ArticlePDF Available

Powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae) on woody plants in urban habitats of Sverdlovsk region (Russia)

Authors:
  • Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Abstract

Based on the results of the authors' research and revisions of previous information, modern species diversity has been established and the first annotated list of powdery fungi on woody plants in urban habitats of Sverdlovsk Region (Ekaterinburg and several cities of the region) has been compiled. Totally, 29 species of Erysiphaceae have been recorded, among which the majority belong to the genus Erysiphe (17 species), and other belong to the genera Podosphaera (7), Phyllactinia (3) and Sawadaea (2). Six species were first found in Sverdlovsk Region: Erysiphe ehrenbergii, E. euonymi, E. lonicerae, E. viburni, Podosphaera myrtillina, and P. spiraeae. Almost half of all identified species (14 of 29) are alien to Sverdlovsk Region, while 6 species can be considered as invasive, of which two species originate from North America (Erysiphe necator and Podosphaera mors-uvae) and four species from East Asia (Erysiphe alphitoides, E. corylacearum, E. palczewskii, and E. vanbruntiana), and another eight species can be considered as unintentionally introduced from neighboring regions together with their host plants. The growth of most species occurs in the period from mid-June to the end of September. The majority of recorded Erysiphaceae species (25 out of 29) form both anamorph and teleomorph, and only four species (Erysiphe aquilegiae, E. necator, Podosphaera pannosa и P. spiraeae) are recorded in the anamorphic stage only.
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ, 2022, том 56, № 5, с. 323–331
323
POWDERY MILDEWS (ERYSIPHACEAE) ON WOODY PLANTS
IN URBAN HABITATS OF SVERDLOVSK REGION (RUSSIA)
© 2022 T. S. Bulgakova,* and A. G. Shiryaevb,**
aFederal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 354002 Sochi, Russia
bInstitute of Plant and Animal Ecology of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144 Ekaterinburg, Russia
*e-mail: ascomycologist@yandex.ru
**e-mail: anton.g.shiryaev@gmail.com
Received April 25, 2022; revised May 25, 2022; accepted June 7, 2022
Based on the results of the authors’ research and revisions of previous information, modern species diversity has
been established and the first annotated list of powdery fungi on woody plants in urban habitats of Sverdlovsk
Region (Ekaterinburg and several cities of the region) has been compiled. Totally, 29 species of Erysiphaceae have
been recorded, among which the majority belong to the genus Erysiphe (17 species), and other belong to the gen-
era Podosphaera (7), Phyllactinia (3) and Sawadaea (2). Six species were first found in Sverdlovsk Region: Erysi-
phe ehrenbergii, E. euonymi, E. lonicerae, E. viburni, Podosphaera myrtillina, and P. spiraeae. Almost half of all
identified species (14 of 29) are alien to Sverdlovsk Region, while 6 species can be considered as invasive, of which
two species originate from North America (Erysiphe necator and Podosphaera mo rs-uvae) and four species from
East Asia (Erysiphe alphitoides, E. corylacearum, E. palczewskii, and E. vanbruntiana), and another eight species
can be considered as unintentionally introduced from neighboring regions together with their host plants.
The growth of most species occurs in the period from mid-June to the end of September. The majority of record-
ed Erysiphaceae species (25 out of 29) form both anamorph and teleomorph, and only four species (Erysiphe aq-
uilegiae, E. necator, Podosphaera pannosa и P. spiraeae) are recorded in the anamorphic stage only.
Keywords: alien species, fungal biodiversity, Russia, Urals, urban plantings
DOI: 10.31857/S002636482205004X
INTRODUCTION
Powdery mildews, or erysiphous fungi (division As-
comycota, order Helotiales, family Erysiphaceae) are
common plant pathogens that infect various woody
angiosperms worldwide as obligate plant parasites of
photosynthetic organs of host plants, mainly leaves,
and in some cases – young shoots or twigs, flowers,
and immature fruits (Gorlenko, 1983; Heluta, 1989).
Their presence is usually easy to detect by white patch-
es of mycelium on the surface of affected plant organs
– “powdery mildew” (Gorlenko, 1983; Heluta, 1989;
Braun, Cook, 2012). Although the damage caused by
powdery mildew fungi usually does not lead to the
death of the affected plants, they can often cause a sig-
nificant weakening of host plants, and, consequently,
significant yield losses in fruit and berry crops and es-
pecially reduction in the decorative effect of ornamen-
tal plants (Gorlenko, 1983), including woody plants –
trees and shrubs (Stepanova, Sirko, 1970). The grand
nature transforming in the boreal zone of Eurasia (Le-
skinen, 2020), and relocation of a huge number of cul-
tivated plants in the last two centuries in the Middle
Urals (Tretyakova, 2016) also caused a movement of
many plant pathogenic fungi, including powdery mil-
dews (Desprez-Loustau, 2009). In addition, global cli-
mate warming has led to an increase in the number and
to an expansion of the areas of many cultivated and in-
vasive woody plants over the past decades (Tretyakova,
2016), and at the same time, the further expansion of
new, previously unknown fungal plant pathogens to the
north in the boreal zone of Eurasia (Shiryaev et al.,
2022) and big changes of the mycobiota of Volga-Ural
macroregion (Shiryaev, 2009).
Sverdlovsk Region is located in the south boreal
subzone in the east part of middle Urals on the border
of Europe and Asia and its area is 194.800 km2 (Kapus-
tin, Kornev, 2006). The natural zonal vegetation of the
northern and central parts of the region is represented
by pine and birch forests and mixed broad-leaved-co-
niferous forests, typical for middle and southern taiga
zone; northern forest-steppe vegetation dominates in
the forest-steppe zone in the south part of the region
(Kapustin, Kornev, 2006). The climate of Sverdlovsk
Region is continental, with sharp variability in weather
conditions and clearly defined seasons: warm rainy
summer (the average monthly temperature in July is
19°C) and cold snow winter (the average monthly tem-
perature in January is –13°C). The average annual
temperature is 3.5°С; the average annual rainfall is
600 mm, with a maximum in the summer months
(RIHMI-WDC, 2022).
УДК 582.282.112 : 632.4 (470.54)
БИОРАЗНООБРАЗИЕ,
СИСТЕМАТИКА, ЭКОЛОГИЯ
324
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ том 56 № 5 2022
BULGAKOV, SHIRYAEV
Scientific researches of powdery mildew fungi in
the Urals started at the beginning of the 20th century by
famous Russian mycologist A.A. Yachevsky and his
disciples. Some information those first records of pow-
dery mildew fungi in the territory of the Urals (mainly
modern Perm Region, Komi Republic, Republic of
Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk Region and Chelyabinsk
Region) is available in “Pocket keybook of fungi. Part
2: Powdery mildew fungi” (Yachevsky, 1927). Howev-
er, there was no one special study of this group of phy-
topathogenic microfungi on the territory of Sverdlovsk
Region and Ekaterinburg City until the 1930s, when
the first information about this group had appeared in
the framework of the first scientific forest pathological
studies (Pentin, 1939). The next step followed in the
1960s, when N.T. Stepanova and A.V. Sirko obtained
and published the most complete checklist of plant-as-
sociated fungi of the Urals that included all available
information on powdery mildew fungi for Sverdlovsk
Region too (Stepanova, Sirko, 1970). However, those
data were very incomplete (especially in comparison
with other regions of the Urals): only seven species of
powdery mildew fungi were recorded on trees and
shrubs in Sverdlovsk Region, and only four species
were found in the Ekaterinburg city (named Sverdlovsk
in 1924–1991). After a long break, E.D. Karelina per-
formed the short study of powdery mildew fungi in
Ekaterinburg in the summer 2016. Despite this re-
search project was short, the total number of Erysipha-
ceae species known in Ekaterinburg on woody plants
has reached 10 species – counting the seven species
first recorded in Ekaterinburg (Karelina, 2017).
However, those data needs to be revised due to the
significantly changes in the taxonomy of powdery mil-
dews during the last two decades. New molecular phy-
logenetic and morphological approaches have helped
to distinguish morphologically similar Erysiphaceae
species and to create an actual system of the family
based on natural relationships of the species (Braun,
1999; Braun, Cooke, 2012; Braun et al., 2019). Thus,
all powdery mildews are treated within the Erysiphace-
ae family (Braun, Takamatsu, 2000), which is placed in
Helotiales now (Johnston et al., 2019). The former sec-
tions of the genus Erysiphe were raised to the genus lev-
el and considered as distinct genera, such as Golovino-
myces and Neoerysiphe (Braun, Takamatsu, 2000;
Takamatsu et al., 2008). Conversely, the genera Micro-
sphaera and Uncinula were both reduced to the mor-
phological sections of the genus Erysiphe (Braun, 1999;
Braun, Cook, 2012), and the same way the genus
Sphaerotheca is treated as morphological section of the
genus Podosphaera now (Braun, Takamatsu, 2000).
Many complex species were resolved, and many new
highly specialized species were described as distinct
fungal species, and many previously described ana-
morphic Erysiphaceae species were replaced in holo-
morphic genera (Braun, Cooke, 2012; Braun et al.,
2018, 2019; Meeboon et al., 2020).
Due to the insufficient completeness of the data on
the diversity of powdery mildews in Sverdlovsk Region,
A.G. Shiryaev and T.S. Bulgakov had continued these
studies since 2020 as part of the study of all plant
pathogenic fungi. Some results of these researches
were published earlier (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021). The
main purpose of the research is to study the modern di-
versity of powdery mildew fungi in Sverdlovsk Region
(including its capital – Ekaterinburg City) parasitizing
on woody plants, and to study their main ecological
and biological features.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials for the study were specimens contain-
ing generative fungal structures (mycelium, conidia
and/or chasmothecia) on affected wild-growing and
cultivated woody plants (leaves, flowers, immature
fruits, and young twigs). The authors also analyzed all
available previous published information on powdery
mildews in Sverdlovsk Region for the last century
(Demidova, 1925; Yachevsky, 1927; Stepanova, Sirko,
1970; Karelina, 2017). All specimens were collected by
A.G. Shiryaev in Ekaterinburg City and some other
towns of Sverdlovsk Region since June to October in
2020 and 2021 in natural (forests) and anthropogenic
locations (public parks, arboreta, block parks, forest
parks, squares and streets), including parks and the ar-
boretum of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of
the Russian Academy of Sciences. The collected spec-
imens – leaves, flowers and fruits affected by powdery
mildews – were labeled, dried at 22–24°C and packed
in paper envelopes according to the standard methods
for the taxon (Heluta, 1989). Totally, 67 fungal speci-
mens of Erysiphaceae on woody plants were collected
and processed in the Institute of Plant and Animal
Ecology of Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of
Sciences (Ekaterinburg) and in the Department of
Plant Protection of the Federal Research Center “Sub-
tropical Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of
Sciences” (Sochi), and later deposed in the fungarium
of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology [SVER (F)].
