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The Implementation of Self-Directed Dialogue to Improve Students’ Speaking Ability

Authors:
  • Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram
  • Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to find out the improvement of students speaking ability through the implementation of the self-directed dialogue technique, and student activities when the Self-directed Dialogue was applied to English subjects in the first grade of MA Darussalam, Beremi for the 2021/2022 academic year. In this study, the researcher used classroom action research as a research design by employing observation, tests, and documentation as techniques to gain the data. Observations were made to determine the application of self-directed dialogue techniques during the teaching and learning process while tests were used to measure student achievement in speaking ability. The subjects of this study were students in first grade of MA Darussalam Bermi with 21 students in the class. Researchers used qualitative and quantitative data analysis in calculating and analyzing data. The results of this study indicate that the self-directed dialogue technique can improve students' speaking ability. This can be seen from the results of a significant increase in each cycle. The score before implementing the technique was 48, the result of post-test 1 was 74.43, and post-test 2 was 84.43. This means that the students' speaking ability increases after applying the self-directed dialogue technique in the first grade of MA Darussalam Bermi in the 2021/2022 academic year.
IJEAL (International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics)
Volume : 2 | Number 2 | August 2022 | E-ISSN : 2787-9482 | DOI: doi.org/ijeal.v2i2.1671
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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SELF-DIRECTED DIALOGUE TO
IMPROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY
Melia Nova1, Syarifudin2, Soni Ariawan3
Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia1,2,3
soniariawan@uinmataram.ac.id
Received : 08/08/2022
Accepted : 26/08/2022
Publication: 06/08/2022
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find out the improvement of students' speaking ability through the
implementation of the self-directed dialogue technique, and student activities when the Self-directed
dialogue was applied to English subjects in the first grade of MA Darussalam, Beremi for the
2021/2022 academic year. In this study, the researchers used classroom action research as a research
design by employing observation and tests as a technique to gain the data. Observations were made to
determine the application of self-directed dialogue techniques during the teaching and learning
process, while tests were used to measure student achievement in speaking ability. The subjects of this
study were students of the first grade of MA Darussalam Bermi with 21 students in the class.
Researchers used qualitative and quantitative data analysis in calculating and analyzing the data. The
results of this study indicate that the self-directed dialogue technique can improve students' speaking
ability. This can be seen from the results of a significant increase in each cycle. The score before
implementing the technique was 48, the result of posttest 1 was 74.43 and posttest 2 was 84.43. This
means that the students' speaking ability increases after applying self-directed dialogue technique in
the first grade of MA Darussalam Bermi in the 2021/2022 academic year.
Keywords Self-directed Dialogue, Students’ Speaking Ability, MA Darussalam Bermi.
Introduction
Traditionally, language is regarded to be a tool for interacting or communicating, in the sense
of conveying thoughts, ideas, concepts, or even emotions (Rabiah, 2012). Moreover, Keraf (2012)
stated that, in general, language serves a variety of tasks depending on a person's needs, including self-
expression, communication, organizing and adapting to social integration in the environment or
situations, and social control. English is taught as a foreign language in Indonesia based on a
curriculum, which is always accompanied by a syllabus. The English language is taught as a required
topic in elementary schools through university (Suparno, 2010).
Speaking is the most crucial of these four language skills to learn because when students learn
a foreign language, they are deemed successful if they can communicate well in their second or
foreign language. Mareta et al., (2017) stated that speaking is the most common way for people to
convey their opinions and ideas to other people regularly. It is a two-way process including both
productive and receptive understanding skills between the speaker and the listener. In other words,
through dialogue between them, the listener will attempt to comprehend the speaker's views in the first
person. However, the English teachers will encounter some issues when delivering the content, which
can cause some difficulties depending on the level being taught. These issues can arise as a result of
the teachers or the students, for example, if they are lazy to learn and find it difficult to comprehend
the materials. They can also arise as a result of the environment, such as the climate and the facilities.
