Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems in India: Concept, History, and its efficacy in dealing with domestic violence cases

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
This pa p er is a discussion on
alternative disputeresolution systemsin India.
Thepaper delineatestheconceptofADRSand
its h istorical development in India. The
his tor ical develop men t looks throu gh th e
an cien t per iod,  th e Bri tis h period a nd the
modern Ind ia period. It then looks into t he
variousADRSexistinginIndiaincludingNyaya
Pan cha yats, Lok A dalats,  Mahil a Panch ayats
an d th eir effi cacy in dea ling with  cases of
domesticviolence.
Keywords: ADRS, I ndia , domestic vi olence
cases
1.ConceptandneedofADRSinIndia
JohnGriffithsdefineslegalpluralismas
presence in the social field of more than one
legal order (Griffith s, 1986). Headvocates for
lega l centr alism  by statin g tha t though m ost
modernsocietiesstriveforlegal centralismand
place the la wof the Stat e at the top of t he
hierarchyoflegalorderbutlegalcentralismisa
myth,anideal,an illusionbutlegalpluralismis
th e fact. ADR is a  man ifestation of legal
plur ali sm wh ich  is n ecess ary for pro vidin g
acces s to max imum n umber of peopl e an d
differenttypesofjustice so that it caterstothe
variedneedsofpeoplein thesociety.
Alternativedisputeresolutionsystemis
anattempttodeviseamechanismtoprovidean
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION SYSTEM S IN INDIA:
CONCEPT, HISTORYAND ITS EFFICACY IN DEALING
WITH DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CASES
Dr.SWIKARLAMA
Asst.Professor,SardarPatel UniversityofPolice,
SecurityandCriminalJustice,Jodhpur
alternative to th e conventional methods of
resolvingdisputes.ADRoriginatedintheUSAin
anefforttofindalternativestothetraditionallegal
system,felttobeadversarial,expensive,irregular,
inflexible, over-pr ofession alized, h armful to
relationships and restricted to procedures as
opposed to cr eative pr oblem-solving.  The
Americanoriginoftheconceptisnotunexpected,
givendefiniteproblemsoflitigationinthatsystem,
suchastrialofcivilactionsbyajuryandlawyers’
contingen cy fees. Alibekova & Carrow (2007)
defined  “Alternati ve disput e re solu tion as
includingbindingarbitrationinthemindsofsome
sin ce it  qualifies as an alternative  to cour t
litigation.Thebetterviewisthatthedistinguishing
featur e ofADR is th at th e parties wit h few
exceptionsdeterminetheirowndestinyratherthan
havin g the decision  of another i mposed upon
them”.
ADRistheabbreviationofAlternative
Dispute Resolution an d is gen erall y used to
descr ibe the methods an d procedu res used to
resolve disputes either as an alt ernat iveto the
traditionaldisputesresolutionmechanismofthe
courtorinsomecasesassupplementarytosuch
mechanism.Inotherwords,theseprocessesare
designedtoaidpartiesinresolvingtheirdisputes
withouttheneedforaformaljudicialproceeding.
TheADRtechniquesmainlyconsistofarbitration,
conciliation,mediation,negotiationandmixture
ofthesetechniques.Arbitrationis adjudicatory

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
andtheirdecisionisbinding,whereasconciliation
isconsensualandveryhelpfulinmakingtheparties
insettingtheirdisputesmutuallywiththehelpof
aneutralthirdperson.
Thesuccessofconciliationdependson
the at titud e of the par ties, t he ab ility of t he
conciliatorandaproperenvironmentwhichismost
essentialinmatrimonialdisputes.Negotiationisa
non-bindingprocedureresortedtobuytheparties
forarrivingatanegotiatedsettlement.Motivation
toresolvethedisputeandneutralitynecessarily
becomes important to arrive at a n egotiated
settlement.Mediationisaprocesswhichinvolves
athirdparty,whoactsasthemediatorwhohelps
inbringoutasconsensualagreement(Sinha&
Mishra,2004).ADRinvolvesactiveparticipation
bythedisputantsratherthanbeingdominatedby
lawyersandjudges.Itisbelievedthatthiskindof
participationincreasespeople’ssatisfactionwith
theoutcomeaswellas thelevelofcompliance
withthesettlement.ADRprocessesaregenerally
modelled on an integrative approach. Unli ke
adver sar ial cou rt method s like lit iga tion;
cooperationandnotcompetitionarethebackbone
ofADRS.
Consequent ly, ADR tends to genera te
lessanimosityandhostilitybetweenparties.This
is an importan t benefit in situa tion where the
parties gen eral ly con tinue to int eract  after
settlementisreached,suchasinmatrimonialcases
(Sinha &Mishra, 2004).When we look at the
historyofourlegalsystem,AlternativeDispute
ResolutionSystem(ADR)hasalwaysbeenapart
of the larg er system. Durin g ear lier ages  the
conflicts used to be settled infor mally by an
impartialperson,whocouldbeanelderorheadof
avillageorbyapanchayat.Theadversarialsystem
of justice which was intr oducedby the British
involvesalotofexpensesandtime.Mostdelays
inlitigationhappenoverproceduralcomplexities,
technical detailsofLawandtheincapabilityof
poorpeopletohire lawyers. Thedelayscaused
bythefactorsinturnhaveresultedinthebacklog
of cases.
Thesearchforaneasy,speedy,flexible
andaccessibleformofresolutionhasledtothe
emergence ofADRS. To sum it upAlte rnative
DisputeResolutiondenotesallformsofdispute
resolutionotherthanlitigationandadjudication
thr ough courts. ADRis strictly not a newi dea
becausefromtimeimmemorialpeoplehavesettled
their d isputesthrough thi rd party intervention
usinganalternativeforum.ADRisnotaspecific
instituti on, system  or proce ss but it  inclu des
variousprocesses,valuesandgoals.
AlternativeDisputeResolution(ADR)
includesthedifferentmoderntechniquesintended
to settl e disputes in  a more efficient  mann er.
AlternativeDisputeResolution(ADR)worksin
paralleltothecriminaljusticesystemandcivil
system. It is not a substitute to th ese systems.
The formal legal  sys tem is overburdened with
huge number of cases. Alter n ate Dispute
Resolution Systems have originated to resolve
thedissatisfactionofpeoplewiththetraditional
systems.TheCourtsandtheentireformallegal
system h ave often been cr iticized by these
unsatisfiedpeopleandtheyfeelalienatedfrom
the whole system. Hen ce there is a need of
AlternativeDisputeResolutionSystemsinorder
toaddresstheirgrievances.
ADR systems ar e increasin g all over
the worl d including  the developing coun tries,
innovativemodels ofADRsystemsarecoming
up.SuchADRSmodelsaremakingadifference
inthelivesofmanyindividuals.Variousmodels
Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

433
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
of ADRS have been tried and tested; their
experiencescanhelpinmakingimprovementsin
the implementationofADRs models. In India,
the laws dealing with  settlement of disputes
havebeenamended lawsoveraperiod oftime
in or der to make th e dispute r esolution more
speedy and effective. Even the Judiciary has
advocated or supported th e use of ADRS in
orderto reducethe backlog ofpendingcase in
thecourts. TheLegalServicesAuthoritiesAct,
1987has been revi sed to pr omote th e use of
ADRS.Aftertheamendment2002,Section89of
Ci vil Procedure Code has brought in
conciliation,mediationandpre-trialsettlement
techn iques for  as meth ods of ADRS. Other
effective Alter n at i ve di spute r esolut i on
mech anisms which  were al ready recognized
wereConsumerForumsNegotiation,MiniTrial,
LokAdalatsandBankingOmbudsman.
The concept of ADRS is aptly put
down by Abr ah am  Lincoln  who st a t ed
“discour a ge litigat i on; per suade your
neigh bours t o compromise whenever you
can.”Point-outtothemhowthenormalwinneris
often  a  loser in fees,  expenses, cost an d
time”(Singh,2006,p.30).JusticeP.N.Bhagwati,
Commit tee, consti tuted by the Govt. of In dia
submitted its  report in  1977. The Commi ttee
observed tha t the poor an d the dis advantag ed
are not able to accessth e legal/judicial system
because of its expen sive and complex na ture.
Theyfeelhelplessduetotheirsocialdisabilities
andeconomicdependencewhichalienatesfrom
thelegalsystem.TheCommitteealsomentions
that thelegal systemwhich hasbeeninherited
fromthe Britishsuffersfrom obsolescenceand
obscur antism. IT also st ated that th e lega l
system is not suited to the lower economic
classand duetothisthe poor and do nothave
muchfaithinthejudicialsystem.ADRSprovides
aforumforthepoorandneedypeoplewhoare
unabletoapproachtheLawCourts.
2.HistoryofADRSinIndia
Even thoug h ADRS i s not a  novel
syst em in India, it has been structur ed,
standardized, and stream lined and has been
usedmore extensivelyin conflictresolution in
the recent year s as compared to the past. In
ancient times, resolutions of disputes were
done by in volvement of ‘Kula s’ (assembly of
members of a cl an) , ‘Srenis’ (guilds of a
particularoccupation),‘Pugas’(neighbourhood
assem blies ) an d ‘Par ishad s’ (assemblies of
knowledgeable people of law) before the king
st arted deliver in g ju dgm ents. Befor e the
intr oduction of the adversial system of justice,
Nyaya panchayats or  pa n ch a yats g ave
decisi ons on a lmost all  disputes bet ween t he
residents of a village, while the elders of the
clancontinuedtopresideoverdisputeamongst
theirmembers.AtpresentLokAdalats(people’s
courts) were form ed to provid e speedy an d
inexpensive justicetoboth theurbanand rural
citizensofIndia.
The notion of mediation is ver y old
and entrenchedinourcountry.Inearliertimes
conflicts were settled by a pancha yat at t he
community level. ‘Panches’ used to beter med
as Pan ch Parm eshwar wh ich mean t that t hey
weregiventhestatureofGodhimself.Withthe
population  of the coun try growing mani folds
alongwith theliberal andglobalized economy,
Indiahasachievedincredibleeconomicgrowth.
Th is h as resul ted i n th e sudden  incr ease of
litiga tion in our countr y. Despite the fact that
our judicial system is one of the best in the
world and is high ly respected, it faces a lot of
ALTERNATIVEDISPUTERESOLUTIONSYSTEMSININDIA:CONCEPT,HISTORYANDITS...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
critici sm because of th e time it takes for
disputes to be settled in a court  of law. Many
peoplearewaryofsettlingtheirdisputesinthe
cour t. Hence, Al tern ative Di spute Res olution
Systemsareontherise.Hence,wehaveturned
toAlternativeDisputeResolutionmechanisms.
2.1.AncientIndia
TheadversarialsysteminIndia which
is r emnants of th e colonia l system does n ot
bear  an y r esembl ance  to th e an cien t justi ce
system where man y ca ses were dealt t hrough
the p r in ciples of restor a t i ve just i ce and
forgiveness.TheEmperoror kingsandalsothe
hea d of villages used t o allow t he par ties to
negotiatewitheach other. Withthepassage of
time,lawofarbitrationbecameverypopular as
itwashighlyaccessible.Arbitrationtookplace
through  local bodi es known a s ‘Panch ayats’.
The decisions of the Panch ayats were binding
innature,equivalenttolawinthosetimes.The
head of a fam ily, the chief a community or
electedmembersof thevillageortowncouldact
asPanchayatmembers.
2.2.Britishperiod
TheBritishRuleinIndiabroughtabout
twoActsregardingarbitration.Thescopeofthe
ArbitrationAct,1899waslimitedto‘arbitration’
bymutualagreementwithouttheinvolvementof
aCourt.TheSecondScheduletotheCodeofCivil
Procedure Code, 1908 was applicable in th ose
caseswheretheCourtwasinvolved.Anyofthe
pa rties invol ved mig ht fil e th e co ncern ed
arbitr ation agreemen t before a Court having
jurisdiction,afterwhichtheCourtwouldpasson
thedisputetoanarbitrator.
TheArbitrationAct,1940strengthened
andrevisedthelawrelatingtoArbitrationvery
exhaustively. The Civil Justice Committee had
recommendedvariouschangesintheArbitration
Law. Several substantial a mendments in the
Ar bitr ation Act,  1899  were a ffected by t he
AmendmentActoftheBritishParliamentin1934.
The recommenda tions of the Civil Just ice
Commit tee were scrutin ized togeth er and th e
Arbitration Bill sought to consolidate an d
stan dardi ze t he law r elative to arbitr ation
throughout British India in detail s. This Bill
acquiredtheconsentoftheGovernor-Generalon
11thMarch,1940andwascalledtheArbitration
Act,1940.ThisActwaspassedmainlytocombine
andmodifythelawspertainingtoarbitration.
2.3ModernIndia
TheArbitrationAct,1940washolding
the field for nearly half acen turybut with the
phenomenalgrowthofcommerceandindustrythe
effect of globalizat ion requir ed s ubsta nti al
chan ges. T he Alt erna tive D isput e Redr essal
mechanis m was increasin gly attra cting serious
noticeandthatledtothepassingofArbitration
andConciliationActin1996andSection89of
CivilProcedureCodewasincorporatedon1stJuly,
2002asapartofthismechanism.
The Arbitration Act, 1940 did not la y
downtheguidelinesofresolvingconflictswhich
were of in ternational or domestic standards.
Lengthytrialsandtoomuchinvolvementofthe
Court n egated th e very reason beh in d
establishingarbitrationasamechanismforspeedy
settlingofdisputes.TheSupremeCourtalsomade
numerous recommendations for changes inthe
procedure.TheArbitrationActof1940wasalso
criticizedbythePublicAccountsCommittee.Ata
nati onal  conference of Chi ef Minis ters, Ch ief
JusticesandStateLawMinisters,adecisionwas
madethatthejusticesystemwouldnotbeableto
Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
bear  the bu rden  of the e ntir e na tion a nd a n
AlternativeDisputeResolutionsystemshouldbe
established.
ApartfromtheArbitrationAct,thenyaya
panchayatsintheformofthevillagecourtswas
formedundertheVillageCourtsActof1888.The
restorationofnyayapanchayatstodealwithcivil
andminorcriminalcasesinsidethecommunity
wasrecommendedbythetheRoyalCommission
on Decen tra lization of 19 09. I n May 1915,
theGovernmentofIndiapassedaresolutionthat
thetopicconcerningtheestablishmentofnyaya
pa n ch a yat sh ould be dea l t  by t h e State
Government.Panchayatadalatsweresetupunder
theBombayVillagePanchayatAct,1920.Butthe
legislativecouncilwasagainsttheempowering
of panch ayats wit h judicial power s.A village
committeemadeupofelectedrepresentativesand
outsi ders wer e form ed un der t his Act after
amendments.Afterindependence,almostevery
StatepassedtheirVillagePanchayatActsunder
the guidelin esof the Dir ectivePri nciples. The
village Panchayat and nyaya panchayat were
dividedintoseparatebodiesinordertodividethe
judiciaryfromtheexecutive.
InAugust1986, theLawCommission
repor t (Chapter V para . 5.3) emph asized this
point“Article 39A of the Consti tution ofIn dia
directstheState to securethat the operation of
thelegalsystempromotesjustice, ona basisof
equal o pportuni ty, an d sha ll, in partic ular
provide f ree legal aid, by suita ble legislation
orschemes or in anyotherway,toensurethat
opportu nities for se curin g justic e are not
denied to any citizen by economic or other
di s a b ilities.  T h i s i s the c onst i t u t i o nal
imperative. Denialofjusticeonthegroundsof
econom ic and o ther disabi lities is i n nutshe ll
re f e r red to  what  has b e e n  known as
problematic  access to l aw. The Constitution
now comma nds us to r emove imp ediments to
acce ss to  justic e in a  syst ematic man ner.  All
agencie s of the Governme nt are now under a
fund amental  oblig ation t o enh ance a ccess t o
justice.  Artic le 40 whic h directs the  State t o
take steps t oor ganize village pan chayats and
endowthemwithsuch powersand authorityas
may be ne cessary to en able them  to functio n
as  u n i ts of se l f - g overnm e n t ,  h a s to be
appreciate da fresh in the li ght of the mandate
ofthenewarticle39A.”
TheLegislatureamendedsection89 of
theCivil Procedure(Amendment) Code, 1999,
witheffectfrom1.7.2002wherebymediationwas
foreseen as on e of the modes of resolut ion of
confl icts. T he amendment  in sect ion 89 was
madeonthesuggestionofMalimathCommittee
and th e Law Commission of India. It was
recommended th at both th e parties in the
proceedingmayberequiredtoappearinCourt
inpersonwiththepurposetoarriveatacordial
resolu tion  of th e con flict . Jus tice Mali mat h
Committee suggested th at the Courts should
ma ndat oril y r efer t he d isput e for r esolu tion
through variou s mechanisms of Alternative
Dispute Resolution systems. Only when  the
dis putes d o not g et reso lved t hroug h any of
th e al ternat ive di spute resol ution  met hods
shouldthecasegetresolvedthroughlitigation.
Sect ion 89  has bee n amended to encour age
alternativemethodsofdisputeresolution(Delhi
MediationCentre,2013).
ModernADRtakesplacewhenboththe
parties voluntari ly agree to par ticipat e in a
structuredprocessinvolvingnegotiationorsettle
theirdisputesthroughtheinvolvementofathird
ALTERNATIVEDISPUTERESOLUTIONSYSTEMSININDIA:CONCEPT,HISTORYANDITS...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
partyfortheresolutionofaconflict.Inviewof
thepresent situationwhen thejusticesystemis
overloadedwithdisputesofeverykind,andwhen
thecourtroomsseemdauntingandinaccessible,
litigationseemsperplexing.ADRShasnowgained
prominenceandoftenpopularityascomparedto
formallegalsystems.“The conceptofConflict
Management th roug h Alternative Dispute
Resolution (ADR) ha s in t r oduced a new
mech anism  of disp ute resol ution that is non
adversarial.Adisputeisbasically‘lisinterpartes’
and th e justice and the justice d ispensation
system in Ind ia has found an alternat ive to
Adver sar ial  litig ati on i n th e for m of ADR
Mechanism”(Singh,2006,p.10).
ADRisseenasasubstitutenotonlyto
civil li tigation by adjudica toryprocedur es but
includesalsoarbitrationitself.Theinstitutionof
arbitr ation came into being as a very useful
alternativetolitigation.Butnowitisseentohave
moresimilaritieswithlitigationasitworksunder
statutory provisions and fun ctions with all th e
formalitiesofanadjudicatoryprocessinaCourt.
A m etho d of disp ute r esol uti on w ould be
considered as a real alternative only if it can
dispensewiththeadjudicatoryprocess,evenifit
iswhollyaconsensualprocess.Itmaybeworked
byaneutralthirdpersonwhomaybridgethegap
between the parties by brin ging them together
throughaprocessofconciliation, mediation or
negotiations.
Nevertheless,arbitrationhasalsobeen
consideredasan alternativetolitigation andis
general ly incl uded in the stud y of all other
altern atives. This is so because arbitra tion has
beenthemothersourceofotheralternativesnot
only in substan ce but also in the procedural
workingofthealternativemethods.Theprinciples
andprocedureofarbitrationhaveinfluencedthe
grow th of m any of t he anci llar y and h ybrid
proce sses used i n the a ltern ative m ethods of
disputeresolution.
ADRcanbedefinedasa techniqueof
disputeresolutionthroughtheinterventionofa
thirdpartywhosedecisionisnotlegallybinding
on th e parti es. I t can al so be d escribed as
mediationalthoughmediationisonlyoneofthe
modesofADR.ADRflourishesbecauseitavoids
rigidity and inflexibility which is inevitable in
lit igati on pr ocess apa rt fr om invol vement of
lawyersandcourtfeeandlongdelays.ADRaims
toprovidethepartieswithcheap,speedyandless
formalisticremedytotheaggrievedparty.Itaims
atprovidingaremedywhichismostappropriate
inthecircumstancesofthecase.ThismakesADR
aviablesubstitutionforarbitrationorlitigation.
Both the parties have tok eep their differences
asideandkeepanopenattitudewhileattending
themeetings.Themostpopularmechanismsof
ADRare“conciliation”and“mediation”.
In thewestother formshaveemerged
buttheseformsarestillnotpopularinIndia.Even
thoughthereisaslightdifferencebetweenthem,
Conciliationandmediationareoftenconsidered
as synonyms. As previously noted,  ADR is a
widerangeoforganizedprocesseswhichincludes
conciliationandmediation,butexcludeslitigation
thoughitmayberelatedtoorincorporatedwith
litigation .ADR involves a third par ty who
facilitates the process to resolve their conflicts
and it also bri ngs in  the empowerment of
participants.ADRisanumbrellatermforavariety
ofprocesseswhichdifferinformandapplication
(Singh,2006).
Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

