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RESEARCH OF EARLY RATING SOYBEAN VARIETIES ON TECHNOLOGY AND AGROECOLOGICAL RESISTANCE
Abstract
The scientific monograph presents the theoretical and practical aspects of the development of modern scientific research. General questions of economics and enterprise management, regional economics, marketing, technical sciences, technology of food and light industry, and so on are considered. The publication is intended for scientists, educators, graduate and undergraduate students, as well as a general audience.
... У наших дослідженнях та інших літературних джерелах є дані, що недостатнє забезпечення рослин квасолі цинком супроводжуються порушенням фосфорного обміну [1, 8, 9]. Низка вчених, використовуючи цитохімічні методи, спостерігали у листках деяких культур при нестачі цинку підвищений вміст неорганічного фосфору. ...
The article describes the characteristics of decorative species of the genus Lupinus L. in the course of introductory studies on the basis of experienced exhibition areas of the Botanical Garden «Podillya» of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University. An analysis of the species composition of the genus Lupinus L. has been carried out and the prospects of their use for landscaping of various objects of the Podillya area have been determined. In order to differentiate plants in accordance with the scope of their possible use, the morphometric indices of the most promising representatives of this genus are given. It has been established that all investigated species are of interest as potentially valuable objects for enrichment of assortment of domestic ornamental plants. It is established that natural possibilities of representatives of the genus Lupinus L., plasticity to change their life form, high quality by the aggregate of characteristics that determine their decorative character, characterizes the investigated plants as a source for introducing and enriching the range of decorative cultures in Ukraine. Thus, the introduction of representatives of the genus Lupinus L. will enable to significantly expand the range of ornamental plants and enrich the cultivated flora of the Podillya region and Ukraine as a whole.
Soybean is a quantitative photoperiod sensitive short-day crop. In Asian countries, soybean is grown under rain-fed conditions. However, late planting due to delayed onset of the rainy season results in the reduced biomass leading to considerable yield losses. Long juvenility (LJ) trait in soybean delays flowering and helps in gaining biomass under short days. Our objective of this work was to understand the molecular basis of long juvenility in a genetic resource AGS 25. In this study, we used recombinant inbred lines (RILs) developed from an LJ genotype AGS 25 and conventional juvenile (CJ) genotype JS 93–05 and mapped a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) explaining upto 39.7% of the phenotypic variation. The identified QTL carried two candidate flowering genes FT2a and FT2b, in which genomic DNA sequencing of coding DNA sequence identified the former with a functional SNP variation but the latter was found monomorphic. The identified mutation in FT2a could be associated with LJ and validated in another segregating population (F2 of SL 958 × AGS 25). The novel mutation caused a non-synonymous substitution of conserved glycine with aspartic acid (G169D) and the mechanism of LJ through this mutation is to be further divulged. This identified mis-sense mutation found associated with delayed flowering in two previous reports. The identified new functional SNP created differential HinfI (e9-CAPS) restriction sites and high-resolution melt (HRM) profiles (e9-HRM) for CJ and LJ parents and are associated with delayed flowering in RILs and F2 population (SL 958 × AGS 25).
In the article agroecological factors of competitive bioorganic varietal technology of soybean cultivation which provides development of regulations of application of a complex of alternative types of fertilizers for their cultivation in the context of short-term and long-term action and basic superstructure of factor estimation of block. As part of joint research work of Vinnytsia National Agrarian University and the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beets of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, the authors were involved in research theme "Development of methods for improving the technology of growing legumes using biofertilizers, bacterial preparations, foliar fertilizers and physiologically active substances". To establish the reliability of yield data by analysis of variance, it was determined that LSD 0.05 for factor A in 2017 was 0.09 t/ha. The largest deviations of yield indicators to control among varieties were: variety Podilska 416 +0.41 t/ha, variety Chernivtsi 9 – 0.27 t/ha and variety Agate -0.66 t/ha, which exceeded the value of LSD 0.05 for the factor A (soybean variety) by +0.32, – 0.18 and – 0.57 t/ha, respectively.
The article deals with the main methods of nutrient removal from wastewater, as well as presents promising technologies and techniques. Struvite was characterized by a complex phosphorus fertilizer. The influence of struvite on the processes of germination of cultivated plants was investigated. The possibility of creating a growth substrate as an inexpensive and effective alternative to the disposal of the man-made wastes that contain an organic component was identified. The composition of the growth substrate was selected to ensure its functional properties. The growth substrate was tested by bioindication. Subsequently, the modification of the substrate by adding natural sorbents.
