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Platycrus—a remarkable new genus of the tribe Platynaspini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from Laos
Abstract and Figures
A new remarkable ladybird beetle Platycrus laotanus gen. et sp. nov. is described from Laos. It is placed in the tribe Platynaspini, but it differs from the remaining members of the tribe by having unusually expanded legs, a peculiar pocket-like structure to accommodate the tarsi in repose, and the antennae consisting of 11 antennomeres. Detailed morphological description and illustrations are provided. Taxonomic placement of the newly described taxon is discussed, and a transfer of the genera Crypticolus Strohecker and Hornious Weise from Platynaspini to Coccinellinae as incerte sedis.
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Ladybirds (family Coccinellidae) are one of the most diverse groups of beetles and globally comprise over 6000 species. Despite their scientific and economic significance, the taxonomy of Coccinellidae remains unstable, and we still know little about their evolutionary history. By using a small number of genes, previous phylogenetic analyses have not reliably resolved the relationships among major ladybird lineages. In this study, we sequenced 94 nuclear protein-coding genes for 214 species of Coccinellidae and 14 outgroups, covering 90 genera and 35 tribes. We found that nucleotide compositional heterogeneity is present among ladybird tribes so that phylogenetic inference at the amino acid level is more reliable than at the DNA level. Based on the maximum likelihood analyses of the amino acid dataset, we recognize three subfamilies in Coccinellidae: Microweiseinae, Monocoryninae stat. nov., and Coccinellinae. The subfamily relationships are strongly supported as (Microweiseinae, (Monocoryninae stat. nov., Coccinellinae)). The tribes of ladybirds are mostly monophyletic, except Ortaliini, Sticholotidini, Scymnini, and Coccidulini. The phylogenetic relationships among tribes of Coccinellinae are still not well resolved, with many nodes weakly supported. Our divergence time analysis suggests that the crown group of extant lady beetles arose in the Early Cretaceous ~ 143 million years ago (Mya) and experienced a rapid diversification during the Late Cretaceous (120–70 Mya). We hypothesize that the boom of angiosperms in the Late Cretaceous promoted the diversification of herbivorous Sternorrhyncha insects, especially aphids, which in turn drove the rapid radiation of predatory lady beetles. In summary, our work provides a comprehensive time-calibrated phylogeny of Coccinellidae that provides a sound framework for revising their classification and understanding the origin of their biodiversity.
Horniolus Weise is an Asian genus of ladybird beetles up to now comprising 15 species with the greatest diversity in China. A new species, H. minutus sp. nov., is described and illustrated. The position of the genus within the modern classification of Coccinellidae is discussed, and its transfer from the tribe Scymnini to Platynaspini is proposed.
A large-scale phylogenetic study is presented for Cucujoidea (Coleoptera), a diverse superfamily of beetles that historically has been taxonomically difficult. This study is the most comprehensive analysis of cucujoid taxa to date, with DNA sequence data sampled from eight genes (four nuclear, four mitochondrial) for 384 coleopteran taxa, including exemplars of 35 (of 37) families and 289 genera of Cucujoidea.
