Smart Surface Guidebook

Abstract

A research team at the Carnegie Mellon University Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics has developed a Smart Surfaces Guidebook for city policymakers to use as a decision-making guide. Rapid urbanization is replacing natural land with dark, impervious surfaces. This has led to dire urban consequences including rising temperatures and stormwater deluge, resulting in significantly higher energy costs, greater stormwater damage, and associated health and comfort impacts. These issues can be mitigated using smart surfaces, those with high reflectivity and permeability, which can achieve sustainable and regenerative cities. The current literature on the benefits of urban surfaces is very segmented, focusing on either one specific surface type or one property of surfaces. A smart surface taxonomy with correlated heat and water metrics has been developed to fill this gap. A range of city surfaces in three broad categories - roofs, streets and sidewalks, and parking lots - have been identified with various levels of reflectivity, and permeability. The development of a smart surface taxonomy with quantified benefits for mitigating or adapting to climate change will be critical for decision-makers to make informed decisions on city surface choices. The Guidebook includes real-world case studies that applied Smart Surfaces strategies, an introduction to the Smart Surfaces Taxonomy with appealing graphics in surface details, and various Smart Surfaces investment scenarios for policymakers to consider.

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Smart Surfaces Guide
The path to a ‘cooler‘ future with smarter design for urban surfaces
Carnegie Mellon University
School of Architecture
Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics (CBPD) Smart Surfaces Coalition

The Center for Building Performance and Diagnoscs (CBPD) at Carnegie Mellon University conducts
research, demonstraons, and teaching to advance the sustainability and performance of buildings and
communies. The CBPD research team included: Zekun (Suzy) Li, Vivian Loness, Siqing Ge, Yi Zhou,
Jiyuan Sui, Zehan Zhang, Juye Kim.
The Smart Surfaces Coalion is commied to the rapid, cost-eecve global adopon of Smart Surfaces
to enable cies to thrive despite climate threats, save cies billions of dollars, create jobs, decrease
heat, reduce ood risk, migate climate change, and improve city livability, health, and equity.
About Carnegie Mellon University, Center for Building Performance and Diagnoscs (CBPD)
About Smart Surfaces Coalion
05
27
60
82
120
Smart Surfaces Case Studies
Taxonomy & Metrics for Smart Surfaces
Surface Details
Smart Surfaces Intervenon Scenarios
References
Contents
Earth provides enough to sasfy every man’s needs, but
not every man’s greed.

Smart Surfaces
Case Study
Smart Surfaces are a set of city surface
technologies which migate climate change while
strengthening urban resilience and saving money.
The two direct climate-related characteriscs of
smart built-up surfaces are high reecvity and
high permeability. Highly permeable surfaces
reduce runo and migate ood risk, while
reecve surfaces reduce urban temperatures
and slow climate change via negave radiave
forcing. In addion, Smart Surfaces also include
urban trees and green surfaces, which provide
cooling via shading and evapotranspiraon, retain
stormwater, and capture air pollutants, and solar
PV.
Smart surfaces cover three main categories of
urban built-up surfaces: roofs, streets and
sidewalks, and parking lots. A surface component
library was rst developed for each category,
ranging from dark to light, from impervious to
permeable, and from green surfaces to water
storage surfaces.
The surface components were categorized based
on the ve specicaons of Smart Surfaces
accordingly. In this secon, case studies on Smart
Surfaces and their impacts are described. The
albedo and surface temp values used are derived
from the taxonomy and are subject to change
based on exisng condions like tree shade, dust,
etc.
Lexington Downtown Streetscape
Lexington, Kentucky
Case Study
5
Case Study

LOCATION
Phoenix, AZ, US
TIME
From July 2020
TYPE
Streets + Sidewalks
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Carbon Savings
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
Colorized seal coats and asphalts
Product CoolSeal, GuardTop, LA
ALBEDO 0.27
SURFACE TEMP 125OF
COOL PAVEMENT
Cool Pavement Pilot Program
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON STREET AND SIDEWALK
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Asphalt Pavement in
need of preservaon
Reflectivity
The Project
In 2020, the City of Phoenix conducted pilot studies on 8 neighborhoods. The City
specicallly evaluated parking lots in Esteban Park for cool pavement to reduce urban
heat island eect and prolong the original pavement’s life. Following implementaon,
Arizona State University conducted tests on the cool pavement treatment to study the
results.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The Phoenix cool pavement applicaon reduces the temperature on the street and
impacts of the uraban heat island eect. The project was eecve in improving the
commung environment for non-vehicular transport, which was a key city objecve.
The program also provides the techonology and data to support further study on he
potenal of reecve pavements to cool urban areas.
BEFORE
AFTER
ALBEDO 0.1
SURFACE TEMP 160 OF
PARKING LOT
7
Case Study
6
Case Study

LOCATION
Canoga Park, LA, CA, US
TIME
December 2018
TYPE
Streets + Sidewalks
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Stormwater Runo Reducon
Carbon Saving
Biodiversity
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
80% Asphalt Pavement
10% Cool Pavement
10% Trees and Bioswale
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 3.40 in
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 0.80 in
ALBEDO 0.25
SURFACE TEMP 105OF
BIOSWALE
ALBEDO 0.27
SURFACE TEMP 125OF
COOL PAVEMENT
The Project
Sourthern California oen suers from summer extreme heat. Extreme heat in Los
Angeles reduces access to non-vehicular transport, damages public health, and even
increases mortality. To improve quality of life and enhance access to mulmodal
transport, Canoga Park, a neighborhood in Los Angeles in the western part of the
San Fernando Valley, evaluated how redesigning street and sidewalk infrastructure
could reduce. This project aimed to reimagine the paradigm for designing streets
to encourage cizens to use public trasportaon and other forms of non-vehicular
transport.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The project aimed to decrease reliance on vehicles from transport, reduce pedestrian-
level extreme heat, and improve quality of life for residents. By promong mulmodal
transport and cooling the urban environment, the design both migates climate
change and enhances resilience to climate-related threats.
Urban Cooling Strategies
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON STREET AND SIDEWALK
EXISTING CONDITIONS
85% Asphalt Pavement
10% Concrete Pavement
5% Exisng Trees
Reflectivity
Green
Coverage
Permeability
0.05 in
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY
ALBEDO 0.10
SURFACE TEMP 140 OF
STREET
9
Case Study
8
Case Study