It is developed the growing technology model, which provides for the growing pea varieties under compatible presowing seeds treatment by bacterial preparations Ryzohumin and Polimiksobakteryn, and triplex using of foliar fertilizing by complex fertilizers KODA 7-21-7 in the phases of budding and green beans and KODA Complex in the phase of pouring seeds in the background of fertilization N45P60K60, which provided grain yield formation on the level of 4.01 t/ha in class Tsarevych and 4.31 t/ha in class Ulus, where collection of crude protein was 1.02 t/ha and 1.07 t/ha. It is established the dependence between the pea yield size and weather conditions during the growing period. It is created the optimal conditions of mineral nutrition for pea plants due to using of bacterial fertilizers and foliar fertilizers, which promoted not only great yield formation, but also significantly increasing of biochemical indexes and, as a result – the increasing of crude protein content till 24.81-25.44% and its collection – till 1.02-1.07 t/ha.
The current condition of the former pesticide storages has been investigated and characterized. All pesticide storages of Kryzhopil region are in extremely poor condition and they contain substantial amounts of unknown mixtures of unusable pesticides, which are stored in bulk in 100% of pesticide storages being a powerful source of environmental pollution by toxicants of various chemical composition. Pesticide residues in different environment (soil, water, plant) have been determined. The research results clearly prove availability of severe local sources of contamination of agricultural lands with organochlorine pesticides. There is a risk of contamination of other environmental objects with hazardous substances and a negative impact of toxic substances on human health. Migration of pesticides from the soil into agricultural products and drinking water has been identified. It has been suggested that poor environmental conditions and consumption of pesticide-contaminated agricultural products and drinking water lead to an increase in the number of human diseases. It has been found that the population of the district has much higher morbidity rates compared to the indicators of the oblast. Step-by-step environmental risk assessment has been carried out.
Currently, drying of food materials by infrared radiation (IR) becomes widespread. The technology of dehydration of products and materials is far ahead of the theoretical drying conditions. Not only classical literature on problems of drying, but also special literature does not give concrete recommendations for the design of installations with electromagnetic energy supply. Therefore, the only reliable way of their study is an experiment. Despite the great scientific amount of literature on drying, including IR-installations, practical issues of designing infrared dryers have not been worked out. Well-known studies are exclusively private. The technological features of drying sunflower seeds by means of infrared energy supply are described in this paper and the prospects of vibration monolayer drying of sunflower seeds are grounded. The specific energy costs are determined for the process of infrared drying of the product.
Photoperiod response of flowering determines plant adaptation to different latitudes. Soybean, a short-day plant, has gained the ability to flower under long-day conditions during the growing season at higher latitudes, mainly through dysfunction of phytochrome A genes (E3 and E4) and the floral repressor E1. In this study, we identified a novel molecular genetic basis of photoperiod insensitivity in Far-Eastern Russian soybean cultivars. By testcrossing these cultivars with a Canadian cultivar Harosoy near-isogenic line for a recessive e3 allele, followed by association tests and fine mapping, we determined that the insensitivity was inherited as a single recessive gene located in an 842-kb interval in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 4, where E1-Like b (E1Lb), a homoeolog of E1, is located. Sequencing analysis detected a single-nucleotide deletion in the coding sequence of the gene in insensitive cultivars, which generated a premature stop codon. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the loss-of-function allele (designated e1lb) exhibited upregulated expression of soybean FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs, FT2a and FT5a, and flowered earlier than those for E1Lb under long-day conditions in both the e3/E4 and E3/E4 genetic backgrounds. These NILs further lacked the inhibitory effect on flowering by far-red light–enriched long-day conditions, which is mediated by E4, but not that of red-light–enriched long-day conditions, which is mediated by E3. These findings suggest that E1Lb retards flowering under long-day conditions by repressing the expression of FT2a and FT5a independently of E1. This loss-of-function allele can be used as a new resource in breeding of photoperiod-insensitive cultivars, and may improve our understanding of the function of the E1 family genes in the photoperiod responses of flowering in soybean.
