Distribution of Fish Species in Relation to Water Quality Conditions in Bengawan Solo River, Central Java, Indonesia

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Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 31, No. 6 (2022), 5549-5561
Original Research
Distribution of Fish Species in Relation
to Water Quality Conditions in Bengawan Solo
River, Central Java, Indonesia
Siti Nurul Aida1, Agus Djoko Utomo1, Dian Pamularsih Anggraeni1,
Yoga Candra Ditya1, Tuah Nanda M. Wulandari1, Muhammad Ali1,
Christopher Marlowe A. Caipang2, Indra Suharman3*
1Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, National Research
and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia
2Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts, Sciences, and Education, University of San Agustin,
Iloilo City 5000, Philippines
3Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Riau,
Pekanbaru-Riau 28292, Indonesia
Received: 8 April 2022
Accepted: 16 July 2022
Abstract
Bengawan Solo River is heavily modied into reservoirs and dams. Starting from Karanganyar to
Sragen District, mass sh deaths happen up to 3-4 times a year due to organic matter pollution. The
research was conducted to deter mine water quality during the rainy season (April 2020) and the dry
season (August 2020). Samplings were carried out in three zones: the upstream zone (I) in Sukoharjo
District, Central Java; the middle zone (II) in the Solo City, Karanganyar, and Sragen District, Central
Java; and the downstream zone (III) in Ngawi and Bojonegoro District, East Java. Results showed
that the waters of Bengawan Solo in zone I were not affected by waste. After reaching zone II, there
was a heavy pollution effect. In zone III, the water quality has returned to normal levels (recovery).
The sh species in zone I were dominated by exotic sh such as Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) and
Jambal Sius (Pangasianodon hypothalamus). The sh species in zone II was dominated by Sapu sapu
(Pterygoplichthys pardalis). In zone III were dominated by native sh species such as Jendil (Pangasius
polyuranodon), Seren (Cyclocheilichthys enoplos), Bendol (Barbichthys laevis), Wader (Rasbora spp.),
Keting (Barbonymus gonionotus), Daringan (Mystus microcanthus), and Tagih (Hemibagrus nemurus).
Keywords: water quality, pollution, sh distribution, recovering, river
*e-mail: indra70s@yahoo.com
DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/152167 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2022-10-03

Aida S.N., et al.
5550
Introduction
Bengawan Solo River is the longest river on the
island of Java, reaching 600 km, crossing the provinces
of Central Java and East Java with a drainage area of
16,000 km2 [1, 2]. This river has an important role in
agriculture, sheries and tourism. This river system
has been heavily modied into reservoirs and dams,
and along the river basin, there are many industries
and human settlements. Human disturbance impacts the
spatial heterogeneity of sh species [3].
The construction of water conservation facilities and
dams in aquatic ecosystems can eliminate sh habitats
and breeding grounds, resulting in fragmentation
that damages the migration processes of sh species.
Construction can also change water temperature,
discharge, and runoff processes, which adversely affect
the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms [4,
5]. Likewise in China, rivers have undergone changes
due to the constr uction of agriculture, dams and
hydropower which have had a signicant impact on
species migration between different river habitats [6].
The population density of the river basin will more
or less affect the environmental conditions of the
river because about 15.2 million people live in the
River Basin Unit (RBU) of Bengawan Solo. Disposal
of waste by the community into the river will cause
contamination of organic matter in the waters. There
are many industries around Solo City including textiles,
alcohol, tanning cowhide, and food manufacturing.
Wastes from these industries that are disposed of into
rivers must be treated rst so as not to pollute the river
system [7-11].
In Bengawan Solo river starting from the
Karanganyar District to Sragen District, there are
occurrences of mass sh kills otherwise known as
“pladu” in the local dialect. In one month “pladu”
occurs 3-4 times, and the local people are aware
that “pladu” is caused by wastes from the upstream,
especially from the alcohol industry in Karanganyar
District. Fish live in water media so changes in the
aquatic environment will have a direct impact on sh
life [12, 13].
Unlike previous research where studies done
at specic sections of the river, the present study
conducted samplings during the dry and rainy seasons,
and was carried out from upstream to downstream
sections of the river. For example, there were 9 sh
species found in Lamongan District, 1 gastropoda and
1 shrimp [14]. A study in the tributary of Solo River,
Madiun District, obtained 6 sh species, indicating low
sh diversity [15]. While studies in Gajah Mungkur
Reservoir, Wonogiri District, showed that the diversity
of sh species at the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir outlet
was higher than the inlet [16]. There were also sh
diversity studies at Bendung Colo Sukoharjo [17].
The study aimed to determine the effect of water
quality on the distribution of sh along Bengawan
Solo river from the upstream, middle stream, and
downstream. The research results are expected to
provide information on how to manage sh resources in
Bengawan Solo River Basin.
Materials and Methods
Time and Location of Research
Samplings were done to represent the rainy and
dry seasons from April to August 2020. The research
was carried out in three zones. The upstream zone
(zone I) in Sukoharjo District, Central Java: is an area
that is not much affected by industrial areas. The middle
zone (zone II) is Solo City, Karanganyar District, and
Sragen District, Central Java: is an area that has several
industries, including the textile industry in Solo City
and the alcohol industry in Karanganyar District.
Downstream Zone (zone III) in Ngawi, Bojonegoro,
and Lamongan District, East Java: is an area that is
located far from an industrial area, and the inuence
of industrial waste from zone II has been reduced and
disappeared. (Fig. 1).
