Evaluate the benefit effects of Dodonaea viscosa in kidney of infected rats with Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract

The aim of current experiment is estimate the potential effects of D. viscosa extract to treat the kidney tissue changes of infected rats with S. aureus. 30 clinical samples were obtained from patients with chronic lung disease attending Al Jumhuri Hospital, at period February-April 2021. 20 adult rats were utilized in current experiment, and the rats were obtained from Science College house / Mosul University. The current findings demonstrated that the sections of infected rat with S. aureus show damage glomerulus, necrosis of tubules cells and infiltration of mono-nucleated inflammatory cells and thickening wall of renal vessels. After using leaves extract of D. viscosa, the microscopic examination show improved in histological structure of kidney. Whereas, the glomerulus back to semi normal state, provide in of tubules cells and the infiltration of mono-nucleated inflammatory cells was absent. So, the leaves extract of D. viscosa exhibit antibacterial activity and improvement the rat kidney structure after infected with S. aureus.

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Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ 2022
291
Evaluate the benefit effects of Dodonaea viscosa in kidney
of infected rats with Staphylococcus aureus
Zainab Hasan Majeed
1
, Sarah Ahmed Hasan
*2
, Rajaa Mosa Ismail
3
1,2,3
Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.
Email: sarahahmed100@uokirkuk.edu.iq
The aim of current experiment is estimate the potential effects of D. viscosa extract to treat the kidney tissue changes of infected rats with
S. aureus. 30 clinical samples were obtained from patients with chronic lung disease attending Al Jumhuri Hospital, at period February-
April 2021. 20 adult rats were utilized in current experiment, and the rats were obtained from Science College house / Mosul University.
The current findings demonstrated that the sections of infected rat with S. aureus show damage glomerulus, necrosis of tubules cells and
infiltration of mono-nucleated inflammatory cells and thickening wall of renal vessels. After using leaves extract of D. viscosa, the
microscopic examination show improved in histological structure of kidney. Whereas, the glomerulus back to semi normal state, provide in
of tubules cells and the infiltration of mono-nucleated inflammatory cells was absent. So, the leaves extract of D. viscosa exhibit antibacterial
activity and improvement the rat kidney structure after infected with S. aureus.
Keywords: Dodonaea viscosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Kidneys.
INTRODUCTION
Dodonaea viscosa (also known as called as togovao, Jamaica
Switch Sorrel) is flowering medicinal plant and belonging to
family Sapindaceae. The origin center of D. viscosa is
Australia, but also it is grow throughout subtropics and
tropics regions [1-3]. The prior studies demonstrated that D.
viscosa comprise of various nitrogenous cyclic components,
primary and secondary cyclic, different kinds of flavonoids,
volatile oils, sakuranetin, cardiac glycosides, alizarin,
saponins, acyclic phenols, tannins, isokaempferide,
carbohydrate, immune modulator ingredients and sugar [4-
12]. The stems of D. viscosa are to treat the fever,
rheumatism, while the seeds are utilized to treat malaria.
The leaves are utilized to itching, aches, wounds, sprains,
and burns and also utilized as analgesic to headaches and
toothaches agent [13-14]. Staphylococcus aureus is found
everywhere and highly adaptive pathogen that colonizes
and infect the epidermis and the mucous membrane of
anterior nares, digestive system, the perineum, the
genitourinary tracts and the mouth and pharynx [15], and
considered as one of the multidrug resistant pathogens.[16-
20].
S. aureus can prevalence from individual to individual by
direct contact and with the contaminated things (such knife,
mobile, the handles of door, medical equipments, etc). There
is even a possibility of transmission by infected droplets
inhalation that are spread at the time of coughing [21-23]. So,
the aim of current experiment is estimate the potential effects
of D. viscosa extract to treat the kidney tissue changes of
infected rats with S. aureus.
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DOI:
10.47750/pnr.2022.13.03.046
Address for correspondence: Sarah Ahmed Hasan,
College of Education for Pure Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.
Email: sarahahmed100@uokirkuk.edu.iq
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How to cite this article: Zainab Hasan Majeed, Sarah Ahmed Hasan, Rajaa Mosa
Ismail, Evaluate the benefit effects of Dodonaea viscosa in kidney of infected rats
with Staphylococcus aureus, J PHARM NEGATIVE RESULTS 2022;13:291-294.

