Description of two new species of the genus Afraflacilla Berland & Millot, 1941 (Araneae: Salticidae) from India

Abstract

Two new species of jumping spiders, Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp. n. and Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp. n. are described from India. Detailed morphological description, diagnostic features and illustration of the species are given. The current distribution records of the genus in India are mapped as well.

Full text

© ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2022
Arthropoda Selecta 31(3): 326–334
Żabka [1993] restored the taxonomic validity of the
genus by comparing the type species of the two genera.
The genus is very similar to Pseudicius, but can be
easily distinguished from them by the presence of long
insemination ducts, distinct epigynal pockets, and a
long embolus [Żabka, 1993]. Currently, it comprises
42 valid species, widely distributed in the Ethiopian,
Oriental, Palaearctic, Australian regions [Żabka, 1993;
WSC, 2022], The genus was recently recorded for the
first time from India by Prajapati et al. [2021], which
was described as a new species A. banni Prajapati et
al., 2021. In the present paper, we describe two new
species, Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. from Desert
National Park Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, and Af-
raflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n. from Wayanad Wildlife
Sanctuary, Kerala in India. The distribution of all Indi-
an Afraflacilla species is also mapped.
Materials and methods
The specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol and stud-
ied with a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope. The micropho-
tographic images were taken by means of Leica DMC4500
digital camera attached to Leica M205 C stereomicroscope,
with the software package Leica Application Suite (LAS),
version 4.3.0. LAS montage facility. Terminology of male
and female genitalia follows Żabka [1993] and spine posi-
tions follow the format of Bosselaers & Jocqué [2000]. All
measurements are in mm. Measurement data for palps and
legs are as follows: total length [femur, patella, tibia, meta-
tarsus (except palp), tarsus]. Distribution maps were pre-
pared by using the online mapping software SimpleMappr
ABSTRACT: Two new species of jumping spiders,
Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. and Afraflacilla kurichi-
adensis sp.n. are described from India. Detailed mor-
phological description, diagnostic features and illustra-
tion of the species are given. The current distribution
records of the genus in India are mapped as well.
How to cite this paper: Sudhin P.P., Nafin K.S.,
Tripathi R., Jangid A.K., Prajapati D.A., Siliwal M.,
Sudhikumar A.V. 2022. Description of two new spe-
cies of the genus Afraflacilla Berland et Millot, 1941
(Araneae: Salticidae) from India // Arthropoda Selec-
ta. Vol.31. No.3. P.326–334. doi: 10.15298/arthsel.
31.3.09
РЕЗЮМЕ: Из Индии описаны два новых вида
пауков-скакунчиков, Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. и
Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n. Даны детальные мор-
фологические описания и иллюстрации видов, ука-
заны их диагностические признаки. Приведена карта
находок видов рода в Индии.
Introduction
The chrysilline genus Afraflacilla was erected by
Berland and Millot in 1941 to include the three new
species A. bamakoi (from Mali), A. risbheci (from
Senegal) and A. similis (from Senegal). The genus was
synonymised with Pseudicius Simon, 1885 by Clark
[1974], and it was widely accepted by several authors
[Andreeva et al., 1984; Wanless, 1984; Maddison, 1987;
Prószyński, 1987, 1989, 1990; Platnick, 1989]. Later,
Description of two new species of the genus Afraflacilla
Berland et Millot, 1941 (Araneae: Salticidae) from India
Îïèñàíèå äâóõ íîâûõ âèäîâ ðîäà Afraflacilla Berland et Millot,
1941 (Araneae: Salticidae) èç Èíäèè
Puthoor Pattammal Sudhin1,2,5, Karunnappilli Shamsudheen Nafin1,
Rishikesh Tripathi1,3, Ashish Kumar Jangid3, Dhruv A. Prajapati4,
Manju Siliwal3, Ambalaparambil Vasu Sudhikumar1
Ï.Ï. Ñóäõèí1,2,5, Ê.Ø. Íàôèí1, Ð. Òðèïàòè1,3, À.Ê. Äæàíãèä3,
Ä.À. Ïðàäæàïàòè4, Ì. Ñèëèâàë3, À.Â. Ñóäõèêóìàð1
1 Centre for Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Department of Zoology, Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda – 680 125, Kerala, India.