Water Quality Parameters and Analysis
Methods
The different water quality parameters that were
monitored in situ included: oxygen, pH, transparency,
conductivity, and carbon dioxide. On the other hand,
total dissolved solids (TDS), and P–total were carried
out in the laboratory. Water quality analyses were done
following the procedures described by APHA [18]
(Table 1).
Distribution of Fish Species
To determine the distribution of sh species from
upstream to downstream, sh samples were taken in
each zone. The upstream zone (zone I) is in Wonogiri
and Sukoharjo District, Central Java Province. The
middle zone (zone II) is in Solo City, Karanganyar
District, and Sragen District, Central Java Province.
Downstream zone (zone III) is in Ngawi District,
Bojonegoro District, and Lamongan District, East
Java. Data and information on the distribution of sh
species are taken from the records of the shers’s catch
and interviews with shers in each zone from various
kinds of shing gear. Recording of catch data with the
help of local shers who were selected as enumerators.
Determining the enumerator based on several
considerations is having experience as a sherman for
at least 5 years, using a variety of shing gears, and
being willing to work together to record.
Fish samples were placed in a plastic bag and
labeled (location, date, shing gear, name of sh/
species). Formalin solution was added as a preservative,
then transported to the laboratory. Fish were identied
based on [19, 20]. The data were analyzed descriptively

Distribution of Fish Species in Relation... 5551
through data tabulation and sh distribution was based
on zoning. Analysis of the relationship between sh
catch production and water quality parameters was
done using regression analysis: Y = a + b.X; where:
“Y” is the production of sh catch (kg) and “X” is the
water quality parameter.
Fig. 1. Map of research station
Note:
Upstream zone (zone I): This zone is an area that is not much affected by industrial areas.
A.
Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, Wonogiri District; there is no industry, but many oating cages.
B.
Bendung Colo Village, Sukoharjo District research station; there is no industry
Middle Stream zone (zone II): This zone is an area that has several industries
C.
Kampung Sewu Village, Solo City research station; there is a textile industry.
D.
Bison Village, Karanganyar District research station; there is an alcohol industry.
E.
Tenggak Village, Sragen District Research Station, there is no industry but near Bison Village (which are many industries).
Down Stream zone (Zone III): The zone is an area that is located far from an industrial area, and the inuence of industrial waste from
zone II has been reduced and disappeared.
F.
Ngawi Purba Village, Ngawi District research station. It’s estimated that the effect of industrial waste from zone II has been reduced.
G.
Kabalan Village, Bojonegoro District Research Station. It’s estimated that the effect of industrial waste from zone II has disappeared.
Table 1. Parameters and analysis methods.
Parameters Unit Methods and equipment
1. Transparency cm In situ. Sechi disk
2. Conductivity µS/cm In situ. SCT meter
3. Carbon dioxide mg/L In situ, Winkler methods, titrimetry with
NaOH as a titrant
4. Dissolved oxygen mg/L In situ, metode Winkler, titrimetry with
thiosulfate solution as a titrant.
5. Total phosphorus mg/L Metode Vanadate molybdate,
Spectrophotometric
Source: APHA [14].

Aida S.N., et al.
5552
Results and Discussion
Water Quality
The water quality during the rainy season (Table
2) was relatively better than during the dry season
(Table 3). Water quality in the upstream zone (zone
I) of Sukaharjo District was relatively better, with
indications that oxygen levels are still relatively high at
5.63 mg/L during the rainy season and 6.75 mg/L during
the dry season. In the middle zone, there was a decrease
in water quality, especially during the dry season.
In Kampung Sewu Village, Solo City, oxygen levels
during the rainy season were 5 mg/L and during the
dry season at 3.44 mg/L. In Bison Village, Karanganyar
District oxygen content during the rainy season was
2.43 mg/L, and during the dry season was 0.65 mg/L.
In Tenggak Village, Sragen District, the oxygen level
during the rainy season was 3.74 mg/L and 0.98 mg/L
during the dry season. In the downstream zone (zone
III) the water quality recovered better, in Ngawi Purba
Village, Ngawi District, oxygen levels during the rainy
season were 5.67 mg/L and during the dry season
4.5 mg/L. In Kanor Village, Bojonegoro District during
the rainy season oxygen content was 7.78 mg/L, and
during dry season 5.63 mg/L.
Dissolved oxygen content at each study location
during the dry season was worse than during the
rainy season. This is because during the dry season
the volume of water is small, so that the pollution
becomes more concentrated. Increased human activities
around the waters cause environmental degradation and
decrease in water quality that can threaten biodiversity,
especially vertebrate groups such as freshwater sh [21].
Inland waters (river) are more concentrated, especially
in the dry season [4, 22].
Organic matter pollution in the waters will reduce
dissolved oxygen so that oxygen levels are low [8, 21,
23, 24]. Upstream zone (zone I) is located in Bendung
Colo Sukoharjo District. Around the location, there are
no industries that affect the water quality in Bengawan
Solo River, waters the water quality is relatively good,
the oxygen content ranges from 5.68 to 6.75 mg/L. The
ow from the outlet of the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir
that enters Bengawan Solo when it reaches the waters
of the Bendungan Colo is of good quality with oxygen
levels each of 4.12-9.98 mg/L and 4.20-11.64 mg/L,
pH = 7.5-8.0 and 6.0-7.5 Adjie, et al. [25]. Although
Gajah Mungkur Reservoir has oating net cages for sh
culture, the amount does not exceed the water carrying
capacity of Gajah Mungkur Wonogiri Reservoir [26].