The morphological features of fungal species were
studied according to the standard methods for Erysip-
haceae (Heluta, 1989; Braun, Cook, 2012). All dried
herbarium specimens were examined under optical mi-
croscopes MBI-3 and MICMED-6 (“LOMO”, Rus-
sia) in according to the standard procedures for light
microscopy of temporary preparations (Heluta, 1989;
Braun, Cook, 2012) for the further identification of
fungal species by the morphological examinations of
sexual (chasmothecia) and asexual (conidia) morphs.
The powdery mildew species were identif ied by the
fundamental keybook “Taxonomic manual of the Ery-
siphales” (Braun, Cook, 2012), and some additional
publications devoted to the later performed taxonomi-
cal revisions of the complex species: Erysiphe adunca
(Darsaraei et al., 2021), E. lonicerae (Bradshaw et al.,
2020a), E. viburni (Bradshaw et al., 2020b), and Podo-
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ том 56 № 5 2022
POWDERY MILDEWS (ERYSIPHACEAE) ON WOODY PLANTS 325
sphaera tridactyla (Meeboon et al., 2020). The host
plant species were identified by the keybook “Keys to
vascular plants of the Middle Urals” (1994) by the
standard methods; the plant species are given accord-
ing to the open nomenclatural database “Plant of the
World” (POWO, 2022).
RESULTS
The annotated checklist of Erysiphaceae on woody
plants in urban planting of Ekaterinburg and other cit-
ies of Sverdlovsk Region is presented (2022). The fun-
gal genera and species are arranged in alphabetical or-
der. The fungal species first found in Sverdlovsk Re-
gion are marked with asterisk; ones new for the region
because of taxonomic revisions of previously recorded
species are marked with hash; ones previously known
on herbaceous plants but first recorded on woody
plants are marked with plus; ones known from previous
publications but not found during authors’ researches
marked with empty round.
The species annotation is given in the following se-
quence: currently accepted fungal species name (the
previously used synonyms are given in parentheses),
host plant name(s), location(s), date(s) of collection,
collection number(s) in the local fungal herbarium
[SVER (F)] or reference(s) for previous record(s); the
note (an.) – if only anamophic stage of the fungal spe-
cies was found; origin for Sverdlovsk Region – for alien
Erysiphaceae species introduced or invaded in Sverd-
lovsk Region (or Europe or Eurasia at general) during
the last century (Desprez-Loustau, 2009; Braun,
Cook, 2012; Farr, Rossman, 2022).
The abbreviations of the locations for the specimens
collected in the Ekaterinburg city: BG – The Botanical
Garden of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of
Sciences; BUM – urban microdistrict ‘Botanichesky’;
SFP – forest park ‘Shartashsky’; other locations in
Ekaterinburg city are given without abbreviations.
Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr. s.str. [= Uncinula salicis
(DC.) G. Winter f. populorum Rabenh.] – Populus species
(Salicaceae): P. × c a n a d e n s i s Moench: 8 March street,
26.09.2021, SVER (F) 96771; P. × s ib i r i ca G.V. Krylov et
G.V. Grig. ex A.K. Skvortsov (Salicaceae): BG, arboretum,
16.10.2020, SVER (F) 96602 (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021);
ibid., 12.08.2021, SVER (F) 96724; Southern tram depot,
02.08.2021, SVER (F) 96723; BUM, 19.10.2021, SVER (F)
96776; Populus balsamifera L., P. deltoides W. Ba rtr am ex
Marshall, P. n ig r a L., and P. tr e m ul a L.: BG, park, Septem-
ber 1960 (Stepanova, Sirko, 1970).
E. alphitoides (Griffon et Maubl.) U. Braun et S. Takam.
( Microsphaera alphitoides Griffon et Maubl.) – Quercus
species (Fagaceae): Q. robur L.: BG, 29.07.2021, SVER (F)
96726 (an.); SFP, 08.08.2016 (Karelina, 2017); Artinsky dis-
trict, forest park near Beryozovskaya, 02.0 9.2021, SVER (F)
96767; Krasnoufimsk district, near Sokolye village, Nizhnei-
rginsk oak forest, 03.09.2021, SVER (F) 96768. Invasive
alien species: invaded Europe and Siberia from Southeast
Asia around 1920 (Takamatsu et al., 2007; Bradshaw et al.,
2022); recorded in Sverdlovsk Region since 1920s (Demido-
va, 1925; Pentin, 1939).
+E. aquilegiae DC. – Clematis species (Ranunculaceae):
Clematis alpina (L.) Mill. subsp. sibirica (L.) Kunt ze ( Atra-
gene sibirica L.): BG, arboretum, 14.08.2021, SVER (F)
96757 (an.); Clematis sp.: BG, arboretum (near greenhouse),
14.10.2020 (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021); recorded on other
herbaceous Clematis species and many herbaceous Ranun-
culaceae (Aconitum, Aquilegia, Delphinium, Ranunculus spe-
cies) in the whole territory of the Urals (Yachevsky, 1927;
Stepanova, Sirko, 1970).
E. berberidis DC. – Berberis species (Berberidaceae):
B. heteropoda Schrenk: BG, meadow, 17.09.2020; DES, pri-
vate garden, 28.09.2020 (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021); B. vul-
garis L.: BG, arboretum, 11.06.2021, SVER (F) 96712; ibid.,
26.10.2020, SVER (F) 96613; BUM, block park, 07.07.2020,
SVER (F) 96612; ibid., 28.06.2021, SVER (F) 96728 (an.);
ibid., 28.07.2021, SVER (F) 96727 (an.); ibid., 29.07.2021,
SVER (F) 96729; Vikulova str., 04.08.2016 (Karelina, 2017).
E. capreae DC. – Salix subgen. Vetri x sect. Vet ri x (Sali-
caceae) (Darsaraei et al., 2020): Salix caprea L.: BG,
19.10.2021, SVER (F) 96775; Artinsky district, forest park
near Beryozovskaya, 02.09.2021, SVER (F) 96766; Salix sp.:
SFP, 08.08.2016 (Karelina, 2017).
E. divaricata (Wallr.) Schltdl. ( Microsphaera divarica-
ta (Wallr.) Lév.) – Frangula alnus Mill. (Rhamnaceae): the
whole territory of the Urals in the habitats of the host plant
(Yachevsky, 1927).
*E. ehrenbergii (Lév.) U. Braun, M. Bradshaw et
S. Takam. ( E. lonicerae DC. var. ehrenbergii (Lév.)
U. Braun et S. Takam.) – Lonicera species subgen. Lonicera
(syn. Chamaecerasus) (Caprifoliaceae): L. caucasica Pall.:
BUM, block park, 22.07.2020 (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021).
Introduced alien species: native for Eurasia (Bradshaw et al.,
2021a), but was introduced in Sverdlovsk Region with the
host plants.
*E. euonymi DC. – Euonymus species (Celastraceae):
E. europaeus L.: BG, arboretum, 14.08.2021, SVER (F)
96758 (an.); ibid., 22.08.2021, SVER (F) 96759. Introduced
alien species: native for Eurasia (Braun, Cook, 2012), but
was introduced in Sverdlovsk Region with the host plant.
*E. lonicerae DC. s. str. [ Microsphaera lonicerae (DC.)
G. Winter] – Lonicera species subgen. Caprifolium (Caprifo-
liaceae): L. caprifolium L.: BG, arboretum, 20.20.2021,
SVER (F) 96777 (an.); Lonicera reticulata Raf.: BG, arbore-
tum, 11.06.2021, SVER (F) 96713 (an.); ibid., 11.06.2021,
SVER (F) 96714 (an.); Lonicera sp.: BUM, 24.07.2021,
SVER (F) 96732 (an.). Introduced alien species: native for
Eurasia (Bradshaw et al., 2021a), but was introduced in
Sverdlovsk Region with the host plants.
E. necator Schwein. [ Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Bur-
rill] – Vitis species (Vitaceae): V. am u r en s is Rupr.: urban mi-
crodistrict ‘Seven fountains’, garden, 21.08.2021, SVER (F)
96760 (an.); V. vinifera L.: BG, arboretum, 10.09.2017 (Bul-
gakov, Shiryaev, 2021); Invasive alien species: invaded in
Europe from North America in the middle of XIX century;
known in the Urals since 1900s (Demidova, 1925;
Yachevsky, 1927).
E. ornata (U. Braun) U. Braun et S. Takam. var. euro-
paea (U. Braun) U. Braun et S. Takam. (= Microsphaera bet-
ulae Magnus) – Betula species (Betulaceae): B. pubescens
Ehrh.: Achit district, forest park near Achitsky, 12.09.1960
(Stepanova, Sirko, 1970); Betula sp.: Vikulova str.,
04.08.2016 (Karelina, 2017).
E. palczewskii (Jacz.) U. Braun et S. Takam. – Caragana
species (Fabaceae): C. arborescens Lam. BUM, block park,
01.07.2021, SVER (F) 96734; ibid., 11.07.2021, SVER (F)
326
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ том 56 № 5 2022
BULGAKOV, SHIRYAEV
96735; Academichesky av., street shrubs, 27.07.2021, SVER
(F) 96736; near the Circus, street shrubs, 07.08.2021, SVER
(F) 96733; Tatishcheva str., block park, 30.07.2016 (Kareli-
na, 2017); Invasive alien species: invaded in European Russia
and Siberia from East Asia about 1980 (Heluta, Gorlenko,
1984).
E. salicis DC. – Salix species (excluding subgen. Vetrix
sect. Vetrix) (Salicaceae): S. viminalis L.: BG, arboretum,
03.08.2020 (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021).
E. syringae-japonicae (U. Braun) U. Braun et S. Takam.
( Microsphaera syringae-japonicae U. Braun) – on Syringa
species (Oleaceae): S. josikaea J. Jacq. ex Rchb.: BG, arbo-
retum, 27.07.2021, SVER(F) 96779; S. villosa Vahl: BUM,
street shrubs, 29.07.2021, SVER (F) 96737 (an.); S. vulgaris
L.: Nagornaya str., street shrubs, 04.08.2016 (Karelina,
2017). Invasive alien species: invaded in Europe and western
Asia in 1980s from Japan (Seko et al., 2008; Takamatsu et al.,
2016); first recorded in Sverdlovsk Region after 2000 (Kare-
lina, 2017).