Проаналізовано сучасний стан напрямів використання трав'яних видів Paeonia L. та визначено їх перспективи використання у декоративному садівництві та озелененні. Досліджено сортовий асортимент видового та чисельного складу сортів трав'яних видів Paeonia L., яких занесено до Державного реєстру, та проаналізовано динаміку за роками їх створення. Наведено загальну характеристику досліджуваних сортів, яких занесено до Реєстру. Досліджено сортові властивості 42 сортів та гібридів трав'яних видів Paeonia L. Наведено результати первинного інтродукційного випробування квітниково-декоративних сортів, що належать до представників сортів трав'яних видів Paeonia L. в умовах Поділля. Проаналізовано видовий склад роду Paeonia L. та визначено перспективність їх використання для озеленення різних об'єктів зони Поділля. З метою диференціації рослин відповідно до сфери їх можливого використання наведено морфометричні показники сортів представників цього роду. Дослідженням встановлено, що всі досліджувані сорти викликають інтерес як потенційно цінні об'єкти для збагачення асортименту вітчизняних декоративних рослин та є перспективними для поліпшення стану парків, скверів, садків зони Поділля. Враховуючи високі декоративні властивості цих видів та широкі можливості їх застосування, квітниково-декоративні рослини представників трав'яних видів Paeonia L. становлять значний інтерес для садівництва та поповнення асортименту декоративних культур нашої держави. Також дослідженнями визначено природні можливості представників трав'яних видів Paeonia L., пластичність до зміни їх життєвої форми. Висока якість за сукупністю ознак, що визначають їх декоративність, характеризує досліджувані рослини як джерело для інтродукції, а також збагачення асортименту декоративних культур в Україні. Отже, інтродукція представників роду Paeonia L. для озеленення дає змогу значно розширити асортимент декоративно цінних рослин та збагатити культивовану флору зони Поділля та України загалом. Порівняння отриманих результатів з характеристикою сортів, які представив оригінатор, показали збігання сортових ознак за всіма показниками. Враховуючи, що Півонії належать до провідних культур, які набули широкого застосування в озелененні завдяки високій декоративності яскраво забарвлених суцвіть, оцінено рівень пристосованості сортового матеріалу цього виду. Означені якості проявилися повною мірою у всіх сортів, які ми вибрали для випробування в умовах Вінниччини, що підтверджено даними фенологічних спостережень та обліку їх господарсько-біологічних якостей за критеріями, прийнятими Державною методикою сортовипробування.
Наведено результати первинного інтродукційного випробування квітниково-декоративних рослин, що належать до представників роду Lupinus L. в умовах Поділля. Проаналізовано видовий склад роду Lupinus та визначено перспективність їх використання для озеленення різних об'єктів зони Поділля. Для диференціації рослин відповідно до сфери їх можливого використання наведено морфометричні показники найперспективніших представників цього роду. Встановлено, що всі досліджувані види викликають інтерес як потенційно цінні об'єкти для збагачення асортименту вітчизняних декоративних рослин та є перспективними для поліпшення стану парків, скверів, садків зони Поділля. Враховуючи високі декоративні якості цих видів та широкі можливості їх застосування, квітниково-декоративні рослини представників роду Lupinus L мають важливе значення для садівництва та для поповнення асортименту декоративних культур нашої держави. З'ясовано, що природні можливості представників роду Lupinus, пластичність до зміни їх життєвої форми, висока якість за сукупністю ознак, що визначають їх декоративність, характеризує досліджувані рослини як джерело для інтродукції і збагачення асортименту декоративних культур в Україні. Отже, інтродукція представників роду Lupinus для озеленення дасть змогу значно розширити асортимент декоративно цінних рослин та збагатити культивовану флору зони Поділля та України загалом.
Cultivar tests under tropical environments could be an approach to explore soybean productivity under high temperature. Twenty-nine soybean cultivars divided into five groups with temperate origin (Japanese and US) and tropical origin (Indonesian-old, Indonesian-modern and other tropical) were grown for two years in a tropical environment at Banten, Indonesia, with minimal season-to-season variation in air temperature and day-length. Temperate cultivars were earlier in flowering and shorter in duration from R1 to R5. Temperate cultivars had a seed yield of 157 g m⁻² (mean temperate cultivars) compared to 249 g m⁻² (tropical cultivars), which was due to having lower values of pods, seed number and TDW. In addition, the occurrence of shriveling and smaller seed size compared to plants grown in their region of origin was considerably evident in Japanese cultivars. To account for the difference of growth duration, a maturity-corrected index for yield and relevant variables was calculated to consider the amount of incident solar radiation. The yield index for all tested cultivars ranged from .49 to 1.48, and Japanese cultivars showed the lowest yield index (.67), followed by US cultivars (.87), whereas tropical cultivars had index means from 1.05 to 1.20. Although they were both of temperate origin, Japanese cultivars tended to show a lower index than US cultivars. The tendency was similar for TDW and node number. The poor performance of temperate cultivars even after correction suggests that there is a genetic variation of adaptation to a tropical environment independent of growth duration. Additionally, there was considerable performance variation within temperate cultivars.