As a result, English teachers should choose the appropriate technique and create a fun learning
environment for their students to ensure that they master the material. It is why the existence and the
role of teacher is very crucial as their performance will shape the students’ mindset and perception
IJEAL (International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics)
Volume : 2 | Number 2 | August 2022 | E-ISSN : 2787-9482 | DOI: doi.org/ijeal.v2i2.1671
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(Ariawan, 2021).
According to Afisa (2015), there are some difficulties that students face when learning English
including vocabulary, grammar, and pronouncing words. As a result, the students lack of vocabulary,
and when forced to speak English, they resort to Indonesian. It's a shame considering they have been
using Indonesian multiple times. They have no idea when they should use present, past, or future
time. In pronunciation, they found it challenging to pronounce certain terms because the
pronunciation and writing in English are not the same. As a result, they had not yet recognized it. In
addition, based on observations with the English teacher in the first grade of MA Darusslam Beremi,
he said that students found some difficulties when speaking in English such as they do not have a great
desire to learn English for certain reasons. Another fact shows that the students' capability in mastering
grammar, vocabulary, and also pronunciation is very low. Based on this fact, the researcher would like
to improve their ability in speaking by conducting action research and using self-directed dialogue as a
technique in teaching English.
According to Stevick in Suparno (2010), most so-called vocal language courses are based on
dialogue in early lessons. Dialogue is an example of how language is used as a strategy for
overlearning dialogue. Gilbert in Joiner (1974) states that self-directed dialogue is an activity that
combines role-playing or simulation strategies with means for actual communication or contextual
practice. Richards and Rodgers in Syarifudin (2020) found that dialogue is an example of interactive
activities based on the communicative approach, which is a fluent and accepted language.
In addition, according to Mareta et al., (2017), there are several reasons why the use of
dialogue can improve the students’ speaking ability. First, it gives students a tool for analyzing
vocabulary and grammatical for discussion. As a result, it becomes easy for the students to create their
sentences in a foreign language. As we also know, In curriculum 2013, teachers are supposed to make
a learning activity for students centered. Second, in the self-directed dialogue, the students are
instructed to play a role in which the situation of the conversation is built around the focal point. Joiner
(1974) argues that self-directed dialogue, however, calls for students to work in pairs and places, the
responsibility for communication chiefly on the learner and the conversation. Third, the self-directed
dialogue technique is an activity that combines an express their opinions orally with a self-directed
dialogue approach. Fourth, this method can be done in a group setting, but the main idea is that
students accept responsibility for their learning. Self-directed dialogue is a method for students to
develop their speaking ability. After reading some above references, the researcher can conclude that
self-directed dialogue is a pretty good method to improve students' speaking ability. This is a reference
for researchers to research the Implementation of self-directed Dialogue to Improve Students'
Speaking Ability.
According to the experts above, it can be concluded that there are several methods of teaching
speaking, one of which is dialogue, and it is claimed as a very effective technique in improving
students' speaking ability. Self-directed dialogue can be defined as a technique that enables students to
improve their speaking skills. It also derives students become more confident in learning the materials.
As Joiner (1974) argues that self-directed dialogue, however, gets students to work in a group where
the responsibility for communication is fairly distributed among the learners and the conversation is
based on a buffer. Therefore, researchers apply Self-directed Dialogue to improve students' speaking
ability because the researcher assumed that this was a good formation because small groups would
allow students to use their sentences in making dialogues. Dialogue encourages students to practice
and use the language according to language functions and situations. New words, grammatical
structures, and pronunciations can be imitated by the students which can be used to express their
thoughts orally. This also gives them tools in analyzing vocabulary and grammar for discussion.
However, the dialogue should not be too long as what has been stated by Rivers that short dialogues
are more useful than long dialogues. So self-directed dialogue is an appropriate technique in speaking
class because the conversation takes place between pairs of students and helps students to reduce their
fear and shame.