LOCATION
Portland, OR
TIME
September, 2019
TYPE
Parking Lot
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Stormwater Runo Reducon
Carbon Savings
Biodiversity
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
1,600 2 Bioswale
SURFACE TEMP 105 OF
ALBEDO 0.25
BIOSWALE
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 3.40 in
Bioswale inlets example
The Project
Depave is a volunteer organizaon that helps vulnerable communies to
overcome social and environmental injusces. The core mission is to transform
over-paved places to more resilient and ecologically-friendly greenspaces that
can be used for community educaon and engagement. Plaza 122 had their
street transformed in 2019.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The new surface for Plaza 122 includes new green coverage and will improve
thermal comfort for users of the space and migate the urban heat island. The
soil and plants will increase biodiversity and sequester carbon. The new space
will also capture stormwater runo, reducing area ood risk.
Depave - Plaza 122
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON PARKING LOTS
Reflectivity
Permeability
Green
Coverage
Water Storage
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Dark Asphalt Pavement
ALBEDO 0.10
SURFACE TEMP 140 OF
PARKING LOTS
11
Case Study
10
Case Study

LOCATION
Phoenix, AZ, US
TIME
From July 2020
TYPE
Parking Lot
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Carbon Savings
SURFACE TEMP 135 OF
ALBEDO 0.27
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
Light Asphalt Pavement with “Energy
Ecient“ Nano-coangs.
Product Cool Pavement Coangs,
Emerald Cies
Total Size 2,500 m2
Tradional Asphalt* Cool Pavement Retrot*
*On July 12, 2010 110°F Phoenix, Az.
Construcon method
COOL PAVEMENT
The Project
The Cool Pavement Program is iniated by Emerald Cies™ in a public-private
partnership with DOE / Lawrence Berkeley Naonal Labs. The purpose of the program is
to promote applicaon of cool pavement coangs on parking lots, streets, school yards,
and other public surfaces to migate the urban heat island and reduce maintenance
costs. All cies are eligible to apply for Emerald Cies™ Cool pavement program. In the
image below, Robert L Duy High School in the parking lot of Phoenix receives a cool
pavement coang for cool pavement program.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The “cool pavement coangs” and “cold slurry seal” technologies they developed are
going to more eecvely reect light and heat, thus reducing the surface temperature
on the original asphalt pavement. This is projected to yield savings of 30% on parking
lot lighng as well as reduced maintenance costs.
Cool Pavement Program
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON PARKING LOT
Reflectivity
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Dark Asphalt Pavement
Career Success Schools - Robert L Duy High School, Phoenix
ALBEDO 0.10
SURFACE TEMP 209 OF
PARKING LOTS
13
Case Study
12
Case Study

LOCATION
San Diego, CA, US
TIME
2008
TYPE
Parking Lot
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Carbon Savings
Power Generaon
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
Kyocera photovoltaic modules solar
panel parking lots canopy
Product Envision Solar Trees /
“Solar Grove”
Total Size 5,000 m2
13.2 METRIC TONS
REDUCTION ON CO2E EMISSIONS
SURFACE TEMP UNDER SOLAR TREES 120.5OF
SOLAR TREES
PV
Coverage
The Project
University of California, San Diego, (UCSD) has installed “solar trees” on their campus
parking garages to generate renewable electricity. This solar power plan, with the help
from Envision Solar and Borrego Solar, has been implemented on two parking lots
including the Hopkins Parking Structure and Gilman Parking Structure and includes EV
charging. UCSD has developed more rooop solar projects in the Bampus Ulity Plant.
Smart Surface Strategy Highlights
According to Envision Solar, each of the Solar Trees will generate 17,000 kilowa-hours
of clean electricity per year, which is equivalent to more than the four of the average
U.S. single family home’s annual electricity consumpon. The solar tree will also save
an esmated13.2 metric tons of carbon emissions each year for the rst few years.
Solar Trees on Parking Structures
SMART SURFACE STRATEGIES ON PARKING LOT
17,000 KWH
ENERGY GENERATION
SURFACE TEMP 140 OF
PARKING LOTS
15
Case Study
14
Case Study

LOCATION
Toronto, ON, Canada
TIME
March 2012
TYPE
Parking Lot
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Stormwater Runo Reducon
Carbon Savings
Power Generaon
SURFACE TEMP 118 OF
SURFACE TEMP 105 OF
SURFACE TEMP 125 OF
ALBEDO 0.27
ALBEDO 0.25
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 3.40 in
BIOSWALE
EXFILTRATION
PIPE
GRAVEL /
PEA STONE
PV CANOPY
PERMEABLE PAVER
2.60 in RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
24.5% Permeable Pavement
15% Nave Planng
50% Reducon in Asphalt
85 Shade Trees
250 m2 Bioltraon capacity
0.7 km Tile Drain
The Project
Edwards Gardens, located in the Toronto Botanical Garden (TBG), is a premier
desnaon in Toronto and because of this, its parking lots are one of the largest
among Toronto’s parks. The renovaon of the Edwards Gardens Parking Lot intended
to transform the original deteriorated asphalt pavement into a design that more
eecvely deals with stormwater impacts on the local creek while also improving
pedestrian experience and advancing sustainability.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The design ulizes Smart Surface strategies that would reduce surface temperature,
runo and remove pollutants in the stormwater via greenery. The infrastructures was
designed to improve the area’s environmental sustainability while enhancing livability
for residents.
Edwards Gardens Parking Lot
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON PARKING LOT
Reflectivity
Green
Coverage
Permeability
0.05 in
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY
EXISTING CONDITIONS
89% Asphalt Pavement
11% Lawn Area
20 Exisng Trees
PV
Coverage
Water Storage
ALBEDO 0.10
SURFACE TEMP 140 OF
PARKING LOTS
17
Case Study
16
Case Study

