The spectrum of current threat vectors is far more complex now than ever before. The current threat vectors are kinetic, asymmetric, dual-use, and hybrid, which renders it difficult to assess and, even, distinguish from a routine event. The threats not only jeopardize the security posture but also cyber defense capabilities, the very line of defense that is designed to protect against such threats. Countering threat vectors in multiple domains, viz., social, physical, and informational, is a major challenge and requires technology augmentation to assess, act and thwart such persistent and pervasive threats. The use of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), data analytics (DA), and deep learning (DL) provides tools that enhance cyber defense capabilities. In addition, certain initiatives on decision support systems to enhance resiliency, such as heuristics expert elicitations and analysis, and also capacity building through technology accelerator networks are discussed to enhance capacity and capability in support of cyber-defense. The use of technology platforms can present certain challenges, which are described.