IJEAL (International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics)
Volume : 2 | Number 2 | August 2022 | E-ISSN : 2787-9482 | DOI: doi.org/ijeal.v2i2.1671
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Literature Review
There are some relevant previous research that has successfully addressed students’ speaking
difficulties by implementing self-directed dialogues in teaching English. A study by Sahib (2019)
revealed that students are more interested in learning speaking by using dialogue especially when the
learning is designed in form of dialogue games. Higher results of posttest compared to pretest
indicated that the implementation of dialogue technique in teaching speaking was pivotal and effective
to boost students’ speaking skill. Another significant finding of the previous research was also coined
by Gunawan & Rahman (2022) where they found that students’ speaking results increased after the
utilization of dialogue as a teaching technique in terms of students’ score, mean score and overall
speaking improvement. Apart from students’ scores, another finding also indicated that dialogue could
improve quality of teaching and learning activities in the classroom. It can be seen from several
aspects such as the increasing percentage of students’ participation in teaching and learning activities,
the confidence of students themselves, and students 'problem-solving skills as well as students'
motivation and interest in learning (Suparno, 2010). It can be concluded that the dialogue technique
can be considered as one of the most effective alternatives of teaching techniques that can be
implemented with various dialogue techniques (Ab, 2022). A more specific result of classroom-based
action research by employing dialogue has been shown by Julinda et al., (2014). It can be seen that
students’ improvement in speaking is getting higher both in cycle 1 and 2. There were 78.94%
students who reached the mínimum standard.
Another relevant research entitled improving the self confidence in speaking practice by using
self-directed dialogue technique by Mareta et al. (2017). This research was quantitative and
qualitative (mixed method). Speaking tests and questionnaires were used to collect the data in this
study. It was conducted at second grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Kalirejo Lampung Tengah. The
purpose of this study was to investigate whether the implementation of the self-directed dialogue
method affected the improvement of the student's speaking performance and the relationship between
self-confidence and the student's speaking performance. The subjects were 32 second-year students of
SMP Negeri 1 Kalirejo Lampung Tengah. Speaking tests and questionnaires were used to collect data
for this study. The results of this study showed that there was a statistically significant improvement in
student speaking performance after the student was taught self-directed dialogue techniques. There
was also a statistically significant association between student self-confidence and student speaking
performance. This suggests that self-directed dialogue methods help improve student speaking. Self-
directed dialogue skills can improve the speaking ability of students. Over 50% of students in class
VIIA have proven to have a score of 60 or above. In Cycle 1, 12 students (39.99%) have a score of 60
or higher, and in Cycle 2, 28 students (93.33%) have a score of 60 or higher. This means that they
have achieved the goal or KKM (Maximum Graduation Criteria). It was found that the implementation
of the self-directed dialogue method has activated the activities of students as a self-directed dialogue
method, and the interest of students in speaking has increased.
The previous research was similar to the present research in terms of research design that use
classroom action research, but the previous research discussed self-directed dialogue and the
relationship with self-confidence to improve speaking skills, while the present research discussed the
Self-directed Dialogue to improve students’ speaking ability only. The difference between these two
types of research is that the previous research applied it to second grade students of SMP Negeri 1
Kalirejo Lampung Tengah while the researcher would apply it to the first class of MA Darussalam
Beremi. In addition, another study also reported self-directed technique was very effective to level up
students’ confidence in speaking because they will think by themselves and at the same time learn
from other students (Pratama, 2019). This technique is also claimed as the essential technique to
master speaking easily, quickly and more enjoyably (Mahmud, 2017). It means that this impact eases
the teachers to boost students’ motivation and confidence in speaking. In the interactional perspective
of self-directed dialogue, it will provide such beneficial input toward a good conversation (Lindholm
& Wide, 2019).
Research Method
IJEAL (International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics)
Volume : 2 | Number 2 | August 2022 | E-ISSN : 2787-9482 | DOI: doi.org/ijeal.v2i2.1671
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In this study, the researcher applied classroom action research (CAR), the object of the research
is to find out the improvement of speaking ability through the implementation of the Self-directed
Dialogue method, and students’ activities using the Self-directed Dialogue technique at the first grade
of MA Darussalam Beremi, in the academic year 2021/2022. This research was implemented at the
first grade of MA Darussalam Beremi with a population of 21 female students. The reason the
researcher chose this research location was because before conducting the research, the researcher had
made observations beforehand and it was suitable to apply the research of the researcher on the
implementation of self-directed dialogue to improve students' speaking ability.
