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NAT. CROAT. VOL. 31 No 1 43-62 ZAGREB July 31, 2022
original scientific paper / izvorni znanstveni rad
DOI 10.20302/NC.2022.31.4
THE BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA)
LANDSCAPE (KORDUN, CROATIA)
&
Association Hyla, I. Lipovac 7, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia (katarina.koller@hhdhyla.hr,
daria.kranzelic@hhdhyla.hr, bruno.schmidt@hhdhyla.hr, toni.koren@hhdhyla.hr)
located in the southern part of the Kordun region. The surveys,carried out during 2020 and 2021, re-
corded a total of 79 butterfly species. The species recorded in the area outnumber those far recorded
in northern Kordun (74) and Plitvice Lakes NP (71), but this is probably due to the lack of systematic
three areas revealed a similar number of species per habitat and affiliation type. During this survey,
Lycaena hippothoe, L. dispar, Phengaris arion, Melitaea
aurelia, M. britomartis, Euphydryas aurinia, Apatura ilia, A. iris, and Boloria selene and their records are
of butterfly species of the Kordun and Lika region.
distribution, biogeography, habitat affiliation, conservation, habitat management
-
-
Lycaena hippothoe, L. dispar, Phengaris arion, Melitaea aurelia,
M. britomartis, Euphydryas aurinia, Apatura ilia, A. iris i Boloria selene
INTRODUCTION
-
ly attracting increased public attention (et al., 2017; et al., 2020;
et al., 2021; et al.,-
44 KollerŠarić,K.et al.:ThebutterflydiversityoftheBaraćCaves(Kordun,Croatia)
versity loss has been noted in Europe, is butterflies (et al., 2019; et al.,
insect groups to
a greater geographical area. Thus, butterflies make an adequate group on the basis of
monitoring ( 2005; et al., 2019; et al., 2021). Over many years
of research across Europe, a decline of grassland butterfly species of as much as 39% has
been observed (et al.,
et al., 2019; et al., 2021). To tackle these problems protected areas have been es-
tablished to prevent biodiversity loss and protect other agendas such as preservation of
habitats, preservation of gene pool, natural disaster prevention, and so on ( & -
-
gered species live (et al., 2013; et al., 2014). In Europe, the largest protect-
-
long-term survival of threatened species and habitat types ( 1992, 2010).
systems, diverse habitat, endemic biodiversity, and anthropological findings (
2021). Apart from the cave systems, the area has a mosaic of habitats such
agricultural fields. To ensure the long-term survival of butterflies in the area, it is necessary
to have an insight into their diversity and the status of their habitats.
The butterfly diversity of this significant landscape has never been assessed. The
closest surveyed areas are northern Kordun and Plitvice Lakes NP. The list of the species
for northern Kordun, mainly Karlovac and surroundings according to (, 2009,
2012) includes 74 species and the list for Plitvice Lakes NP based on literature (
1895; et al., 1896; 1901; 1938; 1958; 1966;
1973; 1999; 2004; 2009) contains 71 butterfly species.
Caves Significant Landscape, to categorize the habitats occupied by butterflies, and
recorded during the survey. Additionally, the goal is to compare the butterfly diversity
management in the area.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nat.Croat.Vol.31(1),2022 45
Dinaric Karst (et al., 2015). Lika region continues on from the Kordun region in
the south and is bordered by prominent mountain ridges of Velebit, Kapela, and
south (
-
govina in the east, and the Lika mountains in the south. The significant landscape is
-
ity of Rakovica, 7 km northeast from the border of Plitvice Lakes National Park. It has
a total area of 5.19 km2 (
2021). According to Köp-
& 2003). As this area is rich in elements of
cultural-historical, tourist-recreational, and aesthetic and speleological significance, in
2016a).
sources, and caves (et al., 2015; et al., 2018). Within the significant land-
that requires the implementation of conservation measures ( 1992). Along
As.
