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Usage d’une langue véhiculaire dans l’accueil des demandeurs d’asile dans le sud de l’Espagne

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Abstract

Les phénomènes migratoires liés aux personnes réfugiées et aux demandeurs d’asile sont de plus en plus visibles. En 2019, l’Espagne est devenu le troisième pays de l’UE recevant le plus grand nombre de demandes d’asile. Une tendance qui, malgré la Covid-19, s’est maintenue en 2020 (Eurostat, 2021). Par conséquent, les besoins en traduction et interprétation, un service qui fait partie de leurs droits lors de leur prise en charge, se sont également accrus. Cependant, les dispositifs d’accueil ne disposent pas toujours d’interprètes de la langue native du demandeur. Une langue véhiculaire, connue par les participants de la communication sans être la langue native d’aucun d’entre eux, est donc souvent utilisée. À ce propos, nous présentons une étude qualitative effectué par notre groupe de recherche par le biais d’entretiens semi-directifs au personnel d’organismes d’accueil en Andalousie, une des régions européennes les plus marquées par l’entrée d’immigration sur le territoire de l’UE. Nous observons l’usage de l’anglais, le français, le russe et l’arabe comme langues véhiculaires, notamment lors d’interventions internes et de moindre importance. Il s’agit d’un domaine où se produisent de nombreuses situations d’urgence ou bien où il est impossible de trouver un interprète de la langue ou du dialecte de la personne demandeuse ; ce recours permet ainsi de faciliter la communication. Il est toutefois nécessaire de signaler les problèmes et les inconvénients qu’entraîne l’usage d’une langue véhiculaire qui, dans bien des cas, est ressentie en tant qu’étrangère et n’est pas maîtrisée, le tout dans un contexte de vulnérabilité et de déséquilibre de pouvoir comme celui-ci (autorité/réfugié).

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