TOTALİTER REJİMLERDE GÜÇ İLİŞKİLERİ: FOUCAULTCU BİR BAKIŞ AÇISI

Abstract

Gücün kökeni ve doğası yüzyıllardır siyasi tartışmaların konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada fenomenolojik bir araştırma deseni kullanarak totaliter rejim yaşamış üç yazarın eserleri üzerinden totaliter rejimlerdeki iktidar ilişkilerinin Foucaultcu bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kallocain, Tutsak Akıl ve Tanrı’nın Yeraltında adlı eserler, Foucault’nun iktidar ilişkileri şeması içinde “disiplin, özne ve bilgi” kavramları altında incelenmiştir. Veriler, bilgisayar destekli nitel veri analiz yazılımı MAXQDA kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, benlik inşasının ve aldatmanın, totaliter rejimlerde sınırlayıcı güce direnmenin ve tersine çevirmenin çok önemli yolları olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca totaliter rejimlerde iktidar, bedenlerin yanı sıra zihinleri de ele geçirmeyi amaçlar, ancak oluşturulan ceza ekonomisi istenilen düzeyde müreffeh değildir. Son olarak, bu rejimlerin aydınlarının geliştirdiği hakikat sistemleri öznelere yeni görevler yüklese de iktidar ilişkilerinin yönünü belirleyen asıl unsur gerçekliğin kapsayıcılığıdır.

Full text

Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
391
Makale Geçmişi/Article History
Başvuru Tarihi / Date of Application : 23 Nisan / April 2022
Düzeltme Tarihi / Revision Date : 6 Ağustos / August 2022
Kabul Tarihi / Acceptance Date : 9 Ağustos / August 2022
Araştırma Makalesi/Research Article
POWER RELATIONS IN TOTALITARIAN REGIMES: A FOUCAULDIAN PERSPECTIVE
1
Res. Asst. (Ph.D.) Ahmet KURNAZ 
Assoc. Prof. (Ph.D.) Mustafa KARA
ABSTRACT
The root and nature of power have been the subject of political discussions for centuries. We aim
to evaluate the power relations in totalitarian regimes from the Foucauldian perspective by using a
phenomenological research design and examining the works of three authors who have experienced a
totalitarian regime. The works named Kallocain, the Captive Mind and In God's Underground are
investigated under "discipline, subject and knowledge" concepts within Foucault's power relations
scheme. Data is analyzed using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA. Our
findings show that the construction of self and deception are essential ways of resisting and reversing
confining power in totalitarian regimes. Besides, power in totalitarian regimes aims to seize the minds
as well as the bodies, but the created penal economy is not prosperous at the desired level. Finally,
although the truth systems developed by the intellectuals of these regimes impose new duties on the
subjects, the main factor determining the direction of power relations is the comprehensiveness of
reality.
Keywords: Power Relations, Totalitarian Regimes, Fascism, Communism, Foucault.
JEL Codes: A14, Z00, Z10.
1
This study is derived from the master's thesis entitled "Investigation of Power Relations in Totalitarian Regimes" prepared in
2017 at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Institute of Social Sciences, Public Administration Program.
 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Political Science, Political Science and Public Administration Department,
ahmetkurnaz@hotmail.com.
 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Biga Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Public Administration
Department, mustafakara@comu.edu.tr.

