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International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075 (Online), Volume-9 Issue-2, December 2019
2173
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: A6142129219/2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A6142.129219
Journal Website: www.ijitee.org
Abstract: Issues of development of compositions of injectable
materials on inorganic basis for underground and transport
construction are considered in the paper. Inorganic binders for
aqueous suspensions for strengthening of low-strength sandy and
debris soils by injection into the fortified massif are proposed. The
use of silica gel in combination with hydrated lime for injectable
aqueous suspensions is justified. The influence of superplasticizer
on the technological properties of suspensions is shown. The
properties of micro-cement of different compositions are
presented. Optimal ratios of components were determined. The
following properties of aqueous suspensions have been studied:
viscosity, sedimentation and penetrating power. The viscosity was
up to 40 s, sedimentation up to 1.4%. Soil-concrete obtained by
injecting the aqueous suspension based on composite binders has
the compressive strength in the range of 3.3-6.2MPa.
Keywords: Micro-Cement, Injection, Suspension, Silica Gel,
Lime, By-Product Of Industry, Superplasticizer, Soil
Consolidation, Ecology, Environmental Construction.
I. INTRODUCTION
Development of underground space and development of
transport network is a distinctive feature of modern urban
construction [1-3]. Currently, the problem of soil
consolidation in new construction, reconstruction and repair
of existing buildings and structures is relevant [1,4-8].
Violation of integrity of structure of consolidated massif of
soil is inadmissible in the conditions of dense city building at
technological production. Injection technologies meet this
requirement. Issues of selection of the composition of
injection material for soil cementation by injection
technology are of interest to researchers. The influence of the
type and dispersion of mineral additives on the technological
properties of aqueous suspensions (conditional viscosity,
sedimentation and penetration) has been studied in many
papers [9-12]. It should be noted that uniform bulk
impregnation of the soil massif is possible in the case of using
the micro-cement with a particle size up to 10-16µm for the
preparation of an aqueous suspension [9,10].
Revised Manuscript Received on December 30, 2019.
* Correspondence Author
O.M. Smirnova*, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint-Petersburg,
Russia.
M.V. Glazev, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint-Petersburg,
Russia.
V.V. Komolov, Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint-Petersburg,
Russia.
M.Yu. Vilenskii, St. Petersburg State University of Architecture and
Civil Engineering, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
© The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and
Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the
CC-BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
The technology of manufacturing micro-cement due to
grinding is energy-intensive one [10]. This leads to the cost
rise of materials for injection technology. Thus, the issue of
application of by-products of industry with the required
dispersion is relevant. Silica gel formed in the production of
aluminium fluoride by the interaction of hydrofluosilicic acid
with aluminium hydroxide can be such a secondary raw
material. The exclusion of grinding operation in the
manufacture of micro-cement for injections also leads to
significant reduction in the cost of soil consolidating
technology.
Technologies of water suspensions of micro-cements for
impregnation of loose or low-strength porous soils are
actively developing in recent years. Currently, effective
micro-cements are produced in the world [10]. However, the
cost of micro-cements is higher than the cost of Portland
cement of ordinary strength class.
Micro-cement is obtained by grinding Portland cement
with a superplasticizer in grinding units. Micro-cement with
the grain size greater than 16µm is obtained in the case of
insufficient grinding. The grains with size greater than 16µm
clog capillaries and pores in the process of injecting the
suspension into the soil. This slows or stops the injection
process. It is possible to use an additional operation to
separate fine fractions with grains of the required size in the
air flow as shown in the study of fine-ground quartz sand
[13,14]. Thus, micro-cement that is produced by the
technology of grinding the original cement with subsequent
separation into fractions is an expensive material. The use of
such micro-cement for the preparation of injection materials
significantly increases the cost of the fixed soil array, i.e.
soil-concrete. Soil consolidation consists in artificial
transformation of soil properties under conditions of their
natural occurrence by different chemical methods [15-19].
This allows increasing the strength and reducing the
deformability of soils by providing adhesion among soil
particles. It should be noted that soils that are permeable and
filter water well are most susceptible to intensive
consolidation. The main methods of solidification are
cementation, silicification, electrochemical binding, heat
roasting, solitary, clay alteration and bituminous grouting, etc.
Injection technologies without structural damage of soil are
the most common ways of soil consolidation of bases (Fig. 1).
Injection suspensions based on micro-cements are used to
secure the foundations and to strengthen the masonry or
rubble concrete in the reconstruction or repair of buildings
[20-27].