According to Kemmis et al., (2014), action research usually consists of four major phases of the
research cycle. The first cycle can be a continuous or repetitive spiral of cycles that repeats until the
action researcher achieves satisfactory results and believes it is time to stop. The model or the
procedures of CAR into four steps according to Kemmis and Mc Taggart including planning a change,
acting, observing and reflecting the process.
Figure 1.
Classroom Action Research Design
Figure 1.
Classroom Action Research Design
Results and Discussion
This research is a classroom action research, where the data is collected through observation
and tests. In this study, the researcher used a self-directed dialogue technique to improve the speaking
ability of the first grade students of MA Darusslam Beremi, which consisted of 21 students. The
purpose of this study was to improve students’ speaking ability using self-directed dialogue. The
theory taken about improving students' speaking ability using self-directed dialogue is the theory of
(Joiner, 1974), and using the speaking assessment (Bailey et al., 2005). In this study, there are 2
cycles, namely cycle 1 and cycle 2. Each cycle has 4 parts that must be implemented, namely,
planning, action, observation, and reflection. Observation is one of the techniques for collecting
data. The findings of observation indicate that there was a significant difference between
student and teacher observation results between pretest and posttest. The teacher’s
observation result in the pretest indicated that they performed good enough, with 64.2%,
IJEAL (International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics)
Volume : 2 | Number 2 | August 2022 | E-ISSN : 2787-9482 | DOI: doi.org/ijeal.v2i2.1671
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however, there are some aspects that have to be increased. The teacher’s performance was
better in posttest as they perform good and excellent, with 87.5% that indicating successful
implementation of technique used. The difference was also experienced by the students where
their performance in posttest was better than in the pretest, from 53.5% to 78.5%. It obviously
confirms that the technique works well in teaching speaking.
Apart from observation result, the test result also reported the improvement that students
experience in posttest as follow:
Table 1. Percentage of students’ score
Pre-test
Post-test 1
Post-test 2
Mean
48
74.43
84.95
Students past the
test
0
0%
15
71.42%
20
95.23%
The finding of the present research is that it can improve students' speaking ability by using
self-directed dialogue. It can be proven by the average result of the pretest score of 48, then there was
an increase of 26.43 scores so as to produce a score of 74.43 in the post-test 1. The students who
achieved the KKM were 71.42%, and those who didn’t pass the KKM were 28.58%. However, even
though the score increase was significant, the researcher had to apply the method and posttest 2
because the scores obtained in post-test 1 had not yet reached the KKM target. After doing post-test 2
students got another increase of 10.52 so that the final score of post-test 2 was 84.95, where 95.23% of
students scored excellent and pass the KKM, and 4.77% of students didn’t pass the KKM. Its mean
that the self-directed dialogue technique is effective to improve students’ speaking ability.
Based on the review and discussion above, Self-directed dialogue can be implemented
effectively in speaking class. When conducting self-directed dialogue activities, the situation in the
classroom is more lively. It’s also stated by Ratna Kurnia Dewi that the activities presented in the
dialogue encourage students to speak more lively and boldly. It is proven by the increasing
participation of students in the teaching and learning process. The students are more active in the
teaching and learning process by asking and answering questions during the lesson. They also practice
speaking English more often by asking and answering questions with their friends through activities.
Student attention also increased. They take all the assignments and exercises given by the teacher
more seriously.
The research findings include the improvement of students' speaking ability and the
application of self-directed dialogue in speaking classes in improving students' speaking ability.
Students' speaking ability is improved through self-directed dialogue activities. The students are
encouraged to speak and be more active during the teaching and learning process. In addition, students
can speak with better grammar and pronounce words correctly with fewer pauses. They can explore
their ideas and opinions by conducting dialogue activities such as role-play. The increase in the results
of the action can also be seen from the following score comparison. Meanwhile, in the pre-test, the
students got a score of 48, which is a score where 9% of the students were on average, and 91% of the
students were in the low score or below average. After the pre-test was carried out, the researcher
carried out the next stage, namely the implementation stage for speaking activities using self-directed
dialogue for 4x45 minutes of meetings. After the implementation of the self-directed dialogue stage,
the researcher conducted another test, namely post-test 1 to find out how much the students' speaking
skills had improved using self-directed dialogue, and the results of posttest 1 were (74.43), 71.42% of
students passed the KKM and 28.58% of students didn’t pass the KKM. From pre-test to post-test 1
students can increase their score from 48(pre-test) to 74.43(post-test 1) and it is a pretty good
improvement. However, the score has not been able to exceed the KKM average value, which is 75, so
the researcher continued to the second cycle with 4x45 minutes of meetings and got a score of 84.95.