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
392
TOTALİTER REJİMLERDE GÜÇ İLİŞKİLERİ: FOUCAULTCU BİR BAKIŞ AÇISI
ÖZET
Gücün kökeni ve doğası yüzyıllardır siyasi tartışmaların konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışmada
fenomenolojik bir araştırma deseni kullanarak totaliter rejim yaşamış üç yazarın eserleri üzerinden
totaliter rejimlerdeki iktidar ilişkilerinin Foucaultcu bakış açısıyla değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Kallocain, Tutsak Akıl ve Tanrı’nın Yeraltında adlı eserler, Foucault’nun iktidar ilişkileri şeması içinde
“disiplin, özne ve bilgi” kavramları altında incelenmiştir. Veriler, bilgisayar destekli nitel veri analiz
yazılımı MAXQDA kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, benlik inşasının ve aldatmanın, totaliter
rejimlerde sınırlayıcı güce direnmenin ve tersine çevirmenin çok önemli yolları olduğunu
göstermektedir. Ayrıca totaliter rejimlerde iktidar, bedenlerin yanı sıra zihinleri de ele geçirmeyi
amaçlar, ancak oluşturulan ceza ekonomisi istenilen düzeyde müreffeh değildir. Son olarak, bu
rejimlerin aydınlarının geliştirdiği hakikat sistemleri öznelere yeni görevler yüklese de iktidar
ilişkilerinin yönünü belirleyen asıl unsur gerçekliğin kapsayıcılığıdır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: İktidar İlişkileri, Totaliter Rejimler, Faşizm, Komünizm, Foucault.
JEL Kodları: A14, Z00, Z10.
1. INTRODUCTION
Numerous theorists conceptualized power in a broad spectrum by using different methodologies.
Despite several definitions, the dynamics of social power are still imprecise. Nonetheless, in its most
basic definition, the relationships and contradictions between partakers who claim privileges on limited
resources are considered power relations. Every actor in society operates within this spiral of linkages.
Power has several "faces" that vary with epistemological and ontological positions. As Robert
Dahl famously put forward, one can see its first face when it is studied at the atomic actors' level of
American Politics and observed as a consequence of behaviours (Dahl 1957). The second face, which
contributes to Dahl's definition, appears when the relations involve the agenda-setting process (Bachrach
ve Baratz 1962, 1963). These first two approaches focus on the decision or non-decision making over
self-defined interests as a coercive outcome of the power relation. The third face of power refers to
"radical conceptualization". This approach focuses on not only self-defined interests that appear in
forceful relations but also manipulated interests which can appear in uncoerced relations or tacit
agreements (Lukes 1974). On the other hand, the "fourth face" of power, Foucault's conceptualization,
is omnipotent and not a derivative of a relation between subjects, distinguishing it from the other three
aspects. Instead, in this definition, power constructs norms, values, and subjects and is always
accompanied by resistance (Digeser 1992:977-85).
Resistance helps to define power in complex relation networks. Although democracies enable
counterparts to conflict freely, it is hard to define power relations in such systems due to complex

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
393
interactivities. On the other hand, the resistance in totalitarian regimes, where symbols, attitudes,
behaviours and rules are constantly scrutinized, isolates power relations and helps us depict them.
Therefore, it is easier to track power relations dynamics in totalitarian governments. In this paper, we
study totalitarian regimes and power relations with the help of Michel Foucault's power relations
scheme.
This research emphasizes Foucault's three fundamental concepts: "disciplinary techniques,
subject and knowledge/power", which are the basis of totalitarian regimes. It does so by analyzing the
novels of the era between the two world wars when fascism and communism played an essential role in
socio-political order. The works analyzed with a phenomenological technique are (a) dystopian writing
Kallocain (2002) by the Swedish writer Karin Boye, one of the living witnesses of the Hitler period, (b)
The Captive Mind (2017) by famous Polish literary critic Czeslaw Milosz and (c) the memories of the
Lutheran priest Richard Wurmbrand, In God's Underworld (2013) in which he had written about the
communist People's Republic of Romania. Overall, we attempt to extrapolate how power functions
through subjects and make a viable explanation of social power webs' convoluted gist.
Totalitarian Power
Totalitarianism is an all-encompassing political system in which there is an official ideology and
an unquestionable domineering leader who usually governs through a single party (Cassinelli 1960).
The system incorporates all institutions from the mass media to the armed forces; the state penetrates all
spheres of the economy; and eliminates civil society (Heywood 2016:52). Some advocate that
totalitarian regimes are associated with the period between the two world wars and could not appear
with their characteristics unique to the 20th century ever again (Branchet-Marquez 2013:618-19).
Four features distinguish totalitarianism from other anti-democratic regimes and heterocracies are
a) the existence of a total ideology, b) a one-party rule led by a dictator, c) a widespread and developed
intelligence network, d) a monopoly on the armed forces, judiciary system, media and market
instruments. The power elite uses these control mechanisms to gain complete control over society
(Friedrich ve Brzezinski 1966:126). The way to create a docile community in totalitarian regimes is
through associating dissenting thoughts of power with a particular defect, whose treatment requires
developing specific tools. Thus, normalization occurs when dissident ideas are labelled as diseased, and
society is advised to stay away from them (Foucault 2000b:17).
Ideologies are the political religion of totalitarian states (Gurian 1978:517). All ideas outside the
official ideology are perceived as a threat to the system as Gentile frames "everything within the state;
nothing against the state; nothing outside the state" (Heywood 2016:75). Besides, ideologies guide not
only mental processes but also physical practices. By applying normalization techniques that reproduce
subjects, the regime draws limits of acceptable actions with bottom-up micro-techniques and with a
continuous and strenuous effort (Foucault 2000b:74, 2007:42; Fraser 1981:272-76).