437
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
3. Forms of ADRS in India
3.1Nyayapanchayats
Ind ia is found ed on th e hier arch ical
caste system,  in which higher  castes exer cise
authorityoverlowercastes,andindividualsare
identifiedwithfamily,caste,andreligiousgroup,
without  recognition of th eir indi vidual ity and
separateness(Vincentnathan&Vincentnatnathan,
2006).Democraticvaluesandforcesarechanging
this t radi tional  arran gement  as th e economy
develops. Caste groups and in dividuals ar e
seeking equality with superiors, independence,
economicimprovement,anddignity.Privileged
castesandclassesoftenblockthosewhoaretrying
to improve caste status and per sonal
advancement.Indiahasatraditionalcommunity
justice forum, kn own as the nyaya pan chayat,
which settles disputes, keeping th em from
escalating into s eriou s p r oblem s. Nyaya
PanchayatisaformofADRSinIndiawhichtakes
placeatthevillagelevel.Nyayapanchayatswork
onthebasicprinciplesofnaturaljusticeandtheir
proceduresareverysimple.Theydealwithcivil
andminorcriminalcases.
Intherecentpast, panchayatswielded
extra-judicialpowerdespitepost-colonialchanges
inlawandpolicy.However,thisforumisindecline,
with serious con sequen ces for Indian
communities.Panchayatshavebeenimpactedby
India’sdemocratization,economicdevelopment,
and urbanization. Because of inter-caste and
int erpersonal strugg les that dem ocrat ic forces
havereleased,thepanchayat,whichhasbeenthe
traditionalinstitutionofcommunityjustice,and
served to uphold the caste hierar chy, is losing
empowermenttosettledisputes.However,caste
biases and prejudices can also be found in the
officialjusticesystem.
There is utmost confusion as to the mode of
settlement ofdispute,the processofsettlement
of di sputes and the bench for  resol ution  of
dispu te. F or e.g. in C laus e 3 (4 ) of  N yaya
Pan chayat Bi ll, 20 06 “Th e Nyaya Pancha yat
PramukhshallappointtwoPanchesbyrotation
from th e Nyaya Panchayat to si t with him  to
det ermine all  aspec ts of the di spute s or t he
controversy”Clause3(5)“TheNyayaPanchayat
shallhavethepowerstoco-opttwopersonsfrom
thenamessuggestedbythepartiestothedispute
or controversy and they shall form par t of the
NyayaPanchayattillconciliationisreached…”
and th en Clause 21(3) states that “Th e Nyaya
PanchayatshallnominatetwoNyayaPanchesand
wherethedisputeinvolvesmorethantwoparties,
eachpartyshallnominateonepersonsubjectto
thechoiceofnomineesbythepartiescannotbe
morethanthreeNyayaPanches.”
Some stat es created NP intend ed to
borr ow the positive elemen ts of forma l legal
institut ions like fair process, standard la w and
procedures and those of infor mal tr aditional
instit u t i ons like easy access,  flexi bility,
inexpen sive and cong enial atmosph ere (Th ree
differentrolesandgoalshavebeenenvisagedfor
NyayaPanchayats:tofunctionasabranchofthe
StateJudiciary,asacommunityprogramandlastly,
anadaptedformofthevillagepanchayat.Nyaya
Panchayats(Tinker,1967;Saxena,1972)wereto
functionasapartofthejusticesystemandreplace
otherlocalinstitutionswhichwerebasedoncaste,
villageorotherclassifications(Baxi,1976)and
bringlegitimacyandbringtheimplementationof
theprinciplesoftheConstitutioninthevillages.
Thetalentandknowledgeofthevillageleaders
weretobeusedthroughnewelectivebodies.In
additiontothat,NPwastoservefigurativelyand
ALTERNATIVEDISPUTERESOLUTIONSYSTEMSININDIA:CONCEPT,HISTORYANDITS...

438
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
literal ly as familiar, easy to access bodies and
wouldinculcatemost ofthefeatures ofvillage
panchayatstostrengthenthisrole.
After  approach ing th e panch ayat t he
victimsdonotgettheexpectedjustice.Mostof
these pa nchayat s are con trolled by domin ant
castes. Women cann ot expect to get justice as
theyarenotevencalledtothehearing/meeting.A
merethumbprint orsignature is prooffor her
attendance(Moore,1993).Perceivingitasamatter
of the priva te domain, Pan chayats encourage
memberstosettleDVcasesatthehouseholdlevel.
MembersdiscouragevictimsofDVfromtaking
theircasestothePanchayatsformally.Casesare
mostlysettled throughcompromisesarrived at
through  an informal or non-formal pr ocess.
Domest i c violence cases br ought to the
Panchayatsareneverregisteredunlessanduntil
they are referr ed to the police or the cour ts.
Compromisesondomesticviolencearerepeatedly
violatedandtheNyayaPanchayatsareunableto
en sur e compliance.  I n  some cases t h e
non chalan ce of th e Nyaya Pan chaya ts wh en
requestedforinterventionhasledtothedeathof
victims.
3.2.Familycourts
LateSmtDurgaBaiDeshmukhwasthe
first per son wh o suggested t he creation  of
FamilyCourtsinIndia.Shewasinspiredbyher
visit to China in 1953 where she observed the
functioning ofth eFamily Courts. Initia lly sh e
had discussions with Justice M.C. Chagla an d
JusticeP.B.GajendragadkaroftheBombayHigh
Court.AfterthatshebriefedPanditJawaharLal
Nehr u (Prime Minister of India  at that ti me)
about family cou r ts. Differen t wom en
orga nisation s, welfar e agen cies an d act ivists
also sta rted demanding for establishmen t of
these Cour ts to offer a medi um for pr ompt
settlementoffamilyrelatedconflicts.Thefocus
wastocreatean alternativemethodofsettling
family r elated confl i cts an d encour a g e
reconcil iati on a nd deli ver fa st r esolut ion of
family related conflicts and ma trimonial cases
(FamilyCourtMumbai,2015).
In  1974,  th e 59th r eport of the Law
Commission also suggested th at special courts
with simpler pr ocedural r ules sh ould be
established.TheLawCommissionalsostressed
thatfamilycourtsshouldbedifferentfrom that
of exi stin g civil cou rts a nd th at ever y effort
should be made to settle cases in these courts.
In  1975, the ‘ Comm itt ee on  th e Status of
Women’maderecommendationsthatall family
matter sshould be resolved in separate courts.
TheFamilyCourtsActwasenactedin1984.The
main aimofthefamilycourts wastoavoidthe
sett lemen t of fam ily an d mar ital  disput es at
dist urbing, dauntin g and cr owded settin g of
conventional courts of law and create am iable
an d sen siti ve sur roun ding s. Th e pur pose of
these cour ts was set t l ement amon g t h e
participan ts an d not con flict (Delh i Fam ily
Courts,2014).
Familycourtsare legalbodiesdealing
with  famil y rel ated ca ses  handed  over  by
Criminalorcivilcourts.TheFamilyCourtshave
thepowertosettheirownproceduralrules,and
these rules will supersede th ose rules
men t i oned in the Civil Procedure Code.
Actually, these Courts were set up by making
someamendmentsintheCivilProcedureCode.
Dis putes ar e settled by only med iati on an d
concil iation. Conflicts are resolved through
mutual agreements betweenboththeparties so
that  the chances of th e conflict  resurfa cing
againarereducedtoalargeextent.
Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

439
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Recon ciliation is always preferr ed over the
pr ocess  of ad judi cati on.  To sum it up,  the
object ive of t he fami ly cour ts is to c reat e a
peacefulenvironmentwherefamilyconflictsare
settled cordially. These courts avoid the
complexitiesoftheformallegalsystems.Ittakes
yearsformattersfor cases to getsettled in the
formal legal  systems an d the conflict may get
bitter  over this period of pr oceedings. This
prolongingofcasescan beverydistressing for
both the parties and can cause personal and
financial harm that can cause strain in the
rel a t i onship bet ween individua l s. Hen ce
counselors and psychologists would also be
required to help in  these ma tters. Th is again
points to the importance of having guidance
counselors an d psycholog ical exp erts to deal
withsuchmatters.
AccordingtoFamilyCourtsAct,none
ofthe parties areallowedtoberepresented by
an  advoca te with out th e permi ssion  of the
Court. Nevertheless, in most  cases t h is
permission  is gra nted by th e Court an d the
partiesare generallyrepresentedbythelawyers.
Themaindistinctivefeatureoftheprocedurein
these Courts are that  initially mediati on and
conciliation are used and only when it fails to
come up with a amicable solution, a trial is
conducted by th e Cour t.  Exper ienced
professionals are appoin ted by th e Court as
conciliators.OncetheCourtpassesafinalorder,
ifapartyisnotsatisfiedwithit,theymaymake
anappealbeforetheHighCourtwhereabench
of two Judg es hear s the case (Fami ly Court s
Act,2014).
A study of Family Courts in Kolkatta
done by Basu (200 6) showed that Judges in
these Cour ts often economically compensated
the victims of domestic violence while not
takingittooseriously.Sometimesthewomenare
also suspected of precipita ting the violen ce.
Moreover Judges a re only suppor tive to those
women wh o exhibi t idea l femin ine beh avior
which  imp lies that women sh ould beha ve
according to gender n orms. Ju dges are
extremelycriticalofthosewomenwhohavefiled
crimin al charges again st their husban ds under
Sec498A (Crueltyagainst womenbyhusband
orrelatives)ofIPC.Toadd tothat,Judgesalso
do not fa vour  those women who a sk for
substan tial  amoun t as  compens ation . Jud ges
alsodid notbelievethewoman incase oflack
of witnesses and cross-exami ne the women.
Oth er stu dies a lso showed that t hese Court s
were not very supportive and gender sen sitive
(Singh1996).InfactFlaviaAgnes’article which
isaptlytitled“From FryingPanintothe Fire”
criticizes Family Courts saying the victims do
nothaveamuchdifferentandbetterexperience
fr om those of Cr i m inal or civil cou r t s
(Agnes,1996).
3.3.LokAdalat
LokAdalatisaformofADRSexistingin
India . Lok Adalat when l iterall y tr anslat ed is
“People’scourt”.TraditionallyIndiahasresolved
conflictsthroughthemediationofelderlypeople
inthecommunity.TheinstitutionofLokAdalat
has borrowed and made impr ovements on this
tradition. “Lok Adalats are held by the State
Authority,DistrictAuthority,SupremeCourtLegal
ServicesCommittee,HighCourtLegalServices
Committee,orTalukLegalServicesCommittee,
fromtimetotimeastheydeemittobenecessary.”
Retiredjudgesorotherpersonofrespectandlegal
knowledgegenerallypresideoverLokAdalatsand
includesothertwomembers, generallyasocial
ALTERNATIVEDISPUTERESOLUTIONSYSTEMSININDIA:CONCEPT,HISTORYANDITS...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
worker  an d a legal pr ofession al .  Non-
compoun dable offences d o not fall  under t he
jurisdictionofLokAdalats.
Unlike regular courts, Judges directly
interactwiththeparties.LokAdalatsdonotstrictly
followtheCivilProcedureCodeorEvidenceAct.
Compromiseorconciliationisthemainfocusof
Lok Adalat. When th ere is no concilia tion or
settlement,themattergoesbacktotheCourt.On
theotherhand,ifconciliationtakesplace,anorder
is given which both  par ties must adher e
compulsorily.Theaward/ordergivenisequivalent
arulingofacivilcourt.AkeyfeatureoftheLok
Adalatisthatthesettlementisfinalandnoappeal
canbemadebecauseitisaconsensualagreement.
Itsproceedingsareconsideredjudicialinnature.
According to Lemons (201 0)t he Lok
Ad alats appear  to be a  boon  for  ever yone
involved:thecourts’burdenofhearingadversarial
cases wil l decreas e because l itigation wi ll be
limited,litigantssavetimeandmoneyandalsoit
isnotworthdraggingfamilymattersthroughthe
court.Mattersconcerningfamilyandmarriageare
betterdealtwithbeforelitigationevenhasachance
tobegin.Theseinstitutionsonceagainreiterate
the state’sambivalence towardthefamily asa
domain.SettingupLokAdalatsbothrelievesthe
courtsoftheburdenoftimeandmoneyimposed
bycases,andkeepstheprivateaffairsofthefamily
out of the public arena of the court while still
claimingtoprovidejustice,specificallyforwomen.
TheLokAdalatsareflourishinginDelhi.Theydo
keepcasesoutofthecourts,andtheydoprovide
aspacefornon-adversarialdisputemediation.But
theyarealsostronglymarkedbyclass,normsof
appropriategenderedbehaviorandobligations,
andmoraljudgments(Lemons,2010).
3.4. Mahila panchayats
Ma h il a  Pan chayats h a ve been
establish ed for  the em powerment of
wom en.Ma hila Panch ayats pr esent crisis
intervention and legal aid at a local level and
deal with communi tyl evel legal di sputes and
speciallyhelpin thecontrolofviolenceagainst
womenandconciliationinfamilymatters.
Mah ila  Pan chaya t was  an i nit iati ve
st a r ted in collaboration wi t h  d i ffer en t
NGOs.Differ en t  NGOs in NCR made
presen tations about th eir models an d ideas to
help women to claim their legal rights.  The
modelpresentedbyActionIndia,anNGO,was
un anim ously accepted an d ado pted  by the
Committee.The establ ishment of Mahila
Pa n chayats has been suppor t ed by Delhi
CommissionforWomen.MahilaPanchayatsisa
novel idea of cooper a t i ve appr oach for
communityparticipationinconflictresolution.
After  di scu ssi ons  with th e wo men  in  th e
com mun ity, leaders a re selected an d these
women  are t hen en couraged t o volunteer  as
Mahila Panchayat Members. The 20 Mahila
Panchayat membersare giventraining inlaws
related to crimes against wom en,  conflict
resolutionmechanism,andprovidedknowledge
about the present legal position regardi ng
custody, property, mainten ance, marriage, et c.
Th ese women  member s are also tr ain ed in
counselling,FIRwriting,processesinthepolice
stationandlegalprocesses.Aftertheirtraining
andorientation,theMahilaPanchayatmembers
can  deal with  any sen sitive issue rel ated to
familyorwomen.Theymake anefforttosolve
problemsatthelocallevelthroughtheworkers
residin g in t he community. Lawyers a re also
connected with Mahila Panchayats and cases
Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
which cannot be resolved at the Ma h il a
Panchayat are either dealt by the lawyers or
other al ternatives are decid ed after consult ing
with lead NGO, legal exper ts an d Delhi
Commissi on for Women.(Mah ila Panchayats,
2014)
AlltheNGOswhohavestartedMahila
Panchayatshavetaken upontheresponsiblility
ofcreating legal awarenessinthesurrounding
community. Members of the community are
select ed by th e Mahi la Pan chaya ts to a ttend
these legal awareness programs. Every Mahila
Panchayat organizes twenty-five session s
withinayear.MahilaPanchayatssettlemostof
th e disp utes and cases r elated to bigam y,
maintenance,domesticviolence,alcoholism,etc.
atthecommunitylevelitself.Butinsomecases,
they had t o take h elp of the law enforcemen t
agenciestopressurisemenwhoweretroubling
or causing problems to the wom en (Delhi
Government,2014).
Mahila Panchayats ar econducted at
some place within the communit y that women
victimsofviolencehavearegularplatformfortheir
redressalboththevictimsandoffenderattendthe
meetin gs and put across their arguments in  a
peacefulenvironment.Inorder to strengthena
mah ila pa nchayat, par a lega ls in volve the
communityandidentifypeoplewhocanbecome
activemembers.Onceamatterisbroughttoits
noticebyaparty,theotherpartyreceivesanotice
toattendthepanchayat.Thepanchayatfacilitates
andencouragesboththepartiestoopenlyinteract
witheachotherandreachamutualagreement.
Thesettlementorcompromiseisputdownona
letterhea dpaper a ndsi gned inthe presence of
witnesses.
The par alegals conducts follow-up of
everysettledcaseas thisstepisveryimportant
to ensure the safety of the victims and
maintenanceofpeaceinthefamily.Theupholding
ofthecompromise/settlementisensuredbythe
MahilaPanchayatmembersbyvisitingthefamily
asmanytimesasrequired.Thedistinctivefeature
oftheMahilaPanchayatisthatusesthecollective
strengthofthecommunitytoempowerthewomen
by encouragin g her to take decisions. Social
control is the strengt h ofth is instituti on. Both
partiesrespectandfollowthejudgmentsofthe
Mahila Pan chayat because not doing so would
leadtosocialexclusionandembarrassment.The
MahilaPanchayatmembersareusuallyoutspoken
and make all efforts to con trol th e domestic
violence,includingshamingtheoffenderinpublic.
Lemons(2010)hasstatedthatinspite
ofproducingmoredemocratic,woman-centered
spaces of adjudication, the mahila panchayats
reinscribe certain gendered norms tha t they
explic itly cl aim  to con test.  However m ahi la
panchayatprovidesthespaceandthetimewomen
need to articulate and to work through their
troubles.Themahilapanchayatsstrikeabalance
between  formal ity and i nformali ty,  and th eir
flexibilitywithregardtooutcomemeanthatthey
do not approa ch conflicts as necessa r ily
adversarial.ShaliniGrover(2009),whohaslooked
attheMahilaPanchayatinMohiniNagaraspart
ofherdissertationonloveandmarriageinaDelhi
basti,takesupKandiyoti’sterm“bargainingwith
patriarchy” to describeth e mahil apan chayat’s
enforcementofdomesticgenderroles,including
thesubordinationofwomentotheirhusbands.
ALTERNATIVEDISPUTERESOLUTIONSYSTEMSININDIA:CONCEPT,HISTORYANDITS...