In addition, the condition of the aquatic environment
can still support the process of self-purication.
The water quality in the middle zone (zone II) has
become poor due to the presence of many industries in
the middle zone. These factories dump their industrial
waste directly into the waters without proper treatment,
these industrial wastes contain chemical residues that are
harmful to the environment [9, 27, 28]. At the location
of Kampung Sewu, Solo City (zone II) the oxygen
level between the dry and rainy seasons ranges from
3.44-5 mg/L. Solo City has a textile industry that has
a channel for disposing of waste to Bengawan Solo
River. According to State University of Surakarta
(UNS) in [29], reports that Bengawan Solo River in Solo
City and its surroundings were contaminated by Cd
(Cadmium) and Cr (Chromium). Fish bio-accumulated
heavy metals Cd and Cr through various organs such
as the liver, muscle, skin, gastric gills, and intestine
[30-32]. High concentrations of heavy metals in water
can affect the interaction of sh with the aquatic
environment [33, 34]. However, pollution by heavy
metals does not directly cause mass mortality of sh,
but the combined factors of toxins and low dissolved
oxygen are the cause of the mass death of sh [35-39].
In Bison Village, Karanganyar District, zone II,
the water quality is worse, where the oxygen content
between the dry and rainy seasons was 0.65-2.43 mg/L.
At this location, there is an alcohol production industry,
which channels its waste directly to Bengawan Solo
River. Organic waste produced (distillery wastewater)
by alcohol production factories can cause a decrease
Table 2. Water Quality in Bengawan Solo River during the Rainy Season, April 2020.
Parameters
Zone I Zone II Zone III
Bendung Colo,
Sukoharjo
Kampung
Sewu, Solo
Bison,
Karanganyar
Tenggak
Sragen
Ngawi Purba,
Ngawi
Kanor,
Bojonegoro
O2 (mg/L) 5.68 52.43 3.74 5.67 7.78
CO2 (mg/L) 0.06 0.5 2.64 2.5 0.8 0.52
Conductivity (µS) 159 336 522 438 407 318
TDS (mg/L) 103 218 339 285 264 207
Transparency (cm) 40 20 20 25 50 50
Total phosphor (mg/L) 0.363 0.472 0.688 0.521 0.260 0.246
S : 07o 45’4” 07o 34’ 37” 07o 31’16” 07o 23’ 58” 07o 22’ 28” 07o 45’4”
E : 110o 54’06” 110o 50‘ 38” 110o 52’ 56” 110o 57‘ 03” 111o 21’ 30” 111o54’06”

Distribution of Fish Species in Relation... 5553
in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the waters,
because most of the dissolved oxygen will be used by
microorganisms in the decomposition process [40-42].
Low dissolved oxygen levels are the main cause of
sh mass mortality [43]. At the location of Tenggak,
Sragen District (still zone II) which is located at
the downstream side of Bison Karanganyar Village,
the water quality was still bad because it was still
inuenced by the quality of water from Bison Village.
Oxygen content during dry and rainy days in Tenggak
Village ranged from 0.98 to 3.74 mg/L.
According to information from the local community,
the waters of Tenggak Village and Cemeng Village,
Sragen District experienced 3-4 times of serious
pollution in a month. During this time, the water
smells bad resulting in mass sh kills. This incident
is called “pladu” in local dialect. The locals know
that “pladu” is caused by the discharge of wastes
from the alcohol production industry in Bison Village,
Karanganyar District. According to Aida, et al. [29], the
river between Solo City-Karanganyar District-Sragen
District is polluted with indications of low oxygen,
high carbon dioxide, high COD, high phenols, and high
fatty oils. The content of heavy metals such as Cr, Cu,
and Z in the waters in several locations has exceeded
the threshold levels and was also found in the muscle
tissues of Sailn Catsh.
Poor water quality in Zone II is due to the large
number of industrial areas. This proves the lack of
supervision from the government, and the lack of
concern for the users of the waters of the Solo River.
Environmental damage is also caused because there
is no synergy between the relevant stakeholders.
Management of the aquatic environment is things
that should be the common concern of all relevant
stakeholders [44]. Good governance of natural resources
by the government is very necessary because of the
damage to natural resources that occurs due to lack
of attention from the government, increased potential
sectoral ego, and regional ego due to the use of natural
resources in the watershed [45].
In Ngawi District (zone III), the position is far from
the location of pollution; hence, the water quality
is rather good. The oxygen content between the dry
and rainy seasons was 4-5.67 mg/L. Meanwhile, the
downstream location located in Kanor/Kabalan Village,
Bojonegoro District, the water quality has recovered,
and the oxygen content between the dry and rainy
seasons was 7-8 mg/L. The oxygen content in the water
that is good for aquatic organisms should be more than
4 mg/L and dissolved oxygen less than 2 mg/L can
cause the death of some sh (Boyd in [46]).
Organic matter contamination will also increase
gases that are toxic to sh, including carbon dioxide
(CO2) and ammonia (NH3) [6]. CO2 levels in the
upstream (zone I) are still low, whereas, in zone II
which is an area of pollution, the CO2 levels are quite
high, especially during the dry season (7.5-10.5 mg/L).
