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New mangrove habitats and additions to the flora of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract
This paper deals with two mangrove habitats reported for the first time from the East Coast of Andhra Pradesh. Four mangroves species, four mangrove associates and two Seagrasses are reported here for the first time from these habitats. These species form additions to the flora of Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh.
... In India, salt marshes are categorized as one of the Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA) under the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification 2019 issued under section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, due to their ecological sensitivity and their role in maintaining the integrity of the coast (MoEFCC, 2019). Salt marsh vegetation is often considered as halophytes, mangroves, mangrove associates and/or coastal vegetation (Untawale and Jagtap, 1991;Mandal and Naskar, 2008;Pattanaik et al., 2008;Swain et al., 2008;Balachandran et al., 2009;Lokhande et al., 2009;Rao and Dora, 2009;Bhatt et al., 2011;Ashokbhai, 2013) and therefore there are disparities in the number of salt marsh species reported in India. Recently, Patro et al. (2017) published a checklist of 14 species of salt marsh along the Indian coast. ...
Salt marshes are one among the most productive coastal ecosystems, mostly confined to low-energy coasts of temperate and high latitude. Tropical and sub-tropical salt marshes are generally less studied. The present study attempts to assess the status of salt marsh vegetation along the Indian coast regarding its species composition, density and zonation pattern. Satellite images were used to map salt marshes along the coastal region and to perform field surveys for status assessment at selected sites between November 2014 and July 2018. The total extent of salt marshes in India is estimated as about 290 km². A total of 14 salt marsh species are found distributed along the Indian coast, belonging to 11 genera under six families. The most diverse family is represented by Amaranthaceae. The overall mean density of salt marsh vegetation is estimated to be 19 ± 1 plants per m² with the highest density recorded in Lakshadweep (28 m⁻²) followed by Tamil Nadu (23 m⁻²), West Bengal (19 m⁻²), Maharashtra (18 m⁻²), Andhra Pradesh (17 m⁻²), Gujarat (15 m⁻²) and Puducherry (10 m⁻²). The zonation pattern of salt marsh vegetation in pure stands is detailed from observations. Conservation implications on salt marshes have been discussed. This study provides insight into salt marshes in the tropical environment.
... The Bhavanapadu Creek mouth is an ecosystem harbouring rich and vulnerable species [15]. Luxuriant mangroves cover an approximately 2000 hectares of mangrove marshy land, mostly dominated by eight species of halophytes, two sea grasses [16] and nineteen molluscs [17]. The study area experiences the sea water influx during high tide and fresh water during rainfall, flooding season etc. caecum and total body; 50.7 ± 1.9, 95.1 ± 4.8, 88.2 ± 4.2 and 68.9 ± 2.5 respectively. ...
The study area experiences the sea water influx during high tide and fresh water during rainfall, flooding season etc. The Creek area is beset mostly with dwarf mangroves on either side, aquaculture ponds, agriculture fields, saltpans etc. The Creek life is influenced by these activities either directly or indirectly throughout the year. It is an almost unexplored area and is represented with diverse fauna and flora. In observation of that, the current investigation was undertaken to study the status of bioaccumulation of heavy metals, specifically Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ni and Fe in soft tissues namely, in foot, digestive caecum, total body and operculum and shells of three different species of molluscs namely Telescopium telescopium, Cerithidea obtusa and Cerithidea cingulata using the Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. All the outcomes were expressed in μg/gram of dry weight and the end result reveals reflective amounts of heavy metals, except Cd, Pb and Ni. The statistical analysis of all in vitro studies of heavy metal concentration within and in between the matching organs of all tested species with oneway ANOVA showed significant difference except one. It can be concluded that, although molluscs provide information on the bioavailability of contaminants in ecosystems, it is hardly possible to derive any predictions of biological effects of these pollutants at the given level of exposure; such predictions are the main perspectives of biological effect monitoring.