Salicetum cinereae Zolyomi 1931) and poplars (genus Populus). Outside the floodplain, at
Erythronio-Carpinion
(Horvat 1958) is present. The highest altitudes are occupied by mountain beech forests
(Fagus sylvatica -
are today mostly in different successional stages due to the decline of agriculture. On the
gardens and orchards.
METHODS
VIII-2020, 11-V-2021, 16-V-2021, 9-VI-2021, 10-VI-2021, 17-VI-2021, and 23-VII-2021. All
contains the locality numbers and names, a short description of the habitat, altitude,
application (et al.,-
46 KollerŠarić,K.et al.:ThebutterflydiversityoftheBaraćCaves(Kordun,Croatia)
-
tian Red List of Butterflies (et al.,-
mined by the Ordinance on Strictly Protected Species (2016, b). European threat cate-
et al., 2010).
Locality
No. Locality name Habitat description Altitude
(m a.s.l.)
1.
vegetation 44,98482 15,704626 365
2.
oak-hornbeam forest community,
montane beech forest and grass-
lands, the remains of old houses
surrounded by bushy vegetation
44,980874 15,712093 352
3.
of the village abandoned arable land surrounded
44,977838 15,717457 327
4.
the surroundings
-
thickets, reeds, rushes and sedges
and bushy forest edge, neglected
agricultural areas
44,984198 15,723084 296
5.
-
lands, bushy vegetation, mountain
succession
44,992438 15,726098 294
6.
the village
remains of old houses 44,98998 15,731062 348
standard field guides ( &
restricted to the genera Leptidea, Melitaea, Lycaena, and Plebejus-
et al., 2018). Spatial analyses, data
been categorized according to several authors (et al., 2002; et al., 2015) and
are grouped into four main types: mesophilic species (species of open non-forested hab-
-
-
alists able to live in all kinds of habitats, including ruderal sites, farmlands, and urban
-
-
Nat.Croat.Vol.31(1),2022 47
ic species - species inhabiting peatlands of all types), tyrphophilic to hygrophilic species,
conducted according to (2015). Finally, the same categories for habitat affiliation
Plitvice Lakes NP and north Kordun for the sake of a comparison of the species compo-
RESULTS
Plebejus argyrognomon (Berg-
strässer, 1779), Melitaea athalia (Rottemburg, 1775) and Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758).
-
pond to those in the Tab.1.
Plitvice Lakes NP: Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761), Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767),
Lycaena hippothoe (Linnaeus, 1761), Plebejus argyrognomon, Polyommatus amandus (Schnei-
der, 1792), Satyrium acaciae (Fabricius, 1787), Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758), Brenthis hec-
ate (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Erebia medusa (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775), Melitaea
britomartis Assmann, 1847 and Zerynthia polyxena (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775). In the
48 KollerŠarić,K.et al.:ThebutterflydiversityoftheBaraćCaves(Kordun,Croatia)
et al.,
2015). Locality numbers correspond to those in the Tab. 1 and Fig. 1. Red list categories: DD: Data De-
ficient, NT - Near Threatened, VU – Vulnerable, EN – Endangered. * Protected species according to
et al., 2018).
