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The Challenges Faced by Guidance and Counseling Teachers in Developing Mental Health Literacy
Abstract
Guidance and counseling teachers are mandated to improve the mental health of learners. This research explores the challenges encountered by guidance and counseling teachers in developing mental health literacy. The study involved 179 guidance and counseling teachers. Questionnaires with open questions were distributed to the participants via Google Form. The data analysis was descriptive. The results showed that the encountered challenges were a lack of related knowledge about mental health, the existing stigma, and the social support received by the teachers. Keywords: challenges, guidance and counseling, teachers, mental health literacy
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Background:
Preventing depression and helping individuals to become more resilient to depression, awareness-related programs have been suggested. To implement such programs, depression literacy (D-Lit) assessment is needed. However, little information is known about it in Bangladesh, and this gap was addressed - in the present study.
Methods:
An online-based cross-sectional survey was carried out among 404 university students (62.6% male; 69.3% undergraduates, mean age = 22.35 ± 2.69 years). The survey included questions asking about socio-demographics, personal and family depression history, its' stigma and related programs, and the 20-item Bangla Depression Literacy questionnaire.
Results:
The results showed a mean score of 9.30 (SD = 2.75; out of total 20 scores) on the Bangla D-Lit scale. Participants had very limited knowledge of the psychotic symptoms, impact, and management subscales. Moreover, nine items out of the total twenty-items were answered correctly by at least 50% of the participants. There were no significant D-Lit score differences based on gender and past-year personal history, and family depression history. Structural equation modeling indicated that having knowledge about depression and attending depression seminars were positively related to elevated depression literacy.
Limitations:
The study has some limitations due to its cross-sectional study nature and modest sample size. In addition, there the assessment of depression did not use a validated psychometric instrument and the D-Lit comprises multiple-choice responses so the real rate of depression literacy may be even lower than that found because participants could have guessed answers that they did not know.
Conclusions:
Findings from this study suggest that depression literacy was low in the population studied and the findings here will help to facilitate mental health literacy awareness programs in the context of Bangladeshi students as well as those outside the country.
Many families worldwide have at least one member with a behavioral or mental disorder, and yet the majority of the public fails to correctly recognize symptoms of mental illness. Previous research has found that Mental Health Literacy (MHL)—the knowledge and positive beliefs about mental disorders—tends to be higher in European and North American cultures, compared to Asian and African cultures. Nonetheless quantitative research examining the variables that explain this cultural difference remains limited. The purpose of our study was fourfold: (a) to validate measures of MHL cross-culturally, (b) to examine the MHL model quantitatively, (c) to investigate cultural differences in the MHL model, and (d) to examine collectivism as a predictor of MHL. We validated measures of MHL in European American and Indian samples. The results lend strong quantitative support to the MHL model. Recognition of symptoms of mental illness was a central variable: greater recognition predicted greater endorsement of social causes of mental illness and endorsement of professional help-seeking as well as lesser endorsement of lay help-seeking. The MHL model also showed an overwhelming cultural difference; namely, lay help-seeking beliefs played a central role in the Indian sample, and a negligible role in the European American sample. Further, collectivism was positively associated with causal beliefs of mental illness in the European American sample, and with lay help-seeking beliefs in the Indian sample. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding cultural differences in beliefs about mental illness, particularly in relation to help-seeking beliefs.
Teachers and other school staff play key roles as partners in the prevention, identification, and intervention of mental health difficulties among children and youth. However, it is essential that teachers are equipped with sufficient mental health literacy to engender effective practices in these areas. This article reviews the literature related to mental health literacy with respect to the perceived preparedness of teachers as well as approaches that have been taken or are under way to improve literacy. A specific focus on bullying is also highlighted. Finally, suggestions emerging from current research as to the elements of effective approaches to teacher preparation are explored as well as recommendations for future research in the area.