+E. trifoliorum (Wallr.) U. Braun (= E. trifolii Grev.) – on
Fabaceae species: Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (Fisch. ex Wol.)
Klásk.: Krasnoufimsk district, Sokolye village, Nizheirginsk
oak forest, 03.09.2021, SVER (F) 96769 (an.). This species is
known on herbaceous Fabaceae plants in Sverdlovsk Region
(Yachevsky, 1927; Stepanova, Sirko, 1970; Karelina, 2017),
but first recorded on Chamaecytisus ruthenicus in the Urals.
E. vanbruntiana (W.R. Gerard) U. Braun et S. Takam.
var. sambuci-racemosae (U. Braun) U. Braun et S. Takam. –
Sambucus species: S. racemosa L.: BG, park, 18.06.2021,
SVER (F) 96715; ibid., 12.08.2021, SVER (F) 96738 (an.);
ibid., 23.07.2021, SVER (F) 96739; SFP, 08.08.2016 (Kare-
lina, 2017); S. sibirica Nakai: BG, park, 22.09.2021, SVER
(F) 96770; Invasive alien species: invaded Europe and Sibe-
ria from East Asia about 1980 (Heluta, Gorlenko, 1981).
*E. viburni Duby – Viburnum species (Viburnaceae):
V. l a n t a n a L.: GES, private garden, 30.09.2020 (Bulgakov,
Shiryaev, 2021). Introduced alien species: native for Eurasia
(Braun, Cook, 2012), but was introduced in Sverdlovsk Re-
gion with its host plant.
#?Phyllactinia alnicola U. Braun (= Ph. suffulta Sacc. f.
alni Hammarl.) – on Alnus species (Betulaceae): A. incana
(L.) Moench. and A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.: the whole terri-
tory of the Urals (Yachevsky, 1927); Krasnoufimsky district,
near Ufa river, September 1960 (Stepanova, Sirko, 1970).
#Ph. betulae (DC.) Fuss (= Ph. suffulta Sacc. f. betulae
Thüm.) – Betula species (Betulaceae): B. pendula Roth. and
B. pubescens Ehrh.: the whole territory of the Urals
(Yachevsky, 1927); Krasnoufimsky district, Nizhneigrisk
oak forest, August 1960 (Stepanova, Sirko, 1970).
Ph. guttata (Wallr.) Lév. (= Ph. suffulta Sacc f. corylli-
avellanae Jacz.) – Corylus avellana L. (Betulaceae): the
whole territory of the Urals (Yachevsky, 1927).
+Podosphaera aphanis (Wallr.) U. Braun et S. Takam. –
Dasiphora species (Rosaceae): D. fruticosa (L.) Rydb.: BG,
arboretum, 29.07.2021, SVER (F) 96740 (an.); BG,
03.08.2021, SVER (F) 96741 (an.); 8 March str., Arboretum,
29.08.2021, SVER (F) 96763 (an.); D. glabrata (Willd. ex
Schltdl.) Soják: near buildings of ‘Russian Copper Plant’,
flowerbed, 29.08.2021, SVER (F) 96762. This fungal species
was recorded in the Urals (as several forms of Sphaerotheca
macularis (Wallr.) Magnus) on many herbal Rosaceae plants
Alchemilla, Agrimonia, Geum, and Potentilla species
(Yachevsky, 1927; Stepanova, Sirko, 1970; Karelina, 2017).
P. c l a n de s t i na (Wallr.) Lév. (= P. o x ya c a n t h ae De Ваrу f.
crataegi Jacz.) – Crataegus species (Rosaceae): C. mollis
(Torr. et A. Gray) Scheele: BG, arboretum, 05.07.2021,
SVER (F) 96742 (an.); C. sanguinea Pall.: BG, arboretum,
06.07.2021, SVER (F) 96743; BUM, block park, 15.06.2021,
SVER (F) 96716 (an.); ibid., 15.07.2021, SVER (F) 96746.;
Crataegus sp.: Nagornaya str., block park (Karelina, 2017).
P. mors-uvae (Schwein.) U. Braun et S. Takam.
[Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schwein.) Berk. et M.A. Curtis]
Ribes species (Grossulariaceae): R. uva-crispa L. (= Gros-
sularia reclinata (L.) Mill.): BG, arboretum, 15.06.1956
(Stepanova, Sirko, 1970); BG, arboretum, 14.09.2020 (Bul-
gakov, Shiryaev, 2021); urban microdistrict “Seven fon-
taines”, 06.06.2021, SVER (F) 96717 (an.); Ribes nigrum L.,
urban microdistrict “Seven fontaines”, 01.07.2021, SVER
(F) 96744 (an.); Ribes rubrum L., the Arboretum on 8 March
str., 04.07.2021, SVER (F) 96745 (an.). Invasive alien spe-
cies: invaded Europe from North America in 1900s (Heluta,
1989; Braun, Cook, 2012); presents in the Ural macroregion
since 1913 (Yachevsky, 1927) and in Sverdlovsk Region at
least since 1956 (Stepanova, Sirko, 1970).
* P. myrtillina KunzeVaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae):
Pervouralsk city district, forest park near Glukhoye lake,
08.08.2021, SVER(F) 96756.
P. pannosa (Wallr.) de Bary Rosa species (Rosaceae):
R. acicularis Lindl.: BUM, 24.07.2021, SVER (F) 96747 (an.);
R. canina L.: BG, park, 24.09.2021, SVER (F) 96772 (an.);
R. chinensis Jacq.: BUM, 29.07.2021, SVER (F) 96748
(an.); Rosa sp.: BG, arboretum, 12.08.2021, SVER (F)
96761 (an.); Kraul str., block park, 04.08.2016 (an.) (Kareli-
na, 2017).
*P. spiraeae (Sawada) U. Braun et S. Takam. – Spiraea
species (Rosaceae): S. chamaedryfolia L.: BG, arboretum,
20.10.2020 (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021); GES, private garden,
21.09.2020; ibid., 28.09.2020 (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021);
BUM, block park, 23.09.2020 (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021);
S. media Schmidt, BUM, 29.07.2021, SVER (F) 96749 (an.);
Spiraea sp., BUM, 06.08.2021, SVER (F) 96750 (an.). Status
and origin of this species is unclear (Braun, Cook, 2012);
previous publications did not mention this species for Sverd-
lovsk Region, however, it is known in East Europe (Braun,
Cook, 2012) and in West Siberia (Tomoshevich, 2015).
P. tridactyla (Wallr.) de Bary s. str. [= Р. t r i d a ct y l a
(Wallr.) De Вагу f. padi Jacz.] – Prunus padus L. (Rosaceae):
BG, park, 18.06.2021, SVER (F) 96718 (an.); ibid.,
05.07.2021, SVER (F) 96752; ibid., 28.07.2021, SVER (F)
96751.
*Sawadaea bicornis (Wallr.) Homma (=Uncinula aceris
DC.) – Acer species (Sapindaceae): A. negundo L.: BUM,
block park, 22.07.2020; BG, arboretum, 14.10.2020 (Bulga-
kov, Shiryaev, 2021); BG, arboretum, 06.06.2021, SVER (F)
96721 (an.); ibid., 11.06.2021, SVER (F) 96719 (an.); ibid,
23.07.2021, SVER (F) 96753 (an.); ibid., 23.07.2021, SVER
(F) 96755 (an.); ibid, 12.08.2021, SVER (F) 96764; BUM,
23.07.2021, SVER (F) 96754 (an.); ibid., 14.06.2021, SVER
(F) 96720 (an.); 8 March str., near the theatre
“Shchelkunchik”, street trees, 21.06.2021, SVER (F) 96722
(an.); A. platanoides L.: BG, arboretum, 22.08.2021, SVER
(F) 96765 (an.). Introduced alien species: native for Eurasia,
but came in Sverdlovsk Region from the Southern Urals to-
gether with its host plants (Acer campestre and A. negundo).
S. tulasnei (Fuckel) Homma – Acer species (Sapinda-
ceae): A. platanoides L.: BUM, block park, 25.10.2020 (Bul-
gakov, Shiryaev, 2021); A. tataricum L.: SFP, 08.08.2016
(an.) (Karelina, 2017). Introduced alien species: native for
Eurasia, but was introduced in Sverdlovsk Region from the
Southern Urals together with its host plants (Acer platanoides
and A. tataricum). S. tulasnei was previously recorded on Ac-
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ том 56 № 5 2022
POWDERY MILDEWS (ERYSIPHACEAE) ON WOODY PLANTS 327
er negundo in Ekaterinburg (Karelina, 2017); however, these
records are doubtful and require verification because this
species does not usually affect this plant species (Heluta,
1989 ).
DISCUSSION
The number of powdery mildew fungi recorded on
woody plants in Sverdlovsk Region reached 29 species
of four genera in 2022, according to the modern taxo-
nomy of the family Erysiphaceae (Braun, Cook, 2012).
Totally, five species are new for the region as first found
after our researches (Bulgakov, Shiryaev, 2021), and
four species – Erysiphe ehrenbergii, E. salicis, Phyllac-
tinia alnicola, and Ph. betulae – can be considered as
new ones because of taxonomic revisions of previously
known species; three species – Erysiphe aquilegiae,
E. trifoliorum, and Podosphaera aphanis – are first re-
corded on woody host plants in the region, but previ-
ously they were known here on herbaceous plants only
(Yachevsky, 1927; Stepanova, Sirko, 1970; Karelina,
2017). We have also included in the list five species still
known only from old collections and references: Erysi-
phe divaricata, E. ornata, Phyllactinia alnicola, Ph. betu-
lae, and Ph. guttata; almost all of them were collected
in southwestern districts of Sverdlovsk Region in
1920–1960s (Stepanova, Sirko, 1970).
The most numerous genus is Erysiphe (17 species,
58.6%), and other three genera are represented by a
lesser number of species (41.4% only): Podosphaera
(7 species), Phyllactinia (3) and Sawadaea (2). Such di-
versity and taxonomic structure are typical for woody
plants in other boreal regions in the zone of mixed for-
ests of the European Russia with well-studied diversity
of Erysiphaceae: Moscow City and Moscow Region
(Gorlenko, 1983; Blagoveshchenskaya, 2015), Saint-
Petersburg City and Leningrad Region (Cherapanova,
Cherepanov, 2004; Popov et al., 2007; Bulgakov et al.,
2014), Ulyanovsk Region (Churakov et al., 2018), and
Novosibirsk Region (Tomoshevich, 2015). Thus, based
on the species composition of the regional dendroflo-
ra, we can assume that the species composition of Ery-
siphaceae on woody plants in Sverdlovsk Region has
been studied quite completely.