95.23% of students with a score above average or excellent and 4.77% of students with an average
score but didn’t pass the KKM. The score obtained from post-test 2 was quite good and exceeded the
average score so that students do not need to take the test again.
IJEAL (International Journal of English and Applied Linguistics)
Volume : 2 | Number 2 | August 2022 | E-ISSN : 2787-9482 | DOI: doi.org/ijeal.v2i2.1671
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Conclusion
This study aims to find out the improvement of students’ speaking ability and students’
activities through the implementation of self-directed dialogue at the first grade MA Darussalam
Beremi. In conducting this research, the researcher as a teacher works closely with the English teacher
as an observer through several processes, such as: Identifying research problems, implementing
research plans, and discussing research results. After analyzing the results of the action research, it can
be seen that teaching speaking through self-directed dialogue can improve students' speaking skills.
The mean value of the pre-test before the study was 4.8 and after the study increased to 84.95 at the
end of the post-test. That is, through self-directed dialogue actually improves students' speaking
ability, especially in using correct grammar, using more precise vocabulary, and pronouncing words
better. .
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... This is especially important because students often lack ample opportunities to practice speaking in their language classes due to factors like limited class time, overcrowded classrooms, and a focus on lectures over interactive activities. Additionally, Nova et al. (2022) highlight psychological challenges, such as a lack of motivation to speak and insufficient feedback from teachers, as difficulties students encounter during speaking practice. In this sense, Gimadieva (2024) investigated the tool's capabilities and concluded that Gliglish is beneficial for students learning new languages. ...
... Among four primary macro skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, speaking is one of the most significant productive skills since it requests ability to clearly demonstrate the accuracy and meaning toward effective communication (Ariawan, 2023;Khamkhien, 2010). Furthermore, there are some other challenging factors for students in speaking practice including psychological factors such as hesitance and low of self-esteem as well as lack of vocabulary mastery (Zainurrahman & Sangaji, 2019), the absence of motivation to communicate, lack of feedback provided by instructors during speaking exercises (Nova et al., 2022), self-assurance, apprehension, native language use, the duration allocated for speaking and the time allotted for preparation (Bani Younes & Albalawi, 2016). ...
Chapter
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Among four primary macro skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing, speaking is one of the most significant productive skills since it requests ability to clearly demonstrate the accuracy and meaning toward effective communication (Ariawan, 2023; Khamkhien, 2010). Furthermore, there are some other challenging factors for students in speaking practice including psychological factors such as hesitance and low of self-esteem as well as lack of vocabulary mastery (Zainurrahman & Sangaji, 2019), the absence of motivation to communicate, lack of feedback provided by instructors during speaking exercises (Nova et al., 2022), self-assurance, apprehension, native language use, the duration allocated for speaking and the time allotted for preparation (Bani Younes & Albalawi, 2016).
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Purpose: Dementia is associated with an ongoing decline in language function, involving both language production and comprehension. Maintaining a conversation with persons with dementia may be challenging. In this study, we investigate how the contributions of professional caregivers affect the linguistic contributions of the speaker with dementia. Methods: This is a conversation analytic case study of one individual with dementia. The data are drawn from a five-hour video corpus collected at a Swedish speaking care facility in Finland. Results: In comparing self-directed speech and dialogue, the results show how professional caregivers can induce change in the linguistic and interactional behaviors of a person with dementia. Conclusions: Introducing an interactional perspective to self-directed speech and dialogue, this study provides new insights into the notion of a “good conversation” in dementia care.