Zainab Hasan Majeed et al: Evaluate the benefit effects of Dodonaea viscosa in kidney of infected rats with Staphylococcus aureus
292
Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ 2022
Materials & Methods
The sample collection
30 clinical samples were obtained from patients with
chronic lung disease attending Al Jumhuri Hospital, at
period February-April 2021. All specimens were cultured on
mannitol salt and blood agars. All plates were incubated in
incubator for 24 hrs. at 37°C. After diagnosis and identity of
bacteria cultures was assured by some morphological and
biochemical tests and by API Staph for specific
identification. [23,24]
D. viscosa extract
The extraction process for ethanol was done by soxhlet
apparatus [25]. The leaves powdered (20 g) were kept in
soxhlet’s device and 250 ml of ethanol was added to the
leaves powdered (8 hours at 40°C) and evaporated by
apparatus of rotary evaporator at dry extracts. Then extract
was stored at 4°C.
Rat model
20 adult rats, (wt. 140-165 gm. with age 8-12 weeks),
utilized in current experiment, and the rats were obtained
from Science College house / Mosul University.
Experimental design
20 adult rats were utilized in current experiment and the
rays were divided as following:
A. Rats received (orally) normal saline by using
stomach tube as control rats.
B. Infected rats with (104 cell/ml) S. aureus by using
stomach tube (orally).
C. Infected rats with S. aureus by using stomach tube
(orally) and treated with 50mg/kg leaves extract of D.
viscosa for 30 days.
D. Infected rats with S. aureus by using stomach tube
(orally) and treated with 100mg/kg leaves extract of D.
viscosa for 30 days.
Histological process
Kidneys of all rats were washed with normal saline, 10%
formalin was used to fixation the kidney specimens, the
dehydrated step (graduated concentrations of ethanol) and
embedded with paraffin wax. The sections (7 mm) by
microtome was done, then stained with haematoxylin and
eosin according to [26] and examined by light microscopy.
Results
Identification
Isolates of S. aureus were diagnosed according to
microscopy and morphological with biochemical tests. S.
aureus showed colonies with medium-size and yellow color
as shown in figure (1).
Subsequently, biochemical tests were performed on
clinical S. aureus isolated from wounds and burns, and then
the diagnosis of S. aureus isolates was confirmed using API
20E kit as shown in figure (2).
Histological study
Kidney
Control group
The sections that prepared from this group show the
normal form of glomerulus and the normal shapes of each
tubule; proximal and distal as show in figure (3).
Figure (1): S. aureus on mannitol salt agar.
Figure (2): Diagnosis of S. aureus by using the
API system.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ 2022
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Zainab Hasan Majeed et al: Evaluate the benefit effects of Dodonaea viscosa in kidney of infected rats with Staphylococcus aureus
Infected group
The sections of infected rat with S. aureus show damage
glomerulus, necrosis of tubules cells and infiltration of
mono-nucleated inflammatory cells and thickening wall of
renal vessels as show in figure (4).
Figure (4): kidney of infected rats show damage
glomerulus (DG), degeneration (D) tubule cells,
lymphocytes infiltration (LI) and thickening wall (TW)
H&E X400.
Treated group
The microscopic examination of treated groups show
improved in histological structure of kidney. Whereas, the
glomerulus back to semi normal state, provide in of tubules
cells and the infiltration of mono-nucleated inflammatory
cells was absent as show in figure (5-6).
Discussion
The inhibition of growth of selected extracts of plants
against various species of microbes was determined by
several methods [27]. The antibacterial properties of crude
extract of D. viscosa were studied by using a technique
known as agar well diffusion versus six type of bacterial (P.
fluorescens, S. typhi, S. flexneri, V. cholerae, E. coli, M.
tuberculosis). The growths of these bacteria were inhibited by
extracts of D. viscosa. The zone of maximum inhibition was
obtained with methanol 80% and chloroform 20% versus
Figure (3): kidney of control group show normal
glomerulus (G) and convoluted tubules (CT) H&E
X400.
G
C
T
Figure (5): kidney of 50mg/kg of leaves extract group
show glomerulus (G) and convoluted tubules (CT)
H&E X400.
C
T
G
Figure (6): kidney of 100mg/kg of leaves extract group
show glomerulus (G) and convoluted tubules (CT)
H&E X400.
C
T
G

Zainab Hasan Majeed et al: Evaluate the benefit effects of Dodonaea viscosa in kidney of infected rats with Staphylococcus aureus
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Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 13 ¦ Issue 3 ¦ 2022
tested pathogens [28]. Otherwise, in current study, crude
extract of D. viscosa demonstrated protective effects in
treatment the kidney structure changes that caused by S.
aureus, The prior findings demonstrated that all types of D.
viscosa extracts showed antioxidant properties against all in
vitro model studies. Most of the researches and reports, they
indicated that maximum antioxidant properties was obtained
in methanol extract [29]. The current study is agree with
various studies that showed the carbon tetra chloride leads
to damage and destruction in liver and kidney (renal fibrosis,
glomerulus changes and tubular degenerative changes) [30-
32]. The ethanolic extract of D.viscosa exhibited a high
effective free radical scavenging in the DPPH assay and
showed sgnificant antioxidant (50%) impact at
concentration of 50µg/ml [33], that explain the role of
D.viscosa extract in promote the kidney structure after
infection with S. aureus.
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