However, we should note that several more Erysi-
phaceae species on woody plants in Sverdlovsk Region
with a high degree of probability can be found, as they
are recorded in the neighboring regions in similar bi-
omes on the woody host plants, and are common fungi
in the whole middle Urals: Erysiphe prunastri DC.
(= Uncinula prunastri Sacc.) – was recorded in Chely-
abinsk Region on Prunus padus (Stepanova, Sirko,
1970), and three other species: Erysiphe penicillata
(Wallr.) Link [= Microsphaera alni (DC.) G. Winter]
on Alnus incana, Phyllactinia mali (Duby) U. Braun
[= Ph. suffulta (Rebent.) Sacc. f. oxyacanthae Roum.]
on Crataegus sanguinea, and Podosphaera aucupariae
Erikss. (= Р. o x ya c a n t h ae De Вагу f. sorbi Jacz.) on
Sorbus aucuparia L. – were found in Republic of Ba-
shkortostan (Yachevsky, 1927). Potentially, two addi-
tional ‘cryptic species’ would be found in Sverdlovsk
Region: Erysiphe syringae Schwein. – hardly differen-
tiated from E. syringae-japonicae by conidial stage
(Takamatsu et al., 2016), and E. hypophylla (Nevod.)
U. Braun et Cunningt. – hardly differentiated from
E. alphitoides by chasmothecia (Braun, Cook, 2012).
Phenological observations have shown that the de-
velopment of almost all powdery mildew fungi occurs
mainly in the period from mid-June to the end of Sep-
tember. Moreover, most species regularly formed chas-
mothecia (teleomorph, or sexual stage), and only four
species developed exclusively in the asexual stage (ana-
morph): Erysiphe aquilegiae, E. necator, Podosphaera
pannosa, and P. spiraeae; some other species: Erysiphe
alphitoides, E. syringae-japonicae, E. lonicerae, E. trifo-
liorum, Podosphaera aphanis, and Sawadaea bicornis
formed chasmothecia extremely rarely. Just all species
formed chasmothecia (teleomorph) mainly since the
mid-July to the mid-September.
The identified species are found on 49 species of
woody plants from 24 genera and 15 families, among
which the largest number of species was noted on the
species of Betulaceae, Rosaceae and Salicaceae (table
1). Each woody plant can be infected by a single pow-
dery mildew species, excluding Acer, Betula, Corylus,
Lonicera, and Salix, which can be infected with two
Erysiphaceae species (table 1). Three woody plant spe-
cies known as host plants for two Erysiphaceae species:
Acer platanoides (Sawadaea bicornis and S. tulasnei),
Betula pubescens (Erysiphe ornata and Phyllactinia be-
tulae), and Corylus avellana (Erysiphe cor ylacearum
and Phyllactinia guttata s. str.).
As our observations have shown, at least 14 species
(48.3%, or almost a half of known species) can be con-
sidered as alien for the region, including seven invasive
species that have come mainly from North America
(mainly United Stated of America): Erysiphe necator
and Podosphaera mors-uvae, and East Asia, including
Northeast China, Korea, Japan, and Russian Far East:
Erysiphe alphitoides, E. corylacearum, E. palczewskii,
E. syringae-japonicae, and E. vanbruntiana (Desprez-
Loustau, 2009; Braun, Cook, 2012). All of them are the
most common and harmful plant pathogens having a
high annual disease incidence and disease severity, sig-
nificantly reducing the decorative effect of their host
plants in Ekaterinburg. Also all of them have invaded
the region (as well as many European countries) over
the last century. Only three alien powdery mildew spe-
cies were known in Ekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk) before
1970 (Stepanova, Sirko, 1970): Erysiphe necator
since 1900s (Yachevsky, 1927), Podosphaera mors-uvae
– since 1910s (Yachevsky, 1927), and E. alphitoides
since 1920s (Pentin, 1939). Other four new recorded
East Asian alien species (previously reliably not record-
ed in Sverdlovsk and in the Urals) have invaded the re-
gion during the last 50 years (1971–2021): Erysiphe
vanbruntiana in 1970s (Gorlenko, Heluta, 1984),
E. palczewskii in 1980s (Heluta, 1981), E. syringae-ja-
328
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ том 56 № 5 2022
BULGAKOV, SHIRYAEV
ponicae in 1990s (Seko et al., 2008), and E. cory-
lacearum in 2010s (Bradshaw et al., 2021b) – all of
them are invasive species that spread in Europe during
the same periods.
Seven powdery mildews can be considered as alien
introduced species: Erysiphe berberidis, E. ehrenbergii,
E. euonymi, E. lonicerae, E. viburni, Podosphaera spi-
raeae, Sawadaea bicornis, and S. tulasnei – this species
are native for Eurasia (Braun, Cooke, 2012) and known
in European Russia (Gorlenko, 1983), Kazakhstan
(Rakhimova et al., 2015), and even Southwestern Urals
(Stepanova, Sirko, 1970). However, their appearance
in Sverdlovsk Region may be a consequence of their
host plant invasion in local plant communities (Sawa-
daea bicornis on Acer negundo), or introduction and ex-
panded cultivation of their host plants in regional ur-
ban plantings and private gardens (other powdery mil-
dews). All of the above-mentioned invasive species are
widespread and significantly reduce the decorative ef-
fect of their host plants in Ekaterinburg. It should be
noted that all these alien species originate from East or
Southeast Asia (Braun, Cook, 2012); they are known as
native species in the Russian Far East (mainly Pri-
morsky and Khabarovsk regions), China, Korea, and
Japan (Farr, Rossman, 2022).
We should note the first record of Erysiphe cory-
lacearum in the territory of Sverdlovsk Region, which
was first found in Ekaterinburg in 2021. This invasive
species have come from the East Asia near 2010, and
quickly spread throughout the habitat of hazels (Cory-
lus spp.) in the North America, Europe and West Asia,
including Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Iran (Brad-
shaw et al., 2021). This harmful hazel pathogen was
first recorded in Russia on the Black Sea coast of the
Krasnodar region in 2013 (Bulgakov, 2018), and by
2016–2017 was found in other regions of Southern Euro-
pean Russia: the rest part of the Krasnodar region, in
the Crimea and Rostov region (Bulgakov, Karpun,
2020), and in Ukraine (Heluta, 2019) and Donetsk
People’s Republic (Bondarenko-Borisova, Bulgakov,
2019). T he discover y of E. corylacearum in Ekaterin-
burg can be considered as evidence that this species has
Table 1. Woody plants as hosts of the powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae) in Sverdlovsk Region
Host plants
Recorded fungal species, number
Families Genera Species (hybrids), number
Berberidaceae Berberis 21
Betulaceae Alnus 21
Betula 22
Corylus 12
Celastraceae Euonymus 11
Caprifoliaceae Lonicera 32
Ericaceae Vaccinium 11
Fabaceae Caragana 11
Chamaecytisus 11
Fagaceae Quercus 11
Grossulariaceae Ribes 31
Oleaceae Syringa 31
Ranunculaceae Clematis 21
Rosaceae Crataegus 21
Dasiphora 21
Prunus 11
Rosa 31
Spiraea 31
Salicaceae Populus 4 (2) 1
Salix 32
Sapindaceae Acer 32
Viburnaceae Sambucus 21
Viburnum 11
Vitaceae Vitis 21
Total: 15 24 49 (2) 29
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ том 56 № 5 2022
POWDERY MILDEWS (ERYSIPHACEAE) ON WOODY PLANTS 329
now spread throughout European Russia within the
range of common hazel (Corylus avellana L.) and entered
in Asian Russia throw Urals. The growth of Erysiphe
corylacearum on affected host plants leads to deforma-
tion of young leaves and shoots, and worsens the phy-
tosanitary condition of the hazel.
The research was supported by Russian Science
Foundation (project № 22-26-00228).
REFERENCES
Blagoveshchenskaya E.Yu. (Blagoveshchenskaya) Phyto-
pathogenic fungi of Skadovsky Zvenigorod biological
station. Moscow Univ. Biol. Sci. Bull. 2014. V. 69 (2).
P. 42–45.
https://doi.org/10.3103/S0096392514020072
Bondarenko-Borisova I.V., Bulgakov T.S. Dendrotrophic
powdery mildews (Erysiphaceae) of Donetsk city ag-
glomeration (Donetsk Region) // Industrial Botany.
2019. V. 19. № 1. P. 34–46 (in Ru ss).
Bradshaw M., Braun U., Götz M., Takamatsu S. Taxonomy
and phylogeny of the Erysiphe lonicerae complex (Helo-
tiales, Erysiphaceae) on Lonicera spp. Fungal Systemat-
ics and Evolution. 2020a. V. 7. P. 49–65.
https://doi.org/10.3114/fuse.2021.07.03
Bradshaw M., Braun U., Meeboon J., Tobin P. Phylogeny and
taxonomy of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe spe-
cies on Corylus hosts. Mycologia. 2021. V. 113. P. 459–
475.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1837568
Bradshaw M., Braun U., Pfister D.H. Powdery mildews on
Quercus: A worldwide distribution and rediscovered ho-
lotype provide insights into the spread of these ecologi-
cally important pathogens. Forest Pathology. 2022.
P. e12742.
http s : / / d o i . o r g/10 .1111 / ef p .1274 2
Bradshaw M., Braun U., Wang S. et al. Phylogeny and taxon-
omy of powdery mildew on Viburnum species. Mycolo-
gia. 2020b. V. 112 (3). P. 616–632.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2020.1739508
Braun U. Some critical notes on the classification and the
generic concept of the Erysiphaceae. Schlechtendalia.
1999. V. 3. P. 48–54.
Braun U., Cook R.T.A. Taxonomic manual of the Erysiphales
(powdery mildews). CBS Biodiversity series. V. 11.
Utrecht, APS Press, 2012.
Braun U., Takamatsu S. Phylogeny of Erysiphe, Microsphaera,
Uncinula (Erysipheae) and Cystotheca, Podosphaera,
Sphaerotheca (Cystotheceae) inferred from rDNA ITS
sequences – some taxonomic consequences. Schlecht-
endalia. 2000. V. 4. P. 1–33.
Bulgakov T.S . Invasions of alien phytopathogenic fungi in
the south of the European part of Russia in the 21st cen-
tury: powdery mildew fungi on trees and shrubs.
X Readings in memory of O.A. Kataev. Dendrobiont
invertebrates and fungi and their role in forest ecosys-
tems. V. 2. Phytopathogenic fungi, issues of pathology
and forest protection. Mater. intern. conf. (St. Peters-
burg, October 22–25, 2018). Ed. D.L. Musolin and
A.V. Selikhovkin. St. Petersburg: SPbGLTU, 2018,
pp. 11–12 (in Russ.).