LOCATION
New York City, NY, US
TIME
2009
TYPE
Rooop
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Carbon Savings
SURFACE TEMP 122.5 OF
ALBEDO 0.80
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
White paint infused with silicone
coats on rooops
Product Elasto-Kool 1000
COOLROOFS
The Project
NYC CoolRoofs is a volunteer-based program iniated by the NYC Department of Small
Business Services and other civic organizaons. It encourages New Yorkers to get
involved in installing reecve roofs, which migate climate change by both lowering
electricity consumpon as well as via negave radiave forcing, to help achieve the
city’s 2050 carbon neutral goal. The program oered installaon with no or low upfront
cost, with high priority given to non-prot organizaon and aordable housing projects.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The benets on installing reecve rooops include reducing building heat gain and
consequently lowers energy bills. Reecve roofs also cool the surrounding ambient
air, which helps cut New York City’s urban heat island. Other important benet of cool
roofs are improved air quality and extended lifespan of HVAC system. Overall, every
2,500 square feet of roof coated by the CoolRoofs program will result in an esmated 1
ton reducon in carbon emissions.
NYC CoolRoofs
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON ROOFTOP
Reflectivity
ALBEDO 0.10
SURFACE TEMP 165.7 OF
DARK ROOFTOP
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Default dark impervious rooop
19
Case Study
18
Case Study

LOCATION
Sheeld, UK
TIME
2019
TYPE
Rooop
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Stormwater Runo Reducon
Carbon Savings
Biodiversity
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 0.60 in
0.40 in
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
3,500 m2 Stormwater S torage
270 m2 Blueroof
450 m2 Blueroof with
Extensive green roof
Product ABG blueroof
ABG blueroof VF HD 107mm (L50 & L60)
ABG blueroof 75mm (Kiosk Roof)
SURFACE TEMP 85.5 OF
ALBEDO 0.25
EXTENSIVE GREENROOF
SURFACE TEMP 109.0 OF
ALBEDO 0.31
BLUEROOF
The Project
Project Cavendish, located in Sheeld City Center, UK, is developing a 6-story high
commercial building. The local municipality intended to limit the impact from the
new development on stormwater polluon while protecng the local biodiversity.
Thus the project introduced the ABG blueroof system on the rooop of the building
to temporarily aenuate storm water before gradually releasing it. The project is now
under the LEED scheme to meet HSBC’s requirements.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The project area, with a total size of 6,100 m2, reduces the water ow rate to 24
l/s and saves more water, liming negave impacts to stormwater quality. When
construcng the green roof, the team considered the preservaon of biodiversity as
well as eects on purifying water run-o. The project will reduce the building’s carbon
footprint by lowering electricity demand and to a lesser extent sequestering carbon
directly via the extensive green roof.
Project Cavendish Blue & Green Roof
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON ROOFTOP
Reflectivity
Permeability
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 0.05 in
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Default impervious rooop
Green
Coverage
ALBEDO 0.10
SURFACE TEMP 140.0 OF
CONVENTIONAL ROOFTOP
21
Case Study
20
Case Study

LOCATION
London, UK
TIME
2020
TYPE
Rooop
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Stormwater Runo Reducon
Carbon Savings
Power Generaon
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 0.80 in
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
976 m2 Stormwater Storage
Product ABG blueroof
ABG blueroof
ABG Extensive Green Roof
ABG Biodiverse Brown Roof
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 0.40 in
SURFACE TEMP 118.0 OF
ALBEDO 0.17
PV ROOF
SURFACE TEMP 85.5 OF
ALBEDO 0.78
EXTENSIVE GREENROOF
SURFACE TEMP 109.0 OF
ALBEDO 0.31
BLUEROOF
The Project
Formerly owned by Royal Mail, 160 Old Street is a nine story oce redevelopment in
London that was originally designed & developed by Great Portland Estates and Orms
Architects on behalf of the Great Ropemaker Partnership. In 2020, 160 Old Street
won twice at the BCO Awards for best London ‘Refurbished / Recycled Workplace’ &
‘Innovaon’.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The project entailed retrong the building to add a blue roof and biodiverse,
extensive green roof to provide stormwater aenuaon on 16 roof zones, incorporang
composite decking surface nishes. This urban roof-top stormwater management
soluon was in accordance with CIRIA & GLA guidance for retrong of SuDS. The
project embodies ‘4 pillars’ of good SuDS design (i.e. biodiversity, amenity, quanty &
quality) as described in CIRIA’s ‘The SuDS Manual C753’.
Biodiverse Blue & Green Roofs with
Solar PV
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON ROOFTOP
Reflectivity
Permeability
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY
0.05 in
EXISTING CONDITIONS
Default impervious rooop
Green
Coverage
PV
Coverage
ALBEDO 0.10
SURFACE TEMP 140.0 OF
CONVENTIONAL ROOFTOP
23
Case Study
22
Case Study

LOCATION
Annapolis, MD
TIME
2001
TYPE
Rooop
BENEFITS
Temperature Reducon
Stormwater Runo Reducon
Carbon Savings
Power Generaon
Biodiversity
PROPOSED CONDITIONS
Cistern
PV Panel
Extensive Greenroof
Passive Solar Strategy
Waste Recycling Materials
Natural Venlaon
RAINFALL RETENTION CAPACITY 0.40 in
SURFACE TEMP 85.5 OF
ALBEDO 0.25
EXTENSIVE GREENROOF
135,000 KWH
ENERGY GENERATION
Interior Design with recycling waste materials
The Project
The Chesapeake Bay Foundaon (CBF) headquarters, also known as the Philip Merrill
Environmental Center, is the rst building to receive the U.S. Green Building Council’s
Planum rang for LEED. It was designed in 1997 and opened in 2001. The building
uses photovoltaics, rainwater collecon, composng toilets, passive-solar principles,
geothermal heat pumps and outdoor-air venlaon, making it one of the world’s most
energy-ecient buildings.
Smart Surfaces Strategy Highlights
The building collects water, reduces potable water consumpon, leverages PV panels
to generate clean electricity. The innovave venlaon strategy reduces the energy
used by HVAC system increasing the buidling’s energy eciency.
Philip Merrill Environmental Center
SMART SURFACES STRATEGIES ON ROOFTOP
Reflectivity
Permeability
Green
Coverage
PV
Coverage
SURFACE TEMP 118.0 OF
ALBEDO 0.17
PV ROOF
Water Storage
CISTERN
25
Case Study
24
Case Study