Micro-Cement for Injection Consolidation of
Base Soils
O.M. Smirnova, M.V. Glazev, V.V. Komolov, M.Yu. Vilenskii
Micro-Cement for Injection Consolidation of Base Soils
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Cementation of coarse and sandy soils can be used to create
anti-filtration curtains that prevent the removal of small
particles from the foundation base of nearby buildings in the
case of pumping water from the excavation pit [28-31].
The solution of the problem of increasing the strength and
anti-filtration properties of consolidated massifs, their
resistance to various aggressive influences while maintaining
a low cost of work is possible by using injections based on
micro-cement that consists of silica gel and hydrated lime.
Silica gel is a waste product. This solves the environmental
problem. In addition silica gel is a ready-made raw material
that can be used without further processing to prepare a
mineral aqueous suspension for injection into the soil. Silica
gel in aqueous suspension with superplasticizer has fine
particles smaller than 10 microns.
Figure 1. Scheme of soil consolidation under
foundation: 1-foundation; 2-soil; 3-consolidated soil
zone; 4-injector
Superplasticizers play an important role in injection
suspensions [32-35]. The use of superplasticizers allows
regulating the technological properties of aqueous
suspensions: conditional viscosity, sedimentation and
penetration. It is necessary to take into account the interaction
of superplasticizer with mineral micro-particles in order to
select the quantity of superplasticizer [36-42].
The aim of the paper is to study the technological properties
of injection suspensions based on silica gel, hydrate lime and
superplasticizer.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
Hydrate lime for construction of JSC "Uglovsky Lime
Plant"; silica gel formed in the production of aluminum
fluoride by the interaction of hydrofluosilicic acid with
aluminium hydroxide; polycarboxylate-based
superplasticizer Stachement 2000 were used as the main
components for injectable suspensions.
Compressive strength was determined according to
standard 30744-2011, conditional viscosity was determined
according to standard 33762-2016, sedimentation according
to normative document 39-2-645-81, suspension density was
determined according to standard 5802-86.
Water was pumped through a sample of compacted sandy
soil and then the aqueous suspension of the calculated
composition at the pressure of 0.4 MPa was pumped. The
permeation capacity of the aqueous suspension was assessed
by the nature of the suspension propagation that could be
observed through a transparent mold during testing. Samples
of suspension-rich soil hardened under normal conditions and
were tested at the age of 2 months.
III. RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Aqueous suspensions with different ratios of silica gel, lime
and superplasticizer Stachement were prepared with forced
mixer "Digi Mortar Mixer". The water-to-binder ratio was
equal to 2.0.
The requirements for particle size (up to 10µm) as well as
the requirements for the technological properties of aqueous
suspension are mandatory criteria for the applicability of
micro-cement in injection technology. This is the viscosity
and sedimentation of the suspension particles for 90 minutes.
Viscosity is characterized by the rate of discharge of the
suspension from the standard funnel of one litre volume
(conditional viscosity). It is usually believed that the viscosity
should not exceed 40 s. The permissible sedimentation of
particles in the suspension for 90 minutes should not exceed
2% of the suspension volume.
All studied suspensions had sedimentation up to 1.4%
within 90 min as shown in Table 1. This is less than the
maximum permissible value and indicates a high dispersion
and water-holding capacity of the studied micro-cement.
The conditional viscosity of suspensions is presented in
Table 2. The results showed that suspensions without
superplasticizer do not meet the requirements for conditional
viscosity that should be up to 40 s. Consequently, the
suspensions were prepared in further studies with the addition
of the superplasticizer in the amount of 0.6% and 1.2% by
weight of the micro-cement. At the same time, their
conditional viscosity was in the range of 36-37 s. This is not
much higher than the water conditional viscosity that is equal
to 32 s. Such suspensions have a good penetrating ability and
allow obtaining soil-concrete when injected into sandy soil.
Table 1. Sedimentation of suspensions
Composition
Sedimentation of suspensions, %
Ratio of silica gel
to lime
Superplas-
ticizer,%
Duration of observations, min.
0
30
60
90
1:2
0
0
0
1.2
1.3
1:1
0
0
0
1.2
1.2
1:2
0.6
0
0.5
1
1.2
1:1
0.6
0
0.5
0.8
1.0
1:2
1.2
0
0.8
1.2
1.4
1:1
1.2
0
0.8
0.8
1.2
Table 2. Conditional viscosity of suspensions
Composition
Viscosity, sec.
Compres-
sive
strength,
MPa
Ratio of
silica gel
to lime
Superplas
-ticizer,%
Duration of observations, min.