Little is known about factors influencing helping behaviors toward a person with mental illness. This study explored a range of predictors of helping intentions and behaviors using data from a national survey of Australian adults. Participants (n = 6,019) were randomly assigned one of six vignettes and asked how they would help the character if it was someone they knew and cared about, and asked whether and how they had helped a person in real life with a similar problem. Responses were scored using a system based on the Mental Health First Aid action plan. Regression analyses examined predictors of high helping scores in relation to type of disorder and respondent demographics, mental health literacy, and experiences with mental illness. Predictors of harmful responses and seeking advice on how to help appropriately were also assessed. Significant predictors varied by vignette, with the only consistent predictor being female gender. Participants aged under 30 provided less helpful responses to people with social phobia. Mental health literacy variables were inconsistently related to helping, whereas more stigmatizing attitudes significantly predicted harmful responses and poor helping scores. Targeting males and young people may improve rates of helpful responses. Education campaigns aiming to reduce stigma and increase knowledge of schizophrenia may also minimize potentially harmful actions.
The material presented here is based on a pilot European project (Daphne Project, 2000/EU funding, collaboration of Greece and England) regarding parental mental illness and children's welfare and needs 1 .The presentation focuses upon the responses of a group of teachers working in primary education in relation to identification issues and assessment needs regarding children who live with a mentally ill parent. The results showed that although the teachers are able to identify risks and protective factors in the cases of a parental mental illness, there is a lack of early identification mechanisms in the school setting and an absence of a shared understanding of relevant issues across services and agencies. The results are discussed in relation to school-based prevention initiatives that empower teachers to feel that they contribute to change in their schools as well as in their own practice in the classroom.
Three studies investigated the relationships among employees' perception of supervisor support (PSS), perceived organizational support (POS), and employee turnover. Study 1 found, with 314 employees drawn from a variety of organizations, that PSS was positively related to temporal change in POS, suggesting that PSS leads to POS. Study 2 established, with 300 retail sales employees, that the PSS-POS relationship increased with perceived supervisor status in the organization. Study 3 found, with 493 retail sales employees, evidence consistent with the view that POS completely mediated a negative relationship between PSS and employee turnover. These studies suggest that supervisors, to the extent that they are identified with the organization, contribute to POS and, ultimately, to job retention.
The authors proposed and tested a model describing the relationship between customer service providers' perceptions and attitudes toward their service-related duties and their customers' perceptions of satisfaction with their service experiences. Results indicated that the perception of having standards for service delivery in an organization is strongly related to line-level employees' perceptions of support from coworkers and supervisors. Perceived support from coworkers was significantly related to service providers' customer orientation, whereas perceived support from supervisors showed a weaker relationship to a customer orientation. Ultimately, service providers' customer orientation was strongly related to customers' satisfaction with service. Finally, a set of post hoc analyses indicated that coworker and supervisory support explained a greater proportion of incremental variance in the model than did perceived organizational support alone.
Mental health literacy of the general public is essential for the effective promotion of society's mental health. However, there has been no investigation of the general public's mental health literacy with Japanese and Taiwanese socio-cultural backgrounds.
A total of 129 Japanese and 150 Taiwanese elementary school teachers were surveyed about knowledge, beliefs and attitudes concerning schizophrenia by means of a questionnaire with a vignette describing a case of the disease. Identification of the case, cause of the disease, coping behavior for the case, and perception of stigmatizing and supporting attitudes by parents and neighbors of the case were investigated.
As a common finding with the studies in Western countries, only small percentages of the Japanese and Taiwanese respondents were able to make a correct identification. A further common finding was the emphasis on psychosocial factors as a cause of schizophrenia, as was the rejection of psychotropic medication, although future study is required to determine to what extent the respondents know about therapeutic procedures utilized by psychiatrists. Significantly stronger stigma perception was shown in the Japanese respondents than in the Taiwanese, which may be attributable to the high institutionalization rate in Japan.
Japanese and Taiwanese teachers' knowledge, beliefs and attitudes regarding schizophrenia were similar to those found in the general public in Western societies. Although the present study is limited in sampling and the components of the mental health literacy investigated, several working hypotheses have been extracted from it to be tested in future investigations on the Japanese and Taiwanese and other Asian general public's mental health literacy.
Social anxiety disorder (SAD), the 3rd most common psychiatric disorder in the United States, follows a chronic and unremitting course, often resulting in severe impairments in multiple areas of functioning. Despite a typical age of onset in early adolescence, the disorder is rarely recognized and treated in adolescent populations. Given its early age of onset, school professionals are arguably in the best position to detect symptoms of SAD and to provide appropriate referrals for assessment and intervention. This study examined the knowledge that teachers, school counselors, and school psychologists have of SAD in relation to their knowledge of a prototypical externalizing disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The results suggest that all 3 groups of educational professionals are surprisingly unfamiliar with adolescent SAD.