List of species Locality number Red List
Croatia Red list
Europe
1. Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771) 1, 4, 5 NT
2. Ochlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777) 2, 4
3. Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761) 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
4. Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808) 2, 4
5. Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 4, 5
6. Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 4, 5, 6
7. Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 4, 5
8. Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 4NT
9. Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 4 NT NT
10. Zerynthia polyxena 4NT LC
11. Leptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
12. Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 4, 5
13. Colias cf. hyale (Linnaeus, 1758) 4
14. Colias crocea 1, 4, 5
15. Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 NT
16. Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) 4
17. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 4, 5
18. Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 4, 5
19. Pieris balcana Lorkovic, 1970 4
20. Lycaena alciphron 4
21. Lycaena dispar 5NT
22. Lycaena hippothoe (Linnaeus, 1761) 4, 5 NT
23. Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761) 4
24. Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758) 4
25. Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761) 4, 5, 6
26. Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758) 4
27. Satyrium acaciae (Fabricius, 1787) 4
28. Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767) 4
29. Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 4
30. Phengaris arion (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2 VU EN
31. Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761) 4NT
32. Cupido argiades (Pallas, 1771) 1, 4, 5
33. Cupido minimus (Fuessly, 1775) 1, 4
34. Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 3, 4, 5, 6
35. Plebejus argyrognomon (Bergsträsser, 1779) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
36. Cyaniris semiargus 2, 4, 5, 6
Nat.Croat.Vol.31(1),2022 49
List of species Locality number Red List
Croatia Red list
Europe
37. Aricia agestis 1, 2, 4, 6
38. Lysandra bellargus 1
39. Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) 1, 2, 4
40. Polyommatus icarus 1, 4, 5, 6
41. Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771) 1, 4
42. Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 1901 5
43. Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758) 5
44. Brenthis hecate 2, 4, 5, 6
45. Brenthis ino 2, 4, 5
46. Brenthis daphne (Bergsträsser, 1779) 2, 4, 5, 6
47. Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 4, 6
48. Speyeria aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758) 2
49. Fabriciana adippe 2, 5
50. Boloria selene 5
51. Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) 4
52. Boloria dia (Linnaeus, 1767) 4, 5
53. Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758) 4NT
54. Apatura ilia 4, 5 NT
55. Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758) 4, 5, 6
56. Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) 4
57. Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 4, 5
58. Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758) 4
59. Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 4, 5
60. Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758) 4
61. Euphydryas aurinia 5NT
62. Melitaea didyma (Esper, 1778) 5
63. Melitaea phoebe 4, 5
64. Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) 4, 5, 6
65. Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789) 4, 5
66. Melitaea britomartis Assmann, 1847 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 DD NT
67. Melitaea athalia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
68. Melitaea aurelia Nickerl, 1850 2, 4, 5, 6 DD NT
69. Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
70. Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, 1761) 1, 2, 4, 5, 6
71. Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 4, 5
72. Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) 4
73. Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) 1, 2, 4, 5
74. Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763) 1, 4, 5
75. Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775) 1, 4
76. Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 5
77. Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767) 1, 2, 4, 5
78. Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
79. Erebia medusa 4NT
Continued
50 KollerŠarić,K.et al.:ThebutterflydiversityoftheBaraćCaves(Kordun,Croatia)
previous surveys in the most northern part of the Kordun region, in the Karlovac sur-
-
of species for the Kordun region contains 89 butterfly species.
-
-
parison of species habitat preferences in these three areas revealed a similar number
-
Plitvice Lakes NP (Tab. 3).
Kordun NP Plitvice lakes
mesophilic 20 (25%) 15 (23%) 15 (21%)
19 (24%) 15 (23%) 14(20%)
13 (17%) 8 (12%) 18 (25%)
ubiquitous 13 (17%) 12 (19%) 13 (18%)
mesophilic/ hydrophilic 7 (9%) 6 (9%) 4 (6%)
3 (4%) 4 (6%) 3 (4%)
mesophilic/ tryphophilic 1 (1%) 1 (2%) 1 (1,5%)
tyrphophilic/ hygrophilic 1 (1%) 1 (2%) 1 (1,5%)
hygrophilic 1 (1%) 1 (2%) 1 (1,5%)
1(1%) 1 (2%) 1 (1,5%)
According to the biogeographical affiliation, most butterfly species of the significant
landscape have Euro-Siberian (53) and Euro-Oriental affiliation (15). The comparison
NP, and north Kordun revealed a similar number of species per affiliation type (Ap-
-
2016b): Phengaris arion (Linnaeus, 1758), Lycaena dispar
Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775), Papilio machaon Linnaeus,
1758, Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758), and Zerynthia polyxena. Altogether 14
species fall into one of the endangered categories of the Croatian Red List of Butterflies,
-
ered vulnerable (VU) (P. arion
P.
arion is assessed as Endangered (EN), four species are assessed as Near threatened
(NT): M. britomartis, M. aurelia, P. mnemosyne, and Aporia crataegi Z. polyxena is
considered as of Least concern (LC).