2 Department of Zoology, Vimala College (Autonomous), Thrissur 680009 Kerala, India.
3 Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun – 248 001, Uttarakhand, India.
4 Research and Development Centre, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore – 641014, India.
5 Corresponding author: E-mail: sudhinpp@gmail.com
KEY WORDS: Aranei, jumping spiders, taxonomy, distribution, Thar Desert, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary.
КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: Aranei, пауки-скакунчики, таксономия, распространение, пустыня Тар,
заповедник Ваянад.

327
Two new Afraflacilla species from India
Figs 1–9. General appearance of Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. (1–6) and Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n. (7–9): 1–3 — female, 4–9
— male.
Рис 1–9. Общий вид Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. (1–6) и Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n. (7–9): 1–3 — самка, 4–9 — самец.
A.K. Jangid & R. Tripathi. PARATYPES. 1# (CATE 8706B),
together with the holotype. Additional material examined: 1#
(WON987B) from the Indroda Nature Park (23°11′36.10″N, 72°38′
39.13″E), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India, 74 m a.s.l., 15.09.2021.
D.A. Prajapati.
DIAGNOSIS. The female of Afraflacilla miajlarensis
sp.n. closely resembles Afraflacilla mushrif (Wesołowska et
van Harten, 2010) by the structure of epigyne, but it can be
separated by the following characters: broader and slightly
larger epigynal pocket (Figs 23–24, 28–29) (narrow in A.
mushrif; see Figs 65–66 in Wesołowska & van Harten
[2010]); accessory glands slightly bent (much curved in A.
mushrif). The male is closely similar to A. arabica Weso-
łowska et van Harten, 1994 and A. braunsi (Peckham et
Peckham, 1903), but can be differentiated by the following
combination of characters: cymbium with minor twist apico-
retrolateraly (Fig. 26) (much twisted in both A. arabica and
A. braunsi); tegular protrusion directed at 3 o’ clock posi-
tion (directed at 4 o’ clock position in both A. arabica and
A. braunsi) (compare Figs 23–32; with figs 65–66 in
Wesołowska & van Harten [2010]; figs 6–9 in Wesołowska,
& van Harten, 1994, figs 38–39 in Logunov & Zamanpoore
[2005], and figs 12–16 in Logunov [1995]).
DESCRIPTION. Female in alcohol (Holotype, CATE
8706A) (Figs 1–3, 10–12, 16–17, 20, 23–24, 28–30) Mea-
[Shorthouse, 2010]. The image plates were prepared using
Adobe Photoshop CC version 14.0 x 64. All type specimens
are deposited in the reference collection at the Centre for
Animal Taxonomy and Ecology (CATE), Department of
Zoology, Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Kera-
la, India.
Abbreviations used in the text: AER — anterior eye row,
ALE — anterior lateral eye, AME — anterior median eye,
do — dorsal, pl — prolateral, plv — prolateral ventral,
PLE — posterior lateral eye, PME — posterior median eye,
rl — retrolateral, rlv — retrolateral ventral, RTA — retro-
lateral tibial apophysis; PS — Puthoor Pattammal Sudhin,
KN — Karunnappilli Shamsudheen Nafin, AKJ — Ashish
Kumar Jangid, RT — Rishikesh Tripathi, MS — Manju
Siliwal, AS — Ambalaparambil Vasu Sudhikumar, WON —
Web of Nature Research Foundation.
Afraflacilla miajlarensis Tripathi, Jangid, Prajapati
et Siliwal, sp.n.
Figs 1–6, 10–20, 23–32, Map.
TYPE. HOLOTYPE: $ (CATE 8706A) from the Desert Na-
tional Park Wildlife Sanctuary (26°17′21.16″N 70°26′38.83″E)
Miajlar, Jaisalmer District, Rajasthan, India, 130 m a.s.l., 7.12.2018.