Introduction
A Smart Surfaces taxonomy, based on a library of surface and sub-surface characteriscs, can
help policymakers consolidate and quanfy diverse research on the benets of each surface type.
DEFINING SMART SURFACES
Smart surfaces are a set of city surface technologies which can lead to migaon of climate change,
including urban heat and ooding risks. The ve characteriscs are listed below.
Viborg Town Hall, Denmark
and its biosolar rooop
Smart Surfaces property specicaon
REFLECTIVITY PERMEABILITY WATER
STORAGE
GREEN
COVERAGE
PV
COVERAGE
Taxonomy & Metrics for
Smart Surfaces
27
Taxonomy

Quarer des Inventeurs, France
SURFACE COMPONENT LIBRARY
Smart surfaces covers three main categories of urban built-up surfaces: roofs, streets and sidewalks,
and parking lots. A surface component library was rst developed for each category, ranging from dark
to light, from impervious to permeable, and from green surfaces to water storage surfaces.
Dark
Impervious
Dark
Impervious
Dark
Impervious
Porous
Paver Turf
Block
Light
Impervious
Light
Impervious
Light
Impervious
Tree
Well
Extensive
Greenroof
Dark
Pervious
Dark
Pervious
Bioswale
Intensive
Greenroof
Light
Pervious
Light
Pervious
Storage
Blueroof
Permeable
Paver
Light
Pervious
+
Tree Well
PV
PV
Pea Stone
/Gravel
Light
Pervious
+
Biowale
ROOF
PARKING
STREET + SIDEWALK
Storage
29
Taxonomy
28
Taxonomy

Roof
Kampung Admiralty, Singapore
31
Taxonomy
30
Taxonomy

Benets
Surface
Temperature
Surface
Temperature
Surface
Temperature
Greenroof + BlueroofIntensive Greenroof
Cistern
CO2
Reducon
CO2
Reducon
Power
Generaon
Rainwater
Retenon
Rainwater
Retenon
CO2
Reducon
Light
ROOF
REFLECTIVITY
PERMEABILITY
WATER STORAGE
GREEN COVERAGE
PV COVERAGE
Specicaon Taxonomy Case Study
Dark
Cistern
Extensive
Greenroof
PV
Impervious
Light
Blueroof
Intensive
Greenroof
Extensive Greeroof
PV Panels
Blueroof
Greenroof
+
Blueroof
Dark
33
Taxonomy
32
Taxonomy

The maximum rainfall retenon has been calculated based on each
surface’s Curve Number to indicate their stormwater resiliency
performance. Curve Number indicates the potenal for soil moisture
retenon aer runo begins. As shown in the bars, while the
impervious surfaces generate 100% runo, green roofs retain 0.4
inches of rain per event, water storing blue roofs retain 0.8 inches of
rain per event, and cisterns can retain up to 100%.
Carbon benets from three dierent categories, including albedo related cooling and energy benets,
green surfaces related cooling and sequestraon benets, and PV related avoided emission benets,
(explained more in reference chapter) have been added accordingly for each surface types, using dark
paved surfaces as a baseline. For the roof category, green roofs can save 14.55 kg co2/m2/yr, compared
to the baseline scenario. (Negave Radiave forcing benet is not included for roof category.)
N/A
0.05in
11.85
kg co2/m2/yr
14.55
kg co2/m2/yr
133.1
kg co2/m2/yr
0.4in
White Roof
122.5OF
0.8
PV Roof
118OF
0.17
Green Roof
85.5OF
0.28 / 0.78 e
Coolest
Most
carbon-saving
Benets
Quancaon
for Roofs
Surface temperature is
directly inuenced by
reecvity and widely used by
both research experts and
the general public. A
systemac literature review
supported comparisons of
surface temperatures for a
taxonomy of urban surfaces.
For roofs, the shi from dark
to light surfaces can result in
a 40oF cooler temperature.
Despite green vegetaon’s
low albedo or reecvity
numbers, green roofs can be
as much as 80oF cooler than a
convenonal black roof, due
to evaporave cooling and
shading eects (Bevilacqua et
al., 2017). PV
provides addional shading
of the roof surface and
leads to 4.5oF lower surface
temperatures, which in
combinaon with green
roofs can result in a surface
temperature of 81oF
((Dominguez et al., 2011).
Black Roof
165.7OF
0.05in BASELINE
4.11
kg co2/m2/yr
0.05
Albedo
(The higher the beer)
(The lower the beer)
Blue Roof / Cistern
(Gravel)
132.5OF
0.8in
0.31
Surface Temperature
Rainwater Retenon
Carbon Benet
Driest
35
Taxonomy
34
Taxonomy
98 100 8498
Curve Number 74

Intensive Greenroof
and Blueroof / Cistern
130.3 F
0.8 in
68.61 kg co2/m2/yr
109.0 F
0.60 in
9.33 kg co2/m2/yr
104.5 F
0.60 in
50.59 kg co2/m2/yr
Blue Roof / Cistern with PV
Green and Blue Roof / Cistern
with PV
85.5 F
0.40 in
14.55 kg co2/m2/yr
83.2 F
0.40 in
73.83 kg co2/m2/yr
85.5 F
0.40 in
14.81 kg co2/m2/yr
Extensive Greenroof Intensive Greenroof
Green Roof with PV
ROOF SURFACE
TAXONOMY
Dark Roof
165.7 F
0.05 in
Baseline
The nal Smart Surfaces taxonomy visualizes
9 types of roofs, with synthesized outcome
benets of surface temperature, rainwater
retenon amount, and carbon savings.
122.5 F
0.05 in
11.85 kg co2/m2/yr
104.0 F
0.05 in
72.48 kg co2/m2/yr
Reecve Roof with PV
Reecve Roof
37
Taxonomy
36
Taxonomy