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
3.5OtherADRSinWestBengalandNorth-East
India
Withthe increaseinvariousADRSin
India , the West Bengal Government star ted a
community basedADRs knownasShalishato
suppor t the cr iminal jus tice system a nd civi l
system(Basu,20 06). Thi swas star ted with  the
th inking  that  since women  often app roach
influentialpeopleinneighbourhood,partyoffices
orwomen’sorganizations, somekind of semi-
formalmediationat thelocal levelcouldbring
aboutspeedyand accessiblejustice.
The North-Eastwithitsvarious tribes
has alonghistoryofcommunity-basedADRS.
Mostofthetribeshadtheirownwayofdealing
withdomesticviolence.Inthe1970s,awomen’s
movementnamedMeiraPaibisemergedtodeal
toalcoholicabuseanddomesticviolence.Ithas
gradually in creased its out reach fa r beyond
alcoholabuseanddomesticviolence.Originally,
theMeiteiwomeninManipurhadwomen’scourts
known a s Paja, wher e crimes a gainst women
includingdomesticviolenceweredealtbywomen
ofthevillage.Thesecourtshaveceasedtoexist
buttheMeiraPaibishasreplaceditandwomen
repose greater confiden ce in them than in  the
formallegalsystem(Violenceagainstwomenin
North East India,2014).In Nagaland, aVillage
Council is made upofmemberschosen bythe
villagersandtheyfollowthetraditionalcustoms
andpractices.Thehereditaryvillagechiefs,Goan
Booras(GBs)andAngsarethemembersofthe
VillageCouncil.
4.Discussion
As the above discussions showed that
most of th e Alte rnati ve Disput e Resolut ion
systems includin g Panchayats, Family Court s,
MahilaPanchayats,LokAdalats,etc.providean
alt ernative for a to wom en who con sider  it a
dishonortotakemaritalconflictstocriminalor
civil cour ts. In most  cases it pr ovides speedy
justiceanditsflexibleandinformalnatureprovides
alessdauntingandsimple environmenttothe
women.Ontheotherhandtheseinstitutionsare
stillinfluencedbyclassorcastediscrimination
and gen d er expectation s. Most of t h ese
institutionsalsotrivializedomesticviolenceand
theyaremoreconcernedwithconciliationbetween
spousesand maintainingmarital relationships.
Theyalsoadvocatepatriarchalbargainingin a
subtlemannerwherethevictimsalsohavetomake
comprises in order  to save th eir relationsh ips
(Vatuk,2013).Mostformalsystemsdonothavea
system of follow up t o ensur e the safety of
women.Alltheselacunaesofthesesystemsstand
as obstacles i n cr eating a  truly supporti ve
environmentforthewomenvictimsofdomestic
violence.
References:
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DireNeedOfAlternativeDisputeResolution
SystemInADevelopingCountryLikeIndia”,
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ArbitrationandConciliation(includingADR
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
5. DelhiMediationCentre.(2021).Retrieved
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6. Vincentnathan,S.G.andVincentnatnathan,
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CommunityJusticeinIndia”Paperpresented
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of Criminology (ASC), Los Angel es
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Avail able> . 2 0 1 3-12- 1 6fr om ht t p:/ /
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7. Tinker.H,(1967),FoundationofLocalSelf-
Go v e rnme n t  o f  India ,  New Delhi:
LalvaniPublishingHouse.
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PanchayatiRajAct1947.Lucknow:Eastern
BookCo.
9. Baxi,U.(1985).Popularjustice,participatory
development and power politics: The Lok
Adalatinturmoil.People’s Lawand State
Law:TheBellagioPapers.Dordrecht:Foris.
10. Moore,E.P.(1993).Gender,power,andlegal
plur ali sm: Rajasthan , In dia. Ame ri can
Ethnologist,20(3),522-542.
11. Famil y Court M umbai. (2015, May 25).
Retrieved fr om Mah a r ash t r a Family
Courts.http://ecourts.gov.in/mumbai/family.
12. Basu, S. (2006). Playin g off courts: The
negotiationofdivorceandviolenceinplural
legal settings in Kolkata .The Jo urnal of
LegalPluralismandUnofficialLaw,38(52),
41-75.
13. Agnes,  F. (19 96).  The Hidden A gend a
beneaththeRhetoricofWomen’sRights’.In
M.Dutta,F.Agnes&N.Adarkar(Eds.)The
Nation,theState,andIndianIdentity(pp.
68-94).Calcutta:Samya.
14. Lemons,K.(2010).Atthemarginsoflaw:
adjudicatingmuslimfamiliesincontemporary
Delhi.UCBerkeley:Anthropology.Retrieved
fr om http:// esch olar sh i p.or g/uc/ item/
6f66n4dn.
15. Grover,S.(2009).LivedexperiencesMarriage,
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poor  women in D elhi. Contributions to
IndianSociology,43(1),1-33.
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an alt ernative dispute resolution body for
women in  distress. The Journa l of Legal
PluralismandUnofficialLaw,45(1),76-103.

ALTERNATIVEDISPUTERESOLUTIONSYSTEMSININDIA:CONCEPT,HISTORYANDITS...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ABSTRACT:
In  th is moder n era, scien ce and
technologyhasbecomeaveryimportantaid in
investigation but the condition of crime scene
managementisnotgood.Theyarestillstruggling
forresources,manpower,knowledgeandexperts.
AccordingtoNJDG(NationalJudicialDataGrid,
2021) 27,171,913 cases are pending in India,
1,375,125casespendinginRajasthan,outofwhich
nearby(27%)casesarependingbecauseoflack
ofevidenceandsuchcasesareincreasingdayby
day.Thepresentstudyfocusesontheprocedure
followedbypoliceofficialsatcrimescene,starting
from securi ng the crim e scene to sendi ng the
evidencetoForensicScienceLaboratory(FSL).
SampleshavebeentakenfromSikardistrictof
Rajasthan.Thereisgreatneedtolookbringabout
im provements in the field of crime scene
managementincludingenhancingtheknowledge
and training of police, so that investigating
officersareabletogetsufficientandsignificant
evidencesfromthecrimescene.
Keywords: cr ime s cene,  evid ence,  police,
investigation,forensic
ANEVALUATIVESTUDYONTHELEVELOFKNOWLEDGE,
RESOURCES AND TRAINING IN CRIME SCENE
MANAGEMENT AMONGSTPOLICE OFFICERS IN SIKAR
DISTRICT OF RAJASTHAN
DEEPAKDHUKIA
DepartmentofCriminologyandPoliceStudies
SardarPatelUniversityofPoliceSecurityandCriminalJustice,Jodhpur
Dr.SWIKARLAMA
Assistant Professor
DepartmentofCriminologyandPoliceStudies
SardarPatelUniversityofPoliceSecurityandCriminalJustice,Jodhpur
1)INTRODUCTION:
Crimescenemanagementisoneofthe
mostimportantandcrucialjobofpolice.Crime
sceneistheplacewherecrimeiscommittedor
wherepotentialevidencelinkedtoanycrimeis
found.Tomanageacrimesceneinawellmanner,
the investigating officer should follow the
guidel ines of  crime s cene ma nagem ent u sed
worldwide.Theveryinitialsteponcrimescene
after  arrival i s to secure t he crime  scene i.e.
pr otect i on of crime scen e fr om exter nal
contami nation an dthis can be done by using
bar rica de tape and second with  the h elp of
manpower, this will reduce the forei g n
contaminationincrimescene(Julianetal,2008).
Toanalyzeacrimescene,theinvestigatingofficer
shoul d be skilled en ough an d have su fficien t
knowledge about crime and i ts aspects sot hat
he/sheisabletofindthepotentialtraceevidences
fromcrimescene.AccordingtoLocard’sprinciple
ofexchange(Sharma,2014)whentwoormore
objectcomes incontacttheyleavesometraces
oneachother.The samecanbeappliedon the
crimescene;thecriminal,victimandsurrounding
ofcrimescenecomesincontacttoeachotherand

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
for sur e leave traces on  each other. S o if the
investigatingofficerhasskillsandknowledgehe
canfindthosetracesfromvictimaswellasfrom
thecrimesceneandcanestablishthelinktocatch
theculprits.
Themanagementofcrimesceneisateam
basedtaskasitcontainsseveralspecifictasksto
beperformedwiththehelpoffieldexperts.Sothe
teamwiththeinvestigatingofficershouldbewell
train ed and having sufficient specific forensic
toolswhicharerequiredoncrimescene.
Crimescenephotographyisoneofthe
tasksandisveryimportantfrommanyaspectsas
itvisuallyrepresentstheevidences,crimescene
andthecircumstancesoverthereincourtroom
which hel ps th e judge and t h e lawyer to
understandthecaseindepth.Ifthereisaneedof
reconstructionofcrimesceneaftera longtime
sincethecrimeoccurred,photographscanhelp
increatingtheexactsamescene.Digitalcamerais
recommended for photograph y on crime scene
because ofgood resolutions after the photo is
printed.Andthephotographyshouldbedoneby
exper t who has knowled ge about the featur e,
lightning,planeofphotographyandaboutgood
anglesforbestoutcomes(Robinson,2010).
Other taskistomake sketchofcrime
scene, as th e sketch supports the photograp hy
and eviden ces with  the help  ofl ocations an d
measurements.Thesketchofcrimescenehasan
outlinestructureofcrimescenethenthelocations
ofevidencesanddistancebetweenthem.Ifone
gets per fect sket ch and photographs of crim e
scene,onecanreconstructthecrimescene and
evencanunderstandthecircumstancesbetter.The
sketch should be made by an expert for exact
scalingandmeasurements(Pfefferli,2012)
Duringthesearchofcrimescenetheinvestigating
officerandteamshouldusespecificmethodsof
sear ch accordin g to th e appearance of cr ime
scene.Ifpropermethodisusedtosearchthecrime
sceneitwillenhancethechancetogetmostof
the eviden cebecause the whole area will be
covered(Rao&Maithil,2009)
Theevidencesfoundoncrimesceneare
collectedbyspecificmethodswiththehelpofthe
forensictools.Theinvestigatingteamshouldbe
welltrainedintechniquesandwellequippedwith
the tools. The coll ected eviden ce should be
packedinonlyrecommendedpackagingmaterial
toavoidcontaminationandfurtherreactionwith
material.Afterpackaging,thepacketshouldbe
sealedwiththehelpofwaxandstampfromallthe
possibleopenings ofpacket.Then itis labeled
withtheinformationrelatedtoevidenceforfurther
use.
2)REVIEWOFLITRATURE:
Forensicsciencebeginsfromveryfirst
stageofinvestigationthatiscrimescene.Crime
scen e is most c rucial  sta ge in  in vestig ation
process.Togetaccurateand fair outcomesthe
crimesceneshouldbeprocessedeffectivelyand
professionally.(Julianetal,2012)
Cr ime scene p hotogr aph y pla ys an
importantrolethroughoutthecase,fromcrime
scenetocourtrooms.Asithelpsinvestigatorto
reconstructthescene,andsometimesincapturing
those evidences which investigator not able to
pickeasily.Photographsalsohelplawyerandjury
tounderstandthecircumstancesofcrimescene
becaus e th ey rar ely visit  th e crime scene.
Ph oto gra ph s are re cords for  a l ong  ti me.
(Robinson,2010)
DEEPAKDHUKIA& Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
For bet t er under stan din g  a n d to suppor t
photographsincourtroomcrimescenesketching
playsanimportantrole.Crimescenesketchingis
helpfulinlocatingtheevidenceoncrimescene
withaccuratemeasurements,whichisveryhelpful
in reconstruction  and to u n d erstand the
circumstancesofcrimescene.(Pfefferli,2012)
Animportantroleofinvestigatoroncrimescene
istosearchthecrimescene,investigatorshould
havecriticalimaginationtoidentifyandlocatethe
potentialevidences.Someforensicprinciplesand
meth ods of se arch  can  be mu ch h elpfu l to
investigat or in mi nimizin g the chance to skip
potentialevidenceoncrimescene.
3)RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY:
Theresearchwasdesignedinamanner
thatstressedontheinformationrelatedtoworking
ofinvestigatingteamoncrimescene.120police
officialsout of24 policestations fromSIKAR
districtofRAJASTHAN.Allthe120officialswho
comp rised t he sa mple of presen t stu dy were
personallyinterviewedwithastructuralinterview
schedule. The subjects were assured of th e
anonymityandconfidentialityoftheirresponses.
4)RESULTANDOBSERVATION:
Theresultsofpresentstudyhavebeenanalyzed.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
AL WA Y S SO M ET IM ES
70%respondentsadmittedthattheyarenot
abletoreachintime oncrime scene;only
30%saidtheyreachontime.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
On ly 5 % re sponden ts said th ey have
enough  police per sonals to secure the
crim e scen e, 30% sa id somet imes a nd
remain ing 65% said th at they don’t have
enoughpolicepersonalsoncrimescene.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
YES NO
60% responden ts said that th ey don’t u se
any barrica ding tap e to secure the cr ime
scene, only 40% said that they so use
barricadingtape.
CrimeScenePhotography:
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
30%saidalways,60%sometimesandonly
10%saidneverphotographthescene.
ANEVALUATIVESTUDYONTHELEVELOFKNOWLEDGE,RESOURCESANDTRAINING....

447
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
DIGIT AL CA MERA MOB ILE
80%usemobilephoneascameraand 20%
usedigitalcamera.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
YES NO
Only1%knowaboutthespecialfeaturesof
digitalcamera,remaining99%don’tknow
aboutthe features.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
YE S N O
1%  res ponde nt kn ows a bout  different
typesofcrimescenephotographs,whereas
99%don’tknowaboutthesame.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ALWAYS SOM ETIM ES NEVER
Onl y 1%  said t hat t hey always h ave an
expert for crime scen e photogr a ph y,
followedby15% whosaidsometimesand
84%saidnever.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100 %
120 %
YES NO
100% of th e respondents  said they never
had any trai ning program on crime scene
photography.
CrimeSceneSketch:
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
20%saidthattheyalwayssketchthecrime
scene during in vestigation, followed by
65%who doit sometimesand15% never
doit.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
DEEPAKDHUKIA& Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

448
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
5%  r espon dents alwa ys u se scale
measu rement s in cr ime scene sketch ing,
followed by 25% who use it sometimes
and70%neveruseit.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
YES NO
All  the 100%  respondent s say n o they
don’t use a n y specific meth od of
sketching.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
2% responden ts say sometimes they have
expertsforcrimescenesketchingandother
98%saidtheydon’thaveanyexpert.
All the 100% responden ts said they don’t
haveanytrainingprogramoncrime scene
sketching
CrimeSceneSearch:
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
YES NO
10 % r espon dents sa y th at  t h ey use
specific patt ern on cr ime scene and 9 0%
said notheydon’t use.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
YES NO
5%useforensic tooltolocateevidenceon
crimesceneand95%don’t useanytool.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
10%saidtheyalwayshavesufficienttools
forcollectionofevidence,followedby27%
saidsometimesand63%saidnever.
DEEPAKDHUKIA& Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

449
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
YES NO
14% said they use different techniques to
collect evi dence an d 86% sai d that  they
don’tuseit.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
20% r esponden t’s say they always h ave
sufficientpackagingmaterialforevidences,
followedby18%sometimesand62%said
never.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
Allthe100%respondentssaytheyalways
theysealmark andlabelalltheevidences.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
Allthe100%respondents saytheyalways
maintainchainofcustody.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
ALWAYS SOMETIMES NEVER
73% respondents say always they felt the
needofexpertsoncrimescene,followedby
15%sometimesand12%saidnever.
5)OBSERVATION:
Base d on the r esearche r’s observati on, the
followingpointswerenoted:
Thereislessernumberofvehiclesthan
thedemand, whichresults indelayofpoliceat
crimescene.Policeareladened withnumerous
tasks and hence police stations  have less
manpowerforcrimescenemanagementandhence
theyarenotabletosecurethecrimesceneproperly.
Duetolack ofexpertsand training of
policeincrimescenephotography,theymostly
usemobilecamerasoncrimescene.Astheyare
notfamiliarwithusingthemoderntechnologyof
ANEVALUATIVESTUDYONTHELEVELOFKNOWLEDGE,RESOURCESANDTRAINING....

450
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
digital camer a, qu ali ty of photog raph s is
compromised.
Cr ime scen e sketchin g is another
loopholeinchainofcustodybecauseoflackof
experts;theyjustuseroughsketchingofcrime
scen e. In t his m odern  era we have s o man y
techn olog i es for sketching wi t h  pr oper
measurementsandcanbegoodforcrimescene
reconstruction and to under stan d the
circumstancesofcrimescene,butsomewherethis
islacking.
Search patter nsar ei mportant because
theyareaccurateandefficientifusedaccording
tothecrimesceneoccurrences,butinpolicethere
islackofknowledgeand nospecificpatternis
appliedwhilesearchingthecrimescene.
Thereislackofresourceslikeforensic
tools,sotheyhavepoorperformanceintracing
andcollectionofevidencesoncrimesceneand
Duetopoorknowledgeofforensicscience,police
arenotabletomaintainthetooltheyhavewith
themoncrimescene.
Theyhavetomaintainchainofcustody
properlyasthisisthepaperworkofcrimescene
butwecan seesome loopholesin photographs
andsketchescoveredinchainofcustody.
Resources, kn owledge,  trainin g and
expertsareallrequiredinsuchcriticalsituations
of cri me scene to t race an d collect the m ost
importantlinksandevidences.Thereisadireneed
toupgradethepoliceinalltheseareas.
6)CONCLUSION:
Oncrimescenetheworkingofpoliceis
totallydifferentfromtheidealscenario.Thisisall
duetolack of training, knowledgeand lackof
resources.Notabletoreachontimebecauseof
lackofvehicle,andbecauseoflackofmanpower
they are not able to secure the crime scene.
Photographyisaffectedbecauseoflackofexperts
andknowledgeaboutthephotography.Theyare
notawareaboutthemethodsofsketchandbasic
requirementsofsketching.Theyhaveneverhad
trainingonphotographyandsketching.Mostof
themhavenoideaaboutthesearchpatternstobe
used  to enhance  the r esults and don ’t have
knowledgeaboutthetoolsandtechniqueswhich
helps i n finding th e trace evidences on crime
scene.Theevidencewascollectedingeneralways
and nospecifictoolisusedbecausetheydon’t
haveknowledgeaboutsuchtoolsandtechniques,
andinsomepolicestationtheyevendon’thave
one tool. I f the en tire process of crime scen e
managementi.e., fromarrival on crimescene,
securing the scene, sea r ch of evidences,
photography,sketching,collectionandpackaging
ofevidenceisdonebyapersonwhodoesn’thave
trainingandsufficientknowledgerelatedtosuch
crucialtasks,thenattheendthepolicewillnot
havesufficientandsignificantevidencelinkedto
the crime which r esults in failur e of proper
investigationandcriminalmaygetbenefitofdoubt.
7)SUGGESTIONS:
Themajorfocusofthispaperisonhow
thepoliceperformoncrimescenetomanagethe
evid ences wit h help  of t ools,  exp ert s a nd
knowledge.Someofthesuggestionsare:
(1)Itmaybeusefultoformateamfully
focused on crime scene ma nagement. (2)  The
governmentshouldincludeforensicscienceand
crimin ology in recruitmen t and in a dvanced
trainingprograms.(3)Trainingprogramsshould
haveproperevaluationtochecktheperformance
oftrainees.(4)Regularworkshopsandseminars
shouldbeconductedoncrimescenemanagement.
ANEVALUATIVESTUDYONTHELEVELOFKNOWLEDGE,RESOURCESANDTRAINING....