To comply with the system of integrated support for their students’, schools need to build partnership with parents and develop mutual responsibility for childrens’ success in the educational system. In this way, parental involement are increased, parents’ effort to support schools are encouraged, and they are directly making a positive impact to a successful educational system.Considering the importance of parents’ participation and involvement in school activities, in this paper, we will analyse the positive effects of parental involvement, summarize leading principles for the successful partnership of parents and school and present six factors (Parenting, Communicating, Volunteering, Learning at home, Decision-making and Collaborating with the community) and six models (Protective Model, Expert Model, Transmission Model, Curriculum-Enrichment Model, Consumer Model and Partnership Model) of parental involvement. In addition, we will draw conclusions and make recommendations that are important for planning programs that are focused on the improvement of parent involvement.
Penelitian ini mengkaji “Pengaruh Pendidikan, Pelatihan, dan Pengalaman Mengajar Terhadap Profesionalisme Guru SMA-N 1 Likupang Minahasa Utara”. Untuk mengetahui tentang pengaruh yang signifikan secara simultan tingkat pendidikan, pelatihan, pengalaman mengajar terhadap profesionalisme guru SMA-N 1 Likupang Minahasa Utara. Juga unutk mengetahui tentang variable mana yang memiliki pengaruh dominan diantara variabel-variabel tersebut. Metode penelitian menggunakan survey mengambil sampel dengan teknik random sampling yakni dengan memanfaatkan 45 guru SMA-N I Likupang Minahasa. Sedangkan tekhnik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan interview yang dilakukan peneliti dengan cara berhadapan langsung dengan subyek penelitian dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi yang betul-betul akurat. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan variabel-variabel independen yang meliputi pendidikan, pelatihan dan pengalaman mengajar mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan dengan profesionalisme guru, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa variabel independen secara bersama-sama mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap variabel dependen, untuk itu hipotesis pertama yang dinyatakan “ada pengaruh yang signifikan secara simultan tingkat pendidikan, pelatihan, pengalaman mengajar terhadap profesionalisme guru SMA I Likupang terbukti kebenarannya.Kata Kunci: Pendidikan, Pelatihan, Pengalaman Mengajar dan Profesionalisme Guru.
U.S. and Canadian K-12 students face social-emotional and mental health concerns that stand to jeopardize their well-being and achievement. Teachers possess unique potential to promote students' social-emotional and mental health wellness. However, training in these areas is not widespread in most teacher candidates’ learning experiences. This study compares policy within and across neighboring countries, identifying the extent to which all fifty United States and ten Canadian Provinces specify mental health competency standards for teacher certification. These standards were limited in number and phrased generally, with notable, informative exceptions in scattered states and provinces. Implications for research, practice and policy are discussed.
Ensuring pre-service teachers have strong mental health literacy is vital for progress toward an inclusive, effective education system; yet little is known about how pre-service teachers are prepared for practice with school students who present with poor mental health. The original, internationally comparative small-scale (N=24) qualitative study reported here compared current mental health literacy provision to pre-service teacher education students in Scotland and Australia. Semi-structured telephone interviews with teacher educators who delivered mental health content divulged highly variable, often ad-hoc mental health literacy provision; a concern, given the prevalence of poor mental health affecting children and young people in schools. Thematic data analysis revealed striking commonalities among issues raised by participants from both countries, highlighting the need for urgent improvement in the provision of mental health literacy to pre-service teachers. Results suggest the possibility of strategically developing a joint Australian-Scottish mental health component suitable for delivery in both countries.