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
394
One-party systems are essential instruments of the normalization process in totalitarian regimes.
Although there are organizational differences between the fascist and communist parties, the party is a
means of "social integration". It is among the functions of the party to seize areas of expertise that seem
non-political and comprise them into the sphere of power (Kapani 1975:106-7; Linz 2008:70).
Individuals are reproduced by being put through a normalization process that the system deems
appropriate. The primary motivation of the one-party elite, at the heart of power relations, is the idea of
creating a classless society (Linz 2008:90-92). By mobilizing or terrorizing the masses, the party tries
to achieve its goal (Branchet-Marquez 2013:597). Whether they are called "movements" as in fascism
or "pioneer" as in communism, the party elites are not above or outside of power. "More normal"
subjects play central roles in the schema of power relations.
In totalitarian systems, "surveillance, violence, and legal action" are the pillars of the consent
production mechanism. The purpose of ongoing surveillance is to keep individuals under control
(Foucault 2000b:63). It is a disciplinary technique for individuals to think they are being always watched
in both public and private spheres. On the other hand, widespread violence against abnormal subjects is
also directed based on a specific social classification. In addition, the principle of the individuality of
the crime is not valid, and there is an effort toward atomizing the society systematically (Cassinelli
1960:69; Linz 2008:74-78; Tucker 1965:561). The discipline and self-control that arise from symbolic
violence shape individuals (Foucault 2013:256). Thus, by constructing self-control mechanisms,
subjects allow power to operate through themselves. In totalitarian regimes, all institutions, especially
the military, judiciary and media, operate according to ideological prescriptions. The authority expects
individuals to engage in functions that produce a positive or negative impact through institutions. The
existence of subjects/individuals depends on their fulfilment of these actions, such as "living, working,
producing, consuming, and sometimes dying" (Foucault 2000a:113).
2. METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH DESIGN
We employ a qualitative approach to explore power relations in totalitarian regimes from the
Foucauldian perspective. To study the research problem, four questions are answered which are (a) what
kind of disciplinary techniques are applied to individuals, (b) how individuals acquire their new
ideological identities, (c) what kind of subjectification techniques are used, and (d) what kind of relations
exist between knowledge and power, in totalitarian regimes.
The research is designed in the form of a phenomenological study. Phenomenological work is
"the common meaning of the experiences of several people regarding a phenomenon or concept"
(Creswell 2013:77; Güler et al., 2015: 234). Therefore, we focus on the shared understandings of
individuals who experienced totalitarian power relations.
Our method involves the analysis of written materials containing information about the
totalitarian power phenomenon. Based on Branchet-Marquez's (2013:618-19) limitation of totalitarian