451
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
(5)Fieldexpertsshouldberecruitedfortechnical
managementoncrimescenelikephotographyand
sketch ing. (6) All the requi red resource s like
vehicle, foren sic tools and other  equipments
shouldbeprovided at theearliest(7) Theman
poweraccordingtothejurisdictionareaofpolice
stationsshouldbeincreasedtominimizethework
loadonpolice.
REFERENCES:
COMPUT E R AIDED CRIME SCENE
SKETCHING. (2012). Retri eved February/
Ma r ch,  2020, fr om http://
www.forensicscience.pl/pfs/46_pfefferli.pdf
Julian,R.,&Robertson,J.(2012).Getit right
the fir st time”: Cr itical Issues at th e Crime
Scene,CurrentIssuesinCriminal Justice.In
1174114409880037423S.Kelty(Ed.),Getit
right  the first ti me”: Crit ical Issues at the
Cri me Scene, Curre nt  Issues in Criminal
Justice (Vol.  24:1, pp. 2 5-37). doi:10.1080 /
10345329.2012.12035942
NationalJudicialDataGrid.(2021).Retrieved
February 01, 2021,  fr om https://
n j d g . e c o u r t s . g o v. i n / n j d g n e w /
?p=main%2Fpend_dashboard
Rao,M.S.,Maithil,B.P.,&V.,R.K.(2009).
Cr i m e  scene ma nage m e n t : A forens i c
approach. NewDelhi:Selective&Scientific
Books.
Robi n son, E. M.  ( 2010). Crim e  s c e ne
photography.London:Academic Press.
Shar ma, B. R. (2014).  Forensi c scie nce i n
cri minal investigation & tria ls. Harya na,
India:UniversalLawPublishing/LexisNexis.

DEEPAKDHUKIA& Dr. SWIKAR LAMA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Introduction
Neyyoorisatownsituated1kilometre
fromMondaymarket.ItisalsoatownPanchayat
ofKanyakumaridistrict,TamilNadu.Thenearest
majortownisNagercoil18kilometres.Thenearest
railwa y stat ion i s Eran iel St ation. Th e mai n
attractionofthisareaisthefamousNeyyoorCSI
Hospital, International cancer centre and CSI
Church1.Theairportsclosertothistownarethe
Madur ai, Tuticorin and Thiruvananth apuram
airports.Peopleherearefriendlytowardstourists
and the whole town-village has a peaceful
environmentwithrarelyseencrimes.
FoundationofMedicalMission
In  the m issiona ry ent erpr ise,  which
commencedwiththiscentury,themedicalmission
wasforsometimeaneglectedarmoftheservice.
Thepioneersofthemovementwerepreachers,
men  of the book , who fel t th at, by k nowing
absolutelynothingamongmenbutJesusChrist
andhimcrucified.Theworldwouldbewonfor
him.Accordinglytheychosewhattheybelieved
wouldbethemostdirectmethod.Theybrought
no science,  relied  upon no a rt; bu t, with t he
simplicityofconsecratedlives,theylabouredto
translate th eHoly Bible, and lived an d died
amongstthepeople,givingthem, asdirectlyas
DEVELOPMENT OF NEYYOOR CANCER CENTRE IN
KANYAKUMARIDIOCEASE
G.S.SHEEBA
Ph.D.Scholar,
NesamonyMemorialChristianCollege,Marthandam.
Guide:Dr.C.GODWINSAM
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofHistory,
NesamonyMemorialChristianCollege,Marthandam.
possible,andthegreatmessageofreconciliation.
Itwasnotuntilthe firstgenerationhad passed
away that  the question of medical work as a
distinct br anch of mission ary effort r ose into
prominence,andbecameimportantenoughtobe
earnestlyactedupon.
Such,atallevents,wasthecaseinthe
historyoftheTravancoremission.Ringeltaube,
thefirstmissionarywhocameintoTravancore,
beganhisworkin1806.Hewasfollowedtenyears
afterwardsbyJohnSmith,CharlesMiller,William
Miller,CharlesMaultandothers2.Forthirtyyears
thesemenlabouredon,teachingandpreaching,
an d, by God’s bl essi ng,  la ying  stron g and
permanentfoundationsfortheestablishmentof
theGospel.Itwasafterthisthatthequestionofa
medicalmissionwasdiscussed,andpressedhome,
aslikelytobeanimportantauxiliaryinthegreat
workofreachingtheheartsofmen.
  Dr.W.C.Bentall gives the following
historyofthedevelopmentofthemedicalmission
inTravancore,“Theworkofa missionmaybe
comparedtoamangrowingfromthefeebleefforts
ofchildhoodtothevigorousactivityofhealthy
manhood.Theheadandbodymayberegarded
astheChurch inthewidestsenseofthatword
therightarmtotheeducationaldepartment,the

453
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
leftarmtothemedicaldepartment,andthelegs
bywhich hestands and walks totheindustrial
workofthemission.
MedicalServicesatNeyyoorHospital
As per the decision of the bifurcation
committee, Dr.Mi lledge, the Medical
SuperintendentofSouthTravancoreDiocesewas
transferredtoKundaraastheSuperintendentof
SouthKerala DioceseandDr.D.G.Jenkins,the
missionary doctor who served in  the Medical
Mission from 1950 was appoin ted Medical
Su per inten den t of Kanyakum ari Diocese.
LawrenceAbel,a leadingSurgeon ofEngland,
representi ng the Royal College of Surgeons in
Engla nd visited the hospital and subsequently
therecognitionfortrainingofHouseSurgeonsin
the  hosp ital was g ran ted  fol lowed  by th e
recognitionobtainedfromEdinburghandMadras
Government3.D.G.Jenkinstookstepstogetallthe
grantsfromthegovernmentaswellasdonations
fromtheforeignbodies.Subsequently,aportable
X-ray, Electro-Cardiogram, h ospital beds an d
lockers wer epurch ased with  the gran t of the
Central Government. With the limited fund,
improvements,renovationworkandmodification
wereexecutedintheexistingbuildings.
 Accordingly six isolated bed s, a
consultingroomforthewomenpatients,anew
casualtydepartment,anin-patientdispensaryand
acanteenweresetapartintheexistingbuildings.
Jenkinswasspecializedinthetreatmentofmouth
cancerandwasresponsibleforshapingthecancer
wardforthecancerpatientsinthehospitalintoa
separatecentreforcancertreatmentatNeyyoor.
He left on fu r l ough in 1963 and hence
Dr.JeyaseharanassumedchargeasactingMedical
Super inten dent modernized with the help of
NeyyoorHospitalfriendsinUnitedKingdomin
1966.InthemeantimeDr.J.W.Williamsleftthe
MedicalMissiontogo abroadinAugust1966.
HenceDr.S.Kingselywhowas workingin the
Neyyoor hospi t a l  became the act in g
SuperintendentoftheMedicalMission.In1967,
a Medica l Record Departm ent was creat ed to
coordinatethefunctioningofalldepartmentsof
theNeyyoorhospital.
Dr.  S.K ingsl ey th e ac tin g Medi cal
Superintendent,lefttheMedicalMissiononstudy
leavetoChristianMedicalCollege(C.M.C),Vellore
to do h is post-g raduation  in Sur ger y and
Dr.D.Christdhas, M edical Officer in ch arge of
Leprosy Hospit al, Cola chel  took charge from
Dr.KingsleyandmanagedituptoAugust1968.
Si n ce ther e was no per ma n ent Med i cal
Superint endent  for two year s, the E xecutive
CommitteeappointedDr.S.XavierCharlesMedical
Superintendent on 16th August 19 684.
Subsequently,duringhisperiod,twoRuralFamily
WelfareCentreswerestartedoneatEranieland
anotheratThallakulam.Hecontinuedtoservethe
MedicalMissiontill3rdAugust1969andleftto
serveinChristianMedicalCollege,Vellore5.After
his resignation on 1st  Septem ber 1969,
Dr. Jabamoni Ambrose beca me th e Medical
Superintendent andhetooresignedhispostin
November 1970. In 1970, Dr. S.Kingsl ey after
completing h is post-graduat ion was appointed
MedicalSuperintendent.
 As per th e recom mend ati on of t he
In dian Nur sing Coun cil , a sub comm itt ee
consisting of Dr.Mathias, Dr.Thambiraj,
Dr.Johnson,theMedicalMinutesoftheMedical
Board,Nagercoil,SuperintendentandtheNursing
Superi ntenden t was constitu ted to study the
pos sibi lities of bifur cation of th e Nur sin g
Department.Onthebasisoftherecommendation,
G.S.SHEEBA&Dr.C.GODWINSAM

454
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
the School of Nursing was separated from th e
nu rsing  service in 1971. Pitchy Th ompson
continuedasNursingSuperintendentandDaisy
Albert was designated as the Principal of the
SchoolofNursing,Neyyoor.Thebifurcationof
the nu rsing service imp roved the s tandar d of
nursingcare,sanitation,hygieneofthehospital
andthestandardofthestudentnurses.Aboveall
theMedicalRecordDepartmentwasmodifiedin
thelineofChristianMedicalCollege,Vellorein
19716. In addition, the Medi cal Stor eof the
Neyyoor Hospital wa s centralized a nd proper
checkofreceiptsandissueswasimplementedfrom
1971. A free weekly clinic, functioning on
Saturdays for chil dren un der th e age of fi ve,
namedas‘UnderFiveClinic’,wasstartedinJuly
1972.
The chi ldren below five years of age
were screened for n utrition al defects an d free
inocula tion of tri ple vaccin ation  to pr event
diseases lik e whooping cough , diphther ia and
tetanuswasgiven.Besides,oralpoliovaccinewas
supplied at a nominal cost. Multipurposefood,
ironandmultivitamintabletsweresuppliedfree
of cost to correct  the nut ritional  deficienci es.
BacillusCalmetterGuerin(B.C.G),vaccinationwas
giventobabiesincooperationwiththenational
programmefor eradication of Tuberculosis. In
additionaBabyclinic,AntenatalandPostnatal
clinic a nd Fami ly Planning clinic start ed
function in g i n  the hospi t a l  un d er
Dr.Shanmugakesavan,Dr.P.HannahandDr.Valsa
Th omas respectively. Pregn ant  lad ies were
screenedinthebi-weeklyAnti-natalandPostnatal
clinic for toxaemicofpregnancyand anaemic.
Preventive medicine for family planning was
distr ibuted in the Fam ily Plannin g Clinic7. A
departmentofChildHealthwasstartedinthesame
year under Dr.Shan muga Kesavan. Coming to
knowofthefamilywelfareactivitiesoftheNeyyoor
Hospital,theGovernmentapprovedthehospital
forsurgeriesforfamilyplanningin1973.
In1974aCausalityDepartmenttotreat
theemergencypatientswasorganizedand,asper
theguidelinesofC.M.A.I,onlygirlswereadmitted
intheSchoolofNursingatNeyyoorfrom1974.In
addition , a N ursing Assistant cour se wa s
inauguratedon5thApril1974whichprovidedthe
traineeswithjobsinprivateclinics.Afterthree
batch es often students each, th ecourse was
st opped because th e Gover nmen t did not
rec ogni ze th e cour se. A n ew dep art ment  of
Anestheologist was created in 1975 under
Dr.Mohan,anexperiencedAnestheologistwhich
rel i eved  t h e sur geon ,  of the addit i onal
resp onsibil ity, resul ting in  better  care of t he
patients.ThedepartmentofBioChemistrywas
modifiedwiththeappointmentofMiss.Suseela
Dhas , a Bio Ch emist for p roper dia gnosis of
diseases8.As thepayward wasinadequate and
outdated,a newblockconsistingof24 special
roomswithmodernfacilitieswasconstructedin
1973,inmemoryofDr.T.H.Somervell,whoserved
th e hospi tal as L.M.S Medi cal Mis sionar y.
Sh ri.K. K.Shah ,  Governor of Ta mi l n a d u,
inaugura ted th e ‘Dr.T.H. Somervell Block ’ a t
Neyyoor Hospital on 25th March 1973.  The
existingOutPatientDepartmentwasfoundtobe
notsufficienttoaccommodatespecializedmedical
Departmentsandhence‘NesamonyMemorialout
PatientBlock’wasinauguratedonJuly1976.For
fra ctur e an d tr auma  care t he dep art ment  of
Or thopa edic was started  un der Dr. Elmo
B.Johnsonin1979.
 In  the same year,  the depa rtment of
MicrobiologywasstartedunderMrs.SarojaSelva
Dhas,aqualifiedMicrobiologist.Meanwhile,the
DEVELOPMENT OF NEYYOORCANCER CENTRE INKANYAKUMARI DIOCEASE

455
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
MedicalSuperintendentDr.S.Kingsleyresigned
his post due to the interfer en ce of the
Man agemen t in 1980. Nesamony-kn own a s
MarshallwaselectedasmemberoftheParliament
fromtheNagercoilConstituencyin1952.Hewas
thefounderofTravancoreTarnilnaduCongress
whichfoughtforthemergeroftheTamilspeaking
areasofTravancorewithTamilnaduin1956.He
wasalsoa leaderoftheDiocese andservedas
SecretaryandVicePresident.Hediedon1stJune
1968.TeamofDoctorsnumbering19tooresigned
exceptDr.Hannahwho wasappointed Medical
Superintendentincharge.Sincesuitablesubstitute
for Medical Superin tendent was n ot avail able
immediately,thegrowthanddevelopmentofthe
MedicalMissionwasaffected.Itisreportedthat
thenumberofpatientsattendedintheyear1980
was88,37957butin1981itcamedownto57,165.
ThereforethereputationoftheNeyyoor
hospitalbegantodecline.Sensingthedownfall
theMedicalMission,themanagementappointed
Dr.J.C.VijayantheSuperintendentoftheMedical
Mis sion on 11th Decem ber 19819.  He took
measurestorevitalisethehospitaladministration.
Torebuildtheimageofthehospital,additional
departmentsliketheDepartmentofPsychiatryon
3rdJune198260andanOphthalmicDepartment
on 1st September 1983, under the gui dance of
Dr.KamarajahandDr.BejanSinghwerestarted
respectively.
The Government  too appreci ated th e
servicesofthehospital.Forinstance,thehospital
receivedacertificateofmeritandshieldsfromthe
GovernmentofTamilnadu,DepartmentofPublic
Healthfortheirpromptandcorrectreportingof
vitaleventsespeciallythecauseofdeathasper
the nor ms prescribed by th eWorld Health
Organization.Moreover,ateamofDrs.Ebenezer
Dan ial , Sabu  Jeyasek ara n, S.Ja mes Duthie,
T.ClutesMary,MerlinSathiyaraj,Jeevadhas,Elmo
Joh nson, Ragavachar, Rajapaul, C.Hubert,
Rajen dra n,  Ranee F elix , Vas ant ha Nesa raj ,
Benjamin Vija yakumar a n , Beulah Rose
Th angavelu, Saleen  Geoffr ey, Dhurga  Bai ,
Sath yakuma r, K.Murugait  Minutes of the
ExecutiveCommittee,medicalexpertsfromUnited
StatesofAmerica(U.S.A)(AlbanyMedicalTeam)
consistingofGeneralSurgeon,Urologist,Plastic
Sur g eon, Paediatr i cian, Radiologist  a n d
Ariesthiologistunder theleadershipofDr.Tom
AlanvisitedtheNeyyoorhospitalon6thAugust
1984. A large number of patients underwent
sur ger y especi all y in  ur ology fr ee of co st10.
Another teamofdoctorsandnursesfromWest
GermanyvisitedthehospitalinOctober1985and
conducted plastic surgery for many patients.
Thesevisits wereconsidered asa milestone in
thehistoryoftheMedicalMission.Newadditional
Paramedicalcourseswerestartedtoenable the
childrenofthe District topursue their studies.
TheSchoolofRadioDiagnosticandtheClinical
LaboratoryTechnologywerestartedin1985which
helpedthestudentsbelonging totheDioceseto
stud y the cours es with  less expens e un der
C.M.A.I.
In  th e sa me yea r “Preven tion for
PreventableBlindnessProject”wasstartedand
the Ch rist offel Blin den  Mission  (C.B. M)
sanctionedagrantforophthalmicvillageclinic,
eyecampsinVilavancodeandKalkulamTaluks
and treatment of h ospitalised i n-patien ts at
Neyyoorhospitalwhichwasfinancedupto2001.
Besides,aDermatologyDepartmentwasstarted
tofunctionforpropertreatmentofskindiseases
in July1985.Dueto theincreasingnumberof
pa t i en t s for eye op erations, th e h ospital
G.S.SHEEBA&Dr.C.GODWINSAM

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
authoritiesfoundthataseparateoperationtheatre
was necessa r y for the developmen t of
OphthalmologyDepartmentandsubsequentlyin
1986theC.B.MsanctionedRs.1.2lakhs,forthe
constr ucti on of a n oph tha lmolog y operati on
theatre.On10thAugust1987,theElectroCardio
GramDepartmentwasopenedinNeyyoorhospital
toprovidebetterfacilitiestothecardiacpatients11.
SimilarlyinMay1988anewOperationTheatre
withmodernequipmentwasdedicatedinNeyyoor
Hospital.  The Triple Jubilee of the Medica l
Mission was celebr ated in the C .S.I Hospital,
Neyyoor  from  26th Novem ber 1988 to 2n d
December1988.Theventureoftakingouthealth
care to villages took new dimen sions of the
MedicalMission.
Theoutreachprogrammesinmostofthe
villageswereorganizedforgeneralmedicalcare
andspecialcarelikedentalsurgery,dermatology
andophthalmologythroughthemedicalcamps.
Besidesfreemedicalcampswerealsoconducted
in the villag es throu gh ch urches and  other
voluntaryorganization,whichhelpthepoorsick
village people to get special treatm ent at th eir
doorstep.WiththehelpofYoungMenChristian
Association (Y.M. C.A) Moolachel, Medical
Mission started doing thecommunityoutreach
servicesatMoolachel.In1989,Neyyoorhospital
startedCommunity-basedFamilyPlanningproject
forapopulationof18,000incollaborationwith
C.M.A.I in Th irunainar kurichy and Vellamadi
coveri ng seven  vill ages.  Th e Vi llag e heal th
volunteerswereappointedtopopularisefamily
planning.EventhoughtheC.M.A.Istoppedthe
financialassistancefrom1992,theKanyakumari
Medical Mission continued this project at
Thirunainarkurichy.MeanwhileDr.Vijayanwho
servedfor11yearsinMedicalMissionresigned
hisposttoavailofabetterjoboutsidetheDiocese
on2ndJanuary1992andDr.GeoffreyR.Joeltook
overthechargeofKanyakumariMedicalMission
on3rdJanuary1992.Hetookeffortstoraisethe
prestigeofthehospital.Theflowofthepatients
inthehospitalincreaseddaybydaywiththehelp
ofdedicatedstaffandthehardworkoftheMedical
Super intenden t. Th e Medica l Mission  joined
hand s with  the Govern ment  in t he Na tiona l
Planning Programme12 (N.P. P) which n oton ly
helpedtolimitthechildreninfamiliesbutalsoto
planouttohavehealthyandhappyfamilies.Since
theMedicalMissionshowedgreatinterestinthe
N.P.P,theGovernmentofTamilnaduapprovedall
mission hospitalsofKanyakumariDiocese,for
conductingFamilyWelfareprogramme.
In1992thebloodbankwasmodifiedand
gotalicensefromtheCentralGovernmentofIndia
withDr.D.FebeRenjithaSumanasbloodbank
MedicalOfficer.Newbuildingswereconstructed
forspecializedtreatment.ATripleJubileeBlock
consi stin g of new Inten sive Care Un it wa s
constructedwiththefundingofC.S.ICouncilfor
HealingMinistryandK.Lawrence, Honourable
MinisterfortheForest,GovernmentofTamilnadu,
dedicatediton10"July1993DepartmentBlock
costingRs.11lakhswithmodernamenitieswas
constr ucte d and  Mr. P.Gn anad ura i Mich ael ,
RegionalrepresentativeofC.B.Mdedicatediton
25thOctober1995.Additionalpay-wardsinthe
name of Dr.S.H.Pugh, the former  Medical
Missionary,aPostOperativeSurgicalBlockand
UrologySurgicalBlockwereconstructedin1997.
Asthehospitalwasgrowingbyleapsandbounds,
Dr.GeoffreyR.Joel,theMedicalSuperintendent
of Kanyakumari Medical Mission resigned his
postandwentabroadon25thJune1999.Hence
on25thJune1999,Dr.C.Hubertwasappointed
MedicalSuperintendent.Aftertheretirementof,
Dr.Hubert Dr.Blessed Singh was appointed
DEVELOPMENT OF NEYYOORCANCER CENTRE INKANYAKUMARI DIOCEASE