Bulgakov T.S., Karpun N.N. Finds of powdery mildew fungi,
previously unknown for the European part of Russia, af-
fecting ornamental trees and shrubs in the parks of So-
chi. Actual problems and prospects for the integrated
protection of fruit, ornamental and forest crops: Mater.
intl. scientific-practical conf. (Yalta, October 12–16,
2020). Simferopol: ARIAL, 2020. P. 93–98 (in Russ.).
Bulgakov T.S., Shiryaev A.G. New f inds of phyllotrophic
plant pathogenic microfungi in Ekaterinburg city and its
suburbs. Mikologia i fitopatologiya. 2021. V. 55 (6).
P. 405–410.
https://doi.org/10.31857/S0026364821060064
Bulgakov T.S., Va s ilye v N.P., Zmitrovich I.V. Summarizing of
10-years investigation on mycobiota of alien trees and
shrubs in arboretum of the “Otradnoye” Research Sta-
tion of the Komarov Botanical Institute. Botany: histo-
ry, theory, practice: Proceedings of the Intern. scientific
conf. St. Petersburg, 2014, pp. 31–39 (in Russ.).
Cherepanova N.P., Cherepanov P. S . Keybook for powdery
mildews fungi (Erysiphales) of the North-West of Rus-
sia. Saint Petersburg, Innovation center for plant pro-
tection, 2004 (in Russ.).
Churakov B.P., Hüseyin E.S., Seljuk F. et al. Syno psi s of po w-
dery mildews biota on forest trees and shrubs of Uly-
anovsk Region (Russia) and Düzce Province (Turkey).
Mikologiya i fitopatologiya. 2018. V. 52 (1). P. 30–37
(in Russ.).
Darsaraei H., Khodaparast S.A., Takamatsu S. et al. Phylog-
eny and taxonomy of the Erysiphe adunca complex (Ery-
siphaceae, Helotiales) on poplars and willows. Mycol.
Progress. 2021. V. 20. P. 517–537.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-021-01688-7
Demidova Z.A. Overview of diseases of cultivated and wild
plants in Ural Oblast. Bull. Uraloblzu. 1925. V. 10. P. 9–
20 (in Russ.).
Desprez-Loustau M.-L. Alien fungi of Europe. In: Hand-
book of alien species in Europe. Invading Nature-
Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Springer, Utrecht,
2009. P. 15–28.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8280-1_2
Farr D.F., Rossman A.Y. Fungal databases, U.S. National
Fungus Collections, ARS, USDA. https://nt.ars-
grin.gov/fungaldatabases Accessed 01.06.2022.
Gorlenko M.V. Powdery mildews of Moscow Region (Family
Erysiphaceae). Publ. House of MSU, Moscow, 1983
(in Russ.).
Heluta V. P. The fungal f lora of Ukraine. Powdery mildews.
Kiev, Nauk. dumka, 1989 (in Russ.).
Heluta V. P. , Gorlenko M.V. Microsphaera palczewskii Jacz. in
USSR. Mikologiya i fitopatologiya. 1984. V. 18 (3).
P. 177–182 (in Russ.).
H e l u t a V. P. , G o r l e n k o M . V. On the taxonomy and distribu-
tion of Microsphaera van-bruntiana Ger. in the Europe-
an part of the USSR. Bulletin of Moscow Society of
Naturalists. Dep. Biol. 1981. V. 86 (3). P. 117124
(in Russ.).
H e lu ta V. P. , Ma ka re n ko N . V. , A l - M a a l i G . A . First records of
Erysiphe corylacearum (Erysiphales, Ascomycota) on Co-
rylus avellana in Ukraine. Ukrainian Botanical Journal.
2019. V. 76 (3). P. 252–259.
https://doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj76.03.252
Johnston P.R., Quijada L., Smith C.A. et al. A multigene phy-
logeny toward a new phylogenetic classification of Leo-
330
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ том 56 № 5 2022
BULGAKOV, SHIRYAEV
tiomycetes. IMA Fungus. 2019. V. 10 (1). P. 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs43008-019-0002-x
Kapustin V. G . , Kornev I.N. Geography of Sverdlovsk Region:
manual for the basic and middle school. Sokrat, Ekater-
inburg, 2006 (in Russ.).
Karelina E.D. The first report about powdery mildew in
Ekaterinburg. Bulletin of the Institute of Biology of the
Komi Scientif ic Center of the Ural Branch of the Rus-
sian Academy of Sciences. 2017. V. 200 (2). P. 15–19
(in Russ.).
Keys to vascular plants of the Middle Urals. Nauka, Mos-
cow, 1994 (in Russ.).
Leskinen P., Lindner M., Verkerk P.J. et al. Russian forests
and climate change. What Science Can Tell Us 11. Joen-
suu, European Forest Institute, 2020.
Meeboon J., Takamatsu S., Braun U. Morphophylogenetic
analyses revealed that Podosphaera tridactyla constitutes
a species complex. Mycologia. 2020. V. 112 (2). P. 244–
266.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2019.1698924
MycoBank [A nomenclatural database]. International My-
cological Association, 2021. http://www.mycobank.org.
Accessed 01.06.2022.
Pentin A.P. Pests and diseases of urban green spaces in Sverd-
lovsk Region and measures to combat them. Sverdlovsk,
Ural Experimental Station of Greening, 1939 (in Russ.).
Popov E.S., Morozova O.V., Kotkova V.M. et al. Preliminary
list of Fungi and Myxomycetes of Leningrad Region.
Treeart LLC, St. Petersburg, 2007.
POWO: Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworl-
donline.org. Accessed 01.06.2022.
Rakhimova E.V., Nam G.A., Ermekova B.D. A brief illustrat-
ed guide to powdery mildew fungi in Kazakhstan and
border areas. Novosibirsk, CRNS Publ. House, 2014 (in
Russ.).
RIHMI-WDC. Federal service for hydrometeorology and
environmental monitoring; RIHMI-WDC: Obninsk,
Russia, 2022. https://www.meteo.ru. Accessed 01.0 6.2022.
Schmidt A., Braun U. Asexual morphs of powdery mildew
species (Erysiphaceae) – new and supplementary mor-
phological descriptions and illustrations. Schlechtenda-
lia. 2020. V. 37. P. 30–79.
Seko Y., Bolay A., Kiss L. et al. Molecular evidence in sup-
port of recent migration of a powdery mildew fungus on
Syringa spp. into Europe from East Asia. Plant Pathol.
2008. V. 57. P. 243–250.
Shiryaev A.G. Changes in mycobiota of Ural-and-Siberian
region under global warming and anthropogenic im-
pact. Bulletin of ecology, forest science and landscape
science. 2009. № 9. P. 37–47 (in Russ.).
Shiryaev A.G., Zmitrovich I.V., Bulgakov T.S. et al. Global
warming favors the development of a rich and heteroge-
neous mycobiota on alien vines in a boreal city under
continental climate. Forests. 2022. V. 13 (2). P. 323.
https://doi.org/10.3390/f13020323
Stepanova N.T., Sirko A.V. Flora of ascomycetes and imper-
fect fungi of the Urals. In: Spore plants of the Urals:
Proc. Inst. Ecol. Plant and Animals. Iss. 70. Sverdlovsk,
UF AS USSR, 1970. P. 3–52 (in Russ.).
Takamatsu S., Braun U., Limkaisang S. et al. Phylogeny and
taxonomy of the oak powdery mildew Erysiphe alphitoi-
des sensu lato. Mycological Research. 2007. V. 111 (7).
P. 809–826.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mycres.2007.05.013
Takamatsu S., Shiroya Y., Seko Y. Geographical and spatial
distributions of two Erysiphe species occurring on lilacs
(Syringa spp.). Mycoscience. 2016. V. 57 (5). P. 349
355.
Tomo s hevi c h M.A. Formation of pathocomplexes of woody
plants during introduction in Siberia: Diss. … Dr. Biol.
Novosibirsk, 2015 (in Russ.).
Tretyakova A.S. Regularities of distribution of alien plants in
anthropogenic habitats of Sverdlovsk oblast. Russian
Journal of Biological Invasions. 2016. T. 7 (1). P. 77–83.
htt ps://doi.or g/10.1134/S 2075111716010100
Yachevs ky A.A. Pocket keybook of fungi. Part 2: Powdery
mildew fungi. Leningrad, 1927 (in Russ.).
Благовещенская Е.Ю. (Blagoveshchenskaya) Фитопато-
генные микромицеты Звенигородской биологиче-
ской станции имени С.Н. Скадовского // Вестник
Московского университета. Серия 16: Биология.
2014. Т. 69. № 2. С. 42–45.
Бондаренко-Борисова И.В., Булгаков Т.С. (Bondarenko-
Borisova, Bulgakov) Дендротрофные мучнисторося-
ные грибы (Erysiphaceae) Донецкой городской аг-
ломерации (Донецкая область) // Промышленная
ботаника. 2019. Вып. 19. № 1. С. 34–46.
Булгаков Т.С. (Bulgakov) Инвазии чужеродных фитопа-
тогенных грибов на юге европейской части России
в XXI веке: мучнисторосяные грибы на деревьях и
кустарниках // X Чтения памяти О.А. Катаева.
Дендробионтные беспозвоночные животные и гри-
бы и их роль в лесных экосистемах. Т. 2. Фитопато-
генные грибы, вопросы патологии и защиты леса.
Матер. междунар. конф. (Санкт-Петербург, 22–
25 октября 2018 г.). Под ред. Д.Л. Мусолина и А.В. Се-
лиховкина. СПб.: СПбГЛТУ, 2018. С. 11–12.
https://doi.org/10.21266/SPBFTU.2018.KATAEV.2
Булгаков Т.С., Васильев Н.П., Змитрович И.В. (Bulgakov
et al.) Итоги 10-летнего обследования микобиоты
пород-интродуцентов дендрария научно-опытной
станции “Отрадное” Ботанического института им.
В.Л. Комарова РАН // Ботаника: история, теория,
практика: труды Междунар. науч. конф. СПб.:
Изд-во СПбГЭТУ “ЛЭТИ”, 2014. С. 31–39.
Булгаков Т.С., Карпун Н.Н. (Bulgakov, Karpun) Находки
ранее неизвестных для европейской части России
мучнисторосяных грибов, поражающих декоратив-
ные деревья и кустарники в парках Сочи // Акту-
альные проблемы и перспективы интегрированной
защиты плодовых, декоративных и лесных культур:
Матер. междунар. научн.-практ. конф. (Ялта, 12–
16 октября 2020 г.). Симферополь: ИТ “Ариал”,
2020. С. 93–98.