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
395
regimes to the period between the two world wars, the research focused on the works of three European
writers who experienced the Hitler Era-Nazi Regime and the Stalin Era-Communist Regime. The works
examined are (a) Swedish existentialist literary critic Karin Boye's Kallocain, influenced by Nazi
Germany, which she frequently visited in the 1930s; (b) Nobel Prize-winning Polish author Czeslaw
Milosz's The Captive Mind, about the transformation of intellectuals under the Nazi and Soviet
occupations of Poland; and (c) Richard Wurmbrand's In God's Underground, where he depicts his years
in prisons of the Romanian People's Republic.
We processed the data in three steps. First, the books were converted to portable document format
(PDF) with the optical character recognition (OCR) software Abby Fine Reader. Second, we created our
qualitative coding scheme. Based on Foucault's conceptualization of power relations, six main themes
were defined: "power economy, control, resistance to power, institutions, subject, knowledge/power".
Figure 1. details the themes and subthemes (see Figure 1.). Third, with the help of the MAXQDA 12
Software, a computer-aided qualitative data analysis program, the documents were coded with the closed
code system. The main reason for choosing this approach is to keep the connection of the power relations
with the theory read between the lines of the texts (Creswell 2013:181).
Figure 1. Power Relations Coding Chart from a Foucauldian Perspective
Source: (Kurnaz 2017:40)
In qualitative studies, the terms "credibility, transferability, consistency and verifiability" are used
in exchange for validity and reliability (Yıldırım and Şimşek, 2016: 277-283; Kozak, 2015: 137). Since
the data are obtained from the published works, it points to their credibility and, therefore, their reality.
We ensure the transferability and verifiability of the research by explaining the analysis process and data
in detail.

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
396
3. FINDINGS
The distribution of themes in all coding demonstrates how a totalitarian power machine operates.
Chart 1. presents the main themes' ratios. Control that restricts "space/time/activity" and subject which
focuses on what/who is "normal" and "abnormal" in the system covered more than the other themes.
The preservation of the system is made possible by maintaining forceful discipline and self-control
instruments upon subjects. Following these two themes, knowledge/power, which specifies how power
functions, and the economy of power, which questions whether power is the one that punishes or
disciplines, are coded almost equally. The themes of resistance to power which questions the strategies
against oppressive practices and the regime of truth, and institutions through which power operates,
have taken the last two places. Resistance is an act when the subject does not submit to normalization
processes and oppressive practices.
Chart 1. Distribution Rates of Coding on Books to Determined Themes
Source: (Kurnaz 2017:43)
Figure 2. Document Portraits Showing the Distribution of Themes in the Books Examined
Source: (Kurnaz 2017:44)
Figure 2. visualizes how the themes are distributed in the texts. While control is most concentrated
in In God's Underground, knowledge is minimal. Due to the author's fourteen years of incarceration, the
difficulties in accessing information were decisive in this case. In The Captive Mind, institutions are
coded scarcely contrary to knowledge that comes to the fore. From the standpoint of an intellectual, the

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
397
intensive discussion of the conversion of other scholars through knowledge is effective in this regard.
In Kallocain, on the other hand, the themes are distributed almost evenly. However, this work allocates
more space to subjects' transformation through knowledge and resistance to power.
Figure 3. Code to Subcode Relationships Map of the Control Theme
Source: (Kurnaz 2017:50)
Figure 3. displays the sub-themes of the control theme. The most significant ones appeared as
order/classification (39 times), surveillance (36 times), micro techniques/activity supervision (32 times)
and closeness (19 times). Order/classification is coded together with closeness, and the limiting
economy of power reveals that the subject's transformation to an object of power in totalitarian regimes
happens with the procedures that categorize and confine. However, the presence of the normalized
subject at the intersection indicates that power reproduces the subjects by normalizing them. In addition,
"surveillance" is a centralized and continuous process that maximizes control by integrating with the
captivating nature of the power in totalitarian regimes. It performs surveillance, normalization and
delimitation procedures in a closed architecture and oppressive patterns. Limitation appears according
to the order and classification in which micro-techniques are used. In other words, the normalization of
the subject is maximized in a closed architecture where divergence is minimal and finely prescribed
physical arrangements rehabilitate and correct. The system distils its subjects via continuous discipline
processes. This is how it exercises onerous dominion.