Maximum-likelihood analyses of these data present many significant relationships, some proposed previously and some novel. Tenebrionoidea and Lymexyloidea are recovered together and Cleroidea forms the sister group to this clade. Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea are recovered as sister taxa and this clade (Phytophaga) forms the sister group to the core Cucujoidea (Cucujoidea s.n.). The nitidulid series is recovered as the earliest-diverging core cucujoid lineage, although the earliest divergences among
core Cucujoidea are only weakly supported. The cerylonid series (CS) is recovered as monophyletic and is supported as a major Cucujiform clade, sister group to the remaining superfamilies of Cucujiformia. Currently recognized taxa that were not recovered as monophyletic include Cucujoidea, Endomychidae, Cerylonidae and Bothrideridae. Biphyllidae and Byturidae were recovered in Cleroidea. The remaining Cucujoidea were recovered in two disparate major clades: one comprising the nitidulid series+erotylid
series+Boganiidae and Hobartiidae+cucujid series, and the other comprising the cerylonid series. Propalticidae are recovered within Laemophloeidae. The cerylonid series includes two major clades, the bothriderid group and the coccinellid group. Akalyptoischiidae are recovered as a separate clade from Latridiidae. Eupsilobiinae are recovered as the sister taxon to Coccinellidae. In light of these findings, many formal changes to cucujiform beetle classification are proposed. Biphyllidae and Byturidae are transferred
to Cleroidea. The cerylonid series is formally recognized as a new superfamily, Coccinelloidea stat.n. Current subfamilies elevated (or re-elevated) to family status include: Murmidiidae stat.n., Teredidae stat.n., Euxestidae stat.n., Anamorphidae stat.rev., Eupsilobiidae stat.n., and Mycetaeidae stat.n. The following taxa are redefined and characterized: Cleroidea s.n., Cucujoidea s.n., Cerylonidae s.n., Bothrideridae
s.n., Endomychidae s.n. A new subfamily, Cyclotominae stat.n., is described. Stenotarsinae syn.n. is formally subsumed within a new concept of Endomychinae s.n.
The enigmatic Malagasy genus Crypticolus Strohecker, 1953 (=Cryptophilus Wasmann, 1894) is redescribed and transferred from Endomychidae to Coccinellidae. The genus is further classified in the subfamily Chilocorinae, tribe Platynaspidini. A discussion of tribal characters and the status of currently recognized genera is provided. The genera: Platynaspidius Miyatake, 1961, Phymatosternus Miyatake, 1961 and Paraplatynaspis Hoang, 1983 are synonymized with Platynaspis Redtenbacher, 1843 new synonyms.
The Coccinellidae are a family of beetles, known variously as ladybirds or ladybugs. In Britain alone, some 46 species belong to the Coccinellidae family, although only 26 of these are recognisably ladybirds. Composed largely of Professor Michael Majerus' lifetime work, and updated by two leading experts in the field, this book reveals intriguing insights into ladybird biology from a global perspective. The popularity of this insect group has been captured through societal and cultural considerations, coupled with detailed descriptions of complex scientific processes, to provide a comprehensive and accessible overview of these charismatic insects. Bringing together many studies on ladybirds, this book has been organised into themes, ranging from anatomy and physiology to ecology and evolution. This book is suitable for interested amateur enthusiasts, and researchers involved with ladybirds, entomology and biological control. Provides a complete ecological understanding of ladybirds, bringing together twenty years of research. Reveals intriguing insights into ladybird biology from a global perspective. Written in an accessible style suitable for both professional researchers and amateur enthusiasts.
The distribution of two small coccinellids, Phymatosternus lewisii and Scymnus posticalis, across colonies of the aphid Toxoptera citricidus in relation to ant-attendance of the colonies and ant species, behavioral interactions between the coccinellid larvae and ants, and the overlap in the larval distribution of the two coccinellids were examined in a citrus grove in Japan. P lewisii larvae were found frequently in aphid colonies attended by the ant Pristonlyrmex pungens but rarely in colonies attended by another ant, Lasius japonicus, and in ant-excluded colonies. A number of S. posticalis larvae were also recorded in P pungens-attended colonies and some larvae in ant-excluded colonies. A few P lewisii adults were noted only in P pungens-attended colonies, whereas some S. posticalis adults were observed in ant-excluded colonies. In most encounters, P pungens workers tapped P lewisii larvae with their antennae but showed no aggressive behavior; otherwise, P pungens workers ignored the larvae. P pungens exhibited the same behavior when encountering S. posticalis larvae. The proportion of P pungens-attended aphid colonies where the larvae of both coccinellids occurred did not significantly differ from the probability of both coccinellids occurring in the same colonies given their random distribution across the colonies. Thus, larvae of the two coccinellids exploited aphid colonies attended by a particular ant, P pungens, and the larval distribution of the two species may be independent of each species.
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