Nat.Croat.Vol.31(1),2022 51
DISCUSSION
Data about the butterfly diversity of some regions in Croatia, including Lika and
Kordun are very limited. In the Lika region, Plitvice Lakes National Park can be re-
frame and a total of 71 species have been recorded so far ( 1895;
et al., 1896; 1901; 1938; 1958; 1966; 1973;
1999; 2004; -
al is less researched and most of the studies have been conducted around Karlovac
region (, 1910;
of the species increased to 89.
more diverse, but further surveys are needed to prove this.
-
-
-
es of deciduous forests ( &
habitat of the studied area. Besides, the high presence of ubiquitous, species able to live
52 KollerŠarić,K.et al.:ThebutterflydiversityoftheBaraćCaves(Kordun,Croatia)
in all types of habitats may indicate that a high proportion of the recorded species can
move from one habitat to another if the conditions are unfavourable ( &
2015). The comparison of habitat affiliation of butterfly species in the three areas,
each of them, detailed information on the occurrence and distribution in Croatia is
provided.
Lycaena dispar
This easily distinguishable species is rather local in the mountainous areas of Kordun
and Lika. Historical records from these parts are very limited ( 2009). In the
habitats as L. hippothoe. The habitat of L. dispar-
-
pillars are in hibernation, after mid-October (
some caterpillars survive ( Rumex spp.) and sites
L. dispar must not
et al., 2012; ,
2014).
Lycaena hippothoe
continental parts of the country ( & 1988). It is not rare but can be
local and thus the conservation status in the country is near threatened (et al., 2015).
m a.s.l. it is replaced by a very similar species, Lycaena candens. As stated by &
processes on each side of the valva in L. hippothoeL. candens there is only one
(, 1975;
area of Croatia is given by & L. hippothoe the map
is presented in et alL. candens
-
imens yielded only L. hippothoeL.
hippothoe
Phengaris arion
parts of Croatia (
(Thymmus sp., Origanum -
et al., 2007; et al., 2020). In
-
mens observed. The habitat in the area seems to be suitable for this species but the lack
Nat.Croat.Vol.31(1),2022 53
to maintain the population of P. arion-
et al., 2006). To
2009; et al., 2012).
Apatura iris and A. ilia
Both species are considered near threatened in Croatia (et al., 2015) and are
rather sparse. According to et al. (2015). A. iris is present only in the uppermost
1910; et al., 2020)
and on Mt. Velebit ( et al
The second species, A. ilia is more common in Croatia and mostly inhabits river and
-
ern Kordun and Lika areas are sparse, especially recent ones (et al., 2020). Unlike
the first species, A. ilia-
mens seen together around the forest edges.
Boloria selene
The record of B. selene-
streams and rivers, but even there they tend to be local (et al., 2017). Only in
, pers. comm.) is the
-
recorded only from a single locality (et al.,
Book of Butterflies of Croatia (et al., 2015), its scarcity and dependence on the
-
Prunus sp. and Crataegus spp. While such development
B. selene habitat res-
toration is needed.
54 KollerŠarić,K.et al.:ThebutterflydiversityoftheBaraćCaves(Kordun,Croatia)
Euphydryas aurinia
2009) the occurrence of
( 1992), therefore special care should be given to the monitoring of the
species and conservation of its habitats. The key for the management of habitats for E.
aurinia, -
venting succession (et al., 2005; et al.,
-
-
-
burning should be done at beginning of the year before larvae emerge from hibernation
(et al., 2012).
Melitaea athalia, M. britomartis, and M. aurelia
, 1975).
The distribution of these three species in Croatia is still being investigated, and is rath-
of their genital structures ( & 2012). As no previous studies have been
M. britomartis has only re-
cently been recorded ( & 2012). We dissected about 20 male specimens
species occupy the same grassland habitats and can be considered common in the area.
Accordingly, M. britomartis
Aside from the above-mentioned species, some other records can be regarded as in-
Araschnia levana, Ap-
anthopus hyperanthus, and Neptis sappho
(e.g. 2009) but very local in central parts, including the southern Kordun area.