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
MedicalSuperintendentin2000.Becauseofthe
proliferationofprivatehospitalswithspecialities
around the Medical Mission Hospitals and the
lackofdedicationandmissionaryzealamongthe
staff, the number of patients to th e hospital
decreased13. I t ma y be rem ember ed th at I da
SchudderstartedadispensaryatVellorein1890,
whichbecameaMedicalCollegein1942ofgreat
repute.ButtheNeyyoorHospitalwhichstarted
in 1838 could not come upto any appreciable
height.
TheInternationalCancerCentre
The In ternation al Cancer Centr e was
started in 196 3 by th e effort of Dr Jenkin s, a
ren owned  sur geon fr om UK and la t er a
Teleth erapy cobalt un it was set up in  1965.
Neyyoorhospitalhasthedistinctionofbeingthe
first hospital to introduce radiation for cancer
treatmen t in south India. La ter in 1985 a new
telecobalt unit Theratron-80 was installed. Dr
Sommervel an eminent sur geon from UK also
rendered servicetothiscentreandcontributed
thedevelopmentofKanyakumariMedicalMission
Hospital.
Todaythiscentrecaterstotheneedsof
allpatientsinSouthTamilnaduwithwellequipped
dual  energy Linear Acceler ator for p roviding
modern a nd fully fledged tr eatment to cancer
patients. In addition, day care chemotherapy,
brachyther apy, cececium ma nual after loadi ng
system,x-rayandultrasoundscanspecialtiesis
available at nominal cost. Var ious tr eatment
schemes i n cluding Chief Minister ’s
Com prehen sive Health In surance Sch eme,
PallathakkinLeeliCharitabletrustprovidefree
treatment and food. Kan yakumari Medical
MissionHospitalishavingfullyfledgedmulti-
speciality facilities a nd hen ce is working in
Neyyoor  with Gen eral Medicin e and Allied
Sp ecialties , Gen eral Su rger y with Allied
Specialties, Obstetrics an d  Gyn aecol ogy
department, and Paedi atric department with
ne onata l ca re s erv ice.  All t hese s peci alti es
contributetothetreatmentofcancerpatients.The
tumourregistryperformanceisyettoreachupto
acceptedstandardsdue to lackoftrainedstaff,
necessaryinfrastructureandequipments.HBCR
dataarealsonotup-to-date.MrsD.GracelinSujila
isthe soletumourregistrystaffand shehasto
carryoutHBCRworksinadditiontoherdutyin
routinetumourregistry13.Soitishighlynecessary
to strengthen the tumour registr y department
particularlythehumanresource.
Mrs.Dr.SP.Singh&FamilylivinginUK
contributedasumofRs.7,00,000/-in2007forthe
purchaseofanambulanceNeyyoorinherfather
Shri.AmarjithsinghKalra’snamefortheuseof
MotherTeresaCharitableTrust.Theambulance
isinservicesince2007,andnowisbeingusedas
MobileCancerResearchUnitintieupwithCSI
Mission Hospital,  Neyyoor, Tam il Nadu under
Chur ch of South Ind ia. It is ben eficial to th e
generalpubliccontinuouslytillnow.
Conclusion
Medicalworkformedaverysignificant
branch of the protestant mi ssionary work. The
healingmissionoftheL.M.S.wasorganisedin
thenameofthesouthTravancoremedicalmission.
ItwasrenamedasKanyakumarimedicalmission
in 1959. The Ka nyakumari medical mi ssion
functionsfromtheNeyyoorasheadquarterswith
br a n ches at Na g ercoil, kulasek a r am  a n d
Marthandam. The Na gercoil branch is a later
developmentthoughtheL.M.S.Medicalmission
functioned at Nager coil from 1839. Un der the
communityhealthservice, theantenatal clinic,
G.S.SHEEBA&Dr.C.GODWINSAM

458
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
postnatalclinicandfamilywelfareclinicfunctions
proper ly.  Doctors from the medical mission
examinedthechildreninallChristianhomesand
crèchesofthedioceseandtooknecessarycareof
thesick.Twonursingschoolsarealsofunctioning
atNeyyoorandMarthandamunderthemission.
TheInternationalcancercentrehelpedtoenhance
thepopularityofmedical missionand Neyyoor
occup i ed a pl a ce in th e world ma p. Th e
Gover nmen t of Indi a’s min ist ry of heal th,
appointed a h igh power committee to visit all
placesinIndia.Thiscommitteeinthecourseofits
southIndianvisitcametoNeyyoor.Itwasmuch
impressedwiththefunctioningandprogress.
References
1. Dr. R. S.Lal Moh an, Missionaries of t he
Lond on Mission ar y Society and their
servicesinKanyakumariDistrict,TamilNadu,
PeneielPrinters.
2. South  Travancore District Committee,
MedicalBoardReport,Nagercoil,1945.
3. The Offici al Guide to Chri stian Medical
CollegeandHospitalVellore,Vellore,1987.
4. A.Cha ndra Nesa  Raj, “Mission Hosp ital,
Nagercoil”,HomeChurchNagercoil,Triple
Jubilee,Souvenir,1819-1969,Nagercoil1969.
5. Minutes oftheMedicalBoard,Nagercoil,
26thSeptember1964.
6. J.R.Joel, ‘Hospi tal Kulasekh ar am ’ ,
Kanyakumari Medical Miss ion Neyyoor
Hospital 125th  Ann iversa ry Souve nir,
Nagercoil,1964.
7. Minutes oftheMedical Board,Nagercoil,
13thJuly1989.
8. J. J.S und aram,  ‘Kar akon am Hosp ital ’,
Neyyoor Hospi t a l, 125th  Anniver sary
Souvenir,op.cit.
9. J. J.S und aram,  ‘Kar akon am Hosp ital ’,
Neyyoor Hospi t a l, 125th  Anniver sary
Souvenir,op.cit.
10. Minutesofthe MedicalBoard, Nagercoil,
14thApril1977.
11. MinutesoftheInternationalCancerCentre,
Nagercoil,14thOctober1980.
12. BriefReportofInternationalCancerCentre
Neyyoor,Nagercoil,1986.
13. AnnualReport,InternationalCancerCentre,
Nagercoil,1987.

DEVELOPMENT OF NEYYOORCANCER CENTRE INKANYAKUMARI DIOCEASE

459
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ABSTRACT
Ski ll Devel opmen t Pr ogramme s ar e
mainlyfocusingtoimpartskillsinaparticulartrade
for  stren gth ening th eir  emp loyabil ity for
livelihood.DifferentschemesofGovt.ofIndiaas
like Jan  Shiksha n Sanstha ns (JSSs), Pradhan
ManthriKaushalVikasYojana(PMKVY),Deen
DayalUpadhyayaGraminKaushalVikasYojana
(DDUGKY) etc.. are the main sch emes
implementi ng in India for providing skill u p-
gradation.Theskilldevelopmentprogrammesare
closelyrelatedforthesustainabledevelopment.
Theparticipationofyouthespeciallywomenin
theseschemesareveryhighandalsosupporting
toimprovetheiremployabilityandincome.The
studyonsustainabledevelopmentthroughskill
develop ment p rogra mmes of J SSs and oth er
schemesrevealstheparticipation ofwomenin
rural  area is supporting to impr ove the living
condit ion  and it  lea ds t o th e sustai nabl e
development.
KEYWORDS:Skilldevelopment,sustainable
development,roleofwomen,employability
Introduction
     The imp ortan ce of skills and competence
became imperative component in the high ly
comp etitive worl d of business and in dustry
operations.Theskillsrequiredfortheindustries
are n ot the optional but  mandator y.  The
SKILLING–ABRIDGEFOR DEVELOPMENT
V.UMMERKOYA
Director,
JanShikshanSansthanMalappuram;ResearchScholar.
Dr.S.KARUPPAIYAN
ProfessorinLifelongEducation,andResearchSupervisor,
Bharathidasan University,Trichy.
competence of th e employees deter mines
individualperformancewhicheventuallyleading
to organizational excellence an dthe unleash
hugeprofittotheindustries.Thevariousreports
havebeen consistentlyexpressedtheir concern
about  the lack  ofemployabilit y skills of the
youthsandincompatibilitybetweentheexisting
curriculumandtheindustrialrequirementsin the
chan ging dynamics. Govern ment of India h as
beentakingstrenuouseffortsin cherishing the
employability skills of t he youths through
var iou s pr ogrammes  in wh ich periodi cal
reconstru ction of curri culum of the courses in
higher educationandvocationaleducation.The
NationalskillDevelopmentCorporation(NSDC)
andNationalSkillDevelopmentAgency(NSDA)
un der the Minist ry of Sk ill D evelopm ent &
Entrepreneurship, Govt.ofIndia areplayinga
majorroleindevelopingnewcurriculumsasper
th e requi rem ents of the Indu str y wit h t he
supp ort of Sect or Skil l Coun cils (SSCs) a nd
Indus tries. But, in  order to m eet the existing
labour m arket requi rements a nd utili ze th e
opportun ities unleash ed by the gl obalized
labou r activi ties an d outsour cing p rospecti ve
skill enrichment of th e youths became
compellingneed.GovernmentofIndia,launched
several skil l development programmes as li ke
Pr adh a n  Manthr i  Kaushal Vikas Yoja n a
(PMKVY),DeenDayalUpadhayaKaushalVikas

460
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Yojana (DDUGKY)andvariousschemesunder
differentMinistries andagencies,impartingof
skillsisnotjustrestrictedtoprofessionallifeas
itisimperativein everyaspectofone’sregular
daytodaylifestylesuchaspersonal andsocial
affair as well. In  additi on, i ndividual’s social
ass ociat ion, ap propriat eness, capabili ties to
carryoutthetaskassignedarelargelyrelianton
how he showcases his/her capability t o
undertake theassignment allocated. Employers
or Organizat ions consider these capabilities as
imperativecriteriaduringstaffrecruitmentand
alsobegunlinkingsoftskillsintotheiremployee
appraisalsandrewardpackages.Theemployers
keen  in recruiting the techni cally pr oficient
personsalongwith that softskillsalsobecame
im port ant c ompon ent as t heir  Inter pers onal
communication  wit h the staff as well a s
customers,effectivepresentationsskillsduring
the meetin g, abide with  the e-mail etiquette s,
self-awarenessandabilityto replicatethesame
wh erever  required, per sisten t inclinati on
towardsthegoal,confidenceleveltoaccomplish
the target, quick adapta bility and talent for
build ing relati onships ha ve been foun d to be
thesignificantcomponentsforthebetterskilled
manpower.
Significance ofthestudy
Knowledge,competence,technicalskills
are th e importa nt paramet er a long wit h soft
skillsastheserviceindustrieslargelyrelianton
the con sumer’s in teraction di rectly. Thus, the
employers expect the job seekers to have the
goodcommandoverthevariouscomponentsof
theskillsaccordingtothejobrequirementsand
technicalskills.Softskillsareessentialtobea
goodleaderandtobeasuccessfulprofessional
aswell.Further,today’sworkersareanticipated
totakeresponsibilityforand managetheirown
learning and development over the course of
th eir wor king lives. P ut simp ly, t he ‘n ew
economy’ dem ands new types of people wit h
newknowledge,skillsanddispositionseven(or
perhapsmostparticularly)atthe‘low’-levelend
of the job s kills spectrum. Accordingly,
outcomesin theskilldevelopmentprogrammes
are increasingly focu sed  on the features,
subjectivity and personaliti esof th ein dividual
suchthatchangingselvesappearstobean aim
of contemporary education  and training. The
dispar ity among unemploymen tstatistics and
the s hor tage of skill ed l abour leads to a
disconnection between ski lls and employment
on a global  scale. Thus,  the role of th e skill
development programm e implication s became
more important in ident ifying the need of the
industriesandnurturetheemployablepersonis
becoming challenging task and the str ategies
adoptedtoenhancethe skillsandcompetences
ofthe youthsareparamountsignificant.
The various sch emes in  the field of
skilldevelopmentaslikeJanShikshanSansthan
(JSS),DDUGKY, PMKVYare providingshort
termskillswithpracticalorientation. Thereare
about 300 curriculums developed byNSDA as
pertheNationalStandardQualifyingFramework
(NSQF) and certifying as per the level of the
learningoutcome.AstudyonSkillDevelopment
and Sust ainable Deve lopment  pertaini ng ha s
largelyconfiningtothedeterminantsandimpact
of the skill development pr ogramme on
employment and socio-economic development.
But, dearth of the studies has introspected the
perceptionsofthebeneficiariesontheimpactof
skil l devel opmen t pr ogr amm e an d var ious
nuances of the i m p l ications,  impact an d
proximityofthesameinthechangingdynamism
V. UMMER  KOYA& Dr. S.KARUPPAIYAN

461
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
oflabourmarketrequirements andthebusiness
envi ronm ent. The pr esent  study i s a mod est
attempttoreviewthevariousaspectsoftheskill
development programme, implications and
imp act on soci o-econom ic enh ancem ent a nd
empowermentofthebeneficiaries’ holisticway.
Conclusion
Skill development pr ogramme is the
integral component of the human r esour ce
ma nagemen t and enrichment of th e yout h
competen ce and skills an d convert them into
productive resources.Governments of India as
well as state governments have implemented
num erous schemes with  stren uous efforts to
ensuretheirhumanresourceenrichmentforthe
indust rial development as well  as meet the
labour  market requirements of service sector
requirem ents. Governmen t has taken in itiative
throughskilldevelopmentprogrammetoensure
livelihood of the youth an d facilit atedth em to
lead soph isticated way. Even th ough, ther e is
lotofchallengesandconstraints confronted in
executing theprogrammesinaneffectiveway,
but st ill  gover nmen t m ach in eri es a nd t he
person nel h ave tr ied to give opt imum  level
benefits to th e targ eted beneficiaries. In  the
sameline,significant portionofthe studieson
skill developm ent pr ogramme design ated tha t
progr ess par adigm is a  contested r eality in a
sociallystratifiedcountrylike India. Itschoice
and means constantly vary across th e social
and economic groups, because the imbalan ced
powerassociationsalwaysbenefitthedominant
soci o-econ omic g roup s an d rea sons  adver se
subsequencestoothers.Therefore,Government
inter ven tion  consider ed t o be sign ifican t
incentive to ensur e skill development to make
compati bility between indust rial r equirem ents
and employability skills of the youth s. Skill
developmentprogrammehaveprovidedtraining
to needed peopleaccording to the preferences
and requir ements ofth epeople to ensure their
HHincomeandsocio-economicdevelopment.In
general  progress process enta ils discomfort to
noteworthy section of the society but which
would betreated with sufficient compensation
andensurestheirinclusivenessintheprocedure
in ord er to ensur e the developmen t process
reachitsgoalsufficiently.Changingdynamicsin
thelabourmarketandbusinessenvironmenthas
necessitated
Governmentinterventionsaretoensure
the proper  oppor tunities to the soci ally and
economically weaker section s of the societies.
Furt her, it is a lso essentia l to understand th e
proximityoftheprogrammeandtheoutcomeof
thesameonthesocio-economicdevelopmentof
the youth who const itute lar ger proporti on of
population inIndiaaswellasinKerala.Thus,
appropriateimplicationsoftheskilldevelopment
programmesarethethresholdfortheinclusive
development.
References
(1) ReportonskillgapstudyofNSDC,Govt.of
India
(2) ExternalEvaluationreportonJanShikshan
Sansthan MalappuramconductedbyIAEA
NewDelhi

SKILLING–ABRIDGEFORDEVELOPMENT

462
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Introduction
Theproblemofcrimesagainstwomenis
not  new but  in t his er a of de velopmen t a nd
change,itmaynotbefashionabletotalkabout
victimization&oppressionofwomenasaclass.
Itisalmosthalfacenturysincemostcountries
unequivocallygrantedtothewomenaplacein
thesocietyequaltothatofmenbygivingthem
equalrightsat work,wages& vote.Inspiteof
thiswomenhavealwaysbeenanactiveobjectof
gross&severeviolenceinthehandsofmen.The
biologicalweaknessofawomanmakesheraneasy
preyparticularlytophysicaldomination.Sheis
often  a victim  of physica l violat ion not on ly
outsideherhomebutalsoinherhome.Violence
aga inst  women a nd gi rls i s one of  the m ost
widespread violat ions of human rights. It can
in clud e phys ical , sex ual,  psych ologi cal and
economicabuse,anditcutsacrossboundariesof
age,race,culture,wealthandgeography.1The
casesof unwedmothers area facet ofviolence
thatisalarminglyontheriseinodishaandhas
becomeachallengein contemporarytimesthe
casesofunwedmothersarecreatinghavocinthe
traditionalsocietyofOdisha.
The I ndian soci ety is based on  a
patriarchal structureinwhichthere isnoscope
an d spa ce for  women , hen ce sub sequen tly
ascri bing women th e ‘secondary stat us’. Thi s
second ary st atus lead s to different types of
violence  and dis crimin ations ag ainst wom en.
Violenceisoneoftheleadingfactorsthatdissuade
UNWED MOTHERHOOD:A CONTEMPORARY CHALLENG
Dr.PRAGYANMOHANTY
Assistant Professor
KalingaInstituteOfSocialSciences,KISSDU
womentofullyachieveherpotentialandhence
showcasehercapabilitiesasastronggender.The
manifest ation of acq uiring lower status and
positioninthesocietyandwithinthefamilyare
revealedinthedevelopmentindicatorsbasedon
decreasingsexratio,increasinginfanticide,low
literacyrateofthefemalesect.Thefemalechildif
not aborted before birth becomes used to the
inferiorstatusorwayoflifethatisinstilledupon
her  from ver y ea rly years. As a ver y famous
coinage aptly states “girls lear n tobe mother s
even before th ey become wives”. Thi s phrase
showstheprimarydutyofthefemalegenderin
oursocietyistobeamother.Andifawomanisa
mother beforemarriagethenherfateissealed.
Unwed mot herhood is em ergin g as a seriou s
concerninoursocietywherewomenaresexually
exploitedandliterallyleftonthestreetsinastate
ofunwedpregnancy.
It has been seen that  Odisha had an
unprecedentednumberofyoungunwedmothers
betweentheagesof14to20.Shunnedbysociety
andrejectedbytheirfamiliestheywereallegedly
falling int o the h ands of tr afficker s and an
estimated300girlsaremissing.Frequentnatural
disastersinthisareahavemadealargenumberof
people destitu te, makin g them easy targets of
sexualexploitation.Neitherthelocalpanchayats
northeIndiangovernmenthascomeupwithany
solutions. As experts believe there are 40 ,000
unwed mother sin  Odisha of which over 70%
belongto11tribaldominateddistricts,nearly53%