... Mangroves are dwarf, mostly dominated by Avicennia marina on the right and left banks. Eight species of halophytes and two sea grasses have already been reported [6]. ...
The Bhavanapadu mangroves are located (Long: 18° 33' 52'' to 18° 32' 11'' N; Lat: 84° 21' 26'' to 84° 18' 22'' E) on the Bay of Bengal North East Coast of Andhra Pradesh. Survey has been made on molluscan fauna in the mangroves along the Tekkali Creek upto Kothalingudu. 19 species of molluscs of which 15 gastropods and four bivalves were recorded.
... Mangroves are dwarf, mostly dominated by Avicennia marina on the right and left banks. Six species of halophytes and two sea grasses has already been reported [29]. The fringing mangrove vegetation experience sea water influx during high tide and fresh water during low ...
The malacofauna of the mangrove habitat have reported for the first time at Nuvvalarevu backwaters of the Northeast coast of Andhra Pradesh. A survey has been made during June, 2012. 6 species of gastropods and 3 bivalves have been recorded.
India is one of the 17 mega biodiversity countries in the world. However, taxonomic inventory of India biota is far from complete. The goal of this publication is to identify and describe the mangrove plant species of India. Towards this objectives, the taxonomical identity and distribution of mangrove species found in the country is revised and described. During field investigations, each species of mangrove and associated plants were identified and sampled. Description and high-resolution image material for each species is provided, which allows easy identification of individual species. This information is needed for coastal management planning and policy development, especially in relation to shoreline rehabilitation and expansion of appropriate shoreline livelihood projects in the face of climate change and sea level rise. Furthermore, global distribution of each mangrove species and its conservation status is provided. Voucher specimens of all the mangrove species reported in the text have been deposited at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (LWG) as well in Annamalai University and regional centres of Botanical Survey of India as reference collections for the country.
The species composition in the mangrove habitats of India is reviewed and discussed. The review shows that Indian mangroves consist of 46 true mangrove species belonging to 14 families and 22 genera, which includes 42 species and 4 natural hybrids. In other words, about 57% of the world’s mangrove species are represented in India. The East coast has 40 mangrove species belonging to 14 families and 22 genera. The West coast has 27 species belonging to 11 families and 16 genera and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) have 38 species belonging to 13 families and 19 genera. Among the 13 States/Union Territories having mangroves, diversity is highest in the ANI. Species namely Rhizophora × lamarckii, Lumnitzera littorea, Sonneratia ovata, S. lanceolata, S. × urama and S. × gulngai are restricted to ANI in India. In terms of mangrove diversity, India is the third richest country in the world (after Indonesia and Australia). However, a majority of the Indian mangrove habitats are now threatened by various factors such as reduction in freshwater flow, marine & coastal pollution, siltation, sedimentation and excessive salinity. Periodical floristic surveys are needed to monitor and preserve the rich mangrove plant diversity in India
In this paper a brief account of the vegetation and flora of the Coastal Andhra Pradesh has been given based on field observations and plant collections made during four tours. The enumeration includes 257 species with short ecological annotations under each.
With the help of high resolution satellite data (SPOT products), it has been possible to portray on maps the present distribution of main mangrove types and sub-types of the Bay of Bengal coastline. New figures have been given for the mangroves of each concerned country especially for Myanmar. The present ecological status of mangrove ecosystems in the three major deltas, the Godavari, the Ganges and the Irrawaddy are totally distinct. In the Godavari delta (India) mangroves are receding in area and biomass; in the Ganges, the Sunderbans (India and Bangladesh) are evolving very slowly in size but an important species substitution is in progress; in the Irrawaddy (Myanmar) mangroves are in continuous decline. The present distribution and status of each mangrove type is the result of direct and indirect anthropic factors. Conversion to agriculture, reafforestation, fishponds constructions, forest exploitation are now easily detected from space. Conversely, indirect impacts, such as freshwater diversion or chemical pollution, cannot be monitored with sensors operating in the visi- ble part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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