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
398
Figure 4. Code-Subcode Relationships Map of Subject Theme
Source: (Kurnaz 2017:53)
Figure 4. demonstrates the sub-themes of the subject theme. The most influential ones are the
objectivised subject (27 times), self-construction (20 times) and normalizing subject (19 times). First,
it is seen that the subject evolves into the object of power through normalization, which is corrected and
rehabilitated through school, prison, army, and clinic. The truth regime is associated with normalization,
while order and classification dominate the objectification branch. Through this strategy, the totalitarian
rule has its subjects venerated and complied with the rigid social mores. Nevertheless, the limitation of
knowledge is the major problem in the "malign subject"s resistance to power, that is, in the construction
of the self. While the subject rebels against domineering practices, he strives to escape the truth regime.

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
399
Figure 5. Code-Subcode Relationships Map of the Information Theme
Source: (Kurnaz 2017:55)
Figure 5. shows the principal sub-themes of the knowledge/power theme, which are science/new
knowledge (20 times), the regime of truth (20 times) and the limitation of knowledge (8 times).
Restriction of knowledge and the regime of truth relation shows that power is productive even within
oppressive practices. It produces new knowledge and new procedures of normalization. In addition,
there are two different dimensions of the new information produced. The first has scientific nature
produced in the clinic. The other dimension is the roll call obtained by the supervision of the subjects.
4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Our study shows how discipline and control tools are utilized in totalitarian regimes from the
Foucauldian viewpoint. Based on the findings, surveillance is the most obvious of the practices
determining power relations in totalitarian regimes. The regime transforms individuals into the eyes of
power, detaching them from all ties until it turns them into cells connected to the body. Any opinion
other than the official ideology is seen as a significant threat to the state's existence, and doubting the

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
400
treachery of others is made a state duty and the raison d'être of individuals. In conclusion, a "Panopticon"
requires the person to challenge the closest, where even the bedrooms are monitored.
Subjects who baulk or contradict the normalization procedures should construct a tolerable
pretence to elude sanctions or, worse, the concentration camp. Even so, this facade protects the abnormal
if and only if fortified with knowledge because he must maintain a life full of guile. Otherwise, the
regime eventually surmises something is wrong and gradually stiffens the discipline, augments the
pressure, and exacerbates the surveillance. This continues till the value of its life becomes meaningless
to the system; then, this subject begins serving the regime as the object of symbolic violence and capital
punishment.
Knowledge reproduces power and sustains the structure. Bodies are tamed with micro-practices,
and the minds are subdued with the reproduction of knowledge. With severe punishment practices,
surveillance and propaganda, bodies and minds are brought under control and individuals are
normalized. Eventually, the system has individuals built a new self that cannot produce ideas other than
official ideological discourse.
The success of power relations depends on the regime of truth based on rational normalities and
sound justifications. The norms produced by the authority develop a sense of duty in individuals. Despite
the violent acts of the system, ideal and docile subjects are produced with normalizing knowledge. Those
who resist conversion and refuse to deceive are sent to camps and forced into a battle for existence there.
Another web of power operates local and illegal ways in the camps. When the prisoner is thrown into
his cell, his relationship is limited only to his guard. Since all he knows is limited to what his guard had
passed on to him, the regime also captures his knowledge. Regulations of space/time/knowledge prevent
the prisoner from reproducing himself and transform him into a passive object of power. Dissemination
of information in the micro threads of the power web makes its value transitory. The proprieties of the
system could alter quickly. Therefore, the prisoner hinges on this ephemeral news. Otherwise, divested
of his rights, he tumbles from the edge of an abyss.
Totalitarian closeness and transformation efforts also produce resistance simultaneously and
respectively. Concentration camps or prisons are not rehabilitators; on the contrary, they are places
where the system produces symbolic violence. This normalizes masses effectively but results in fragile
consent in society because normalization stops when the government tries to operate on instincts.
Oppression does not eliminate the hope for resistance. As self-construction of intractable subjects,
deception becomes a weapon against oppression and surveillance. However, if the individual gets too
used to the game he plays for a long time, he may become an acceptable subject unconsciously.
The central crossing of knowledge flow is a remote hamlet whose residents are power elites who
exploit, regulate, curtail, and sometimes manipulate the flow. Experts produce information locally, and
power elites institutionalize this knowledge to strengthen their position in the system. Institutionalized