At the downstream (zone III), which was far from
the source of contamination, the CO2 level begins to
decrease by 5.63 mg/L. High levels of carbon dioxide
(CO2) in water is toxic to sh because it can inhibit the
respiratory process. The carbon dioxide content should
be less than 5 mg/L and a carbon dioxide content of
more than 10 mg/L accompanied by low oxygen can
cause the death of several types of sh. The high carbon
dioxide content can be caused by the decomposition of
pollutants in the waters Effendie in [47].
The total phosphorus content (TP) in Bengawan
Solo River was quite high, especially in zone II
which is an industrial area. Total phosphorus level
was 0.472-0.688 mg/L in the rainy season and
1.98-4.83 mg/L in the dry season. According to Novotny
and Olem in [48], waters with a total phosphorus content
of >0.1 mg/L are eutrophic. The source of phosphorus
in nature is very little, if in the waters the phosphorus
content is high, it can be ascertained that it comes from
human activities, including pollution from industry.
Table 3. Water Quality in Bengawan Solo River during the Dry Season, August 2020.
Parameters
Zone I ZoneIII Zone III
Bendung Colo,
Sukoharjo
Kampung
Sewu, Solo
Bison,
Karanganyar
Tenggak
Sragen
Ngawi Purba,
Ngawi
Kanor,
Bojonegoro
O2 (mg/L) 6.75 3.44 0.65 0.98 4.5 5.63
CO2 (mg/L) 0,05 8.8 10.56 7.7 5.5 5.26
Counductivity
(µS) 267 684 935 605 567 438
TDS (mg/L) 173 445 607 393 368 284
Transparency (cm) 45 20 10 40 50 50
Total Phosphor
(mg/L) 1.36 2.97 4.83 1.98 1.11 1.11
S : 07o 45’4” 07o 34’ 37” 07o 31’16” 07o 23’ 58” 07o 22’ 28” 07o 45’4”
E : 110o 54’06” 110o 50‘ 38” 110o 52’ 56” 110o 57‘ 03” 111o 21’ 30” 111o54’06”

Aida S.N., et al.
5554
The presence of high phosphorus in the waters can
stimulate the growth of phytoplankton, which can
then inhibit light penetration. The density of
plankton in Bengawan Solo in zone II was quite high
= 800-1500 ind/L, while the diversity index was low
= 1.6-1.8, there are many Cyanophyceae algae that
cannot be utilized by sh, and are poisonous [49].
Water transparency at Bengawan Solo River during
both the dry and rainy season and in all research
locations is low, only around 10-50 cm. Transparency
is inuenced by suspended solids. Low transparency in
Bengawan Solo River is caused by waste and sediment
from the land that enter the river along with rainwater
runoff. Low transparency will inhibit the intensity
of sunlight entering the water, and turbidity will
also inhibit the respiration of the sh, Boeufb, et al. in
[47].
Distribution of Fish Species
There are approximately 38 freshwater sh species
that are often caught along Bengawan Solo river (Table 4).
Many introduced sh species are found in Zone I
because here there is a reservoir that is often stocked
with introduced sh species including Nila (Oreochromis
niloticus) and Jambal Sius (Pangasianodon
hypophthalmus); while the native sh species are
Sogo (Hemibagrus nemurus) and Tawes (Barbodes
gonionotus). The sh species that dominates in the
middle zone (zone II) is Sapu sapu (Pterygoplichthys
pardalis). In the downstream zone (zone III), many
native sh are found in the Bengawan Solo river,
namely Bendol (Barbichthys laevis), Garingan (Mystus
microcanthus), Sepat rawa (Trichogaster tricopterus),
and Wagal/Jendil (Pangasius polyuranodon), Bader
(Cyclocheilichthys enoplos), Tagih (Mystus mumurus).
Keting (Barbonymus gonionotus), Wader (Rasbora
spp.). The diversity of sh species in the waters is
strongly inuenced by environmental conditions and
water quality. Waters contaminated with organic matter
will be dominated by Sailn Catsh (Pterygoplichthys
pardalis), because these sh eat organic waste [50]. This
condition occurs whenever the sh habitat is disturbed,
resulting in the appearance of a dominant species,
which often consists of only one or several species,
and the population is relatively large. Whilst in the less
disturbed and relatively stable habitats, the dominant
species generally consists of more than one species, and
thus the population is relatively stable [51].
It is reported that there are 15 species of sh in
Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, Wonogiri District Many
introduced sh species found in Gajah Mungkur
reservoir include Nila (Oreochromis niloticus), Jambal
Sius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus), Tawes (Barbodes
gonionotus) (Purnomo in [25]). Nila and Tawes can
grow and develop well in the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir
because these sh take advantage of the ecological
niches in the reservoir where there are many aquatic
plants. Meanwhile, Jambal Sius can grow and develop
well because there are many plankton and detritus
reservoirs in the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir [7, 52].
The dominant native sh species in Zone I are Sogo
(Hemibagrus nemurus), Lukas (Dangila cuverii), Nilem
(Osteochilus hasselti). There are several native sh
species that are sometimes still found, including Betutu
(Oxyeleotris marmorata), Gabus (Channa striata),
Karper lumut (Osteochilus schlegeli), Keprek abang
(Barbodes sp). According to Purnomo, et al. in [25],
the catch of Lalawak sh (Barbodes bramoides) in 1999
ranks sixth, whereas in the present study, these sh are
rarely caught. Other reports also state that, Gengehek
sh (Mystacoleucus marginatus) are still often caught
even though the numbers are relatively small, but based
on current research results these sh are not found [53].