463
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ofunwedmothersintribalOdishaarebelowthe
ageof18.“Poverty”coupledwithignoranceand
innocence compound th e probl em of unwed
mothersintribalOdisha.Nearly53%ofsurveyed
unwedmothersarebelowthelegalmarriageable
age. 2 Another reputed shor t stay h ome
“Basundhara”atCuttackcityfromthetimeofits
inception has given shelter to1692 unmarried
motherssofar.3Thenumberofunwedmothersin
one short stay home ofth esta te is staggering.
Interestingly,theareaswhereprimaryhealthand
educationarestillafarcry,sexstimulantdrugs
andbluefilmsareeasyavailableingroceryshops.
‘Theireasyavailabilityisaddingfueltothefire.
‘Deprivedofworldlypleasures,theseimmature
girls get easily trapped, and since sex is not a
taboo subject in tribal communities th ey get
physically involved,’ says Kishor e. However
accordingtopoliceofficialstribalpeoplenever
comeforwardtoreportsuchillegalcasesandit
compounds their problem. Distur bing cases of
IncestinruralandtribalOdishawasashocking
outcomeofthisstudysowastheexploitationof
thementallychallengedaswellastheexploitation
ofthewomendailywagerswhoareexploitedmany
timesbythekedars,maleworkersevensecurity
person als at  plant s and in dustr ial areas.  The
abovefactscompelsfurtherinvestigationintothis
problemwhichisontherise.Thelacunasinpolicy
prescriptionanddocumentedreportshavetobe
examined extensivelyas well.This horrendous
problemhastobetakenseriouslyasthisissueis
not acknowledge, never accepted let  alon e
addressed It was seen that un wed motherhood
usuallyresultsfromwomenfallingpreyto‘false
promisetomarry’(outof200respondents68%).
Insuchcases,thewomenveryeasilysuccumbto
theinterestofthemanprimarilybecauseofthe
fearofbetrayal.Theknowledgeofcontraception
andtheoutcomeofunsafesexwerefoundtobe
staggeringlylow,deliberatelyignoredordueto
unavailabilityofanysuch measures.And once
discovered to bep regnant th epar tners assures
themofmarriagebutdisappearsandthewoman
is left behind to answer the questions or m ore
oftentheman responsible deniesto thefather.
Thesevictimsarevulnerabletoseveralkindsof
exploitation.Theyaretreatedascommodities.This
becomes one of t he factors  respon sible for
traffickinginwomenasinmanycasestheaccused
triedtosellthevictimtosomebrothelsorlabour
contractors.Butfalsepromisetomarryisnotthe
sole reason of unwed mother hood. Which is
evidentfromthestudyasmanyofthemarevictims
ofrapeevenrapeandinmanycasesrapebytheir
relatives.Insuchtypeofcasetheabuserisknown
tothevictim,(32.9percent)theyaremembersof
thefamilyoritsinnercircle.Mostmiddleclass
Indiansgrowupinlargeextendedfamilies,open
householdswherefamilyandfriendscomeand
go thus the accused in such cases ar e known.
The inquiry into domest ic violence especially
sexual abuse was on e of the most complex,
controversia l challenges to in vestigat e. As the
dominanceofsexualabuseatthedomesticlevel
isrampant.
An alysin g cer tain ca se studies can
perhaps hel p elucidate th is issue: Th is young
womanof21yearsofage(letuscallherPurnima)
metamanfromanothervillagewhoworksinthe
Armywhowasonavacation.Theyhadanaffair
andPurnimaconceivedhischild.Afterhearing
thisheassuredherofmarriageandleftforhisjob.
But gra dually as her  pregnan cy d eveloped he
dumpedher,shedesperatelycalledhimandwrote
tohimtoacceptherandtellherfamilyabouttheir
relationshipastheywereunawareofit.
Dr. PRAGYAN MOHANTY

464
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Ashedodgedtheissuethegirl’spregnancywas
revealedwhichleftthethegirl’sparentswerevery
shockedand her vengefulbrothers beather up
andthrewheroutofthehouse.
Finallyshewasbroughttoashelterin
thenearbytownbyherfriends.Thesecretaryof
thisshelterwasaboldyoungladywhotookitas
achallenge.Shefoughtforherbywritingtoarmy
and even took police assistance to bring th e
evadertoherresponsibility.Themanwasarrested
andputbehindbars.Eventuallyheagreedtomarry
thegirlhehaddumpedbutbythattimethegirl
haddeliveredtheman’schild.
Hepromisedtomarryherandconvinced
hertodropthechargesagainsthimandtookher
outoftheshelter.Hemarriedherinatempleand
convincedherthattheywouldstartanormallife.
Heaskedhiswifetodropthechargesagainsthim
whichsheobliged.Butsoonafterthathestarted
hisrevengemission.Hewouldassaultherinthe
nightandneverallowedhertomeetherparents.
He went to report to hi sduty and snapped all
rela tionsh ip. All communi cation between t he
couple stopped and he never gave money for
maintenance.Themiseryofthemotherandson
got com pounded  and agai n she came  to th e
shelter.Thesecretaryagainwrotetoarmybutthis
timetheculpritfledthearmyandtilldateheremains
arenegade.Beforehevanishedhemaintainedthat
hewasnotlegallymarriedtoPoornimaandwas
not responsi ble to h er. Deeply bur dened with
financialproblemsshehadtoworkasadomestic
helptomaintainherson.Poornimafeelsextremely
embarrassedbeingcheatedoutofmarriagelike
thisbutisstillwillingtoforgivehimatleastfor
thesakeoftheirchildbutsheischasingamirage.
TheonlypersonwhostoodwithPoornimainher
distr ess i s th e Secr etar y of sh elter  who h as
extendedahandofsupportlikeanangel.Thisisa
painfulcasewheretheladythoughtthattheson
wastheproofoftheirrelationshipbuteventually
hebecameanalbatrossaroundherneck.Thiscase
wasquietuniquefor usasit involvedanarmy
manwhowassupposedtobethedefenderofthe
nation but who tur ned out to be her worst
perpetrator.Poornima also shows how gullible
womenarewhenitcomestoemotion.Hadshe
not wi thdra wn the case th e man woul d have
remainedbehindbars,bywithdrawingcharges
sheclearedhispathforanescape.
This casestudyisofa fifteenyearold
girl(LetuscallherKusum)wasalittleunstable
frombirth;shebelongedtoasmallcommunityin
asmallruralarea. Everyoneinhervillagewas
awareofhermentalstateandsheusedtoroam
freelyinthevillageasachild.Herparents and
othersiblingswereunabletorestrainherinthe
house.Beingmentallyunstableshewasgullible
an d ve ry innocent. Her  men tal condit ion s
deter iorated a nd ever y on e observed th at she
becamemoreaggressiveandintolerantespecially
withmalepersonsandgraduallylosthermental
capabilitiescompletely.
Sh e beh aved very aggressivel y
especiallywiththemalemembersinherfamily
anddidn’tevenspareheryoungerbrothers.Her
mother wastheonlypersonwhocould control
her. This sudden behavioral change and her
increasingmentaldementiawasveryshockingto
her  par en ts as wel l  as the vi l l a gers wh o
remembered her as a very sweet- natured gir l.
Whenevershewasaskedanyquestion whyshe
wassoangryshe eventurnedmorehostile.No
one knew th e cause of her aggr ession an d
violence.Toeveryone’sdismayitwasfoundthat
she was pr egnan t. This  was the cause of her
changedbehavior.
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465
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Aftera lotofquestioning itwasfound
thatshewasavictimofmassrapeontheoutskirts
ofthevillageclosetothepondwhichcontributed
toherunwantedpregnancyaswellashermental
instability.Itwasashameforthegirlandherfamily.
They were too scared as there could be social
boycott.Theylivedunderstigma.Buteventually
theirworstfearcametrueandshewastreatedlike
anuntouchableoncethevillagerscametoknow
thematter.Therewasnosympathyforherfrom
thesociety.Thus,witheverincreasingpressure
fromthevillagersherfamilytookhertothepolice
stationandlodgedacomplaint.Thepolicewere
not able toiden tifyt he culprit sas the girl was
abnormalandcouldn’tidentifyherrapists.The
villagers’believedthattherapistsmightbefrom
neighbouring villages but nothing certain or
conclusivecouldbefound.Thustherapistswent
scootfree.
Inacaselikethis,itisimpossibleforthe
victimtoprotectherselfagainstsuchassaultsas
sheisunabletofunctionliketherestofusowing
to her disa bility. Her men tal st atus could not
fathomthecrimecommittedagainstherandthe
outcome of such a  crime.  She was un able to
terminatethepregnancyasshewasnotawareof
whathappenedtoher.Shewasevenincapableof
tellingherparentsaboutthecrime.Theshockof
themassrapewasresponsibleforthelossofher
mentalbalance.
Thegirl’sparentsaswellasthevillagers
didnotwanttokeepthegirlinthevillage.The
parentswereforcedtotakethisdecisionasthey
hadbeenwarnedbythevillagersto eithersend
their daugh ter somewhere or leave the village
altogether.  The stain  of having an u nmarried
pregnantdaughterevenifshewasunstablewas
toomuchofaburdenforthem,andtheyhadother
children too to raise in th evillage . Thus, they
claimedtohavenooptionabouttheirdaughter’s
welfare.Thepolicehavingbeenputinthecharge
ofthegirlbroughthertothisshelterfordestitute
womeninacity.
Thesheltertookcareofherandshewas
givenmedicalattentionforbothherpregnancy
andhermentalconditionandafterafewmonths
shedeliveredababygirl.Thebabywasplacedin
anadoptiveagencywhilethemotherremainedin
theshelter.Whenherparentswereaskedtotake
herback,herparentsrefusedtoaccepther and
didnotevencometoseeheronce.
Whenthebabywasjustafewdaysold,
themotherknewwhichroomherbabywasinand
usedtostandoutsidetheroomforhoursasshe
was not allowed with the baby being menta lly
unstablesheposedathreattothebaby.So,she
refusedtoleavethecorridoroftheplacewhere
herbabygirlwaskeptuntilthebabywastakento
theadoptiveagency.Thistrulyshowsamaternal
love for her child even though the mother is
abnormal.
Sheattimessearchedforherbabyand
cried hysterically when she could not find her
child.Thisfifteenyearoldmother’sstoryisheart-
rendingasit issoakedintragedy.Thistypeof
crimeagainstthementallyunstableandvulnerable
shakestheverycoreofhumanity.Itisindeedup
to fatewheth ert his girl wouldbe cured of her
mental disease and wheth er she would lead a
normallife.
In  th is c ase st udy, we ex plore t he
presenceofunwedmotherswithinthementally
challengedgroupofwomenastheyarethemost
vuln erabl e. Th e seriou sness of  such a  crim e
again st mentally-challeng ed woman  has been
recognizedinoursociety.
Dr. PRAGYAN MOHANTY

466
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Thus,theabovedatacompelsusasmembersofa
society,state,communitytorescuethesewomen
whoareintheclutchofthisterribleproblemand
helpsensitizethesocietytowardsthem.Andabove
allcomeupwithsolutionsandremediessothat
this problem doesn’t take a strong hold of our
futureandbecomeamajorthreatincontemporary
times.
(Footnotes)
1Dr.NirojSinha,WomenandViolence,Vikas
PublishingHouse,NewDelhi,1989.
2Shewta Th akur, Most Unwed Mothers in
Tribal Odisha are below18, IANS,28th
March2007
3Sailu Behera,”cases of unwed m other s-
AstudyofBasundhara”,paperpresentedin
aseminarheldon23.3.2006.

UNWEDMOTHERHOOD:ACONTEMPORARY CHALLENG

467
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract:
As we witn ess the rapid gr owth in
information&communicationtechnologymany
day-to-day activities h ave been merged onli ne
which  are m ore effective a nd flexi ble. Man y
busines ses are emerg ing in  cryptocurren cy to
facilitatefinancialactivitiesduetotheexistence
ofblockchaintechnology.Blockchaintechnology
isessentiallyadecentralizednetworkasitsledger
iscompletelytransparent tothepublic withan
immutablesecuritysystemandispavingtheway
as disr uptive technology. It elimin ates human
basederrors asit’sa digital ledger,everything
becomeshighlyefficientintermsofpayments&
transact ion. Thr ough pr imar y and seconda ry
sourcesofresearchweconcludethatmajorityof
therespondentsexpressdominationonadoption
of blockchain  technology by 64% . It also
investigates th e adoption of blockch ai n
technologyandcryptocurrencybyretailersand
businesses as digitaliza tion holds the future of
globalpaymentsandcryptocurrencycanbeused
as a main  fuel for this tr ansfer network, after
analyzingthepotentialofthistechnology50%of
the r espondent s state th at cryptocurr ency can
overcomefiatcurrencyinthefuture.Asthenew
generationareeducatingthemselvesintermsof
financia l in dependence,  they beli eve t hat
adoptionofdecentralizedsystemsistrustableand
necessaryaswell.Avastnumberofthembelieve
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND CRYPTOCURRENCYAS
A DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION ON INTERNET
Mr.AARADHYAGOLE
StudentMITWPUPune.
Ms.HETAMEHTA
V.G.VazeCollegeofArts,Science&Commerce.
thatcryptocurrencycanco-existindailylifeas
the transactionsare fast,secureandfrauds are
alsominimized.Cryptocurrencyhasbeenattracting
significa nt att ention from various in vestors,
econ omist s and a lso or din ary p eople a nd i s
progn osticat ed to repla ce the curr ent paper
curr ency system a s it hol ds variou s poten tial
opportunitiesinfuture.
Keyw ords : Blockch ai n  Technolog y,
Cryptocurrency,Adoption,Decentralized
INTRODUCTION:
Since thei r creation two decades ago,
BlockchaintechnologyandCryptocurrencybeing
themostexcitingtechnologicaladvancementhas
acte d more promi nent in  the worl d of IT &
computerscience.
Cr yptocurrency con sists of two
terminologies i.e., “CRYPTOGRAPHY” &
“CURRENCY”. Cryptograph y i sa  technology
whereinformationisstoredintheformofsecret
language.It is calledas crypto“CURRENCY”
becauseitcanbeusedasapayment methodin
various aspects vir tually and electron ically in
differentapplicationsandnetworkslikepeer-to-
peernetworks,onlinegamingplatforms,websites
and assuch. Everycryptocurrencyworks on a
tech nology kn own as block chain  techn ology.
Blockchaintechnologyisthechainofmillionsof
blockscontainingtransactiondetailswithevery