Honeur Normandy Outlet, France
Parking Lot
39
Taxonomy
38
Taxonomy

Benets
Surface
Temperature
Surface
Temperature
Surface
Temperature
Bioswale
Cistern
Pea Stone /Gravel
Tree Well
Permeable Paver
Bioswale + Storage
CO2
Reducon
CO2
Reducon
Power
Generaon
Rainwater
Retenon
Rainwater
Retenon
Rainwater
Retenon
CO2
Reducon
Light Impervious
PARKING LOT
REFLECTIVITY
PERMEABILITY
WATER STORAGE
GREEN COVERAGE
PV COVERAGE
Specicaon Taxonomy Case Study
Porous
Paver
Turf Block
Tree Well
+
Storage
Light
pervious
Dark
Impervious
PV
Tree
Well
Bioswale
+
Storage
Permeable
Paver
Light
Impervious
Porous Paver Turf Block
Light Pervious
PV Panel
Tree Well + Storage
Bioswale
Cistern
Pea Stone
/Gravel
Dark Impervious
41
Taxonomy
40
Taxonomy

3.4in 3.4in
Porous Turf
Block
(Grass & Concrete)
0.26 & 0.4 0.4 0.25 0.17 0.17
Parking lot surfaces holds great potenal in rainwater retenon with a range of per-
meabilies among dierent surface choices. Permeable pavers like brick or concrete
blocks can retain 2.6 inches of rain per event. Grass pavers and bioswales hold up to
3.4 inches of rain before any runo is generated.
In addion to PV panels, green surface choices like bioswales, grass pavers and tree
canopies provides large carbon benets as well, due to both carbon sequestraon
and carbon storage.
Pea Gravel
(Grey)
Bioswale
(No Shade)
Tree Well
(Dirt Under Shade)
PV Canopy
113OF
0.7in
0.78
kg co2/m2/yr
0.86
kg co2/m2/yr
105OF
2.99
kg co2/m2/yr
91OF
0.9in 0.72
kg co2/m2/yr
131.4
kg co2/m2/yr
N/A
120.5OF
Driest Driest
Coolest
Most
carbon-saving
Benets
Quancaon
for Parking Lots
Similar to roof category,
for parking lots, the
shi from dark to light
surfaces can result in a
15oF cooler temperature.
while dark asphalt streets
and parking lot surface
reach 140oF on a 95oF
day, light colored or
reecve asphalt drops
this to 125oF, and surface
temperatures under tree
canopies are 27.2K cooler,
even below outdoor air
temperature (Breithaupt,
2010).
Dark Asphalt
140OF135OF
125OF116OF
0.05in
2.6in
0.05in
BASELINE 0.08
kg co2/m2/yr
0.44
kg co2/m2/yr
0.1
Red Brick
(Permeable Paver)
Light Concrete
0.13 0.27
Surface Temperature
Rainwater Retenon
Carbon Benet
Albedo
43
Taxonomy
42
Taxonomy
39 76 39 72 N/A
98 45 74
Curve Number
(The higher the beer)
(The lower the beer)

125.0 F
2.60 in
0.44 kg co2/m2/yr
Light Pervious
125.0 F
2.60 in
0.44 kg co2/m2/yr
124.6 F
2.60 in
13.54 kg co2/m2/yr
123.0 F
1.06 in
0.70 kg co2/m2/yr
124.6 F
0.80 in
13.54 kg co2/m2/yr
123.0 F
1.06++ in
0.70 kg co2/m2/yr
Light Pervious /PV Canopy (10%)
Permeable Paver /PV Canopy (10%)
Permeable Paver
Light Pervious /Bioswale (10%) /Storage
Light Pervious /Bioswale (10%)
PARKING LOT
SURFACE
TAXONOMY
The nal Smart Surfaces taxonomy visualizes
33 types of parking lots, with synthesized
outcome benets of surface temperature,
rainwater retenon amount, and carbon
savings.
Dark Impervious
Light Impervious
140.0 F
0.05 in
Baseline
140.0 F
0.8 in
0 kg co2/m2/yr
125.0 F
0.05 in
0.44 kg co2/m2/yr
Dark Pervious
45
Taxonomy
44
Taxonomy

119.6 F
1.07++ in
0.72 kg co2/m2/yr
Light Pervious /Tree Well (10%) /
Bioswale (10%) /Storage
Permeable Paver /Bioswale (10%) /
Tree Well
Light Pervious / Permeable Paver /
Bioswale (10%) /Tree Well /Storage
Porous Paver Turf Block /Bioswale (10%) Porous Paver Turf Block /Bioswale
(10%) /Storage
119.6 F
1.07 in
0.72 kg co2/m2/yr
119.6 F
2.51++ in
0.72 kg co2/m2/yr
114.9 F
3.4 in
1.07 kg co2/m2/yr
114.9 F
3.4++ in
1.07 kg co2/m2/yr
119.6 F
2.51 in
0.72 kg co2/m2/yr
Light Pervious /Tree Well (10%) /
Bioswale (10%)
123.0 F
2.68++ in
0.70 kg co2/m2/yr
121.6 F
0.81++ in
0.47 kg co2/m2/yr
121.6 F
2.43++ in
0.47 kg co2/m2/yr
121.6 F
0.81 in
0.47 kg co2/m2/yr
121.6 F
2.43 in
0.47 kg co2/m2/yr
Light Pervious /Tree Well (10%) Light Pervious /Tree Well (10%) /
Storage
Permeable Paver /Bioswale (10%) /
Storage
Permeable Paver /Tree Well (10%) Permeable Paver /Tree Well (10%) /
Storage
123.0 F
2.68 in
0.70 kg co2/m2/yr
Permeable Paver /Bioswale (10%)
47
Taxonomy
46
Taxonomy