Keywords: mental health, pre-service teacher education, Australia, Scotland
Children with mental health disorders are at elevated risk of deleterious academic outcomes. The school, acting as a bridge between home and community, is a key site for identification and intervention with children experiencing mental health distress. Yet survey research has indicated that many teachers and other school staff have limited knowledge of children's mental health and are unprepared to support students in distress. Grounded in collaboration theory, the current study extends previous research by conducting focus groups with both school staff and community mental health center professionals to deepen understanding of how school employees' knowledge of children's mental health influences their ability to recognize and collaboratively support students in distress. Results revealed that many school staff experience challenges in supporting students because of their limited mental health knowledge, particularly in the areas of symptom identification, psychotropic medication, and community mental health services. The identified lack of children's mental health knowledge also contributes to the existence of mental health stigma. In addition, group participants identified training about children's mental health and support from upper-level administration as key needs to increase knowledge and better support students' emotional and educational well-being. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications and recommendations for school social workers.
Background
School-based mental health practice holds promise in meeting unmet mental health needs of American children by expanding access to quality mental health care for hard-to-reach populations such as those in rural regions. The purpose of the present study was to address four specific aims: 1) To replicate findings from prior studies regarding educators' perspectives of mental health promotion in school; 2) To extend prior research by examining specific needs for mental health training; 3) To compare the responses between the educators in rural schools and urban schools within the same geographic and political context of a large Midwestern state; and 4) To explore similarities and differences of the educators' perspectives based on participants' roles including administrators, teachers and school mental health providers.
Methods
A total of 786 educators including 127 administrators in a large Midwestern state completed a one-time, anonymous online survey. Descriptive analyses were employed to explore the perspectives of educators regarding the current status of mental health promotion in school. Additionally, independent samples t-tests were run to examine the differences in the educators' perspectives based on region (rural vs. urban). Finally, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine the differences in the educators' perspectives based on participants' roles.
Results
Results replicated previous findings, indicating a large percentage of educators reporting a high level of concerns for student mental health needs (93%) and the need for further training in mental health (85%). Mental health disorders, behavior management, and specialized skills such as social skills were identified as the top three areas of need for further training. While no differences were found between educators in urban and rural schools in other topics, significantly more respondents in rural schools (27%) reported that their schools hire mental health professionals as compared to urban schools (13%). The ANOVA results indicated that school-based mental health professionals and administrators are significantly more concerned about students' mental health needs than teachers (p = 0.000).
Conclusion
A majority of participants take students' mental health issues seriously and many feel that current resources and training opportunities could be expanded. An area of future research could be exploring current mental health trainings provided to educators and examine how their specific training needs are addressed. An important strategy to decrease mental health care disparity by geographic region may be statewide initiatives to increase the number of mental health professionals in rural areas. The discrepancy in the level of mental health concerns expressed by teachers and administrators may suggest a need for school-wide initiatives to foster shared commitments to promoting students' mental health across various staff roles.
Schools are an excellent setting through which to promote mental health and well-being, and teachers are well positioned to provide related instruction and support in the classroom. However, teachers often report that they lack the knowledge, skills and confidence to deliver social emotional learning instruction and to support students who struggle with mental health challenges. Professional learning initiatives that build teacher capacity in this area are increasing in quantity, but not all of the offerings are evidence based, relevant, scalable, and sustainable. This paper explores the approach being implemented in school districts within Ontario, Canada to enhance mental health literacy for educators. A description of the mental health literacy strategy within the Thames Valley District School Board is provided to illustrate how school districts can align with broad directions while at the same time contextualizing efforts to address local priorities and perspectives. The paper offers a synthesis of lessons learned from this early adopter case study, and from the implementation of the broader provincial approach.
The present study highlights teacher stress related to student mental health promotion through the relationship between perceived competence, perceived responsibility and negative emotions. Data were derived from a mixed methods design, utilizing three focus group interviews (n = 15), followed by survey research (n = 771) amongst Norwegian K-12 teachers. The results suggest that teacher stress emerges chiefly from a mismatch between feeling responsible for and being able to help students with mental health problems. The data also point to the impact of time constraints in school context. Finally, the findings reveal significantly higher levels of perceived responsibility and negative emotions amongst female teachers, and significantly lower levels of perceived responsibility amongst teachers at higher grades.
School-based mental health services hold promise for reaching youths in need. This article draws on an ecological-mediational model for school-based mental health services that links factors in the school environment to children's mental health and academic achievement. School influences are mediated by the teachers' role in promoting mental wellness among students. Collaboration with teachers is the centerpiece for change at the school, classroom, and individual teacher levels. A mental health services delivery model that incorporates school social workers as resources to teachers, families, and children is discussed as an approach to promote and expand prevention, identification, and treatment of child emotional and behavioral difficulties in school settings.
Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to explore how the employees and managers experienced skill-based pay (SBP) plans through the lens of the organizational justice perspective. The article investigates SBP plans and highlights the difficulties encountered in implementing them. SBP plans take a number of different forms that may diverge from the declared model.
Design/methodology/approach
– This study investigates the SBP plan implementation in situ. Following Yin’s case study design method, documents were collected, semi-structured interviews were conducted and observations were recorded in two different companies in France.
Findings
– The organizational justice concepts allow the authors to shed light on the mechanisms through which SBP implementation may lead to negative outcomes. First, the authors argue that injustice perceptions are a critical element in the SBP implementation. Second, they argue that the way SBP plans are implemented by front-line managers influence employee attitudes and behaviours. When employees consider that the decisions are established on the basis of criteria that lack legitimacy, they adopt withdrawal behaviour.
Research limitations/implications
– The majority of studies on SBP are largely atheoretical in nature. It is suggested that the organizational justice framework should be utilized to improve the authors’ understanding of what shapes the reaction of workers towards such plans. The authors consider that justice and trust are a particularly useful duo of lenses through which to examine the motivation of workers to be engaged in such plans.
Practical implications
– The implications for the practice of management surround the issue of unanticipated results of actions. It is not simply a question of designing the most appropriate SBP plans. The key issue is how they are actually implemented by front-line managers. Specifically, the findings highlight the pivotal role front-line managers play in building trust towards employees. Training in procedural justice should accompany SBP implementation.
Originality/value
– This paper highlights the complexity of implementation of SBP. By examining SBP implementation through the lenses of the organizational justice concepts, it sheds light on the under-theorized reactions to SBP implementation, and advances understanding of the mechanisms through which it affects employee attitudes and behaviours.
The role of three sources of social support (family as kin, co-workers as insiders, and supervisors as outsiders) on the emotional exhaustion were analyzed in a sample of 210 nurses at a general hospital in Seville, a city in the south of Spain. They were given an adaptation of the Nursing Stress Scale, (Gray-Toff & Anderson 1981), the Multidimensional Support Scale (Winefield, Winefield, Tiggemann 1992), previously adapted in a sample of nurses and the emotional exhaustion scale of the Spanish version of Maslach's Burnout Inventory (1997). After applying a hierarchical multiple regression analysis to the data, the results confirm the main effect of the three sources and the buffering effect in the case of outsiders and kin. It suggests the need to perform studies with wider samples, which allow the analysis of professionals' psychosocial characteristics and types of support, as well as demands in nursing job tasks.
There is a shortage of child and adolescent mental health (CAMH) professionals all over the world, and this shortage is especially critical in most parts of the developing world. Schools have been identified as ideal settings to reach needy children in the community, and training teachers in CAMH issues can help improve early identification and appropriate referrals of children with mental health problems. As part of a needs assessment for developing a training programme, selected Nigerian elementary school teachers were asked to complete confidential questionnaires to determine their perceptions of mental health problems in school children. Teachers indicated that they had no previous CAMH training. Baseline assessments revealed that teachers' knowledge of CAMH was deficient, and attitudes to children with mental health problems revealed intolerance. Incorporation of CAMH care into teacher education curricula is a critical next step towards integrating school teachers as mental health collaborators in school mental health programmes in Nigeria.
Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate a training program designed to improve mental health literacy in junior sporting club coaches and leaders. It was anticipated that participants would demonstrate an improvement in knowledge, confidence, and attitudes in relation to mental disorders and help seeking.
Methods: A training program called Read the Play was delivered to 40 participants from junior AFL football and netball leagues in the Barwon region of Victoria. The effects of the training were evaluated using pre- and post-questionnaires.
Results: The course led to significant improvement in knowledge about mental disorders, increased confidence in helping someone with a mental disorder and more positive attitudes towards people with mental disorders.
Conclusions: Training programs delivered within sporting settings may be effective in improving mental health literacy. Future evaluations would benefit from assessing whether these changes are sustained over time and whether trainees subsequently assist young club members to seek appropriate professional help.
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