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
blockrelatedtoablockbeforeit.Thistechnologyis
usedasatrustedsourceofinformationthatcannot
betamperedorchangedinanypossibleway.
Thi s paper ex plores ma ny aspects of
cryptocurren cy like bitcoin a nd how a certain
amountofpeopleisstartingtoadaptitasagood
alternativetofiatcurrency.Blockchaintechnology
andcryptocurrencyaredisruptivetechnologyas
unlikefinancialinstitutionsthereisnothirdparty
invol ved in th e tra nsaction process. This
tech nology i s com plet ely pu blic  and h as a
decentralized n etwork wh ich  m a kes the
consumer’spersonaldatahighlysecure.
REVIEWOFLITERATURE:
1) Chan,etal.,2017,Talkedabouthowmost
cryptocu rren cy n etworks wh ich work on
block chain  t echnol ogy op erate on
“DecentralizedSelf-clearingLedgeSystem”
whichisapeer-to-peersystem.Thesevirtual
currencyunitsaremade intoexistenceon
the basis of fixed set of rules so that th e
soundmoneymodelcanbeintroducedwhich
cannotbecontrolledbyanycentralauthority
ormaliciouscontroller.
2) Iwamura, et al., 2014, discussed in their
resea rch th at th e tran saction p rocess for
crypt ocurren cy users while carryin g out
busi ness a ctivit ies an d recei ving m oney
requiresaveryshortperiodoftime.Thiseasy
settlementmodelmakessurethatdelaysare
eliminatedinvirtualtransaction.Duringthe
transactionprocessasmallchargeiscutfrom
the userswhich arealmostnegligibleand
onl y buyers a re affe cted b y it . Anoth er
consider able advantage of t h e
cryptocurrencyand blockchaintechnology
is that all t ransactions ar e carried out by
“NSAcreatedcryptographysystem”which
is im mut able on  the basis of paym ent
security.
3) D ra wbau gh  a nd Te mp le- West  (2 01 4),
suggested that the U.S. inland reven ue
serviceidentifiescryptocurrencyasavirtual
curren cy and p roposes t hat i t shoul d be
consid ered as an asset . Und er the U.S.
finan cial law such  property is largely
subjectedtocapitalassettaxes.
4) Accor din g to Clin ch (20 13), adop tin g
jurisdicti ons, like Nor way,  Sweden a nd
Canada also recognizes cryptocurrencyas
anasset.However,Germanyalsobeingan
ear l y adopter ackn owl edges
cryptocurrenciesasaunitofaccounttobe
used for  tradin g and t axati on as pr ivate
money countr ywide.  These matt ers ha ve
dealtwiththeparametersofeveryjurisdiction
andtheircapabilitytoregulateit.
OBJECTIVESOFSTUDY:
• Thisprojectaimstoexploreandunderstand
the applicat ions of blockchain techn ology
in the global mar ketwith respect to fund
transfers,onlinetrading,smartcontractsetc.
• Toexplaintheadoption ofcryptocurrency
asapaymentmethodtoordinarycitizensand
business entities.
• Tostudyhowcryptocurrencyissuperioras
comparedtothefiatcurrency.
HYPOTHESIS:
H0:Cryptocurrencyisavirtualcurrencyandused
asamodeofpaymentmethod.
H1:Cryptocurrencybeinga virtual currencyis
superiortofiatcurrencyandshouldbeusedasa
modeofpaymentmethod.
Mr.AARADHYA GOLE & Ms. HETAME HTA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
RESEARCH
UNIVERSE
INTERNET
SAMPLINGMETHOD SURVEY
SAMPLING
SAMPLESIZE 74
METHOD OF DATA
COLLECTION
PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY
DATA
PRIMARY DATA
COLLECTION
PRE-
STRUCTURED
QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
SECONDARY DATA
COLLECTION
ARTICLES,
RESEARCH
PAPERS,INTERVI
EWS
LIMITATIONS:
• Lack of knowledge about this technology
amongstthepeople,essentiallywholivein
ruralareas.
• Politica l involvemen t can create a hoax
amongtheordinarycitizens,e.g.: Chinese
government tryingtomanipulatebitcoin’s
price.
• Blockch ain tech nology requires a l arge
numberofuserswithwidelydistributedgrid
ofnodestousethistechnologywithitsfull
potential.
ANALYSISANDINTERPRETATIONOFDATA:
BLOCKCHAINTECHNOLOGYANDCRYPTOCURRENCYASA DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ANALYSISOFPRIMARYANDSECONDARY
DATA:-
A va st majority of respondents are
fami liar wi th the blockchain  technol ogy and
cryptocurrencywhichwasquiteexpectedasthis
generationareeducatingthemselvesinfinancial
literacy. Almost50%ofrespondentsstrongly
believethatduetothistechnologycryptocurrency
hasthepotentialtoovercomefiatcurrency,since
past2-3yearsbitcoinhasproveditselftobethe
no1 asset to invest surpassing stocks, bonds,
mutualfunds.Analyzingthisprogressnotonly
thebigcompaniesineachsectorlikeSamsung,
visa,teslahaveinvestedincryptocurrenciesbut
nowcountrieswhoseekaroutetoescapeinflation
have made their decision to adopt bitcoin asa
legaltenderlike“ELSALVADOR”andmanyother
SouthAmericancountrieswillsoonjointhequeue
insupportingthecryptocurrencyandmakingita
legaltender.
Cryptoswhohavetheirownblockchain
iscalledasacurrencyandthecryptoswhichare
madewithinsomeone’sblockchainiscalledasa
token.  There are more t han  12, 600 cr ypto
circulating.Eachcryptohasitsownreasonbehind
itsexistence.Therearecryptosusedascurrencies
likebitcoin,dogecoin.SomeareusedforDE-FI
likeuniswap,polkadotthenthere’sEthereumwhich
is created and has  the potential to change th e
entireinternet,inEthereum’sblockchainonecan
build DAPPS, DE-FI, execute SMART
CONTRACTS,DESIGNGAMES.Manyanalysts
arepositivethatEthereumcansurpassbitcoinin
the future. SOLANA, CARDANO, T RON are
knownasEthereumkillersastheyaremorescalable
withlowgasandtransactionfeesatthemoment.
Sincethiscoronavirusoutbreakpeople
gottimeandutilizeditindevelopingthemselves
in technologyandfinancial literacy,thecrypto
markethadraisedfromINR38TRILLIONin2020
TOINR174TRILLIONatthemomentoutofwhich
bitcoinstandstallhaving48%dominanceand18%
isdominatedbyEthereum.
Acco rding  to th e sur vey con duct ed
100%oftherespondentsknowaboutbitcoinasit
beingthemarketleader,88%haveacknowledged
Ethereum.Cardanowhichiscreatedbyoneofthe
cofounders of Ether eum “CHARLES
HOPKINSON”namedasEthereumkillerknown
by58.8%oftherespondents.Thefamousmeme
coindogecoincoinissurprisinglygotmorevotes
thancardano.AnIndianstartuppolygonmatic
made on Eth ereum’s blockchain ha sth e same
amoun t ofa cknowledgement  as  Hopkinson’s
Ethereumkiller.
SIGNIFICANTFINDINGS:
Crypto trader s have a lways comp lained
abouthightransactionfeesbutwiththehelp
ofblockchaintechnologyfundtransfervia
cryptocurr ency is easy with mi nimum or
almostzerotransactionfees.Whereasonthe
otherhand,Centralizedfinancialsystemslike
banksorpaymentserviceslikePayPalcharge
specificfeestotheircustomers,e.g.:PayPal
charg es 4. 4% char ge for  inte rna tiona l
transaction.Bankscuttheirslackinincoming
andoutgoingwiresfees.
The first-generation  cryptocur rency i.e.,
bitcoin works on a “PROOF OFWORK”
mechan ism wher e a cert ain number of
vali dators r ace amongst t hemsel ves t o
validateatransactiononbitcoin’sblockchain,
validator’swhohasmorecomputationpower
winstheracetovalidatethetransactiongets
6.5  bitcoins as a r eward an d rest of th e
Mr.AARADHYA GOLE & Ms. HETAME HTA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
validatorswhocompetedinthisrace,their
computation powerand electricitygoesin
vain.Tosolvethisissuesecondgeneration
cr ypto cur ren cy was i n tr oduced i.e. ,
Ethereum.
Ethereumrunsonamechanismofproofof
stakewhereanumberofvalidatorsstakea
particularamountofEthereumtokencalled
asetherintoaluckydraw,thegreaternumber
of eth er tokens one stake there’s more
chancesofonegettingpickedbutit’sstilla
littlerandom.Afterthevalidatorispickedone
getstovalidatethetransactiononEthereum’s
blockchain an d the validator gets a much
lesser  reward as it has consumed lesser
electricity.
As one h ad to stake their  ether toke n to
validatetransactions,ifthevalidatorisfound
tobecheatinginvalidationsthepersonwho
spots the fr aud gets the valid ators tokens
andthevalidatorisremovedfromthedraw.
The only fl aw Ethereu m fa ces is th e
scalability issue and high gasfeesbutit’s
goingtogetresolvedaftertheEthereum2.0
updat e as it coul d valida te up to 100000
transact i on a secon d  with minimum
transactionfees.
Smart contracts ar e the contracts where
programsarestoredonablockchainthatruns
whenpredeterminedconditionsaremet.Their
solepurposeistoexecuteanagreementso
that the people par t i cipated ca n  be
immediately get certain  ofthe outcome,
withoutanyintermediariesinvolvementor
timeloss.Theycanalsobeusedtoautomate
aworkflow,triggeringcertainactionswhen
condition s met according  to the progr am
embeddedinit.Smartcontractshelpincrease
the t r ust between retail-supplier
relationships, make int ernational tr ades
executefasterandmoreefficientlyandalso
safeguardtheefficacyofmedications.
Theglobalsupplyoffossilfuelsislikelyto
endby2060howevergreensourcessuchas
wind,solar,geothermalorhydropowerwill
conti nue as l ong as th e ear th su stains.
Accordingtoarecentreport,bitcoinminers
have been  using 5 6% of their  electri city
throughsustainableorrenewablesources.
CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATIONS:
Withthisweconcludethatblockchain
technology&cryptocurrencyhasthecapability
ofupgradingthefinancialinfrastructureofglobal
marketsaswellastheinternet.Asanimportant
emergingtechnologyblockchainwillplayarole
inmanyfieldsandwillconsiderablybenefitthem.
Ther efore, we suggest tha t the app lication  of
blockchaintechnologyandcryptocurrencymust
betakenintoconsiderationwhenbusinesseswant
tostreamline their corebusinessandautomate
transactionsbasedonsmartcontracts.Inaddition
to th i s we pr opose ou r  suggest i on that
cryptocur rency should be lega lized as a  legal
tender as it will be effortless for the people to
expan d their knowledge in t his field and use
cryptocurrencyindailylife.
SCOPEFORFURTHERRESEARCH:
• Detailedresearchonthirdgenerationcrypto
andblockchainbysolvingtheissuesfaced
byfirsttwogenerations.
• Acompleteroadmaponminingbitcoinusing
greenenergyandminimizingenergycosts.
• Athoroughresearchonhowtomintandsell
NFT’s.
BLOCKCHAINTECHNOLOGYANDCRYPTOCURRENCYASA DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
REFERENCES:
Blockchain as a disruptive technology for
business:Asystematicreview|RequestPDF
(researchgate.net)
Asystematicreviewofblockchain|Financial
Innovation|FullText(springeropen.com)
Fullarticle:TheBlockchain:Opportunitiesfor
Resea r ch in In formation  Systems and
InformationTechnology(tandfonline.com)
TheTruthAboutBlockchain(hbr.org)
TheTruthAboutBlockchain(hbr.org)
https://www.youtube.com/
https://duckduckgo.com/

Mr.AARADHYA GOLE & Ms. HETAME HTA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
Theworldhasbecomeaglobalvillage
andinthisageofglobalizationnocountycan
live  in  isolati on witho ut s eeking impact  of
globaltrendsindevelopmentofallmanyspheres.
Thisageofglobalizationalsohasgreaterimpact
on education.  Teach ers knowledge on c urre nt
trendsespeciallythetechnologyisveryimportant
particularlyduringCovid–19’.Irrespectiveof
discipline/areaofstudyorstreamsateacheris
expected  to be excelle din commu nication and
technology.Theteachersareforcedtolearnand
devel op new learning t ools and foll ow tech no
pedagogy in order overcome the  challenges of
new normal. Having accepted the prot ocols of
the g over nmen t, t he t each ers a ccep ted and
responded positively. Without the e fforts taken
by the teach ers, thee -learning is not possible,
regardlessof somany barriers,teachers found
analternativewaytoengagestudentsinonline
cla sse s. Teache rs st art ed a ttend ing many
webinars ,  e - conferen c e s, o rganiza t i o nal
meetin gs and workshops. On this pandemic,
teachersengagedtightlyenrollingmanyonline
courses like Swayam, MOOC,  etc. they also
sta rted t o share  thei r knowl edge  with o ther
teac h e r s in far d i stance t h a n k s to the
technologicaladvancements.Themainpurpose
ofthisstudyistoanalysethepsychologyofthe
teac h e r s duri n g  the p a n d e mic, posi t i v e
CROSSINGTHE RUBICON–APARADIGM SHIFTIN
TEACHINGANDLEARNING;ROLEPLAYAND
CONTRIBUTION OF TEACHERS DURING THE PANDEMIC
Dr.P.PARAMESWARI
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofHistory
FatimaCollege,Madurai,Tamilnadu,India.
responses, t heir contribution for the student
communityandexplainedhowtheycrossedthe
Rubicon.
INTRODUCTION
Covid-19’Pandemiccausededucational
institutionstoremaintemporarilyandpartially
closed.Liveinteractiveorone-to-oneeducation
hasalmostendedasofnow.But,thegovernment
andtheeducationalinstitutionsaretryingtofind
al ter nati ves ways to manag e th is difficult
circumstan ce. In th e beginning of the Covid –
19’(2019–2020),thee-learningwasverychallenge
tomanyeducationalinstitutionsthathadnever
experiencedthecomputationalskills.Moreover,
e-learningwasunderutilizedinthepastespecially
in developingcountries.1 However, the curren t
crisisofthepandemicforcedtheentireworldto
relyonitforeducation.Therearemanyresearches
andargumentscominguponthenegativeimpact
ofpandemiconeducation,hurdlesandchallenges
facedbytheteachersandtaught.Ofcourse,the
entiremankindunderwentahugelossofphysical,
psychological & material kind. According to
CharlesDarwin,theBritishnaturalist’stheoryof
sur vival of the fittest, “any organism s best
adjusted  to th eir envir onment a re th e most
successful i n survivin g and repr oducing” an y
speciesthatadjustedandlearnnotjusttosurvive
but also for th e rebuil din g can tack le the
cha llenges. Anot her fa mous th eory given by

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ArnoldToynbeeonhisbook“AStudyofHistory”
explains,howandwhythegreatcivilizationswere
aroseandfellintheentirehistory.Hisarguments
areverysimplethatifthereareleaderstorespond
creat ivity in the mid st of challeng es, a grea t
civilizationemerges.Handlingthesituationwith
creativity,acceptingandlearningnewthingsare
genuineneedofthehour.Thequalityofteacher
educat ion not onl y depen ds on pr ofessionall y
soundandrelevant curriculum,but alsoonthe
waythe curriculumis implementedinTeacher
EducationInstitutions.This,inturn,dependson
theproficiencyofthefacultyanditsqualityand
the infr astructura l and instr uction al facilities
providedintheInstitutions. Thepresentstudy
ana lysed the high need of accepting th e new
normalasnormalandalsoacknowledgesthegreat
effortstakenbytheteachersinunlockingtheir
pot ent ial ity t owards l ear nin g, shar ing an d
explor ing several  lesser known a nd unkn own
platformsofe-toolsandtechniques.
The main par adigm shift in t eaching-
learninghasreallytakenseveralinitiativesandit
ispossibleonlybythe dedication,commitment
andacceptanceofthechallengesbytheteachers
with out  comp rom isi ng th e stand ard based
curriculum,balanceintheoryandpractice,shift
from  teacher  t o stu dent  centered  delivery
system,  quality  assuran ce  and  shift  in
assessmentprocedures.Thisstudyisanattempt
to make a systematic analysis of the positive
responsesfromteachersideonthispandemictime
andtohighlightvariousrecentinnovativee-tools
and tech niques h andl ed by th e teacher s with
scientificdata.
TheObjectivesoftheStudy
Themainobjectiveofthesurveywasto
inspectthepsychologicaltrauma,challengesand
difficultiesfacedbyteachersforonline classes
duringpandemic.Itisworthmentioningthat,live
classes/onetoonearebetterthanremotelearning.
Thestudydidnotwanttoconfirmonlineclasses
arerecommendable.Thoughatthebeginningof
the pandemic many college and university
teachersstruggledhardtohandleonlineclasses,
later,theystartedlearningmanye-toolsspending
their person alti mes. They underwent so many
physica l and ps ych ological issues i n order t o
engag e student s for onli ne classes effectively.
Mayteacherstheylearntbeyondtheirlimitsas
exactlycrossingtheRubicon. Whenyearspass
onwiththepandemicteachersstartedtoengage
onlin e classes more attr active and in teractive
throughvariousonlineteachingapplications,and
tools. Hen ce the pu rpose of the st udy was to
hi ghlig ht,  appreci ate an d acknowledg e th e
hardshipsunderwentbytheteachersofcolleges
anduniversities.
Thespeciûcderivedobjectivespursuedwere:
o Toanalyzethepsychologyandchallenges
facedbytheteachersduringPandemic
o Toestimate the positive responses of the
teachersonremotelearning
o To acknowl edge th e cont ribut ion of t he
teachers in t hemi dstof Pandemic for the
futureofstudents
o Tohighlightvariousinnovativee-toolsand
techniqueshandledbytheteachers
Discussions
The rapid transmi ssion of COVID-19
through out the world h as ha d health,  social,
psych ologi cal, economic and, of cour se,
educati onal con sequences.  The pa ndemic h as
affectedthementalstate ofstudentsas well as
Dr. P.PARAMESWARI

475
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
teachers’. Recentstudies havepointed out that
duringlockdown,teachershavesufferedstress
fromhavingtoadapt(inrecordtime)inorderto
provideonlineclasses.2Thisstresshasoftenbeen
accompaniedbysymptomsofanxiety,depression,
and sleep disturban ce as a consequence of the
increasedworkloadresultingfromhometeaching.
Notmanystudiesconductedduringthepandemic
measure the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and
depression amongteachersbut thestudiesthat
have been carried out suggest th at they have
psychologicalsymptomsandthisreinforcesthe
importanceofreopeningschoolsanduniversities.
ArecentArabstudyhasindicatedthatthiscrisis
hascausedteacherstosufferproblemsthatare
often relat ed to a pand emic situat ion, such as
anxiety, depr ession,  domestic violen ce, a nd
divorce,allofwhichrestricttheirabilitytoteach
properly.3Astudy carried outin threecitiesin
Ch ina during th e pa n dem ic assessed the
prevalenceofanxietyamongteachersandfound
aprevalenceof13.67%,withwomenbeingmore
anxiousthanmenandtheolderonesbeingmore
symptomatic.4
ChallengesofOnlineEducationplatform
1. Lackofconfidenceintryingnewmethods
2. Fearlossofcontentcoverage
3. Lossofcontrolovertheclass
4. Lackofpreparedmaterialsforuseintheclass
6. Lackofbackgroundortrainingintheuseof
activelearningapproaches
7. Unable to group t he student s together as
theynotawareofonlineclasses
8. Economicproblemofthestudents
9. Psychologicalproblemsofthestudents
10. Lackofproperspaceandenvironment for
students
11. Networkissues
12. Lackofunderstandingforstudents
13. HealthIssues;EarandEyeproblem
14. Assessment-Evaluation
Methods
Datawascollected usinganelectronic
questionnaire (Google forms) with a valida ted
TechnologyAcceptanceModel(TAM)toknow
the psychological strains under went by the
teachers, various strategiesto engagestudents,
inn ovative e-tools and techn iques hand led by
them.
Thestudysamples
Thetargetgroup consistedofteachers
ofcollegesanduniversities.Chosenalllevelsof
teach ersfrom Assistant Professor Category to
Professors. The faculties covered are Arts and
Scienceincludeslanguage, history,economics,
commer ce, sociol ogy, psychology, ph ysics,
chemi str y, b iology, h ome scien ce, computer
science,zoology,journalism,folklore,religion-
philosophy,andProfessionalfacultycoveredare
managementandLaw.Acallforparticipationwas
sh ared t hroug h Wh atsApp a pplicat ion and
Ema ils. A Hu ndr ed samp les was  coll ected
concentrating all streams  of arts, science,
management studies and Law college. Data
collectionwasgatheredfortwoweeks.
TheDesignoftheSurvey
The basic method used in  conducting
thestudywasthesurveymethod,whichuseda
questionnaireasatool.Thesurveyconsistedof
24questions.Outofwhich,13questionsmadeto
CROSSINGTHE RUBICON–APARADIGMSHIFT INTEACHINGANDLEARNING;ROLE ...

476
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
inquirethechallengesandhardshipoftheteachers
while they are in online classes. 9 questions
prepar ed to measure how far  teachers pus hed
their selves deeper by investing their  personal
timetoincreasetheirknowledgeontechnology
inordertoengageonlineclasseseffective.
Results
14%ofteachersreportedthattheyget
affected with several healt h issues oth er than
coro na vi rus a nd  with t hat t hey m anag ed
themselves to take onlin e classes. 21 %of the
teacherssaid,theydonothaveproperspaceand
environmen tt o conduct online classes. 7 % of
theteacherswhodonothaveinternetaccessto
them and soughtthehelp of browsing centers,
stayedinrelatives’houseuntilonlineclassesgets
over.23%oftheteachersofvariouscollegesand
universitieshad beenmonitoredthrough video
recordingfacilitiesbytheirinstitutions. Itgave
very much stress to th e teachers because they
are unable to take even a sh ort break between
eachhoursastheywereusedtotakeatleast2
minut es of break between one anoth er class es
whentheyteachinoffline.Theywillhavechance
ofatleastwalkingfromoneclasstoanotherclass.
Thislittlegapalsodeniedtothemandwerepushed
tologintonexthourimmediatelywhetherthey
have3hoursor4hoursinaday.
Themajority(88%)ofthestaffmembers
agreedthatthetechnologicalskillsofgivingthe
onlinecoursesincreasetheeducationalvalueof
the experienceofthe collegestaff. Therateof
participant agreement onperceivedusefulness,
perceived ease of use, and acceptance of e-
learn ing wa s (77.1%, 76.5%, an d 80. 9%
respectively).Thehighestbarrierstoe-learning
wereinsufficient/unstableinternetconnectivity
(40%),inadequatecomputerlabs(36%),lackof
computers/laptops(32%),andtechnicalproblems
(32%).Youngerage,teachingexperiencelessthan
10years,andbeingamalearethemostimportant
indicatorsaffectinge-learningacceptance.This
recordingactionoftheirmanagementalsogives
an inferior complex and discomfor t to some
teachersduetotheirspaceandenvironmentand
noi sy backgr oun d both fami ly an d  other
disturbances.
Despiteofallthesehardships,teachers
continuedonlineclasseswithmoreinputandhard
workjusttosupportstudents.Itwasveryshock
andsurprisetoknowthat27 %oftheteachers
they do not aware of tech nology before t he
pandemic,38%ofteachersknowntotechnology
atthebasiclevel,10%moderateand25%had
advance kn owledge on technology and onli ne
tools and techniques. But the same teacher ’s
knowledge usage of technol ogy for the onlin e
classeswasdrasticallytransformed.It isreally
calledaparadigmshiftinteachinglearning.The
data goes like the same teachers after the
pa n dem i c, they improved fr om unknown
technologyknowledgeto5%ofbasicknowledge
level. Basic knowledge level of teacher’s ratio
increasedfrom5%to60%andlastly25%of
teach ers who ar e already in a dvance level of
technologybasededucation,nowgotmoreand
super advance level to 35%. Though , workin g
hours, syllabus and asses sment method was
limitedforsomeextent,therearemanycolleges
whoincreasedtheworkload.49%oftheteachers
reportedthattheirworkloadduringthepandemic
was incr eased. Besid es, in some col leges, th e
institutionisinthepreparationofNAACandother
academicupgradationwork.Sotheburdenofthe
teacher s was accelerated. 9 % of the teacher s
reportedtheyworkedforonlineclassesaswellas
fortheNAACfromhome.Pathetically8%ofstaff
Dr. P.PARAMESWARI

477
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
didnotreceivedtheirsalaryformorethanathree
monthsbutwereaskedtotakeonlineclasses.18
%staffreportedthattheirsalarywasreducedto
50%.
Desp ite of all  these hu rdles, stres s,
compulsionsandmonitoring,teachersattended
sever al on lin e pr ogra ms li ke webinars, e-
confer ences, wor kshops,  facul ty developmen t
program setc., in order to engage their  online
classesmoreeffective.Theycompromisedtheir
sleepingtimeandleisuretimewiththeirfamily
andkids.Someteachersrespondedthatthepeace
andloveoftheirfamilywaslostastheymisstheir
familyduringtheonlineclassesandevenafter
theclasses.Becausenowtheyhavetopreparee-
materialsfortheirstudentsforwhichmostofthem
donotexperience.Theywere so busyindoing
assignmentsandprojects.Theyclearedtestsand
projectstogetcompletioncertificate.Still,many
teachersfoundtheopportunitiesinthechallenges.
They pushed themselves very hard to listen to
variousclassesandimpliedwhatevertheylearnt.
Theystartedusingvariouse-toolsintheironline
classes which resulted in g ood responses from
thestudentsandalsogaveself-satisfaction.This
isreallycalledcrossingtheRubicon.
Theteachersarenowwellknowntothe
onlineworldandcanabletomanagetofacesimilar
kind of pandemic or anything. Th ey are now
motivatedwiththeresponsesandinvolvementof
thestudentsand feelingproudfortheirinputs.
Teachersseizedopportunitiesoncetheybecome
goodattechnology.27%oftheteachersbecame
resour ce persons for  onl ine prog rams. It  was
becauseoftheiractiveparticipationandlearning
atoncesideandimplementingthesamethingwith
thestudentsaswellaswithotherfaculty.
Conclusion
Thisstudyhighlightsthechallengesand
factorsinfluencingtheacceptance,anduseofe-
lear ning a s a tool for tea ching with in hi gher
education.Thus,itwillhelptodevelopastrategic
pla n for t he success ful impl ementa tion of e-
learningandviewtechnologyasapositivestep
towards evolution an d change. Teachers effort
andinvolvementresultedintheprogressofthe
stu dents as  such.  Of cour se, ma ny students
especiallythosewhoresidesattheruralareawere
struggledalotandunderwentstressandanxiety
ofcomparing themselveswithother privileged
student s, were assisted and m entor ed by their
teachers.Theywerealsocaredoff.Thelearners
i.e.studentsconstructnewknowledgefromtheir
experiences,theyincorporatethenewinformation
intoanalreadyexistingframework.
Students also started lea rning m any
thingsindependentlyaftertheclassesandthey
ap pli ed t hei r cr eat ivi ty wh ile  they submit
assignments and presentations. No doubt, the
teachersdevelopedtheirownselvesandelevated
studentsintonextleveloflearningthankstothe
advancemen t  of technology a n d various
educationalinterest’sgroups.Fewexampleslike,
UTAUniversalTeachersAcademy,Swayamand
several colleges and universities conducted so
many programs concentr ating effective online
classes. The Pandemic brought many frontlin e
warri ors to the li melight and teacher sare th e
inevitableoneamongthebestones.
Reference:
1. AlLily,A.E.,Ismail,A.F.,Abunasser,F.M.,
an d Al hajh oj, R.  H. ( 2020). Dist ance
edu cati on a s a res pons e to p andem ics:
CoronavirusandArabculture.Technol.Soc.
63:101317.
CROSSINGTHE RUBICON–APARADIGMSHIFT INTEACHINGANDLEARNING;ROLE ...