112.2 F
0.97 in
1 kg co2/m2/yr
Pea Stone /Gravel /Bioswale (10%)
112.2 F
0.97++ in
1 kg co2/m2/yr
110.8 F
0.72++ in
0.77 kg co2/m2/yr
110.0 F
0.99++ in
1 kg co2/m2/yr
110.8 F
0.72 in
0.77 kg co2/m2/yr
110.0 F
0.99 in
1 kg co2/m2/yr
Pea Stone /Gravel /Bioswale (10%) /
Storage
Pea Stone /Gravel /Tree Well (10%) Pea Stone /Gravel /Tree Well (10%) /
Storage
Pea Stone /Gravel /Bioswale (10%) /
Tree Well (10%) /Storage
Pea Stone /Gravel /Bioswale (10%) /
Tree Well (10%)
113.5 F
3.15++ in
0.85 kg co2/m2/yr
112.4 F
3.15 in
1.06 kg co2/m2/yr
113.5 F
3.15 in
0.85 kg co2/m2/yr
113.0 F
0.70 in
0.78 kg co2/m2/yr
112.4 F
3.15++ in
1.06 kg co2/m2/yr
Porous Paver Turf Block /Tree Well
(10%) /Storage
Pea Stone /Gravel
Porous Paver Turf Block /Tree Well (10%)
Porous Paver Turf Block /Bioswale (10%)
/Tree Well
Porous Paver Turf Block /Bioswale
(10%) /Tree Well /Storage
Porous Paver Turf Block
116.0 F
3.40 in
0.86 kg co2/m2/yr
49
Taxonomy
48
Taxonomy

Street + Sidewalk
823 Congress Pocket Pao, Ausn, TX
51
Taxonomy
50
Taxonomy

Outcome Benets
Surface
Temperature
Surface
Temperature
Light Pervious + Bioswale
PV awning over Sidewalk PV Road
Light Pervious
Bioswale + Storage
CO2
Reducon
CO2
Reducon
Rainwater
Retenon
Rainwater
Retenon
Rainwater
Retenon
Light Impervious
Surface
Temperature
CO2
Reducon
Power
Generaon
STREETSTREET
+ +
SIDEWALKSIDEWALK
REFLECTIVITY
PERMEABILITY
WATER STORAGE
GREEN COVERAGE
PV COVERAGE
Specicaon Taxonomy Case Study
Light Pervious
+
Tree Well
Tree Well
+
Storage
Dark
pervious
Dark
Impervious
Light Pervious
+
Bioswale
Bioswale
+
Storage
Light
pervious
Light
Impervious
Light Pervious + Tree Well
PV over Walkway
Dark Pervious
Tree Well + Storage
Dark Impervious
PV Canopy
over
Walkway
PV Awning
over
Sidewalk
PV Road
53
Taxonomy
52
Taxonomy

Bioswale
(No shade)
0.25
Tree Well
(Dirt Under Shade)
0.17
PV Canopy
0.17
0.9in
3.4in
0.72
kg co2/m2/yr
2.99
kg co2/m2/yr
105OF91OF
Driest
Coolest
131.4
kg co2/m2/yr
N/A
120.5OF
Most
carbon-saving
Both bioswales and tree canopies can oer rainwater retenon capacity, and if combined with an
underground storage structure system, the potenal can be maximized. Due to the necessarily
smooth and rigid nature of roadway material, pavers for major streets are a limited opon.
However, permeability can be enhanced through pervious concrete and porous asphalt, which
can hold up to 0.8 inches of rain per rain event.
Benets
Quancaon
for Streets &
Sidewalks
The cooling benets for
Smart Surfaces in the streets
and sidewalks category is
very similar to the parking
lot category. Tree canopy
shading eects provides the
coolest temperatures among
all surface choices. PV caonpy
over sidewalks also provides
shading to further reduce
sidewalk temperature, even
though both vegetaon and
PV panels have fairly low
reecvity values.
Green surface choices like
bioswales, grass pavers
and tree canopies are the
major contributors to carbon
benets for the streets and
sidewalks category. However,
PV canopy over sidewalks sll
has the highest carbon savings
per unit due to the avoided
electricity-derived carbon
emissions.
Dark Impervious
0.1
Albedo
Light Pervious
0.27
140OF
0.05in
0.8in
BASELINE
0.44
kg co2/m2/yr
125OF
Surface Temperature
Rainwater Retenon
Carbon Benet
55
Taxonomy
54
Taxonomy
39 72 N/A98
Curve Number 74
(The higher the beer)
(The lower the beer)

121.6 F
0.81 in
0.47 kg co2/m2/yr
121.0 F
1.32 in
0.95 kg co2/m2/yr
117.6 F
1.33 in
0.98 kg co2/m2/yr
117.6 F
1.33++ in
0.98 kg co2/m2/yr
121.6 F
0.81++ in
0.47 kg co2/m2/yr
121.0 F
1.32++ in
0.95 kg co2/m2/yr
Light Pervious /Tree Well (10%) /
Storage
Light Pervious /Bioswale (20%)
Light Pervious /Tree Well (10%)
Light Pervious /Bioswale (20%) /
Storage
Light Pervious /Tree Well (10%) /
Bioswale (20%)
Light Pervious /Tree Well (10%) /
Bioswale (20%) /Storage
Dark Impervious
Light Impervious
140.0 F
0.05 in
Baseline
140.0 F
0.8 in
0 kg co2/m2/yr
125.0 F
0.05 in
0.44 kg co2/m2/yr
125.0 F
0.8 in
0.44 kg co2/m2/yr
Dark Pervious
Light Pervious
STREET +
SIDEWALK
SURFACE
TAXONOMY
The nal Smart Surfaces taxonomy visualizes
16 types of streets + sidewalks, with
synthesized outcome benets of surface
temperature, rainwater retenon amount,
and carbon savings.
57
Taxonomy
56
Taxonomy

Taxonomy & Metrics for Smart Surfaces
Smart Surfaces Guide
120.5 F
0.8 in
66.8 kg co2/m2/yr
116 F
1.07 in
67 kg co2/m2/yr
130 F
0.05 in
133.1 kg co2/m2/yr
120.5 F
0.8 in
66.8 kg co2/m2/yr
117.6 F
0.81 in
66.8 kg co2/m2/yr
Light Pervious /PV Awning (50%) Light Pervious /PV Awning(50%)
/Tree Well (10%)
PV Road PV Window Shading Awning
Light Pervious /PV Awning (50%)
/Tree Well (10%)/Bioswale(10%)
Light Pervious /PV Awning (50%) /
Bioswale (10%)
118.9 F
1.06 in
67 kg co2/m2/yr
59
Taxonomy
58
Taxonomy

Surface Details
60
Surface Details
61
Surface Details

High Reecve Roof
Fluid Applied Reinforced Roong
Factory-applied Reecve Mineral Surface
Reecve Membrane Sheets
40oF cooler in surface temperature
11.85 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings*
63
Surface Details
62
Surface Details
*Negave Radiave forcing benet is not included for roof category.

