BMH2 is going to assume a more defined profile within the Iron Age of Southeast Arabia. According to the material culture the village was at its best during the Early Iron Age ii , between 1100–600 bce . During this long time span a complex local society took place thanks to coastal exploitation, agricultural activities and trade. Nonetheless, the transitional periods between the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age i as well as the end of the Early Iron Age and the beginning of the Late Iron Age should be the objects of future excavations.
The excavation of several stratified settlements has transformed our knowledge of southeast Arabian prehistory from a series of snapshots to a more or less continuous exposure. In this paper we would like to explore the recently clarified period between c.1300 and 1100 BC (the Iron Age I period) (2). Although the existence of a discrete material culture horizon belonging to this period is now well established, there has been a reluctance on the part of some scholars to accept the suggestion that within this time frame there existed a settlement system which, although clearly related to that which came before and after it, marks a distinct phase in the history of human-environmental relations in southeastern Arabia (3). We present in this paper a detailed analysis of the archaeological sites of the Iron Age I period to show that this was the case and we conclude with some speculative remarks on the nature of occupation and how it related to earlier and later developments.
Dans cette contribution la céramique de plusieurs sites de l'âge du Fer de la péninsule d'Oman (I 350-300 av. J.-C.) est comparée en privilégiant deux critères : les caractéristiques techniques des céramiques d'une part, les possibilités fonctionnelles déterminées par leur forme d'autre part. Ces deux aspects sont mis en relation avec te type et la fonction du site dont provient l'assemblage : habitats d'oasis de piémont, village de montagne, installations légères, habitats fortifiés, bâtiments publics, tombes individuelles ou collectives. D 'un type de site à un autre, les variations les plus nettes et les plus systématiques que l 'on peut observer le sont dans la fonction des pots. Ces différences tendent à s 'affirmer au début du Fer II, ce qui conduit l'auteur à souligner la relative spécialisation des espaces et à proposer un modèle ďorganisation d'un type de territoire particulier, l 'oasis de piémont, modèle qui met en avant le rôle privilégié de certains bâtiments collectifs dans la gestion de l'eau.
Excavations carried out by the French Archaeological Mission at Bithnah-44/50 (Emirate of Fujairah) have provided new data about Iron Age II cultic practices in the Arabian Peninsula centred on the symbol of the snake. The site includes a public building, various types of shrines, and a central area of offerings where the remains of animal sacrifices were buried in pits. These remains are presented and a preliminary account of the evolution of the site is given on the base of the site's stratigraphy.
Two seasons of excavation have been completed at the site of Muweilah in the United Arab Emirates. The excavation is prompted by a desire to examine the manner in which humans inhabited arid regions in the past. The project seeks to understand the subsistence practices at this site within the broader context of settlement patterns in late prehistoric southeastern Arabia and to examine some of the biases and prior assumptions concerning human occupation of environments which are often considered hostile and marginal. The results obtained in the first two seasons of excavations are presented below and they indicate that a positive contribution will be made towards achieving these objectives.
The impact of camel domestication on the location and organisation of settlements dating between 1000 and 600 BC in southeastern Arabia is discussed. It is argued that the ability to transport goods across regions that were hitherto inaccessible encouraged settlement growth in previously unsettled areas. Furthermore, access to elite goods such as painted ceramics, iron and incense provided the impetus for the emergence of new forms of political economy. This is highlighted by distributional and compositional analysis of imported materials from the Iron Age II site of Muweilah.
Drawing on the results of the Australian Archaeological Expedition's excavation of Tell Abraq, a three‐fold division of the southeast Arabian Iron Age is suggested. A re‐analysis of ¹⁴ C data in line with the latest agreed calibration curve together with an analysis of the foreign parallels of southeast Arabian Iron Age pottery permits the construction of a complete Iron Age sequence. The results argue for a lower chronology for the Iron II and III periods than has, up until now, been suggested.
Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris I: Panthéon-Sorbonne, 1999.
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