Гелют а В.П. (Heluta) Флора грибов Украины. Мучни-
сторосяные грибы. Киев: Наукова думка, 1989. 256 с.
Гелют а В.П. , Горленко М . (Heluta, Gorlenko) Micro-
sphaera palczewskii Jacz. в СССР // Микология и фи-
топатология. 1984. Т. 18. № 3. С. 177–182.
Гелют а В.П. , Горленко М . (Heluta, Gorlenko) К систе-
матике и распространению Microsphaera vanbrunti-
ana Ger. в европейской части СССР // Бюлл.
Моск. об-ва испытат. природы. Отд. биол. 1981.
Т. 86. № 3. С. 117–124.
МИКОЛОГИЯ И ФИТОПАТОЛОГИЯ том 56 № 5 2022
POWDERY MILDEWS (ERYSIPHACEAE) ON WOODY PLANTS 331
Горле нко М.В. (Gorlenko) Мучнисторосяные грибы
Московской области (Семейство Erysiphaceae). М.:
Изд-во Моск. ун-та, 1983. 72 с.
Демидова З.А. (Demidova) Краткий обзор болезней
культурных и дикорастущих растений в Уральской о б-
ласти // Бюллетень УралОблЗУ. 1925. № 10. С. 9–20.
Капустин В.Г., Корнев И.Н. (Kapustin, Kornev) Геогра-
фия Свердловской области: учеб. пособие для ос-
нов. и сред. шк. Екатеринбург: Сократ, 2006. 400 с.
Карелина Е.Д. (Karelina) Первое сообщение о мучни-
сторосяных грибах города Екатеринбурга // Вест-
ник института биологии Коми научного центра
Уральского отделения РАН. 2017. Т. 200 (2). С. 15–19.
Определитель сосудистых растений Среднего Урала
(Key). М.: Наука, 1994. 524 с.
Пентин А.П. (Pentin) Вредители и болезни городских
зеленых насаждений Свердловской области и меры
борьбы с ними. Свердловск: Уральская опытная
станция зеленого строительства АКХ при СНК
РСФСР, 1939. 62 с.
Рахимова Е.В., Нам Г., Ермекова Б.Д. (Rakhimova et al.)
Краткий иллюстрированный определитель мучни-
сторосяных грибов Казахстана и приграничных
территорий. Новосибирск: Изд-во ЦРНС, 2014.
129 с.
Степанова Н.Т., Сирко А.В. (Stepanova, Sirko) К флоре
сумчатых и несовершенных грибов Урала. Споро-
вые растения Урала: Тр. инст. экол. раст. и жив.
Вып. 70. Свердловск: УФ АН СССР, 1970. С. 3–52.
Томош евич М.А. (Tomoshevich) Формирование пато-
комплексов древесных растений при интродукции
в Сибири: автореф. дисс. … докт. биол. наук. Ново-
сибирск, 2015. 32 с.
Черепанова Н.П., Черепанов П.С. (Cherepanova, Chere-
panov) Определитель мучнисторосяных грибов
(пор. Erysiphales) Северо-Запада России: уч. пособ.
СПб.: Инновац. центр защиты раст., 2004. 80 с.
Чураков Б.П., Хусейин Э.С., Сельчук Ф. и др. (Churakov et al.)
Конспект биоты мучнисторосяных грибов деревьев
и кустарников Ульяновской области (Россия) и
провинции Дюздже (Турция) // Микология и фи-
топатология. 2018. Т. 52. № 1. С. 30–37.
Ширяев А.Г. (Shiryaev) Изменения микобиоты Урало-
Сибирского региона в условиях глобального потеп-
ления и антропогенного воздействия // Вестник
экологии, лесоведения и ландшафтоведения. 2009.
№ 9. С. 37–47.
Ячевский А.А. (Yachevsky) Карманный определитель
грибов. Ч. 2: Мучнисторосяные грибы. Л.: Глав.
Бот. сад., 1927. 626 с.
Мучнисторосяные грибы (Erysiphaceae) на древесных растениях в городских
местообитаниях Свердловской области (Россия)
Т. С. Булгаков1,#, А. Г. Ширяев2,##
1 Институт экологии растений и животных УрО РАН, Екатеринбург, Россия
2 Субтропический научный центр Российской академии наук, Сочи, Россия
#e-mail: ascomycologist@yandex.com
##e-mail: anton.g.shiryaev@gmail.com
По результатам авторских исследований и ревизии предыдущих сведений установлен современный ви-
довой состав и составлен первый аннотированный список мучнисторосяных грибов на древесных рас-
тениях в городских местообитаниях Свердловской обл. (г. Екатеринбурга и нескольких городов обла-
сти). Всего в настоящее время выявлено 29 видов Erysiphaceae, среди которых большинство относится
к роду Erysiphe (17 видов), а остальные распределяются между родами Podospha era (7), Phyllactinia (3) и
Sawadaea (2). Шесть видов выявлены в Свердловской обл. впервые: Erysiphe ehrenbergii, E. euonymi,
E. lonicerae, E. viburni, Podosphaera myrtillina, and P. spiraeae. Почти половина всех выявленных видов
(14 из 29) являются чужеродными для Свердловской обл., при этом 6 видов могут рассматриваться как
инвазивные, из которых 2 вида происходят из Северной Америки (Erysiphe necator and Podos phaera
mors-uvae) и 4 вида – из Восточной Азии (Erysiphe alphitoides, E. corylacearum, E. palczewskii, and E. van-
bruntiana), а еще 8 видов могут рассматриваться как непреднамеренно интродуцированные из соседних
регионов вместе с их растениями-хозяевами. Развитие большинства отмеченных видов Er ysiphaceae
приходится на период с середины июня до конца сентября. Большинство видов (25 из 29) развиваются
как в стадии анаморфы, так и телеоморфы, и только 4 вида (Erysiphe aquilegiae, E. necator, Podosphaera
pannosa и P. spiraeae) отмечены исключительно в стадии анаморфы.
Ключевые слова: биоразнообразие грибов, городские насаждения, Россия, Урал, чужеродные виды
... increased 5-7 times; North American Acer negundo L. and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall increased 4-8 times; and European Quercus robur L. and Acer platanoides L. increased 3-4 times (Sostoyanie …, 2019; Shiryaev et al., 2022a). During this period, at least 60 new species of phytopathogenic micromycetes and more than 20 species of macromycetes appeared in Ekaterinburg on alien species of woody plants (Shiryaev et al., 2010(Shiryaev et al., , 2021(Shiryaev et al., , 2022a(Shiryaev et al., , 2022bBulgakov and Shiryaev, 2022). An expansion of the range of host plants was observed for a number of phytopathogenic fungi compared to the natural range (Shiryaev et al., 2021(Shiryaev et al., , 2022b. ...
Article
Full-text available
The biodiversity of wood-inhabiting fungi on woody leguminous plants (WLPs) growing in theMiddle Urals (Russia) has been studied for the first time. From 2002 to 2022, in Sverdlovsk oblast as a modelregion, 136 species of wood-inhabiting fungi were identified on WLPs: 127 species of Basidiomycota and9 species of Ascomycota. Fungi develop on 12 out of 20 species of WLPs. The largest number of fungal specieswas found on the alien Caragana arborescens (115 species/84.5% of the total number of species), while twospecies were collected on Caragana decorticans, C. ussuriensis, and Laburnum alpinum each and one specieswas collected on Genista florida. A total of 122 species of fungi were found on nine alien WLPs, which is4.1 times more than on three native species. The largest number of substrate-specific fungal species can befound to develop on C. arborescens (85/62.5%), four species on Chamaecytisus ruthenicus (2.9%), three spe-cies on Maackia amurensis (2.2%), two on Genista tinctoria and Robinia pseudoacacia each (1.5%), and onespecies on Caragana ussuriensis (0.7%). Nectria cinnabarina develops on the maximum number of substrates,seven WLP species; Xylodon sambuci on six species; and Peniophora cinerea and Schizophyllum commune onfour species. In contrast, 71.3% of fungal species were found on one WLP species, and 27.2% of species arecharacterized by a single finding. For the first time for Sverdlovsk oblast, 14 fungal species are indicated, ofwhich 86% were found in the parks of Ekaterinburg city and tree-lines along the roads, but only 14% were innatural conditions. In order to reveal the latitudinal–zonal specificity for the distribution of species richnessof the WLP associated mycobiota, we use Aphyllophoroids as the largest group of fungi among all analyzed(75% of species), and Caragana arborescens, or Siberian peashrub is the richest plant substrate. Changes inthe fungal diversity were studied along a meridional transect stretching for 800 km along 60° E, from the mid-dle boreal subzone of Sverdlovsk oblast to the steppes of Chelyabinsk oblast (Russia) and Kostanay oblast(Kazakhstan). In each of the five vegetation zones/subzones, as well as in Ekaterinburg city, six sites werestudied, the area of which varies from 0.9 to 6.8 ha. The aboveground phytomass of C. arborescens is maximalin the forest steppe (8.9–11.7 t/ha), and minimal at the edges of the transect (2.4–5.8 t/ha). A positive cor-relation was found between the aboveground plant phytomass and the species richness of mycobiota, whilethere was no correlation with climatic parameters. Notable differences were found in Ekaterinburg city: theSiberian peashrub phytomass was two times lower than in the forest steppe, but the species richness of myco-biota was similar to the forest steppe. A similar result was obtained for the α diversity (average number of fun-gal species at the sites and Shannon index) of mycobiota: an increase in the parameters from the middleboreal subzone to the forest steppe and a decrease in the steppe. The Whittaker and Czekanowski–Sørensenindices (β diversity) increase towards the steppe, which is due to a strong relationship with the mean annualtemperature and precipitation. A range of fungal species gravitating towards northern, southern, and urban-ized conditions has been revealed. In the north of transect, local species of fungi predominate, while in thesouth and in Ekaterinburg city, the role of biogeographically distant (alien) taxa is high. In this regard, thespecies composition of mycobiota of Siberian peashrub is divided into two clusters, northern (boreal) andsouthern (nemoral-steppe) ones, including Ekaterinburg city. To the south, the species richness of patho-genic fungi increases, but this parameter does not correlate with the C. arborescens phytomass. In plantings ofinvasive Siberian peashrub, the species richness of the poroid fungi is similar to that of the corticioid fungi atthe local and regional level, which differs significantly from natural conditions. A high level of pathogenicfungi was also revealed compared to natural conditions. The results can be used to optimize the conceptionof Greenway planning in Ekaterinburg city and help prevent a number of environmental problems arisingafter the rapid implementation of the strategy for developing the city and the surrounding areas.