328 P.P. Sudhin et al.
Figs 10–15. Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n.: 10 — female habitus, dorsal view; 11 — same, ventral view; 12 — same, lateral view; 13 —
male habitus, dorsal view; 14 — same, ventral view; 15 — same, lateral view. Scale bar: 13–15 — 1 mm.
Рис 10–15. Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n.: 10 — общий вид самки, дорсально; 11 — то же, вентрально; 12 — то же, латерально;
13 — общий вид самца, дорсально; 14 — то же, вентрально; 15 — то же, латерально. Масштаб: 13–15 — 1 мм.

329
Two new Afraflacilla species from India
Figs 16–22. Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. (16–20) and Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n. (21–22): 16 — female carapace, lateral view;
17 — same, frontal view; 18, 21 — male carapace, lateral view; 19 — same, frontal view; 20 — female leg I, prolateral view; 22 — male
leg I, prolateral view. Arrows showing stridulatory tubercles. Scale bar: 16 — 0.2 mm, 17–22 — 0.5 mm.
Рис. 16–22. Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. (16–20) и Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n. (21–22): 16 — карапакс самки, латерально;
17 — то же, фронтально; 18, 21 — карапакс самца, латерально; 19 — то же, фронтально; 20 — нога I самки, пролатерально; 22 —
нога I самца, пролатерально. Стрелками показаны стридуляционные бугорки. Масштаб: 16 — 0,2 мм, 17–22 — 0,5 мм.
Epigyne (Figs 23–24, 28–30). Epigyne almost round,
with two widely spaced anterior pockets; copulatory open-
ings wide, located just below the epigynal pockets; insemi-
nation ducts longer, convoluted; membranous duct forming
a loop over posterior spermathecae which leads to a highly
sclerotized S-shaped duct and to a larger inverted U-shaped
duct, which arise in a spermathecae (Figs 23, 28); accessory
gland tubular, less curved, tip directed at 12 o’clock position
(Figs 23–24, 28–29). Spermathecae capsule shaped, separat-
ed from each other (Figs 24, 29); fertilization ducts laterally
oriented (Figs 24, 29).
Male (CATE 8706B) (Figs 4–6, 18, 25–27, 31–32).
Measurements: Body length 3.39. Carapace length 1.46,
width 1.02, height at PLE 0.54. Abdomen length 1.91, width
1.05. Ocular area length 0.67, width 0.79. Eye diameters:
AME 0.24, ALE 0.13, PME 0.04, PLE 0.13. Eye interdis-
tances: AME–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.77, ALE–ALE 0.53,
PME–PLE 0.15, PLE–PLE 0.71, ALE–PME 0.19. Length
of chelicera 0.51. Measurement of palp and legs: Palp 1.11
[0.38, 0.10, 0.09, 0.54], leg I 2.18 [0.70, 0.36, 0.52, 0.32,
0.28], II 1.71 [0.55, 0.30, 0.35, 0.28, 0.23], III 1.81 [0.58,
0.25, 0.34, 0.36, 0.28], IV 2.06 [0.68, 0.29, 0.45, 0.41,
0.23]. Leg formula: 1342. Spination. Palp: spineless; Legs:
femur I spineless, II do 1, III rl 1 do 2 IV do 3; patellae I–IV
spineless; tibia I rlv 1 v 1, II–IV spineless; metatarsi I rlv 2
plv 2, II spineless, III pl 1 plv 1 rlv 1 v 1, IV rlv 1 plv 1; tarsi
I–IV spineless. In all respects as female, except as follows:
Carapace darker than female with lighter ocular region, with
black margins (Figs 4, 13 & 15), densely covered with white
setae on sides and anterior ocular region, posterior ocular
half and dorsal region covered with orange hairs (Figs 13,
15). Clypeus light brown, lateral sides with two pairs of long
black setae (Fig. 19). Endites, labium, sternum light reddish
brown (Fig. 14). Leg I strong, robust, orange-brown (Figs
13, 15). Legs II & III creamy white except femur, light
surements: Body length 3.77. Carapace length 1.43, width
1.09, height at PLE 0.56. Abdomen length 2.35, width 1.27.