Background:
Achieving appropriate maturity in a target environment is essential to maximizing crop yield potential. In
soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], the time to maturity is largely dependent on developmental response to dark periods. Once the critical photoperiod is reached, flowering is initiated and reproductive development proceeds. Therefore, soybean adaptation has been attributed to genetic changes and natural or artificial selection to optimize plant development in specific, narrow latitudinal ranges. In North America, these regions have been classified into twelve maturity groups (MG), with lower MG being short er season than higher MG. Growing soybean lines not adapted to a particular environment typically results in poor growth and significant yield reductions. The objective of this study was to develop a molecular model for soybean maturity based on the alleles underlying the major maturity loci: E1, E2, and E3
.
Results:
We determined the allelic variation and diversity of the E maturity genes in a large collection of soybean landraces, North American ancestors, Chinese cultivars, North American cultivars or expired Plant Variety Protection lines, and private-company lines. The E gene status of accessions in the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection with SoySNP50K Beadchip data was also predicted. We determined the E allelic combinations needed to adapt soybean to different MGs in the United States (US) and discovered a strong signal of selection for E genotypes released in North America, particularly the US and Canada.
Conclusions:
The E gene maturity model proposed will enable plant breeders to more effectively transfer traits into
different MGs and increase the overall efficiency of soybean breeding in the US and Canada. The powerful yet simple selection strategy for increasing soybean breeding efficiency can be used alone or to directly enhance genomic prediction/selection schemes. The results also revealed previously unrecognized aspects of artificial selection in soybean imposed by soybean breeders based on geography that highlights the need for plant breeding that is optimized for specific environments.
Physiological growth of late planted sugarcane crop is restricted by high temperature and a short growth period. This causes considerable reduction in crop and sucrose yields. Improving physiological growth within the short period is, therefore, highly desirable. Two field experiments were undertaken to determine the effect of exogenous applications of Ethrel and gibberellic acid (GA3) on sprouting, shoot population and physiological growth. Sugarcane setts were soaked overnight in Ethrel before planting. Foliar application of GA3 was performed at 90, 120 and 150 days after planting (DAP). Ethrel soaking led to 100% sprouting and high settling population at 20 DAP, due to a significant increase in bud moisture and activities of acid invertase (AI), indole acetic acid oxidase (IAAO), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitrate reductase (NR) activity in vivo. Early sprouting increased the growth period to 245 days compared to 220 days in the unsoaked setts. The applications increased leaf area (57%), leaf area index (76%), leaf area ratio (71%), leaf area duration (48%), biomass duration (52%) and net assimilation rate (69.64%) at the grand growth stage. The changes led to increased shoot numbers (26.3%), internodal numbers stalk⁻¹ (40.74%), internodal length (40%), internodal girth (46.15%) and stalk length (42%) at the harvest stage. The stimulated physiological growth augmented dry matter content, oBrix and purity of cane juice by 24.2, 3 and 0.3%, respectively. The study demonstrates that the induction of higher shoot numbers together with increased leaf area index (LAI) and stalk elongation within a short growth period through Ethrel soaking and gibberellic acid applications is positively associated with enhanced dry matter and sucrose contents.
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play important roles in regulating plant growth. Application of PGRs may conversely affect the tritrophic plant–herbivore–parasitoid interactions. To manipulate the growth of winter wheat for rearing the English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, which is used to rear an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius gifuensis, we determined the effects of four commonly used PGRs, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and one plant growth retardant paclobutrazol (PBZ), on winter wheat seedlings and their indirect effects on the aphids and the parasitoids. Foliar application of IAA, NAA, and GA3 to wheat seedlings significantly affected the growth of the winter wheat plants, promoted plant height and leaf length, and increased fresh and dry weights. In contrast, PBZ had a negative effect on wheat growth. The PGRs did not affect the development, but had negative effects on fecundity and intrinsic rates of natural increase of S. avenae. The PGRs also exhibited negative effects on the parasitoids by having lower parasitism, emergence rate, and proportion of females when the host (aphids) fed on the PGRs-treated winter wheat seedlings than on untreated wheat plants. In conclusion, the PGRs-mediated effects strongly impact not only plant growth, but also the herbivores and the parasitoids. Our results suggest that the PGRs should be cautiously used to regulate plant growth if aphid parasitoids are dominant natural enemies. The information should be useful for understanding potential consequences related to biological control of aphids via parasitoids when plant growth regulators are used on crops.