... Mycobiota has been studied for more than 150 years in Ekaterinburg and Sverdlovsk oblast, including pathogenic mycobiota under natural and anthropogenic conditions on native and alien woody plants (Shiryaev et al., 2010). The ecological monitoring of phytopathogens has been conducted at the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences since the 1960s (Demidova, 1960;Stepanova and Sirko, 1970;Shiryaev, 2010;Bulgakov and Shiryaev, 2022;Shiryaev et al., 2022). At the beginning of the 20th century, phytopathological studies intensified due to the sharply increased number of pathogenic fungi detected on the introduced woody and herbaceous plants in open and closed ground. ...
Article
Full-text available
The results of studying the long-term dynamics of the phytopathological state of alien woody and shrubby plants (AWSPs) in Ekaterinburg city (Russia, Ural) are presented for the first time. In view of the active implementation of numerous landscaping programs, including the concept of the Greenway planning of Ekaterinburg city, over the past 20 years, a large number of AWSP have arrived in the city, which contributes to the penetration of many previously unknown species of alien and pathogenic fungi into the Urals, the number of which increases exponentially. On alien woody substrates, many species of local saprobic fungi exhibit pathogenic properties, which also contribute to a sharp increase in the pathogenic activity of urban mycobiota. Several invasive fungal species cause mass diseases of woody plants and expand their trophic spectrum. Some invasive fungal species are expanding their invasive range into the natural forests. A list of AWSP species resistant to local and alien diseases, which are recommended for the greening of Ekaterinburg, is given. The applicability of the sentinel plantations technique for the early detection and localizationof alien phytopathogens is discussed. Recommendations are given for the creation of a four-stage system of phytopathological monitoring of green urban spaces, which will contribute to the protection against penetration and the rapid detection of alien pathogenic fungi before diseases outbreaks.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Изучались чужеродные виды мучнисторосяных грибов (Helotiales, Erysiphaceae), паразитирующие на древесных растениях на Среднем и Южном Урале. Всего на Урале найдено 25 чужеродных видов мучнисторосяных на 42 древесных растениях-хозяевах. Неаборигенные таксоны составляют 50 и 38% от общего числа видов семейства на древесных хозяевах на Среднем и Южном Урале соответственно. Наиболее важным регионом-донором мучнисторосяных грибов и для Среднего, и для Южного Урала является Вост. Азия, откуда происходит около 50% чужеродных видов. 43% неаборигенных для Урала видов обнаружены в обеих его частях. Общие виды преимущественно являются известными инвазивными фитопатогенами. Чужеродные грибы паразитируют преимущественно на растениях-интродуцентах, составляющих 83% от общего числа видов-хозяев. Рост числа неаборигенных видов мог произойти благодаря климатическим изменениям и торговле живыми растениями. // Non-native powdery mildew fungi (Helotiales, Erysiphaceae) parasitizing woody plants in the Middle and South Urals were studied. Overall number of alien powdery mildew species found in the Urals is 25 with 42 woody plants registered as host species. Non-native taxons comprise 50 and 38% of all Erysiphaceae species parasitizing woody plants in the Middle and South Urals respectively. East Asia appears to be the most important source region of alien powdery mildew fungi for both Middle and South Urals with nearly 50% of found alien species originating from the area. 43% of fungi non-native for both parts of the region were found in both the Middle and South Urals. These shared species are mostly well-known invasive plant pathogens. Alien fungi show a tendency to parasitize mostly introduced plants, as among all host species affected by alien fungi 83% were of non-native origin. Increase in number of alien fungi may have happened because of climate change and international live plant trade.
Article
Full-text available
We report 115 species of Fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) and Stramenopiles (Oomycota) as new to Sverdlovsk Region. Four species are new to Russia (Boeremia heteromorpha, Chuppomyces cf. handelii, Nectria nigrescens, Passalora cf. menispermi). 94% of species were identified only on alien plants in Ekaterinburg urban green plantations and greenhouses. Pathogenic species account for 92%, while several species are harmful plant pathogens.
Article
Full-text available
The paper continues a series of publications devoted to the new finds of fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) in Sverdlovsk Region (the Middle Urals, Russia). Totally, 75 species of macro-and microfungi reported on alien and aborigine woody plants for the first time in the region. The most numerous group are alien plant pathogenic fungi (71%) developing on cultivated fruit trees in gardens and parks, as well as on many common species of trees and shrubs in urban greening.
Article
The biodiversity of wood-destroying fungi on leguminous woody plants (LWP) growing in the Middle Urals has been studied for the first time. In the model region – Sverdlovsk province, from 2002 to 2022, there are 136 species of wood-destroying fungi were collected: 127 species of Basidiomycota and 9 species of Ascomycota. Fungi develop on 12 out of 20 species of LWP. The largest number of fungal species was found on the alien Caragana arborescens (115 species / 84.5 % of the total number of species), while on Caragana decorticans, C. ussuriensis, Laburnum alpinum two each, and one on Genista florida. 122 species of fungi were found on nine alien species of the LWP, which is 4.1 times more than on three native species. The largest number of substrate-specific fungal species develops on C. arborescens (85/62.5 %), while four on Chamaecytisus ruthenicus(2.9 %), three on Maackia amurensis (2.2 %), two each on Genista tinctoria and Robinia pseudoacacia (1.5 %), and one species on Caragana ussuriensis (0.7 %). Nectria cinnabarina develops on seven species of LWP, on six 427 species – Xylodon sambuci, on four – Peniophora cinerea and Schizophyllum commune. In contrast, 71.3 % of fungal species were found on one LWP species, and 27.2 % of species are characterized by a single find. For the first time for Sverdlovsk province, 14 fungal species are indicated, of which 86 % were found in the parks of Ekaterinburg city, tree-lines along the roads, but only 14 % in natural conditions. In order to reveal the latitudinal-zonal specificity for the distribution of species richness of the LWP associated mycobiota, we use Aphyllophoroids as the largest group of fungi among all analyzed (75 % of species), and Caragana arborescens, or Siberian pea tree, is the richest plant substrate. Changes in the fungal diversity were studied along a meridional transect stretching for 800 km. along 60° E, from the middle boreal subzone of Sverdlovsk province to the steppes of Chelyabinsk province (Russia) and Kostanay province (Kazakhstan). In each of the 5 vegetation zones/subzones, as well as in Ekaterinburg city, six sites were studied, the area of which varies from 0.9 to 6.8 ha. The aboveground phytomass of C. arborescens is maximal in the forest-steppe (8.9–11.7 t/ha), and minimal at the edges of transect (2.4–5.8 t/ha). A positive correlation was found between the aboveground plant phytomass and the species richness of mycobiota, while there was no correlation with climatic parameters. In Ekaterinburg city, where the Siberian pea tree phytomass is two times lower than in the forest-steppe, but the species richness of mycobiota is similar to the forest-steppe, is out of this pattern. A similar result was obtained for α-diversity (average number of fungal species on the sites and Shannon index) of mycobiota: an increase in indicators from the middle boreal subzone to the forest-steppe and a decrease in the steppe. The Whittaker and Czekanowski – Sørensen indices (β-diversity) increase towards the steppe, which is due to a strong relationship with the mean annual temperature and precipitation. A range of fungal species gravitating towards northern, southern and urbanized conditions has been revealed. In the north of transect, local species of fungi predominate, while in the south and in Ekaterinburg city, the role of biogeographically distant (alien) taxa is high. In this regard, the species composition of Siberian pea tree’s mycobiota is divided into two clusters – northern (boreal) and southern (nemoral-steppe) including Ekaterinburg city. To the south, species richness of pathogenic fungi increases, but this parameter does not correlate with the C. arborescens phytomass. In plantings of invasive Siberian pea tree, species richness of Poroid fungi is similar to Corticioid fungi at the local and regional level, which differs significantly from natural conditions. A high level of pathogenic fungi was also revealed compared to natural conditions. The results obtained can be used to optimize the concept development of Greenway planning in Ekaterinburg city and can help prevent a number of environmental problems arising after the “rapid” implementation of the strategy for the city development and surrounding areas. Key words: Russia, Kazakhstan, anthropogenic impact, biogeography, ecology, phytopathology, invasion, climate
Article
Full-text available
Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe spp., on oak has been shown to have serious ecological consequences on Quercus hosts. Erysiphe alphitoides and E. quercicola are two of the most heavily studied and common powdery mildews known to occur on Quercus species. In recent years, these species have been noted throughout the world on a range of hosts within and outside the Quercus genus. Reports that E. alphitoides was absent in European herbaria before 1921 and the discovery of the holotype of E. alphitoides from 1911 in an American herbarium (FH) led to the current study in which we genetically analysed six specimens of E. alphitoides s. lat including, most importantly, the holotype of E. alphitoides from France collected in 1911. The results of our analyses revealed that: (1) The sequence of the E. alphitoides holotype falls within the E. quercicola clade, confirming that E. alphitoides did not spread to Europe until ~1921. (2) E. alphitoides var. chenii forms a monophyletic clade with E. epigena and should be reduced to synonymy with that species and (3) through sequence analyses E. alphitoides and E. quercicola are confirmed to have spread to North America. The sequencing results of the E. alphitoides holotype have severe nomenclatural‐taxonomic consequences. A proposal was submitted simultaneously with the present manuscript to conserve the name E. alphitoides so that the traditional usage of the names E. alphitoides and E. quercicola could be maintained. The sequences obtained for the current study provide new insight into the taxonomy and spread of these ecologically significant, globally distributed species. The present study highlights the importance of sequencing specimens from type material, above all when morphological similar species are involved.
