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AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERI: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

September 2022
Türk Kültürü ve HACI BEKTAŞ VELİ Araştırma Dergisi 103(103):69-86

DOI:10.34189/hbv.103.003

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CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Authors:

Hacettepe University

Anadolu’da İslâm konusu herhâlde en çok İslâmî farklılaşma boyutuyla dikkat çeker. Fuad Köprülü’den beri araştırmacıların üzerinde epey mesai harcadığı konu bilhassa söz konusu farklılaşmanın temsilcileri, ayırt edici özellikleri ve kökenleri üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Farklılığı karakterize etmek için uygun görülen kavramlar üzerindeki tartışmalar da hâlen canlılığını muhafaza etmektedir. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak konunun hemen her boyutuyla ilgilenen ve eserler veren bir araştırmacı olarak bahse konu tartışmaların hemen hepsine muhatap konumundadır. Ocak konuyu hem tasavvufî hem de ilim ehli temsilcileri üzerinden ele alırken İslâmî farklılığın bir tipolojisini de oluşturur. Meslekten temsilciler olarak ele aldığı Kalenderileri marjinal sufilik şeklinde kavramsallaştırırken, Melâmîler, Hamzavîler, Gülşenîler ve ulemadan bazı bireysel çıkışları da Osmanlı döneminin kendi terminolojisiyle, zındıklık ve mülhidlik kapsamında değerlendirir. Bu nitelemelerin temel dayanağı olarak da Kalenderîlerde şeriat ve örf dışı tutum ve davranışları hatta toplum karşıtlığını, yine Melamilerde şeriata mesafeli duruşu, fakat hemen hepsinde ise farklı boyutlarda da olsa aşırı panteizmi çağrıştıran inanç ve düşüncelerini öne çıkarır. Söz konusu ayırt edici özelliklerin nereden kaynaklandığı meselesini de hem İslâm öncesi inanışların tesiri üzerinden hem de İslâmî dönemdeki uzantıları ile birlikte ve zaman içerisindeki yeni şekillenmeler çerçevesinde ele alır.

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AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103

TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY





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





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

          



          

  







 

         





    

           

   



         







       

          









           



















*

** 



SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

70 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ

RESUL AY



       

         

       

  



          







  

       







        

       

  



         



         







       

          





         













        

        

          





      









AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY

AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN

MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERİ: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

        

       

           

        

         

 

          











  





         



   

       





          

        





        













         





           







        

            

         

         



SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

72 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ



        

       

 



        

  



 

          



        

           







  

         

          





        

           

         

           



       

        







  





        







   







 

    

RESUL AY

AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY

       

   



          









      

      

          

        

      



 

   

         







    

         

        







          

           

          

   

 

    



 



         





       

        



     



         

AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN

MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERİ: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

74 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ

        

       

  





         



   

           





 



   

       







       





          



         



           

  



  

        





      

   

  

          



       

        

      



   

         





RESUL AY

AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY

         







         











        



        



         

 



















   

 

         



          

         

         



        



    



         

 

           

          

      





AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN

MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERİ: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

76 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ



         



   











       

           

            

 



         

          

            

   

          

     

        





          











          



        

 















        



         

         

RESUL AY

AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY

       

 





        



       

         

       

         



 







          

          

  

  

 

        

 











      





         

           

          

        

         

  

   

  

  

          



      



     

 



AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN

MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERİ: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

78 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ















       









 











  













          

          

















      

           





          

   

    



       

RESUL AY

AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY

       





    







 

        







 

   



    

        

 

   

      







   









       

          



           

    



   kalandara   



         

         

    

        

        

         





AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN

MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERİ: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

80 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ

























           

 





        

         

        

        













 









       

  





          

  









        

        

         

      

RESUL AY

AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY







          

       

  

           



 

       



           

           





       

           



        

        

         

         

 

          

        









     

    





         





 







  

  

  

          

     

AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN

MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERİ: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

82 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ







     





        

       





   



         

        

         









          

   



        

 

  

       

          



        



        

         







   









         





RESUL AY

AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY

        

          



        





       







        

          



 

         

         

   

          

         







       



           

        

  

         

        

        

  

          



         









    



 



          



AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN

MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERİ: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

84 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ



      

       

       

        

        



          









         







          





 

































 

           







      



















RESUL AY

AUTUMN - SEPTEMBER 2022 / ISSUE 103TURKISH CULTURE AND HACI BEKTAS VELI RESEARCH QUARTERLY









          







         

  

        



    

  

     













       



         



       



























   











AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN

MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERİ: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

SAYI 103 / GÜZ - EYLÜL 2022

86 TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ VE HACI BEKTAŞ VELÎ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ



     



 







 