The article studies the role of strategic economic potential in managing the factors of development for the contemporary economic systems. Elements of the strategic economic potential are determined; structural logical model of the strategic economic potential management is offered; algorithm of searching the sources for the strategic economic potential increase is developed.
Management practices for biomass production of bioenergy grasses may differ from management for forage. Our objective was to determine the yield and stand responses of 'Alamo' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) to N and P fertilization as affected by row spacing. A combination of five rates each of N and P were applied to plots during 1992 to 1998 at Stephenville, TX and 1993 to 1995 at Beeville, TX. Three row-spacing treatments were applied as subplots. Biomass production was determined each year with a single harvest in late summer. Tiller density and tiller mass were measured during 1993 to 1996 at Stephenville. Biomass production was not influenced by the addition of P. Biomass production response to N at Beeville was greater in narrow rows than wide rows during the establishment year only. Biomass production responses to N were quadratic in 5 of 7 yr at Stephenville and linear at Beeville. A maximum yield of 22.5 Mg ha-1 occurred during 1995 at Stephenville at 168 kg N ha-1 Lodging occurred at both locations but only at the 224 kg N ha-1 rate. Tiller density and mass increased as row width increased. Tiller mass also increased with increasing N fertility at Stephenville. This response was more important in determining biomass production than was tiller density. Average biomass production at 168 kg N ha-1 yr-1 was 14.5 and 10.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1 at Stephenville and Beeville, respectively. Biomass production without applied N tended to decline over the years. Our data indicated that switchgrass biomass production is sustainable at Stephenville only with the application of at least 168 kg N ha-1 yr-1 but P application and row spacing are not crucial.
This article investigates the development of an innovative strategy for environmentally sustainable development. The breakthrough strategy has been found to be an activity-based structure and system of activities to accelerate growth. It has been found out that, in form and substance, all practical business development strategies depend on specific internal and external circumstances. It is proved that when developing breakthrough strategies for socio-economic development of a country, it is necessary to be guided by certain methodical techniques or rules, namely: scientific and applied justification; identifying and progressively improving an attractive value proposition; development and continuous improvement of the business model; drawing up and implementing an action plan; forming the focus of all participants in the breakthrough strategy on the achievement of strategic goals. The main products of the breakthrough strategy are found to be the organizational mission, value proposition, business model and set of projects and programs that form the breakthrough strategy cycle [2, 4]. It is found that there are different types of breakthrough strategies, among them the following: 1) storming strategy; 2) lagging behind in leaders; 3) expansion of horizons; 4) change of form [3]. Breakthrough strategies in the industry include the introduction of modern innovative industrial technologies on the basis of support for the development of high-tech industries (increasing production of domestic aviation and space technology, instrumentation, electronic technology, nanotechnology, medical technology), harnessing the potential of Ukraine to expand medium-tech production automotive, newest rolling stock and other railway equipment), Stim fostering the creation of new innovation development poles (creation of innovation clusters in the regions of Ukraine)[4]. It is proved that sustainable environmental development is impossible without the formation and use of appropriate management potential, that is, the ability of managers is qualified to "launch" all other potentials. It has been determined that the goal of green economy development should be to achieve a higher level of well-being while simultaneously solving resource-ecological and social problems. Keywords: strategy, innovation, environmental security, sustainable development.
The paper describes characteristics of grain maize hybrids by the components of the yield structure depending on the seed size and seeding depth. The dynamics of changes in the examined parameters is determined while changing 1000-kernel weight and increasing seeding depth from 4 to 11 cm. The effect of environmental conditions on the kernel row number and kernel number per row has been determined. Dependence of the kernel row number and kernel number per row on the seeding depth and seed size is examined. The growth of genetic control of the kernel row number depending on the particular hybrid is outlined in comparison with the studied elements of the technology. Application of seeds having large linear size and an optimum seeding depth of 4-7 cm allows us to increase kernel number per row. Dependence of the change in the kernel row number on the seeding depth and seed size, which indicates a high genetic nature of determination of this trait, was established. Kernel number per row increased when decreasing the seeding depth and its greatest value was achieved under the depth of 4 cm. Application of the medium and large seeds increased the value of kernel number per row by 0.2-2.1 kernels compared to small seeds. It is established that sowing of medium and large seeds at the depth of 4-7 cm ensures optimal value of the investigated components of the yield structure of maize hybrids.