Ocular area length 0.70, width 0.86. Eye diameters: AME
0.27, ALE 0.14, PME 0.05, PLE 0.14. Eye interdistances:
AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.84, ALE–ALE 0.60, PME–
PLE 0.15, PLE–PLE 0.84, ALE–PME 0.21. Length of che-
licera 0.69. Measurements of palp and legs: Palp 1.08 [0.37,
0.15, 0.19, 0.37], leg I 2.14 [0.71, 0.37, 0. 51, 0.27, 0.28],
II–IV unknown. Carapace oval, rather flattened, burnt or-
ange, with yellowish-orange sides, covered with white hairs
and scarce black thin spines (Figs 1–3, 10–12), carapace
margin with light brown lines (Figs 12 & 16); ocular region
black, slightly wider than long, densely covered with short
white hairs, with a row of twenty-one long black curved
bristles behind the first row of eyes (Figs 1–3, 10). Clypeus
very low, yellowish orange, densely covered with long white
setae (Fig. 17). Chelicerae light reddish orange, prolaterally
with black longitudinal streaks (Fig. 17); promargin with
two closely arranged medial teeth, retromargin with a single
tooth. Endites light yellow, longer than wide, broad distally,
with grey hairs on their inner margins, dorsally with few
brown setae (Fig. 11). Labium light yellowish-brown, with
scarce black setae, laterally with light brown mottling (Fig.
11). Sternum oval, creamy yellow, covered with white setae
(Fig. 11). Leg I creamy white, covered with setae, and mac-
rosetae. Abdomen oval, creamy white, covered with white
setae dorsally, with four pairs of longitudinal thick bands
formed of black and orange setae; the last three pairs of
bands situated closely in the posterior half of the abdomen,
medially with a broad brown longitudinal band (Fig. 10).
Venter creamy covered with white hairs, with small white
irregular patches, except in the epigastric region, medially
with a pair of light brown irregular streaks radiating from
epigastric furrow to spinnerets (Fig. 11). Spinnerets light
brown, covered with brown hairs.

330 P.P. Sudhin et al.
Figs 23–27. Genitalia of Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n.: 23 — epigyne, ventral view; 24 — same, dorsal view; 25 — male palp,
prolateral view; 26 — same, ventral view; 27 — same, retrolateral view. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Рис. 23–27. Гениталии Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n.: 23 — эпигина, вентрально; 24 — то же, дорсально; 25 — пальпа самца,
пролатерально; 26 — то же, вентрально; 27 — то же, ретролатерально. Масштаб: 0,2 мм.
short white setae; lateral region darker with numerous longi-
tudinal white dot lines (Fig. 14).
Palp (Figs 25–27, 33–34). Palp light brown, with yellow
patella; tibia short, RTA long, dark brown, dagger-like, up-
wardly directed with sub-acute tip, sparsely covered with
black setae (Figs 27, 32); tegulum ovoid, light brown, with
large retrolateral lobe, and a medial blunt outgrowth (Figs
26, 31); embolus elongate, starting at 4 o’ clock position (at
brown (Fig. 13). Leg IV light brown except patella, creamy
white (Fig. 13). Abdomen oval, light brown, with creamy
dots, with a broad light yellowish brown longitudinal medial
stripe extending the entire length of the abdomen dorsally,
with creamy white transverse stripes laterally (Figs 13, 15);
abdomen dorsally covered with light brown setae, with lon-
gitudinal stripes of white setae laterally (Figs 13, 15). Ven-
ter light brown, with irregular white patches, covered with

331
Two new Afraflacilla species from India
Figs 28–34. Genitalia of Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. (28–32) and Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n. (33–34): 28 — epigyne, ventral
view; 29 — same, dorsal view; 30 — diagrammatic course of insemination ducts; 31, 33 — male palp, ventral view; 32, 34 — same,
retrolateral view. Abbreviations: ag — accessory gland, c — cymbium, co — copulatory opening, e — embolus, ep — epigynal pocket, fd —
fertilization duct, id — insemination duct, s — spermatheca, ta — retrolateral tibial apophysis, tp — tegular process. Scale bar: 0.2 mm.