Article
The purpose of this research is to solve students' problems in improving speaking skills, especiallyin pronunciation and grammar. Problems with students' pronunciation and grammar make theirspeech difficult to understand. Poor speaking skills can cause misunderstandings in conveyingmessages in oral communication where the researcher focuses on improving students' speakingskills in daily conversation. The subject of this study was 36 students of class X at SMAN 2Lhokseumawe. The research method used was an action research. This study conducted fivemeetings for two cycles. The first cycle was conducted in two meetings and the second cyle wasconducted in one meeting. One meeting was for pre-test and the last meeting was for post-test.The intruments used in this study were speaking tests, observation check list, an observation list,and a questionnaire The result of the study showed that the students’ responses in learningspeaking was good. They enjoyed the activities through Dialogue Technique in class by having adiscussion, sharing, and cooperating well. The students’ improvement was proved by theirspeaking test results which increased from test to test. In pretest, all of students final scores wereunder 46.67. In the cycle 1 test, no one of them got final score less than 56.67. From the cycle 2test, most of the students got final score more than 63.33. Then, the data of post-test showed thatall of the students got score more than 73.33. Based on the result above, Dialogue Technique canbe used as an alternative teaching technique to improve students’ speaking skill. I suggest theteachers to use a topic variation to make the learning process more enjoyable. Then, for the nextresearchers, they could use this study as a reference to do deeper research about teachingmethod. Finally, for the English learners, they should keep practicing speaking English every day tomake their speaking ability better.Key Words: Speaking, Dialogue
Book
A fully-updated and reworked version of the classic book by Stephen Kemmis and Robin McTaggart , now joined by Rhonda Nixon, The Action Research Planner is a detailed guide to developing and conducting a critical participatory action research project. The authors outline new views on ‘participation’ (based on Jürgen Habermas’s notion of a ‘public sphere’), ‘practice’ (as shaped by practice architectures), and ‘research’ (as research within practice traditions). They provide five extended examples of critical participatory action research studies. The book includes a range of resources for people planning a critical participatory research initiative, providing guidance on how to establish an action research group and identify a shared concern, research ethics, principles of procedure for action researchers, protocols for collaborative work, keeping a journal, gathering evidence, reporting, and choosing academic partners. Unlike earlier editions, The Action Research Planner focuses specifically on critical participatory action research, which occupies a particular (critical) niche in the action research 'family'. The Action Research Planner is an essential guide to planning and undertaking this type of research.
The Students' Difficulties in Speaking at The Tenth Grade of SMA Negeri 1 Sine
  • S Y P Afisa
Afisa, S. Y. P. (2015). The Students' Difficulties in Speaking at The Tenth Grade of SMA Negeri 1 Sine In 2014/2015 Academic Year. Ekp, 13.
Teaching English Speaking Ability by Using Expression Like and Dislike through Dialogue
  • Gunawan
  • A Rahman
Gunawan, & Rahman, A. (2022). Teaching English Speaking Ability by Using Expression Like and Dislike through Dialogue. Journal of Indonesian Scholars for Social Research, 2(1), 1-5.
Improving Students' Speaking Skill Through Conversation. Paedagoria : Jurnal Kajian
  • H Ismail
Ismail, H. (2018). Improving Students' Speaking Skill Through Conversation. Paedagoria : Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Kependidikan, 5(1), 73-79.
The Self-Directed Dialogue: A Technique for Conversational Practice
  • E Joiner
  • R Marbun
  • L Suhartono
Joiner, E. (1974). The Self-Directed Dialogue: A Technique for Conversational Practice. Foreign Language Annals, 7(4), 414-416. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1944-9720.1974.tb01496.x Julinda, Marbun, R., & Suhartono, L. (2014). TEACHING SPEAKING THROUGH DIALOGUE. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa (JPPK), 3(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.26418/jppk.v3i7.5737
The Descriptive Study of Self-Directed Learner in Speaking English at Non-English Department in IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo. Al-Lisan
  • A Mahmud
Mahmud, A. (2017). The Descriptive Study of Self-Directed Learner in Speaking English at Non-English Department in IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo. Al-Lisan. Journal Bahasa, 2(2), 1-9.