Yields of grain legumes are constrained by available water. Thus, it is crucial to understand traits influencing water uptake and the efficiency of using water to produce biomass. Global comparisons and comparisons at specific locations reveal that water use of different grain legumes is very similar, which indicates that water use efficiency varies over a wide range due to differences in biomass and yield. Moreover, yield increases more per millimetre of water used in cool season grain legumes than warm season species. Although greater contrasts have been observed across species and genotypes at the pot and lysimeter level, agronomic factors need to be taken into account when scaling those studies to field-level responses. Conservative water use strategies in grain legumes such as low stomatal conductance as approximated by low photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination reduces yield potential, whereas temporal adjustments of stomatal conductance within the growing season and in response to environmental factors (such as vapour pressure deficit) helps to optimize the trade-off between carbon gain and water loss. Furthermore, improved photosynthetic capacity, reduced mesophyll conductance, reduced boundary layer, and re-fixation of respired CO2 were identified as traits that are beneficial without water deficit, but also under terminal and transient drought. Genotypic variability in some grain legume species has been observed for several traits that influence water use, water use efficiency, and yield, including root length and the temporal pattern of water use, but even more variation is expected from wild relatives. Albeit that N2 fixation decreases under drought, its impact on water use is still largely unknown, but the nitrogen source influences gas exchange and, thus, transpiration efficiency. This review concludes that conservative traits are needed under conditions of terminal drought to help maintain soil moisture until the pod-filling period, but profligate traits, if tightly regulated, are important under conditions of transient drought in order to profit from short intermittent periods of available soil moisture.
A new theory of vibrational digging up of root crops from the soil has been developed. The Hamilton-Ostrogradski variational principle is used, on the basis of which we have received the differential equation of longitudinal oscillations of the root in the soil with an infinite number of degrees of freedom. Solution of the given equation provided the possibility to determine the main parameters of the tools that are used in modern beet harvesters.
Morrison, M. J., Fregeau-Reid, J. A. and Cober, E. R. 2012. Genotype and environment influence gamma aminobutyric acid concentration in short-season soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 1093-1100. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon, non-structural protein found ubiquitously in life forms on the planet. In plants, it is produced in the cytosol in response to stresses, via the alpha-decarboxylation of glutamate by the enzyme glutamate decarboxylase. In studies, foods made from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr), with high GABA concentration, have reduced high blood pressure. Our objective was to determine if there were genotypic differences for GABA concentration among a series of short-season soybean cultivars. A historical series of 16 cultivars released from 1934 to 2000 was grown in a randomized complete block design with four replications across 3 yr at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, Canada. Seed was harvested for yield and a sample taken to determine seed weight, protein, oil, L-glutamate (L-Glu) and GABA concentrations. There were significant differences among cultivars for all parameters and significant differences among years for all parameters except L-Glu. GABA was positively correlated with protein concentration, L-Glu and seed yield. There was a threefold difference in GABA concentration between the highest and lowest cultivars, but no clear relationships to weather parameters were identified. GABA concentration was determined to be moderately heritable (44%) indicating that new cultivars with higher concentrations could readily be developed. Soybean cultivars with higher GABA concentration, as part of the diet, may provide a means to reduce or prevent hypertension.
Cultivation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) as an energy crop could lower atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) levels by replacing fossil fuel and sequestering carbon (C). Information on the details of C partitioning within the switchgrass–soil system is important in order to quantify how much C is sequestered in switchgrass shoots, roots, and soil. No studies of C partitioning in a switchgrass–soil system under field conditions have been conducted. This study was aimed at determining the impact of agricultural management practices, such as row spacing and nitrogen (N) application rate, on C partitioning within the switchgrass–soil system; changes in C partitioning with time after switchgrass establishment were also considered. The results indicate that C storage in switchgrass shoots was higher with wide than narrow rows, and increased with N application rates. These responses were due to higher yields with wide than narrow rows and higher yields as N application rate increased. Carbon storage in shoots was 14.4% higher with 80-cm than 20-cm row spacing. Annual application of increased C storage in shoots by 207% and 27% when compared with annual applications of 0 and , respectively. Carbon storage increased by 62% over time from 1995 to 1996 in newly established switchgrass on sandy loam soil in the coastal plain of Alabama. Rate of C increase in roots (72%) was higher than in shoots (49%) between 1995 and 1996. Carbon storage was in order of soil C > root C > shoot C in both 1995 and 1996. The root/shoot ratio of C storage was 2.2. It appears that C partitioning to roots plays an important role in C sequestration by switchgrass.
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