Green Roof
Greenroofs and Solar Energy Biodiveristy Greenroofs Greenroof secon
Vegetaon
Substrate
Filter
Drainage
Protecon Mat
Waterproof Membrane
Insulaon
Vapor Control
Deck
Intensive Greenroof Extensive Greenroof
80 oF cooler in surface temperature
0.4 inches rain retenon
14.55 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings*
65
Surface Details
64
Surface Details
*Negave Radiave forcing benet is not included for roof category.

PV Roof
PV on Slopped Roof
Tilted PV Roofs on High Reecve White Roof Peel-n-Sck PV Panel
Tesla Solar Panels
Tesla Solar Tiles
47.7 oF cooler in surface temperature
133.1 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings*
67
Surface Details
66
Surface Details
*Negave Radiave forcing benet is not included for roof category.

Reecve Parking Lot
69
Surface Details
68
Surface Details
Light Pavement Color White painted paver Cool Seal in City Parking Lot
15 oF cooler in surface temperature
0.05 inches rain retenon
0.44 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings

Bioswale Parking Lot
Bioswales and Trees in a Parking Lot
Bioswales inbetween cars to
manage on site stormwater.
Large bioswales on the edge of parking lot
to manage stormwater beyond the site.
35 oF cooler in surface temperature
3.4 inches rain retenon
2.99 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings
71
Surface Details
70
Surface Details

Permeable Parking Pavement
Underground Water Storage Parking with dierent material for car tracks Plasc Grid Paver for Gravel Parking
Porous Turf Block (Grass + Gravel) Pea Gravel (Grey) + Permeable Paver
24+ oF cooler in surface temperature
0.7+ inches rain retenon
0.78+ kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings
73
Surface Details
72
Surface Details

PV Canopy Parking
Solar Tree
Solar Canopy Parking Lot
PV canopy provides shading
PV canopy provide charging energy
20 oF cooler in surface temperature
131.4 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings
75
Surface Details
74
Surface Details

Pearmeable Paving
77
Surface Details
76
Surface Details
Innovave Kiacrete Porous Kiacrete during Rainfall Low maintenance with clogging resistant
15 oF cooler in surface temperature
8 inches rain retenon
0.44 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings

Urban Street Trees and Bioswales
Street Trees Shading Eect Bioswales Retenon Funcon Bioswales structure
49 oF cooler in surface temperature
0.9 inches rain retenon
0.72 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings
79
Surface Details
78
Surface Details

PV Shading
PV integraon with bus stop
PV integraon with adjacent building
20 oF cooler in surface temperature
131.4 kg co2/m2/yr carbon savings
81
Surface Details
80
Surface Details
PV awning over Sidewalk

Smart Surfaces
Interventions
Intervenon
REFLECTIVITY
PERMEABILITY
WATER
STORAGE
GREEN
COVERAGE
PV
COVERAGE
Smart Surfaces intervenons are
a series of city surface improvement
strategies that migate climate change
while enhancing urban resilience and
saving money.
INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
The order of the intervenon stategies
are based on the level of aconability
and cost-eecveness of the strategy at
scale.
1. Increase surface reecvity
2. Reduce pavement area
3. Increase green coverage
4. Increase permeability
5. Increase PV coverage
6. Increase water storage capacity
83

City Block
Baseline Scenario
Existing Condition
Intervenon
85
84
Intervenon
Roofs
71% Dark Roofs
29% Reective roofs
Parking Lots
79% Dark Parking Lots
21% Reective Parking Lots
Street and Sidewalks
79% Dark-paved Streets and Sidewalks
21% Light-paved Sidewalks
Impervious
24%
21%
35%
80%
Strip District, Pisburgh PA

Increase Surface
Reectivity
Depave Unnecessary
Paved Parking
Increase Number of
Trees and Bioswales
Scenario 1
Improve Surface Reectivity
Smart Surfaces Strategies
Intervenon
87
86
Intervenon

Depave Unnecessary
Paved Parking
Increase Green Roof Coverage
Increase Green Coverage
Increase
PV canopy
Scenario 2
Increase Green Coverage and Tree Canopy
Intervenon
89
88
Intervenon
Increase Number of
Trees and Bioswales
$49 $58
$86
$128 $126
$58
$84
$118 $113
$152
$79
$136
$230
$17
$182
$-
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
Storm Wa ter Air Quality Summe r Cooling Winter Heating CO2
Total Benefits($)
2022 2027 2032
Smart Surfaces Strategies
Annual Proposed Tree Benets
in 10 years
8804 Gallons Avoided Runoff
1670 kWh Avoided Cooling
7831 lbs Carbon Benets
$645 Overall Monetary Benets*
*with 3% real discount rate and 5% nominal discount rate
iTree Eco Analysis Result

Increase PV Canopy
Increase
Green/Blue Roof
Coverage
Increase Surface
Permeability
Increase Surface
Reectivity
Scenario 3
Increase Solar Coverage
Intervenon
91
90
Intervenon
Increase Number of
Trees and Bioswales
Smart Surfaces Strategies

5% PV canopy in a parking lot of a shopping
mall in the U.S. can cover 36 cars. That would
offset 28 cars full year of demand.
Increase Underground
Storage Structure
Increase
Solar Canopy
Scenario 4
Increase Water Storage and Solar Canopy
Intervenon
93
92
Intervenon
Increase Surface
Permeability
Smart Surfaces Strategies
PV Canopy Benets