The most significant threats for butterflies in Europe are the intensification of farm-
ing in some parts, and the abandonment of grassland habitats in others (et al.,
2015; et al., 2019; et al., 2021). Thus, if biodiversity losses are re-
kind of landscape-scale conservation includes certain necessary elements such as the
increase of the area of the breeding habitat, an increase of general habitat quality for
et al., 2011; et al.,
Nat.Croat.Vol.31(1),2022 55
-
ferent times. Such management could also be applied to the Significant Landscape of
-
cessional vegetation through clearing trees and shrubs, is favorable for butterfly species
(et al., 2013). Currently, only a minor part of the studied area is managed proper-
depopulation of the area after the Homeland War in the 90s. Accordingly, the manage-
area are educated and encouraged to manage land appropriately (et al., 2021).
Butterflies represent a good indicator group of species ( 2005;
et al., 2012, 2019), and their diversity could be used for biodiversity and habitat quality
diversity of butterflies could be used to promote the area and make it more attractive
could be informed about the endangered, rare, or interesting butterfly species and their
relation to correct grassland and forest edge management.
We are grateful to Public Institution for the Management of Protected Natural Val-
ues on the Territory of the Municipality of Rakovica for financing this survey. We also
company and help during field trips. Our gratitude goes also to Rudi Verovnik for
useful corrections of and suggestions about the manuscript. Collection and study per-
(KLASA UP/I-612-07/19-48/44 and UP/I-612-07/21-48/65, URBROJ 517-05-1-1-19-3 and
517-10-1-1-21-5).
Received September 10, 2021
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Lycaena hippothoe, Lycaena dispar, Boloria selene i Apatura
iris
Nat.Croat.Vol.31(1),2022 59
No. Species
caves Kordun NP Plitvice
lakes Biogeo.
Habirat type selected
1. Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771) + HOL mesophilic/ hydrophilic
2. Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES
3. Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771) + + ES
4. Ochlodes sylvanus (Esper, 1777) + + + ES ubiquitous
5. Pyrgus carthami (Hübner, 1813) + EO
6. Pyrgus malvae (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES
7. Spialia orbifer (Hübner, 1823) + EO
8. Spialia sertorius + EM
9. Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer, 1808) + + HOL mesophilic
10. Thymelicus sylvestris (Poda, 1761) + + EO mesophilic
11. Aricia agestis + + ES
12. Callophrys rubi (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES mesophilic
13. Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES mesophilic
14. Cupido argiades (Pallas, 1771) + + HOL
15. Cupido minimus (Fuessly, 1775) + + EO
16. Cyaniris semiargus + + ES mesophilic/ hydrophilic
17. Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda, 1761) + ES
18. Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus, 1758) + EM mesophilic
19. Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767) + TRO
20. Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761) + + + HOL ubiquitous
21. Lycaena alciphron + + + EO mesophilic/ hydrophilic
22. Lycaena dispar + + ES mesophilic/ hydrophilic
23. Lycaena hippothoe (Linnaeus, 1761) + ES mesophilic/ hydrophilic
24. Lycaena tityrus (Poda, 1761) + + ES
60 KollerŠarić,K.et al.:ThebutterflydiversityoftheBaraćCaves(Kordun,Croatia)
No. Species
caves Kordun NP Plitvice
lakes Biogeo.