0
30
60
90
1:2
0
64
64
62
60
-
1:1
0
68
66
66
64
-
1:2
0.6
44
44
42
42
3.5
1:1
0.6
46
46
46
44
3.3
1:2
1.2
36
36
37
36
6.2
1:1
1.2
36
37
37
37
6.0
Low-base calcium hydrosilicates are formed by reaction of
silica gel with lime [43]. Silica gel contains silica in the active
form that is able to interact with Ca(OH)2 at room temperature
to form calcium hydrosilicates by reaction:
SiO2 + Ca(OH)2 + n(H2O) → H-S-C.
Calcium hydrosilicates are the main hydration product of
the studied micro-cement. Calcium hydrosilicates bind sandy
soil into soil-concrete.
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075 (Online), Volume-9 Issue-2, December 2019
2175
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: A6142129219/2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A6142.129219
Journal Website: www.ijitee.org
Consolidation of soils has different purposes: consolidation
of unstable soils, construction of ground water cutoffs and
increase of bearing capacity of the soil for the foundation
bases [44-50]. The bases under the foundations should have
increased compressive strength.
As a rule the consolidated soil under the foundations must
have strength up to 3-6 MPa and at concentrated load - up to 9
MPa. The results of tests of soil-concrete samples for
determining the compressive strength show that the
developed micro-cement provides the required values of the
compressive strength according to Table 2. Strength value of
6.2 MPa for samples based on silica gel and lime with the
ratio of 1:1 was achieved. The cost per 1m3 of consolidated
soil is determined by the high cost of micro-cements for
injection technology that are obtained by additional grinding.
In this case the cost of silica-based micro-cement will be
lower since silica gel is a by-product of industry. It is
necessary to take into account the environmental effect of its
use as a secondary resource [51-56].
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The use of micro-cement based on silica gel and hydrate
lime for injection technology of soil consolidation is studied
in the paper. Technological properties of aqueous suspensions
with good penetration capability have been obtained. The
need to select the quantity of superplasticizer to obtain the
required conditional viscosity and sedimentation was shown.
Aqueous suspensions based on silica gel and hydrated lime
had the required technological properties namely low
conditional viscosity up to 40 s and sedimentation up to 1.4
%. Soil-concrete obtained by injecting the aqueous
suspension based on proposed binder had the compressive
strength in the range of 3.3-6.2 MPa. The developed binder
has the necessary compressive strength and technological
parameters and can be used for soil consolidation. Also, the
use of silica gel solves the problem of environmental
protection as it is a by-product of industry.
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Olga Smirnova. Education: 1995 - 2001
–Petersburg State Transport University
(Saint-Petersburg, Russia). 2008-2012 - PhD
education at the Department of Construction
materials and technologies of Petersburg State
Transport University on the specialty “Building
materials and products”. Subject of dissertation -
"High-performance concrete for precast prestressed reinforced sleepers".
Jobs: 2013 – 2017 - Associate Professor at the Department "Building
materials and technologies" of Petersburg State Transport University;
2017-present - Associate Professor at the Department of Constructing
Mining Enterprises and Underground Structures, Saint- Petersburg Mining
University. Scientific interests: inorganic binders, alkali-activated binders,
hybrid binders, high-performance concrete, superplasticizers, materials for
transport constructions.
Maksim Glazev. PhD-student of metallurgy
Department Saint Petersburg Mining University,
Saint-Petersburg, Russia; graduate of bachelor's and
master's degrees in "Technological machines and
equipment", "Oil and Gas industry”. Author and
co-author 10 published scientific papers including 8
scientific papers, 2 inventions. Research interests:
technology of dry mixtures, processing of silica gel
and microsilica, drilling of oil and gas wells.
Vasili Komolov, PhD-student, Saint Petersburg
Mining University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
Education: 2012-2016 St.Petersburg Mining
University. Bachelor's degree in specialization:
"Industrial and civil construction". 2016-2019 Peter
the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.
Master's degree in specialization: "Development and
management of investment projects in construction.". Research interests:
environmental management, geomechanics, construction underground
structures, civil engineering, geomechanical monitoring, materials for
underground construction.
International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075 (Online), Volume-9 Issue-2, December 2019
2177
Published By:
Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
& Sciences Publication
Retrieval Number: A6142129219/2019©BEIESP
DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.A6142.129219
Journal Website: www.ijitee.org
Michael Vilenskii. Education: 1994-1999 – St.
Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering (Saint-Petersburg, Russia), 1999-2003 -
PhD education at the Urban Department of St.
Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering. Jobs: 1999 – present - Associate
Professor of Department of Urban development, St.
Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil
Engineering. Scientific interests: town-planning design, development of
territories, organization and management of architectural and town-planning
activity, planning of rural settlements, green architecture, building
materials.