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Türkiye Selçukluları Döneminde ve Sonrasında Vefai Tarikatı (Vefaiyye) (Türkiye Popüler Tasavvuf Tarihine Farklı Bir Yaklaşım)

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Apr 2006

Ahmet Yaşar Ocak

Sosyal tarihçilik açısından bakıldığında, Türkiye tarihinin Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerindeki tasavvuf düşüncesi ve hareketlerinin bugüne kadar yeterince biliniyor sanılan, veya daha önce dikkati çekmemiş pek çok konu ve meselesinin aslında pek de iyi bilinmediği veya hiç bilinmediği görülür. Bu çerçevede tarikatların sırf bir tasavvufi teşekkül olmayıp dönemlerinin yalnız dini değil, siyasal, sosyal ve kültürel hayatında önemli roller icra ettikleri, hatta bazılarının bizzat baş rolü oynadıkları dikkati çekmekte gecikmez. Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde de bazı tarikatların, bir takım sebeplerle diğerlerine nazaran bu yönleriyle öne çıktıkları bir gerçektir. İşte Vefai tarikatı bunların en eskisidir ve her iki dönemde de önemli bir rol oynamıştır(2).

God's Unruly Friends: Dervish Groups in the Islamic Later Middle Period 1200-1550

Article

Jan 1997
J Am Orient Soc

Anadolu'nun İslamlaşması Bağlamında Aleviliğin Oluşumu

Jan 1991

Ahmet T Karamustafa

Karamustafa, Ahmet T., "Anadolu'nun İslamlaşması Bağlamında Aleviliğin Oluşumu", Kızılbaşlık Alevilik Bektaşilik: Tarih-Kimlik-İnanç-Ritüel. Der. Yalçın Çakmak-İmran Gürtaş. 43-54. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2015. Köprülü, Fuad. Osmanlı Devleti'nin Kuruluşu. Ankara: TTK Yayınları, 1991.

İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 1996. Mélikoff, Irene. Uyur İdik Uyardılar Alevîlik-Bektaşîlik Araştırmaları

Jan 1994

Fuad Köprülü
Anadolu'da

Köprülü, Fuad. Anadolu'da Iṡlamiyet. Yay. Mehmet Kanar. İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları, 1996. Mélikoff, Irene. Uyur İdik Uyardılar Alevîlik-Bektaşîlik Araştırmaları. Çev. Turan Alptekin. İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi, 1994.

Hacı Bektaş Efsaneden Gerçeğe

Jan 1998

Irène Mélikoff

Mélikoff, Irène. Hacı Bektaş Efsaneden Gerçeğe. Çev. Turan Alptekin. İstanbul: Cumhuriyet yayınları, 1998.

Bektaşî-Alevîler'de Ali'nin Tanrılaştırılması

Irène Mélikoff

Mélikoff, Irène. "Bektaşî-Alevîler'de Ali'nin Tanrılaştırılması", Tarihten Teolojiye Iṡlam Iṅançlarında Hz. Ali. Haz..

İstanbul: Demos Yayınları

Jan 1996

Irène Mélikoff
Kırkların Ceminde
T Çev
Alptekin

Mélikoff, Irène. Kırkların Ceminde. Çev. T. Alptekin. İstanbul: Demos Yayınları, 2007. Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. Babaîler İsyanı: Alevîliğin Tarihsel Altyapısı Yahut Anadolu'da İslâm-Türk Heterodoksisinin Teşekkülü. İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları, 1996a.

Türk Kültüründe Ahmed-i Yesevî: Hayatı, Şahsiyeti, Mesajı ve Etkileri

Jan 1996

Ahmet Ocak
Yaşar

Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. "Türk Kültüründe Ahmed-i Yesevî: Hayatı, Şahsiyeti, Mesajı ve Etkileri", Türk Sufiliğine Bakışlar. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1996b.

Alevi ve Bektaşi İnançlarının İslâm Öncesi Temelleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları

Jan 2002

Ahmet Ocak
Yaşar

Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. Alevi ve Bektaşi İnançlarının İslâm Öncesi Temelleri. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002.

Yeniçağlar Anadolu'sunda İslâm'ın Ayak İzleri

Jan 2011

Ahmet Ocak
Yaşar

Ocak, Ahmet Yaşar. Yeniçağlar Anadolu'sunda İslâm'ın Ayak İzleri, Osmanlı Dönemi. İstanbul: Kitap yayınevi, 2011b.

AHMET YAŞAR OCAK’IN ÇALIŞMALARINDA ANADOLU’DA İSLÂMÎ FARKLILAŞMANIN MESLEKTEN TEMSİLCİLERI: ‘MARJİNAL SUFİLER’, ‘ZINDIKLAR’, ‘MÜLHİDLER’

Abstract

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