At the observation station in Bendung Colo Village
(Sukaharjo District), the native sh that were often
found were Wader pari (Rasbora spp.), Tawes (Barbodes
gonionotus), and Sogo (Hemibagrus nemurus). At the
upstream zone (zone I) there were no Sailn Catsh
(Pterygoplichthys pardalis) just like in the middle zone
(zone II). This is because Sailn Catsh can adapt well
in waters that are heavily polluted with organic matter
such as in zone II, but in waters that are less polluted
by organic matter such as in zone I Sailn Catsh can’t
adapt well.
The reason for Sailn Catsh can survive in heavily
polluted water due to a gastric system modication
which functions as an additional respiratory organ in
the form of a labyrinth, the large vascular system that
functions as a lung enables it to breathe air even in the
state of hypoxia with little dissolved oxygen [54, 55].
But this condition still inuenced by environmental
pH. The water quality preferences for Sailn Catsh in
toxic conditions (dissolved oxygen values <3 mg/L) is
neutral pH (7±1) [56, 57].
In the middle zone (zone II), there were 13 types
of sh. At the observation station in Kampung Sewu
Village, Solo City; there were often caught Kutuk
Table 4. Freshwater Fish Species That Are Often Caught In Bengawan Solo River.
No Local Name Scientic Name
Zone
Upstream
(Zone I)
Middle Stream
(Zone II)
Down Stream
(Zone III)
1. Arengan Labeo chrysophekadion – – +
2. Bader/Tawes Barbodes gonionotus ++++ + ++

Distribution of Fish Species in Relation... 5555
Table 4. Continued.
3. Bader Cyclocheilichthys enoplos – + +
4. Bandeng**)Chanos chanos – – +
5. Bangbangan Barbodes schwanefeldii –+–
6. Belut Fluta alba +++
7. Bendol Barbichthys laevis – – +++
8. Betik Anabas testudineus – – +
9. Betutu Oxyeleotris marmorata +++
10. Bloso Callogobius hasselti – – +
11. Garingan Mystus microcanthus – – +++
Mystus nigriceps – – +
12. Jambal sius*)Pangasianodon hypophthalmus ++++ – –
13. Jambal lokal Pangasius djambal – – +
14. Karper lumut Osteochilus schlegeli + – –
15. Keprek abang Barbodes sp. + – –
16. Keting Mystus planiceps – – ++
17. Kutuk Channa striata +++
18. Lalawak Barbodes sp. +
19. Lele Clarias spp. + + +
20. Lemper Notopterus notopterus – – +
21. Lempuk Ompok bimaculatus – – +
22. Lempik Parachela oxygastroides + – –
23. Lingkasan/Lukas Dangila cuvieri ++ – +
24. Lumbet Cryptopterus spp. – – +
25. Mujair**) Oreochromis mossambicus – + ++
26. Nila*)Oreochromis niloticus ++++ + –
27. Nilem Osteochilus hasselti + – –
28. Palung Hampala macrolepidota + – –
29. Sapu–sapu Pterygoplichthys pardalis – ++++ ++
30. Sepat siam Trichogaster pectoralis – – ++
31. Sepat rawa Trichogaster tricopterus – – +++
32. Seren Cyclocheilichthis sp. – – +
33. Sili Macrognathus aculeatus – – +
34. Sogo/Tagih Mystus nemurus +++ + ++
35. Urang Macrobrachium rosenbergii – – +
36. Wader Rasbora spp. + + +
37. Wader Mystacoleucus marginatus – – +
38. Wagal/Jendil Pangasius polyuranodon – – +++
Note:
› The upstream zone (zone I) includes Gajah Mungkur Reservoir, Wonogiri District; Bendung Colo Village, Sukohardjo District.
Central Java
› The middle zone (zone II) includes Kampung Sewu Village, Solo City; Bison Village, Karanganyar District; Tanggak Village
Sragen District, Central Java
› Downstream zone (zone III) includes Ngawi District; Kabalan/Kanor Village, Bojonegoro District, East Java.
++++ = Almost every day they are caught, the yield is ≥2 Kg/day/person
+++ = Almost every day they are caught, the yield is 1-2 Kg/day/person
++ = Not every day caught, the results are 0.5-1 Kg/day/person
+ = Rarely caught, yield ≤ 0.5 Kg/day/person
* = Introduction sh species
** = Escaped sh species from the pond

Aida S.N., et al.
5556
sh (Channa striata), Lele (Clarias spp.), and Mujair
(Oreochromis mussambicus). Mujair is an escaped
sh from farming in ponds. Based on the sampling
results from shers at the observation station of
Tenggak Village and Cemeng Village, Sragen
District, the dominant sh species is Sailn Catsh
(Pterygoplichthys pardalis). At certain times, many sh
get intoxicated due to contamination, namely Tawes
(Barbodes gonionotus), Daringan (Mystus nigriceps),
and Tagih (Hemibagrus nemurus).
Sailn Catsh are mostly found in the middle zone
(zone II) because this area is heavily polluted. This
sh species lives in waters that contain a high organic
matter load. Hence, Sailn Catsh is a bioindicator
of waters that are contaminated with organic matter.
If the river has lots of Sailn Catsh, is an indication
that the waters are heavily polluted by organic matter
[58]. Incidentally 3-4 times a month in Karanganyar
District to Sragen District, many sh die massively due
to waste disposal which is suspected to be from the
alcohol industry in Bison Village, Karanganyar District.
In this incident by the local community called “pladu”,
a lot of intoxicated sh, oating on the surface are very
easy for shers to catch with the scoop–net shing gear.