Habirat type selected
25. Lycaena virgaureae (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES mesophilic
26. Lysandra bellargus + + EO
27. Lysandra coridon (Poda, 1761) + EO
28. Phengaris alcon + ES
29. Phengaris arion (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES
30. Plebejus argus (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES
31. Plebejus argyrognomon (Bergsträsser, 1779) + ES
32. Plebeius idas (Linnaeus, 1761) + HOL
33. Polyommatus amandus (Schneider, 1792) + ES mesophilic/ hydrophilic
34. Polyommatus icarus + + + ES ubiquitous
35. Satyrium acaciae (Fabricius, 1787) + EO
36. Satyrium ilicis (Esper, 1779) + EO
37. Satyrium spini + + EO
38. Scolitantides orion (Pallas, 1771) + ES
39. Thecla betulae (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES
40. Aglais io (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES ubiquitous
41. Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1758) + ES ubiquitous
42. Apatura ilia + + ES mesophilic
43. Apatura iris (Linnaeus, 1758) + ES mesophilic
44. Aphantopus hyperantus (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES mesophilic
45. Araschnia levana (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES mesophilic/ hydrophilic
46. Argynnis pandora + EO
47. Argynnis paphia (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES mesophilic
48. Boloria dia (Linnaeus, 1767) + + + ES
49. Boloria euphrosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES mesophilic
50. Boloria selene + + + HOL mesophilic/ tryphophilic
51. Brenthis daphne (Bergsträsser, 1779) + + ES
Nat.Croat.Vol.31(1),2022 61
No. Species
caves Kordun NP Plitvice
lakes Biogeo.
Habirat type selected
52. Brenthis hecate + ES
53. Brenthis ino + + + ES mesophilic/ hydrophilic
54. Brintesia circe (Fabricius, 1775) + + + EO
55. Coenonympha arcania (Linnaeus, 1761) + + + EM
56. Coenonympha pamphilus (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + EO
57. Erebia aethiops (Esper, 1777) + EO
58. Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758) + ES mesophilic
59. Erebia medusa + ES mesophilic
60. Euphydryas aurinia + + + ES hygrophilic
61. Fabriciana adippe + + + ES mesophilic
62. Fabriciana niobe (Linnaeus, 1758) + ES mesophilic
63. Hipparchia semele (Linnaeus, 1758) + EM
64. Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES ubiquitous
65. Lasiommata maera (Linnaeus, 1758) + ES
66. Lasiommata megera (Linnaeus, 1767) + + + EO ubiquitous
67. Limenitis camilla (Linnaeus, 1764) + ES mesophilic
68. Limenitis reducta Staudinger, 1901 + + EO
69. Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES ubiquitous
70. Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + EO mesophilic
71. Melitaea athalia + + + ES mesophilic
72. Melitaea aurelia Nickerl, 1850 + + EO
73. Melitaea britomartis Assmann, 1847 + ES
74. Melitaea cinxia (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES
75. Melitaea diamina (Lang, 1789) + + + ES tyrphophilic/ hygrophilic
76. Melitaea didyma (Esper, 1778) + + + ES
77. Melitaea phoebe + + + ES
78. Minois dryas (Scopoli, 1763) + + ES
79. Neptis rivularis (Scopoli, 1763) + + ES
62 KollerŠarić,K.et al.:ThebutterflydiversityoftheBaraćCaves(Kordun,Croatia)
No. Species
caves Kordun NP Plitvice
lakes Biogeo.
Habirat type selected
80. Neptis sappho (Pallas, 1771) + + ES mesophilic
81. Nymphalis antiopa (Linnaeus, 1758) + + HOL mesophilic
82. Nymphalis polychloros (Linnaeus, 1758) + + EO
83. Nymphalis vaualbum + ES mesophilic
84. Pararge aegeria (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + EO
85. Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES mesophilic
86. Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus, 1767) + + EM
87. Speyeria aglaja (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES
88. Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + HOL ubiquitous
89. Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + COS
90. Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES
91. Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758 + + + ES ubiquitous
92. Parnassius apollo (Linnaeus, 1758) + ES
93. Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) + + EO mesophilic
94. Zerynthia polyxena + EO
95. Anthocharis cardamines (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES mesophilic/ hydrophilic
96. Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES
97. Colias crocea + + EO
98. Colias cf. hyale (Linnaeus, 1758) + + ES ubiquitous
99. Gonepteryx rhamni (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES mesophilic
100. Leptidea sinapis (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES
101. Pieris balcana Lorkovic, 1970 + + ES mesophilic
102. Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES ubiquitous
103. Pieris ergane + EO
104. Pieris mannii (Mayer, 1851) + + EO
105. Pieris napi (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + ES ubiquitous
106. Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) + + + HOL ubiquitous