What makes this street so hot?
What cools off this block?
Intervenon
95
94
Intervenon

Dark Impervious
Sidewalk
Street Surfaces
Baseline Scenario — 24th Street
Dark Impervious
Parking Lot
Intervenon
97
96
Intervenon

Light Reective
Sidewalk
Light Reective
Parking Lot
Scenario 1
Improve Surface Reectivity
Intervenon
99
98
Intervenon
Temperature
Reduction

Outlet
Planting soil
Cleanout
Stone layer
Clean-washed stone layer
Uncompacted subgrade
Outflow pipe
Street Trees
Bioswales
Park replace Parking
Scenario 2
Increase Green Coverage and Tree Canopy
Intervenon
101
100
Intervenon
Stormwater Runoff
Reduction
Carbon
Savings
Temperature
Reduction

PV Awnings
Scenario 3
Increase Solar Coverage
Permeable pavers
Geotextile wrap all sides
Clean-washed stone layer
Clean-washed choker
Uncompacted subgrade
Pervious Parking
Intervenon
103
102
Intervenon
Stormwater Runoff
Reduction
Carbon
Savings

Pervious Sidewalk
Scenario 4
Increase Water Storage and Solar Canopy
Underground
Water Storage
Permeable pavers
Clean-washed stone
Uncompacted subgrade
recharge
Intervenon
105
104
Intervenon
Stormwater Runoff
Reduction

What makes this street so hot?
What cools off this block?
Intervenon
107
106
Intervenon

Dark Impervious
Parking Lot
Street Surfaces
Baseline Scenario — Penn Avenue
Dark Impervious
Parking Lot
Intervenon
109
108
Intervenon

Light Reective
Sidewalk
Light Reective
Parking Lot
Scenario 1
Improve Surface Reectivity
Intervenon
111
110
Intervenon
Temperature
Reduction

Bioswales and Street
Trees
Scenario 2
Increase Green Coverage and Tree Canopy
Intervenon
113
112
Intervenon
Stormwater Runoff
Reduction
Carbon
Savings
Temperature
Reduction

Pervious Bikelane
Pervious Parking Lot
Permeable pavers
Geotextile wrap all sides
Clean-washed stone layer
Clean-washed choker
Uncompacted subgrade
Scenario 3
Increase Permeable Surface
Intervenon
115
114
Intervenon
Stormwater Runoff
Reduction

Underground
Water Storage
Solar Canopy
Over Parking Lot
Scenario 4
Increase Water Storage and Solar Canopy
Extensive
Green Roof
Intervenon
117
116
Intervenon
Stormwater Runoff
Reduction
Carbon
Savings
Temperature
Reduction
Inspection pipe
Manhole cover
Filter
Output baffle
Soum
Wastewater
Sludge
Second compartment
First compartment
Input baffle

To cooler and
more livable
cities
of the future
Take 5 minutes to understand
how Smart Surfaces work with dynamic presentation

121
Reference
120
Reference
Reference
CASE STUDY
COOL PAVEMENT PILOT PROGRAM SOLAR TREES ON PARKING STRUCTURES
EDWARDS GARDENS PARKING LOT
NYC COOLROOFS
URBAN COOLING STRATEGIES
DEPAVE - PLAZA 122
Preface image (Pg.5) retrieved from hps://www.mkskstudios.com/projects/lexington-
downtown-streetscape
Davis, E. (2020, June 27). Phoenix tries ‘cool pavement’ to Curb Heat Island eect.
The Arizona Republic. Retrieved May 6, 2022, from hps://www.azcentral.com/story/
news/local/phoenix/2020/06/27/phoenix-tries-cool-pavement-pilot-program-curb-
heat-island-eect/3247039001/
Joint study between the City of Phoenix and Arizona State University. (n.d.). Retrieved
May 5, 2022, from hps://www.phoenix.gov/streetssite/Documents/Phoenix%20
Cool%20Pavement%20Exec%20Summary_091420213.pdf
Street transportaon cool pavement pilot program. City of Phoenix. (n.d.). Retrieved
May 6, 2022, from hps://www.phoenix.gov/streets/coolpavement
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CARBON BENEFITS ASSUMPTIONS
Assumpons:
(1) When roof albedo increases by 0.1, net energy saving is 1.4 kWh/m2/yr.(a) With co2
emission factor of 7.07 x 10-4 metric tons/kWh(b), the avoided carbon is 0.99 kg co2/
m2/yr.
(2) Addional 61% of energy saving due to avoided intake air heat up (increased
equipment eciency).(c) Therefore, when roof albedo increases by 0.1, addional
avoided carbon is 0.6 kg co2/m2/yr.
(3) Avoided co2 emission due to saved energy is 1.8 kg co2/m2/yr.(d)
(4) Green roof carbon sequestraon capacity is 1.22 kg co2/m2/yr.(e)
(5) Avoided US average electricity co2 emission due to installed PV is 131.2 kg co2/m2/
yr, calculated from 2012-2016 electricity generated from PV using Avoided Emissions
Calculator(f), using fuel mix of 29% coal, 38% natural gas and 1% oil. Assuming, US
average peak sun hour is 4 hours in most area, PV panel eciency is 340w. Standard
size 60-cell PV panel is 1.63 m2.
(6) When 0.2 increase in albedo for a lane-mile of pavement in the US, average GWP
reducon is 3.33 ton co2/yr.(g) Assuming a lane-mile is 12 wide, it’s area is 5886.4 m2.
When albedo increases by 0.1, the reduced co2 equivalent is 0.26 kg co2/m2/yr.
(7) Avoided co2 emission from saved energy due to reduced air temperature by tree
canopy is 0.21 kg co2/m2/yr.(h)
(8) Tree Canopy carbon sequestraon capacity is 0.25 kg co2/m2/yr.(i)
(9) Carbon sequestraon capacity for bioswale is 0.275 kg co2/m2/yr, and 2.32 kg co2/
m2/yr for bioretenon basin.(j)
(10) The carbon benets are calculated as naonal average in the United States, the
diverse carbon intensity of the grid is not considered in the esmates.
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