Species of sh caught during “pladu” are those that
are sensitive to pollution such as Tawes (Barbodes),
Nilem (Osteochilus), Bader (Cyclocheilichthys), Wader
(Mystacoleucus), etc. There are indications that the
Bengawan Solo River in Sragen Regency and its
surroundings is heavily polluted, there are many Sailn
Catsh [50].
In the downstream zone (zone III) there are 33
types of sh. At the observation station of Kabalan
Village, Bojonegoro District, East Java, many native
sh species have important economic value, namely
Wagal (Pangasius polyuranodon), Tawes (Barbodes
gonionotus), Tagih (Hemibagrus nemurus), Jambal
(Pangasius djambal ), Lumbet (Cryptopterus sp.),
Lemper (Notopterus notopterus), Bendol (Barbichthys
laevis), Seren (Cyclocheilichthys sp.), Betutu
(Oxyeleotris marmorata), Kutuk (Channa striata),
Sepat (Trichogaster trichopterus), Sili (Macrognathus
aculeatus), Bader (Cyclocheilichthys enoplos), Keting
(Barbonymus gonionotus), and Daringan (Mystus
microcanthus). Native sh species have dominated
in zone III because the water quality has recovered,
large sh species such as Jambal (Pangasianodon
hypophthalmus) and Tagih (Hemibagrus nemurus) are
found in the deep part of the river especially during
the dry season. Downstream (zone III) has the highest
sh diversity compared to either the middle part of the
river (zone II) or the upstream part of the river (zone I).
This result was in agreement to an earlier study on sh
diversity in the Brantas River, East Java, where it is said
that the diversity of sh in the upstream (Karangkates
Reservoir) is lower than the downstream (Surabaya
River) which has a very high diversity value [59].
Bengawan Solo River’s sh biodiversity is affected by
the uctuation of sh resources. According to result of
research by Liu et al. [60], sh resources have a direct
impact on sh biodiversity, the sustainable development
of freshwater sheries, and the health of ecological
environments in the entire Yangtze River basin, China.
Fish Catch Composition
The sh catch composition of each location shows
varying results because each location has different
water quality and each sh species will have a different
response to water quality [61]. Fish catch data from
shers in the upstream zone (zone I) on Bendung Colo
Village, Sukoharjo District during the rainy season was
the catch of 3.1 Kg/day/person consists of Cyprinidae
1.6 Kg, Snakehead = 0.6 Kg, Cichlids = 0.9 Kg (Table 5),
while during the dry season the catch 2.14 Kg/day/
person consisting of Cyprinidae 1.64 Kg, Catsh
0.39 Kg, Snakehead 0.06 Kg, Cichlids 0.05 Kg (Table 6).
Fish catch composition in zone I are dominated by
Cyprinidae, an indication that the water quality in zone
I is still good, not much polluted.
Table 5. The Fish Catch Data in Some Location of Bengawan Solo River in Rainy Season.
Location
Catch Data of Fishes (Kg) Total
(Kg)
Cyprinidae Catsh Snakehead Cichlids Sailn Catsh
1. Zone I
•Bendung Colo 1.6 00.6 0.9 03.12
2. Zone II
•Kampung sewu 0.8 00.7 0.8 2.2 4.5
•Bison 00004.8 4.8
•Tenggak 0.6 0002.6 3.2
3. Zone III
•Ngawi 2.4 2.1 0.8 0.9 0.3 6.5
•Kanor 2.8 3.8 01.2 0 8

Distribution of Fish Species in Relation... 5557
The sh caught in the middle zone (zone II) during
the rainy season in the village of Kampung Sewu, Solo
City was 4.5 Kg/day/person consisting of Cyprinidae
0.8 Kg, Snakehead 0.7 Kg, Cichlids 0.8 Kg, Sailn
Catsh 2.2 Kg. The sh caught in the village of Bison,
Karanganyar District was 4.8 Kg/day/person consisting
of Sailn Catsh only. The sh caught in the village
of Tenggak, Sragen District was 3.2 Kg/day/person
consisting of Cyprinidae 0.6 Kg, and Sailn Catsh
2.6 Kg (Table 5). The sh caught in the middle zone
(zone II) during the dry season in the village of
Kampung Sewu, Solo City was 4 Kg/day/person
consisting of Cyprinidae 0.3 Kg, Snakehead 0.4 Kg,
Cichlids 0.5 Kg, Sailn Catsh 2.8 Kg. The sh caught
in the village of Bison, Karanganyar District was
4.5 Kg/day/person consisting of Sailn Catsh only.
The sh caught in the village of Tenggak, Sragen
District is 3.48 Kg/day/person consisting of Cyprinidae
0.29 Kg, and Sailn Catsh 3.19 Kg (Table 6). Fish
catch composition in zone II are dominated by Sailn
Catsh, which is an indication that in zone I there is
a lot of organic matter pollution. In accordance with
the results of research by Aida et al. [49], that the catch
of sh in zone II is relatively high 3-5 kg/day, but is
dominated by the sweeper sh reaching 80-90%
The catch in the downstream zone (zone III)