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
401
knowledge reproduces the subjects; however, when it conflicts with local knowledge on the power web,
the regime of truth is redefined. Being a loyal comrade or a fierce enemy of the government depends on
knowledge; the regime of truth stimulates the metamorphosis of one into other. The information flow
that can create a greater reality and encompass the other one drives the power relations. Therefore,
institutional power can be reversed with the flow of information. In other words, the zenith does not
exist in the formation of a social power relation network. On the contrary, using knowledge, dilates until
it fills all the attainable cracks and is comprised into another, more extensive power web.
In totalitarian regimes, the control tools such as surveillance and institutions and the
functionalization of knowledge trigger the normalization process of the subject. Even in such systems
that classify and restrict continuously, power is productive by repeatedly creating subjects and its regime
of truth. Therefore, Foucault's power relations scheme has the potential to serve to understand today's
power relations, where information flow is incomprehensibly fast, and networks occur not only in the
physical world but also in cyberspace. Even though the developing technology has removed the
knowledge economy from the states' monopoly, the new processes of truth regimes and the
normalization of subjects continue through the data society phenomenon created by the internet. In other
words, the development of technology has led to the emergence of new surveillance tools and micro
techniques.
REFERENCES
Bachrach, P. ve Morton S. B. (1962) "Two Faces of Power", American Political Science Review 56(4):
947-52. doi: 10.2307/1952796.
Bachrach, P. ve Morton S. B. (1963) "Decisions and Non-decisions: An Analytical Framework", The
American Political Science Review 57(3): 632-42. doi: 10.2307/1952568.
Boye, K. ve Vowles. R. B. (2002) ‘‘Kallocain’’, 1 edition. Madison, Wis.; London: University of
Wisconsin Press.
Branchet-Marquez, V. (2013) “Yirminci Yüzyıl ve Ötesinde Gayrıdemokratik Siyaset”, içinde Siyaset
Sosyolojisi, editör T. Janoski, R. Alford, A. Hicks, ve M. Schwartz. Ankara: Phoenix Yayınevi:
595-625
Cassinelli, C. W. (1960) "Totalitarianism, Ideology, and Propaganda". The Journal of Politics 22(1): 68-
95. doi: 10.2307/2126589.
Creswell, J. W. (2013) ‘‘Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri : Beş Yaklaşıma Göre Nitel Araştırma ve Araştırma
Deseni’’, Ankara : Siyasal Kitabevi, 2013.
Dahl, R. A. (1957) "The Concept of Power", Behavioral Science 2(3): 201-15. doi:
10.1002/bs.3830020303.