Рис. 28–34. Гениталии Afraflacilla miajlarensis sp.n. (28–32) и Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n. (33–34): 28 — эпигина, вент-
рально; 29 — то же, дорсально; 30 — схема расположения копуляторных каналов; 31, 33 — пальпа самца, вентрально; 32, 34 — то
же, ретролатерально. Сокращения: ag — дополнительная железа, c — цимбиум, co — копуляторное отверстие, e — эмболюс, ep —
карман эпигины, fd — оплодотворительный канал, id — копуляторный канал, s — сперматека, ta — ретролатеральный вырост
голени, tp — вырост тегулума. Масштаб: 0,2 мм.
ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is a noun derived
from the name of the type locality (Miajlar) from where the
species was collected.
ventral view), partly surrounds the bulb, distal region direct-
ed retrolaterally (Figs 27, 32).
HABITAT. Found in arid regions of Thar Desert, with
Lasiurus scindicus and Cenchrus biflorus dominated vege-
tation.

332 P.P. Sudhin et al.
Afraflacilla kurichiadensis Sudhin, Nafin
et Sudhikumar, sp.n.
Figs 7–9, 33–34, 35–40, Map.
TYPE MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE: # (CATE 8708A) from the
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (11°45′27.6″N 76°14′50.5″E), Kuri-
chiad range, Wayanad district, Kerala, India, 916 m a.s.l., 7.06.2015,
P.P. Sudhin & K.S. Nafin.
DIAGNOSIS. The male of Afraflacilla kurichiadensis
sp.n. closely resembles Afraflacilla ballarini Cao et Li, 2016.,
by having almost similar embolus and body pattern, but can
be distinguished by the following combination of charac-
ters: RTA robust, elongate, with bifurcated tip (RTA short
without bifurcated tip in A. ballarini); embolus starting at 1
o’ clock position (9 o’ clock position in A. ballarini); tegu-
lum with anterior protrusion (posterior protrusion in A. bal-
larini) (compare figs 33–34, 38–40; with figs 1A–D, 2A–B
in Cao et al., 2016).
DESCRIPTION. Male (CATE 8708A) (Figs 7-9, 33-34,
35-40). Measurements: Body length 4.08. Carapace length
1.85, width 1.20, height at PLE 0.59. Abdomen length 2.17,
width 1.13. Ocular area length 0.90, width 0.97. Eye diame-
ters: AME 0.31, ALE 0.16, PME 0.06, PLE 0.16. Eye inter-
distances: AME–ALE 0.03, PME–PME 0.82, ALE–ALE
0.65, PME–PLE 0.15, PLE–PLE 0.78, ALE–PME 0.22.
Length of chelicera 0.69. Measurement of palp and legs:
Palp 1.37 [0.52, 0.15, 0.14, 0.56], leg I 3.72 [1.14, 0.62,
1.08, 0.53, 0.35], II 2.14 [0.72, 0.27, 0.49, 0.39, 0.27], III
2.56 [0.77, 0.32, 0.54, 0.58, 0.35], IV 2.24 [0.10, 0.41,
0.74, 0.62, 0.37]. Leg formula: 1342. Spination. Palp: femur
do 2; Legs: femur I spineless, II–IV pl 1 rl 1 do 3; patellae I–
IV spineless; tibia I plv 1, II spineless, III pl 1 rlv 1, IV rl 1
plv 1, IV pl 1 rl 1 do 2; metatarsi I–II rlv 2 plv 2, III pl 1 rl 1
plv 1 rlv 1, IV rl 1 rlv 1 plv 1; tarsi I–IV spineless.