during the rainy season in Ngawi Districts was about
6.5 Kg/day/person and consisting of Cyprinidae
2.4 Kg, Catsh 2.1 Kg, Snakehead 0.8 Kg, Cichlids
0.9 Kg, and Sailn Catsh 0.3 Kg. The sh caught in
the Kanor Village, Bojonegoro District during the dry
season was 8 Kg/day/person consisting of Cyprinidae
2.8 Kg, Catsh 3.8 Kg, Cichlids =1.2 Kg (Table 5).
While during the dry season in Ngawi Districts was
3.65 Kg/day/person and consist of Cyprinidae 1 Kg,
Catsh 1.5 Kg, Snakehead 0.3 Kg, Cichlids 0.7 Kg, and
Sailn Catsh 0.15 Kg. The sh caught in the Kanor
village, Bojonegoro District during the dry season was
5.13 Kg/day/person consisting of Cyprinidae 1.59 Kg,
and Catsh 3.54 Kg (Table 6). Fish catch composition
in zone III are dominated by native sh, which is an
indication that water quality in zone III has recovered
to normal. In accordance with the results of research
by Adjie and Utomo [53], that in zone III there are
many native sh of the Bengawans olo river. There is
even a local catsh (Pangasius djambal ) which is a rare
sh. These sh often inhabit the bottom of the river in
Bojonegoro Regency. Capture sheries in the Bengawan
Solo River in zone III have an important role in the lives
of local shermen. Inland Capture Fishery if managed
properly will contribute to Global Food Security [62].
The Relationship between Water Quality
and Fish Catch Production
Each sh will have a different response to water
quality, so sh production is strongly inuenced by water
quality. The relationship between sh catch data and
water quality by using the regression analysis method is
provided in Table 7 and Table 8. The decrease in oxygen
in the water is often caused by the decomposition of
waste organic matter. Waters contaminated with organic
matter will cause a decrease in dissolved oxygen in the
water. Dissolved oxygen in the waters is needed by
sh for respiration, not all sh can live in waters with
low oxygen levels. Cyprinids require a relatively high
oxygen content, the higher the dissolved oxygen content
in the waters, the more suitable it is for the production
of Cyprinids. Likewise, the opposite happens when
there is less dissolved oxygen [63-65]. The volume of
catch of Cyprinids during the dry and rainy seasons had
a signicant positive linear relationship between catch
production and oxygen content (Table 7).
During the dry and rainy seasons, Catsh,
Snakehead, and Cichlids had a non-signicant positive
linear relationship between catch production and
dissolved oxygen content (Table 7). This is because
these sh can live in waters with relatively low oxygen
content so that the production of catches is not very
dependent on dissolved oxygen in the waters. Snakehead
Table 6. The Fish Catch Data in Some Location of Bengawan Solo River in Dry Season.
Location
Catch Data of Fishes (Kg) Total
(Kg)
Cyprinidae Catsh Snakehead Cichlids Sailn Catsh
1. Zone I
• Bendung Colo 1.64 0.39 0.06 0.05 02.14
2. Zone II
• Kampung Sewu 0.3 00.4 0.5 2.8 4
• Bison 0 0 0 0 4.5 4.5
• Tenggak 0.29 0003.19 3.48
3. Zone III
• Ngawi 11.5 0.3 0.7 0.15 3.65
• Kanor 1.59 3.54 0005.13

Aida S.N., et al.
5558
sh (Channa strata) and catsh (Clarias melanoderma)
can live in swamp waters with low oxygen levels
because these sh have additional respiratory organs,
i.e., labyrinth organs [48].
The catch volume of Sailn Catsh during the dry
and rainy seasons, showed a signicant negative linear
relationship between catch production and dissolved
oxygen (Table 7). The higher the oxygen does not cause
the production of the catch to decrease, on the contrary,
this is because Sailn Catsh can take oxygen from the
air, so the low oxygen levels in the waters do not cause
problems for Sailn Catsh. Sailn Catsh can grow
well in waters that are heavily polluted with organic
matter as food, the more organic pollution materials the
more Sailn Catsh, although organic matter will cause
the oxygen content in the waters to below [58].
There are very few sources of phosphorus in nature,
if in the waters the phosphorus content is high, it can
be ascertained that it comes from human activities,
including organic phosphorus from sh farming residues
in oating net cages. Cyprinidae have a signicant
negative linear relationship between catch production
and TP, both during the dry and rainy seasons (Table 8).
Cyprinidae is a type of sh that is sensitive to pollution
so the increase in phosphorus will get a response for
low catch production. The increase in nitrogen and
phosphorus in the water causes the growth of algae.
It can even become an algae bloom. The proportion of
Cyanophyceae can increase along with the increase in
nutrients. The presence of Cyanophyceae in the waters
is an indication of organic matter pollution, and is
a poisonous algae [61, 66].
Catsh and Snakehead have a non-signicant
negative linear relationship between catch production
and TP content (Table 8). This is because these sh
can live in waters that contain relatively large amounts
Fishes Regression Equation R–sq P
1. Cyprinidae Y (Kg) = 1.836 – 0.408 Tp (Mg/L)* 0.80 0.041
Y (Kg) = 4.171 – 6.520 Tp (Mg/L)** 0.93 0.002
2. Catsh Y (Kg) = 2.43 – 0.590 Tp (Mg/L)* 0.41 0.247
Y (Kg) = 4.02 – 7.14 Tp (Mg/L) ** 0.56 0.086
3. Snakehead Y (Kg) = 0.291 – 0.0393 Tp (Mg/L)* 0.12 0.646
Y (Kg) = 0.753 – 0.95 Tp (Mg/L)** 0.17 0.415
4. Cichlids Y (Kg) = 0.567 – 0.099 Tp (Mg/L)* 0.25 0.502
Y (Kg) = 1.762 – 2.655 Tp (Mg/L)** 0.78 0.019
5. Sailn Catsh Y (Kg) = –1.350 + 1.251 Tp (Mg/L)* 0.97 0.013
Y (Kg) = –2.981 + 10.90 Tp (Mg/L)** 0.93 0.002
Note: * = Dry season, ** = Rainy season
Table 7. The Relationship between Fish Catch and Dissolved Oxygen Levels
Table 8. Relationship Between Fish Catch and Total Phosphate (TP).