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
402
Digeser, P. (1992) "The Fourth Face of Power", The Journal of Politics 54(4): 977-1007. doi:
10.2307/2132105.
Foucault, M. (2000a) “Bireylerin Siyasi Teknolojisi (1982)”, içinde Özne ve İktidar, editör F. Keskin.
İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları: 106-22.
Foucault, M. (2000b) “Özne ve İktidar (1982)”, içinde Özne ve İktidar, editör F. Keskin. İstanbul:
Ayrıntı Yayınları: 57-82.
Foucault, M. (2007) “İktidar ve Beden (1975)”, içinde İktidarın Gözü, editör F. Keskin. İstanbul: Ayrıntı
Yayınları: 38-46.
Foucault, M. (2013) ‘‘Hapishanenin Doğuşu : Gözetim Altında Tutmak ve Cezalandırmak’’, Ankara:
İmge Kitabevi.
Fraser, N. (1981) "Foucault on Modern Power: Empirical Insights and Normative Confusions", PRAXIS
International 1(3): 272-87.
Friedrich, C. and Brzezinski, Z. K. (1966) ‘‘Totalitarian Dictatorship & Autocracy’’, Praeger.
Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B., Taşğın, S. (2013) ‘‘Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri’’,
Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Gurian, W. (1978) "The Totalitarian State", The Review of Politics 40(4): 514-27.
Heywood, A. (2016) ‘‘Siyaset’’, Ankara: Liberte Yayınları.
Kapani, M. (1975) ‘‘Politika Bilimine Giriş’’, Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları.
Kozak, M. (2015) ‘‘Bilimsel Araştırma: Tasarım, Yazım ve Yayım Teknikleri’’, Ankara: Detay
Yayıncılık.
Kurnaz, A. (2017) “Totaliter Sistemlerde İktidar İlişkileri”, Yüksek Lisans, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart
Üniversitesi, Çanakkale.
Linz, J. (2008) ‘‘Totaliter ve Otoriter Rejimler’’, Liberte Yayınları.
Lukes, S. (1974) ‘‘Power: A Radical View’’, 2. bs. Palgrave Macmillan.
Milosz, C. (2017) ‘‘Tutsak Edilmiş Akıl’’, İstanbul: Monokl Edebiyat.
Tucker, R. C. (1965) "The Dictator and Totalitarianism". World Politics 17(4): 555-83. doi:
10.2307/2009322.
Wurmbrand, R. (2013) ‘‘Tanrı’nın Yeraltı Dünyası’’, YYY.
Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek. H. (2016) ‘‘Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri’’, Ankara: Seçin
Yayıncılık.

Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
Cilt/Volume: 20 Sayı/Issue: 3 Eylül/September 2022 ss. /pp. 391-404
A. Kurnaz, M. Kara, http://dx.doi.org/10.11611/yead.1153002
Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Management and Economics Research
403
KATKI ORANI /
CONTRIBUTION
RATE
AÇIKLAMA /
EXPLANATION
KATKIDA
BULUNANLAR /
CONTRIBUTORS
Fikir veya Kavram /
Idea
or Notion
Araştırma hipotezini veya
fikrini oluşturmak / Form the
research hypothesis or idea
Res. Asst. (Ph.D.) Ahmet
KURNAZ
Assoc. Prof. (Ph.D.) Mustafa
KARA
Tasarım / Design
Yöntemi, ölçeği ve deseni
tasarlamak / Designing
method, scale and pattern
Res. Asst. (Ph.D.) Ahmet
KURNAZ
Assoc. Prof. (Ph.D.) Mustafa
KARA
Veri Toplama ve
İşleme /
Data Collecting and
Processing
Verileri toplamak,
düzenlenmek ve raporlamak /
Collecting, organizing and
reporting data
Res. Asst. (Ph.D.) Ahmet
KURNAZ
Assoc. Prof. (Ph.D.) Mustafa
KARA
Tartışma ve Yorum /
Discussion and
Interpretation
Bulguların değerlendirilmesinde ve
sonuçlandırılmasında sorumluluk almak
/ Taking responsibility in evaluating and
finalizing the findings
Res. Asst. (Ph.D.) Ahmet
KURNAZ
Assoc. Prof. (Ph.D.) Mustafa
KARA
Literatür Taraması /
Literature Review
Çalışma için gerekli literatürü
taramak / Review the literature
required for the study
Res. Asst. (Ph.D.) Ahmet
KURNAZ
Assoc. Prof. (Ph.D.) Mustafa
KARA
Hakem Deerlendirmesi: Dış bağımsız.
Çıkar Çatışması: Yazar çıkar çatışması bildirmemiştir.
Finansal Destek: Yazar bu çalışma için finansal destek almadığını beyan etmiştir.
Teşekkür: -
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Conflict of Interest: The author has no conflict of interest to declare.
Grant Support: The author declared that this study has received no financial support.
Acknowledgement: -