Article
Full-text available
The species richness and composition of macro- and microfungi on vine species in the parks of Ekaterinburg City (the Ural macroregion, Russia) located in the southern boreal vegetation subzone in a continental climate was studied. The average annual air temperature has increased by 3.1 °C since the beginning of the 20th century; therefore, the conditions for the growth of vines have improved. These conditions include warmer winters and, consequently, less frost damage to perennial plants. Due to the warmer climate, the area of vines grown in the city has increased five times over half a century, and the yield of grapes has grown 3.7 times. The alien East Asian vines are the most dominate vine species cultivated, while European, North American, and native plant species, including archaeophytes, together only represent a handful of the species cultivated. At the same time, 65% of the area of woody vines in the city is covered by a North American species, namely Parthenocissus quinquefolia. An increase in the number of vine species, their biomass, and covered areas contributes to an increase in the number of fungal species growing on these vine species. In total, 81 species of phytopathogenic and 87 species of saprobic macro- and microfungi have been recorded during the century-long history of mycological research in Ekaterinburg City. Mycobiota of vines in Ekaterinburg City is biogeographically heterogeneous and 1.1–3.2 times richer in comparison with ones of the regions located on the northern limit of natural ranges of the vines. Recorded macrofungi (Basidiomycota) are predominantly present on native boreal species; however, some exotic tropical and subtropical East Asian fungal species (that have not ever been recorded on other substrates in the natural forests of the Urals and Siberia) are found here too. Recorded microfungi are highly specialized vine-associated species (mainly Ascomycota) that are widespread within the natural ranges of the vines and absent in the boreal zone of Eurasia: there are 63 vine-associated species (15 macro- and 48 microfungi) in Ekaterinburg that are not found in the Urals on other substrates. Many of these species have been recorded for the first time in this study, so we consider that they invaded Ekaterinburg City in the last 20 years, likely due to the warming climate observed over the last decades in the region. There are 19 and 32 species of phytopathogenic fungi collected in the families Cucurbitaceae and Vitaceae, respectively. During the past 40 years, the recorded fungal species richness has increased by 16% on Cucurbitaceae, as well as 37% on grapes. In this study, the distribution of vine-associated fungi, including phytopathogenic fungal species, from the nearest regions of ancient vine culture (Southern European Russia and the Caucasus, Central Asia, the south of the Russian Far East) to the boreal regions of the Urals were investigated. The increase in the range of these phytopathogenic fungal species can lead to significant economic losses to the regional agricultural sector.
Article
Full-text available
According the research results, 63 new species of plant pathogenic microfungi developing on leaves of vascular plants were recorded in Ekaterinburg city and its suburbs (the Urals, Russia). Two species, Alternaria obtusa and Ramularia bergeniae, were firstly registered in Russia; 14 of 63 new recorded species (22.2%) could be considered as alien species for Sverdlovsk Region.
Article
Full-text available
Erysiphe adunca s. lat. is a common powdery mildew species, distributed almost worldwide, on hosts of Populus and Salix species. Based on its wide host range and distribution as well as its strong morphological variations, E. adunca s. lat. was previously divided into several species or, alternatively, into varieties. However, comprehensive phylogenetic examinations on the putative monophyly of this species or the existence of a possible E. adunca species complex have not been conducted based on combined morphological and molecular approaches. In this study, we retrieved rDNA (ITS and LSU) sequences of 22 powdery mildew specimens on Populus and Salix spp. collected in China, Germany, Iran, Japan, Russia, and the United States and conducted morphological examinations of these and additional specimens. The morphological and molecular data obtained clearly indicate that E. adunca is a species complex comprised of at least four species., viz., E. adunca s. str. (on Populus spp. in Asia, Europe, and North America), E. capreae, including E. pseudoregularis as a new synonym (on Salix spp., particularly on species in Salix subgen. Vetrix sect. Vetrix in Asia, Europe, and North America), the reinstated E. salicis (on Salix spp. belonging to various subgenera of Salix in Asia and Europe), and E. mandshurica (which has been confirmed as a species of its own on Populus spp., in Asia). In addition to the clear phylogenetic differentiation, the morphology of the asexual and sexual morphs of E. adunca s. str., E. capreae and E. salicis is easily distinguishable. Sequences retrieved from collections on Salix gracilistyla (Uncinula salicis-gracilistylae), a species that was previously considered a variety of Uncinula adunca and Erysiphe adunca, formed a small subclade within the E. salicis clade and are now referred to as Erysiphe salicis var. salicis-gracilistylae comb. nov. Alphitomorpha adunca; Erysiphe capreae and E. salicis are epitypified, and a neotype is designated for Alphitomorpha obtusata, with ex-epitype sequences and, in the latter case, an ex-neotype sequence.
Article
Full-text available
The phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews, belonging to the genus Erysiphe, on Lonicera species throughout the world are examined and discussed. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that sequences retrieved from Erysiphe lonicerae, a widespread powdery mildew species distributed in the Northern Hemisphere on a wide range of Lonicera spp., constitutes a complex of two separate species, viz., E. lonicerae (s. str.) and Erysiphe ehrenbergii comb. nov. Erysiphe lonicerae occurs on Lonicera spp. belonging to Lonicera subgen. Lonicera (= subgen. Caprifolium and subgen. Periclymenum), as well as L. japonica. Erysiphe ehrenbergii comb. nov. occurs on Lonicera spp. of Lonicera subgen. Chamaecerasus. Phylogenetic and morphological analyses have also revealed that Microsphaera caprifoliacearum (≡ Erysiphe caprifoliacearum) should be reduced to synonymy with E. lonicerae (s. str.). Additionally, Erysiphe lonicerina sp. nov. on Lonicera japonica in Japan is described and the new name Erysiphe flexibilis, based on Microsphaera lonicerae var. flexuosa, is introduced. The phylogeny of Erysiphe ehrenbergii and E. lonicerae as well as other Erysiphe species on honeysuckle is discussed, and a survey of all species, including a key to the species concerned, is provided.
Article
Full-text available
Schmidt, A. & Braun, U. 2020: Asexual morphs of powdery mildew species (Erysiphaceae)-new and supplementary morphological descriptions and illustrations. Schlechtendalia 37: 30-79. Descriptions of asexual morphs of powdery mildew species are provided, with a particular focus on characteristics of the conidiophores and conidial germination patterns. Descriptions and illustrations are based on collections made by the first author in the course of long-term examinations of species of the Erysiphaceae. In some cases, detailed descriptions and illustrations of conidiophores and, above all, conidial germination patterns could be obtained for the first time. The first record of Neoerysiphe nevoi for Germany on Lapsana communis is included in this work. Conidial germination patterns of Erysiphe spp. on legumes are compared and discussed in more detail. Zusammenfassung: Schmidt, A. & Braun, U. 2020: Asexuelle Morphen von Mehltauarten (Erysiphaceae)-neue und ergänzende morphologische Beschreibungen und Abbildungen. Schlechtendalia 37: 30-79. Beschreibungen asexueller Morphen von Mehltau-Arten werden zur Verfügung gestellt, mit einem besonderen Schwerpunkt auf Merkmale der Konidien-Träger und Keimungsmuster der Konidien. Beschreibungen und Abbildungen basieren auf Kollektionen der Erstautorin, die sie im Rahmen langjähriger Untersuchungen von Arten der Erysiphaceae gefunden hat. In einigen Fällen war es möglich, erstmalig detaillierte Beschreibungen und Abbildungen von Konidien-Trägern und vor allem von Konidien-Keimungsmustern zu erstellen. Der Erstnachweis von Neoerysiphe nevoi für Deutschland auf Lapsana communis ist in dieser Arbeit enthalten. Keimungsmuster der Konidien von Erysiphe-Arten auf Leguminosen werden detaillierter verglichen und diskutiert.
Article
Erysiphe species (powdery mildews) on Corylus and Ostrya hosts (Betulaceae subfam. Coryloideae) in Asia and North America are widespread pathogens on these economically and ecologically valuable nut crops. An improved understanding of their phylogeny and taxonomy is of ecological and applied importance. Phylogenetic analyses and morphological reexaminations conducted in this study revealed a higher degree of diversity and cryptic speciation than reflected in earlier species concepts. North American collections on C. cornuta, which were previously assigned to E. corylacearum, proved to constitute a species of its own and are herein introduced as E. cornutae, sp. nov. Two additional North American species, E. coryli-americanae, sp. nov. and E. ostryae, sp. nov., have been detected on C. americana and O. virginiana and are described. They are morphologically similar to E. cornutae, but genetically distinct. Based on phylogenetic analyses, E. corylacearum is an Asian species confined to various Asian Corylus species. Sequence data retrieved from Japanese type material of E. corylicola revealed that this species clusters with sequences from E. elevata on Catalpa species, distant from all other Erysiphe species on Corylus. Morphologically similar, yet distinct, specimens on C. sieboldiana, which were previously assigned to E. corylicola, form a distinct, distant clade. The species involved is described herein as E. pseudocorylacearum, sp. nov. Additionally, an unusual infection of C. sieboldiana in Japan by E. syringae has been shown by means of sequence data. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Erysiphe species belonging to the Corylioideae are discussed in detail, and a key to the species concerned is provided.
Article
The phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildew on Viburnum species is evaluated and discussed. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed two new species and demonstrated that Erysiphe hedwigii and E. viburni should be reduced to synonymy and are referred to herein as E. viburni. The two new species, E. viburniphila and E. pseudoviburni, previously hidden under E. viburni (including E. hedwigii), is described on the basis of European, North American, and East Asian powdery mildew collections on Viburnum edule, V. tinus, V. odoratissimum var. awabuki, and V. sieboldii. The sexual morph of E. viburniphila is similar to that of E. viburni; however, morphological differences exist in their asexual morphs. Analyses of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S genomic regions of Erysiphe species obtained on Viburnum species (and other closely allied Eryisphe species) throughout the world reveled that E. viburniphila and E. pseudoviburni are in two different monophyletic groups that are separate from all other Erysiphe species. Erysiphe hedwigii and E. viburni on Viburnum species have often been recognized as separate species based on morphological differences in the size of their chasmothecia and the number of chasmothecial appendages. Taxonomic conclusions based on these morphological distinctions within these species are unreliable (these characters are rather variable and often have overlapping ranges). The present phylogenetic analyses suggest that E. hedwigii has to be reduced to synonymy with E. viburni. To fix the application of the species names E. hedwigii and E. viburni, epitypes have been designated for these taxa with ex-epitype sequences. Additionally, the Asian species E. miranda is phylogenetically confirmed as a species of its own, described in detail and discussed.
Article
Podosphaera tridactyla (s. lat.) is a powdery mildew species occurring on a wide range of Prunus spp. almost worldwide. We have investigated the phylogeny of the Po. tridactyla complex, with special emphasis on potential aspects of cryptic speciation. The results suggested that Po. tridactyla represents a species complex consisting of at least 12 different species. Based on detailed morphological examinations and molecular sequence analyses, we propose dividing Po. tridactyla s. lat. into 10 species, encompassing 7 new species (Po. ampla, Po. pruni-avium, Po. pruni-cerasoidis, Po. prunigena, Po. pruni-lusitanicae, Po. prunina, and Po. pruni-japonicae) and 3 known species (Po. longiseta, Po. salatai, and Po. tridactyla s. str.). Oidium passerinii on Pr. laurocerasus is confirmed as a synonym of Po. tridactyla s. str. Epitypes are designated for Po. tridactyla and Oidium passerinii.