Fishes Regression Equation R–sq P
1. Cyprinidae Y (Kg) = –0.183 + 0.2697 Oxygen (mg/L) * 0.88 0.006
Y (Kg) = –0.878 + 0.3329 Oxygen (mg/L)** 0.74 0.028
2. Catsh Y(Kg) = –0.17 + 0.300 Oksigen(mg/L)* 0.22 0.429
Y (Kg) = –2.52 + 0.694 Oxygen (mg/L)** 0.62 0.063
3. Snakehead Y (Kg) = 0.147 + 0.0112 Oksigen(mg/L)* 0.02 0.851
Y (Kg) = 0.065 + 0.0121Oxygen mg/L)** 0,01 0.813
4. Cichlids Y (Kg) = 0.230 + 0.0215 Oxygen (mg/L)* 0.02 0.841
Y (Kg) = 0.076 + 0.0262 Oxygen (mg/L)** 0,02 0.770
5. Sailn Catsh Y (Kg) = 4.456 – 0.713 Oxygen (mg/L)* 0.84 0.029
Y (Kg) = 6.58 – 0.952 Oxygen (mg/L)** 0.78 0.019
Note * = Dry season ** = Rainy season

Distribution of Fish Species in Relation... 5559
of organic matter or little, can live in the highlands that
are low in phosphorus, and in the lowlands where there
is a lot of phosphorus so that the production of catches
is not greatly affected by phosphorus.
The production of Cichlids in the Bengawan Solo
River during the rainy season has a signicant negative
linear relationship with the phosphorus content in the
river, the higher the phosphorus in the river, the lower
the catch production (Table 8). Cichlids are sensitive to
phosphorus content which comes from organic waste.
Meanwhile, during the dry season, the production of
Cichlids has an insignicant linear relationship with
phosphorus. This is because, during the dry season,
the production of catches in rivers is not only affected
by phosphorus but also production sources such as rice
elds and reservoirs have dried up. During the rainy
season there was a signicant relationship between
catch and TP, and this could be caused by the inux
of Tilapia from rice elds due to overowing waters
[50]. Sailn Catsh has a signicant positive linear
relationship between catch production and phosphorus
(Table 8).
The higher the phosphorus content in the river, the
higher the catch production. This is because the Sailn
Catsh can grow well in waters that are polluted with
organic matter as the main food. The more organic
matter in the water, the more sailn catsh; on the
other hand, the less organic matter, the less the catch
production. Sailn Catsh are rarely found in clear,
unpolluted waters, so the presence of Sailn Catsh
can be used as a bio–indicator of waters that have
been polluted by organic matter. This observation is
the same as previous research which stated that there
are several types of sh that can live in waters polluted
by industrial waste, one of which is the Sailn Catsh
(Pterygoplichthys pardalis). This sh can survive and
breed successfully in polluted locations because of its
good adaptability and is also caused by physiological,
behavioral, or genetic factors of the sh [54, 55, 58]
Water pollution has a negative impact on the
survival and reproduction of sh resources, so it is
necessary to build a sewage treatment plant to maintain
the quality of the surrounding waters by reducing
pollution from non-point sources, and strengthening
monitoring and management of water quality in line.
with environmental ecology [67-69]. The problem of
decreasing sh resources can be overcome by using
the method of e
nhancement
and releasing sh into
the waters. This method can help increasing the overall
population and support successful breeding. The use of
this method has resulted in increasing in sh species
stock in the Lijiang River to one million each year [70].
Conclusions
The zone I (upstream zone) of Bengawan Solo River
located in the village of Bendung Colo, Sukoharjo
District, central Java is not polluted; and the sh
species are dominated by both exotic namely, Tilapia
(Oreochromis niloticus), Jambal Sius (Pangasianodon
hypophthalmus) and native sh species, namely
Sogo (Hemibagrus nemurus) and Tawes (Barbodes
gonionotus).
At zone II (middle zone) in the village of Kampung
Sewu, Solo City; Bison village, Karanganyar District;
Tenggak village, Sragen District, Central Java; there
were indications of heavy pollution with organic matter;
and the sh species are dominated by Sailn Catsh
(Pterygoplichthys pardalis).
At zone III (downstream zone), the water quality
has recovered; and the sh species are dominated
by native sh species such as Wagal (Pangasius
polyuranodon), Tawes (Barbodes gonionotus), Tagih
(Hemibagrus nemurus), Lumbet (Cryptopterus sp.),
Bendol (Barbichthys laevis), Seren (Cyclocheilichthys
sp.), Kutuk (Channa striata), Sepat (Trichogaster
trichopterus), Bader (Cyclocheilichthys enoplos),
Keting (Barbonymus gonionotus), Daringan (Mystus
microcanthus).
Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank: Research Institute
for Inland Fisheries and Fisheries Extension Palembang
who have funded research activities; research team
colleagues who have helped a lot during the conduct of
the research and the shers as enumerators who helped
in recording the data on sh catch.
Conict of Interest
The authors declare no conict of interest.
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