Carapace oval, rather flattened, reddish brown, covered
with white setae, with black lines marginally (Figs 35, 37);
ocular region reddish black, slightly wider than long, more
darker around eye regions, covered with short white setae
and long curved brown setae (Fig. 35); clypeus very low,
reddish brown, densely covered with short white setae. Che-
licerae reddish brown, less vertical, frontal face slightly
sloping retrolaterally, with black longitudinal lines prolater-
ally, promargin with two closely arranged medial teeth, and
retromargin with a single tooth; endites greyish brown, longer
than wide, broad distally, with grey hairs on their inner
margins, dorsally with few brown setae; labium brown, cov-
ered with black setae (Fig. 36); sternum oval, yellowish
brown, covered with white setae, sternal margin with black
lines (Fig. 36). Pedicel light yellowish, with lateral black
mottling. Leg I strong, robust, reddish brown (Figs 22, 35–
36). Remaining legs light yellowish brown, with light red-
dish-brown markings on all femora, patellae, tibiae and meta-
tarsi IV (Figs 35–36). All legs with long setae. Abdomen
oval, light brown, dorsally with several light yellowish ir-
regular patches, laterally with a longitudinal white band
formed of white hairs, and several longitudinal brown bands
(Figs 35, 37). Venter light greyish brown, with several brown
mottling (Fig. 36). Spinnerets brown in colour.
Palp (Figs 33–34, 38–40). Femur light brown, distally
with a small bud-like ventral outgrowth; patella and tibia
light yellowish brown; tibia short, RTA robust with bifurcat-
ed tips, ventral one longer, thumb-like, upwardly directed
with sub-acute tip, dorsal one short, tooth-like, directed at 2
o’ clock position (Figs 34, 40); cymbium reddish brown,
distally light yellowish, covered with white setae (Figs 38,
40); tegulum ovoid, light brown, with anterior protrusion
and blunt outgrowth on posterior mid-section (Figs 33, 39).
Embolus elongate, starting at 1 o’ clock position (at ventral
view), coiled once around the bulb, distal region directed
retrolaterally, tip slightly bent downwards (Figs 33, 39).
Female. Unknown.
HABITAT. Occurs in the moist deciduous forests of
Western Ghats.
ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet is an adjective de-
rived from the name of the forest range (Kurichiad) from
where the species was collected.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Principal of the Christ College
(Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Kerala, providing all facilities
for completing this work. We are thankful to the Principal
Chief Conservator of Forests, Kerala and Rajasthan for issu-
ing the collecting permit. PS, KN & AS are grateful to Mr
Dhanesh Kumar P., Wildlife Warden, and the field staff of
the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, especially to Mr Krishna-
das K. Rajan, Assistant Wildlife Warden, Mr Suresh The-
narambath, Forester and Mr Appu, Field watcher for the
hospitality and field support. This study was funded by the
Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB) DST, New
Delhi, under the Young Scientist Research Project: No. SB/
YS/LS-86/2013. We are also grateful to an anonymous ref-
eree for their valuable comments on the manuscript. AKJ &
RT are grateful to Dr Sutirtha Dutta, for his timely guidance
and enormous support. We are thankful to Gautam Kadam,
Nikhil Kuni and Sohan Lal Genwa for their field efforts and
data collection. Team members of GIB-CAMPA are ac-
knowledged for their man-power assistance. RT thanks the
joint CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research)-
UGC (University Grants Commission) for the Junior Re-
search Fellowship. PS wishes to cordially thank the UGC
for its financial support by means of the NFSC.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have
no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: No ethical issues were raised during
our research.
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333
Two new Afraflacilla species from India
Figs 35–40. Afraflacilla kurichiadensis sp.n.: 35 — male habitus, dorsal view; 36 — same, ventral view. 37 — same, lateral view; 38 —
male palp, prolateral view; 39 — same, ventral view; 40 — same, retrolateral view. Scale bar: 35–37 — 1 mm, 38–40 — 0.2 mm.
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латерально; 38 — пальпа самца, пролатерально; 39 — то же, вентрально; 40 — то же, ретролатерально. Масштаб: 35–37 — 1 мм,
38–40 — 0,2 мм.
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Responsible editor K.G. Mikhailov