478
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
2. Besser,A.,Lotem,S.,andZeigler-Hill,V.
(2020). Psych ological St ress an d Voca l
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(Footnotes)
1DhawanS.Onlinelearning:Apanaceainthe
timeofCOVID-19crisis.JEducTechnolSyst.
2020;49(1):5–22.
2Besser,A.,Lotem,S., andZeigler-Hill,V.
(20 20). Psych ologi cal Stress and Vocal
SymptomsAmongUniversityProfessorsin
Israel: Impl ications of the Shift to Online
SynchronousTeachingDuringtheCOVID-
19 Pand emic. J. Voice Official J . Voice
Foundat.S0892-1997,30190–30199.
3AlLily,A.E.,Ismail,A.F.,Abunasser,F.M.,
an d Al hajh oj, R.  H. ( 2020). Dist ance
edu cati on a s a res pons e to p andem ics:
CoronavirusandArabculture.Technol.Soc.
63:101317.
4Idem.

Dr. P.PARAMESWARI

479
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ABSTRACT
The Indian fishi ng histor ywith its
primitivemethodgoesbacktotheancientperiod.
Our li terary sour ces especially our  Epics and
Puranas,andtheexhibitionoffineartshaveample
referencestothelegacyoffishing.Theknowledge
oftheoccurrenceoffishintheIndiancontextis
threemillenniumB.C.old(Hora,1956).excavations
atMohenjodaroandHarappaattesttothefactof
thefishbeinganitemoffood.InSangamliterature,
Pandyasglorifythisspeciesintheirflag.
Keywords:Ichthyology–Estuaries– Creeks–
Bleaching–Jute–Oceanography–Brooks.
INTRODUCTION
Whenwelookbackthehistoryoffishing
andfishermenfromtheearliesttimes,itseemsthat
theabundantwealthanddeviceshadcomefrom
theocean.Unfortunately,thefishermenareliving
in poverty– ‘Richand variedarethe products
herecollected,thereisnotradeoroccupationso
peculiarlydistinguishedthroughalltimesandall
villagesbythepovertyofitspursuersasthatof
fish ing pover ty is badg e, wh ich ma rks th e
fishermen.1Fishingwasoneoftheearliestsources
of food supply, an d it is stil l one of the most
importantmeanoflivelihoodforthehumanity.
GENESIS OF FISHERMEN COMMUNITIES IN TAMILNADU
N.AROKIADOSS
Ph.D.(Part-Time)ResearchScholar,
DepartmentofHistory,
AnnamalaiUniversity,AnnamalaiNagar.
Dr.P.JEYABALAKRISHNAN(Mentor)
AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofHistory
ThiruKolanjiapparGovernmentArtsCollege,
Vriddhachalam–606001,CuddaloreDistrict.
Amongs t the p rimi tive and  unsett led
communities,theprinciplepursuitoflifeconsists
offishing-hunting.Thehunterclaimsthegreater
shareofimportance.Evenbeforeagriculturaland
pastoralpursuitshavetakenroots,bothfoodand
clothingaresuppliedtheproduceofthechase,
whilefishingmustbecontenttoconfineitselfto
theformer.2Thus,fishingisalliedtotheagricultural
system.
WhileAristotle(384-327B.C.)issaidto
bethefounderofichthyology, kingSomesvara,
thesonofkingVikramadityaVI,whocomposed
thebook,ManaSoltara,in1127A.D.wasthefirst
to record th e common sport fishes of India,
groupingthemintomarineandfreshwaterriverine
forms.3
Inthepresentcentury,theDepartment
Fisher ies has been  developed both by t he
Governmentandotherinstitutions.By1906,the
MadrasGovernmenttookstepstodevelopfishing
industryofthestateincludingthesocio-economic
statusofthefishermencommunity.In1928,the
Royal Commi ssion on Agr iculture (in cluding
fisheries)reportedonthestateofthefisheriesin
India.AseparateDepartmentforfisherieswasset
upinMadras,Bengal,Travancore,duringthepre-
independentperiod.Toreviewandrecommend

480
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
measuresfordevelopmentoffisheriesinIndiawas
appointedafishsub-committeeunderthe“Grow-
morefoodcampaign”.4Thereafter,anumberof
stateshadstarteddepartmentoffisheriesoftheir
ownonthepatternofthedepartmentoffisheries
ofIndia.
THEDEVELOPMENTOFFISHINGINDUSTRY
AFTERINDEPENDENCE
Aft er the set up or Depar tment of
fisheriesinseveralstatesofIndia,theGovernment
ofIndiastartedthreedifferentresearchstations,
the central Marine Fisheries Research station
(CMFRS)atMandapam(TamilNadu),Central
Inland Fisheries Research Station (CIFRS) at
Barrack-pore(Culcutta),andCentralDeep-Sea
FishingStationatBombay.Lateronseveralsub-
stationswerestartedthroughoutthecountry.The
UniversitiesandtheResearchInstituteshavealso
enteredintothefieldoffishresearch.Anumberof
developmental a ctivities were implement ed by
variousagenciesundertheGovernmentofIndia
withfinancialassistances.
Off-shorefishingstationswereinstalled
at Cochin, Visak apatt inam and  Mangalore.
Establishmen tof Central Institute of Fisheries
EducationatBombayisanimportantevent.5Áll
these together with  the numerous projects and
progra mmesstarted during the five year plan
periodsenvisagedincreaseinfishproductionand
saw at lea st part ial mec hanis ation of fi shing
industry.
Fishingcommunitylivinginruralvillages
arescatteredalongtheIndiancoastalareas,rivers,
estuaries, creeks,lakes,tanka,pondsand back
waters.Fishingisoneoftheoldestandtraditional
meansoflivelihood.Thefishermengenerallyare
found to be placed in lower position  in caste
hierarchy,andasa resulttheyconstituteoneof
thepoorestsectionsoftheIndiansociety.6
Belongingtohetrogeneouscastegroup
andreligion,thefishermenarespreadallalong
thecoastallines.Inspiteofthefactthatfishingis
consideredasoneofthesourcesandthewealth
producingoccupation,itdidnothelpinchanging
the back wa rdness of th e economic and s ocial
ordereventothisday.7
SIGNIFICANCEOFTHEFISHINGINDUSTRY
Fish ing is on eof the major primary
avocationsnexttoagriculture.Thedevelopment
of fishing industr y also helps to overcome the
existinglownutritionalstatusofthepeople.Fish
isconsideredtobeanimportantsourceofanimal
protein.8AlargepercentageofpopulationofIndia,
especia lly non-veget arians consume fish th at
formsanimportant food item.Therefore,with
increasedproductionoffish,itisalsopossibleto
overcomethenutrientdeficiencyinthedailyintake
offood.9
The econ omic d evelopmen t of In dia
reliesheavilyonits naturalfood,andfish isa
major source offood. Fishin gIn dustry playsa
vitalroleintheIndiannationaleconomyandits
fullestpotentialisstillnotexploited.10TheIndian
fishi ng in dustry ha s many benefits in cludin g
production of food, contr ibution to national
income,employmentopportunityandrecreation
and sport.11 The importan ce of fisheries in the
Ind ian econ omy can  be iden tified  under  two
separ ate headings, i.e. its contribution to the
nationalfoodsupplyanditscontributiontothe
nation a l in come and employment.12  Th e
development of fishin g and the consequent
stepping up ofexportsalsohelpustoearnthe
precious foreign  exchange, wh ich enables th e
N.AROKIADO SS&  Dr. P.J EYABALAKRISHNAN

481
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Gover n ment to tide over the m ounting
disequilibr ium in the balance of paymen ts
situation,whichhasassumedacriticalproportion
intherecenttimes.Itisestimatedthatthissector
contributedover37percentofthetotalexportof
thecountry.Theexportearningsfromthissector
amountedtoRs.9,000croresatcurrentprices.13
Fisheriesofferalargescopetofulfillthe
basic objectives of production-cum - full
employmentenvisagedinthedevelopmentalplans
in India.Fisheries sect or provides direct
employmentto a millionpeopleinthecountry,
andindirectemploymentthroughtheassociated
vocation s like n et makin g, boat ca rving,  fish
processing,fishsales,fishtransportation,basket
making,icemanufacturingandsaltmaking.14In
an unemp l oyment ridden  econ omy, th e
employmentgenerationinfisheriessectorisreally
encouraging.
Thenutritionandfoodsupply,income,
employment, in frast ruct ure and  rescue an d
defenceservicesare theothermainbenefitsof
thefishingindustry.15Fishermenplayamajorrole
in for mal or a d-hoc rescue s ervice. Th is is
especiallytrueatthetimeofcyclonesandfloods
inthecountry.Experiencedfishermenandcraft
havealsoplayedanimportantroleinthedefence
servicebywayofprovidinginformationetc.Sea
powertoohasleanedheavilyuponfishermenfor
support.Fishingfleetshavealwayscontributing
str ategic man power to merch ant and nava l
vessels in times of emergency, an d have often
beentransformedintoauxiliarynavies.16
Besides being an article of food, fish
yieldsthefollowingby-productslikefishoil,fish
manure,fishmawsandsharkskinetc.Themost
importantofthemisfishoil,suchassardineoil
andsharkliveroil,whicharenowproducedona
commercialbasisinIndia.Theoilisusedinthe
manufactur e of paints, soft soap, for softening
hides,temperingsteel,bleechingjuteandother
hydrocarbonsinthepreparationofediblefats.
FishliveroilcontainsvitaminAandB,whichare
indispensibleforcuringdisease.Itismanufactured
bytheGovernmentofMaharashtra,TamilNadu
andKerala.TheGovernmentsharkliveroilfactory
issituatedatCalicut(Kerala).
The sub sidis ed in dustr ies pr oduce a
var iety of item s like while pear ls, butt ons,
ambergris,coral,tortoiseshell,foods,contiments,
medicines , chemicals, Jelli es, Blues, waxes,
cements,stockfoods,fertilizers,leathers,furs,lime
poultrygrit,sponges,seawoodandwhalebone
etc.17
The i n dust r y has within the past
generationenlistednumberofresearchactivities
to furth er its p rogress. T he dis cover ies  of
ocean ograp hy,  biology a nd pi scicult ure h ave
begun  to replace or at least challen ge the
trad itions, pr ejudices and un trained , halt tr ue
obser vation s, wh ich domi nat ed the  fish ing
industry.
The fi shing in dust ry with  ports  and
associatedservicescatteredaroundthecoastcan
playanimportantpartinmaintainingdegreeof
balanceinthedistributionofpopulationbetween
ur ban  an d non -ur ban  ar eas. Si mil arly t he
developmentofnewportcanfacilitateinvestment
ininfrastructurelikeroad,coldstorageandice
plant,thus,essentialtothegeneraldevelopment
of remoteareas.Theavailabilityofeducation,
recreationcentre,regulatedmarket,medicalshop,
hospital,postoffice,busfacilities,watersupply
andfairpriceshopcanhaveatremendousbearing
onthelivingconditionsoffishermen.
GENESISOFFISHERMEN COMMUNITIESINTAMILNADU

482
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
TYPESOFFISHING
FishinginIndiafallintodifferenttypes,
based on th e habitat . They are classified in to
marinefishing(ocean),inlandfishing(lagoons,
backwaters, estuaries and  other land lacked
water),  Fresh  wate r fishing  (al l fres h wat er
habitats),Estuarinefishing,Riverinefishingand
coldwaterfishing(streams,brooksetc.ofhigh
altitudes).Themarinefishingaredistinguished
into off-shore and deep-sea fishing etc.18 The
fisheriesofIndiabroadlyconsistsoftwotypes-
marinefishingandinlandfishing.19
MARINEFISHING
Marineresources happentobe one of
therichestwealthIndia,whichisblessedwitha
coastlineof6,500kilometers(excludingthoseof
islands)with a continentalshelfof5.8million
sq.kms20intowhichnumerouslargeandperennial
rivers discharge their silt-laden waters.21 The
marineresourcescompriseofthetwowidearms
oftheIndianocean,andalargenumberofsmaller
gulfsandbaysallalongthecoast.Alargenumber
ofsmalloceanicislandswiththeirinnumerable
creeks, bays, mangrove swamps and extens ive
coral reefs, all these provide extensive marine
fishinggrounds.22Nearly,onefifthoftheworld
marineareaisatourdisposal.Itisarichdepository
ofvaluablemarinefauna.India’smarineresources
potentialhasbeenestimatedat11to14million
tonnes.23Despitethevastfisheryresources,India
produces only 9percent of the total supply of
fishinAsia,whereasJapan contributed43 per
centand18percentofAsia’sfishproduction.24
Atpresent,there are1300fishlandingcentres
along  the sea coast in  India. 25 The imp ortan t
speciesoffishcaughtintheIndianseaareshrimp,
oil sardine, macker el, pomfred, seer,
elasmobranches,catfish,ribbonfish,perches.26
etc.
INLANDFISHING
InlandfishinginIndiaisasimportantas
marin efishing. The principal  rivers and thei r
tr ibuta ries , ca nal s, p onds,  lak es, r eser voir s
compriseofinlandfishing.Theriversextendover
about 17,000 miles and other subsidia ry water
channelscompriseof70,000 miles.Theinland
capturefishingcontributesabout40%ofthetotal
fishproduction.Thisspeaksabouttheimportance
of the inland fishing, especially in the rural
economy of our  country.2 7 Out of a total
productionof28.5lakhtonesoffishin1984-85,
84,11lakhtonescamefrominlandfishing.The
inlandfishcatchstatisticsshowsthatWestBengal
ranks  first  followed by Tami l Nadu,  Andh ra
pradesh,Karnataka,Bihar,Assam,Orissa,Uttar
Pradesh.,Maharastra,Gujarat,28etc.Theimportant
varietiesoffishthatarecaughtintheinlandareas
aremullets,prawns,eels,herringsandanchovies,
live fish, catla, rohu,  mrigal, corps, cat fishes,
featherbacks,murrals,hilsa,29etc.
Itishearteningtonotethatamicroscopic
percentageofthiscommunityhasunderstoodthe
values of oth er  pr ofession s, an d other
constitutionalandadministrativeprotectiongiven
tothem.Itisforthemtoeducatetherestofthe
fellowmentocometoasocialandeconomicstatus
ofdignity.
REFERENCES
1. TheFisheriesExhibitionLiterature,Fisheries
and Fishermen of All Countrie s. The
Condition of Fishermen in Every Age,Vol.1.
2. Fr ancis Day, Th e Fisher ies Exh ibit ion
Literature,Fish and Fishing,Vol.II,Part-II.
3. HoraasquotedbyV.G.Jhingran,Fish and
Fisheries of India.,p.1
N.AROKIADO SS&  Dr. P.J EYABALAKRISHNAN

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Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
4. K.Shanmugham,op. cit.,pp.16-17.
5. Ibid.,p.17.
6. N.SubbaRao,Mechanisation and Marine
Fi sherm e n : A C a s e Study on
Visakhapatnam,pp.1-2.
7. Ibid.,p.1.
8. The State Level Delegation of Fisherm en
Comm unit y of t he Union Territ ory of
Pondicherry,Demand for the inclusion of
Fishermen Community of Pondicherry in
the List of Scheduled Tribes of India,pp.1-
2.
9. M.Ramadass,Pondicherry Economy,p.283.
10. N.SubbaRao,op.cit.,p.2.
11. K.C.Pandey,Concepts of Indian Fisheries,
p.2.
12. N.SubbaRao,op.cit,p.2.
13. The State Level Delegation of Fishermen
Comm unit y of t he Union Territ ory of
Pondicherry,op.cit.,p.1.
14. N.SubbaRao,Important of Trawlers Need
for Fresh AppraisalinTheEconomicTimes,
dated23rdSeptember1978,p.3.
15. N.SubbaRao,Economics of Fisheries,p.15.
16. R.A.Edwin,SeligmanandAlvinJohnson,
Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences,p.266.
17. Ibid.,p.267.
18. K.Shanmugham,op.cit.,p.18.
19. SibRanganMisra,Fisheries in India,p.198.
20. P.C. George, F ish eries  Pla nn ing and
DevelopmentinIndia,Proceedings of the
Indo-Pacific Fisheries Council,p.154.
21. M.SubbaRao,MechanisationandMarine
Fishermen,op. cit.,p.5.
22. B.N.Chopra.(ed.),“Handbook of Indian
Fisheries”,GovernmentofIndia,Ministry
ofAgriculture,AgricultureSeriesNo.44,p.8.
23. TheEconomicTimes,10thJune1977,p.5.
24. RuddarDattandK.P.M.Sundaram,Indian
Economy,p.87.
25. CentralMarineFisheriesResearchInstitute
(CMFRI), E xplo i t e d Mari ne Fishi n g
Resources of India,BulletinNo.27,p.1.
26. N.SubbaRao,op.cit.,p.6.
27. K.Shanmugham,op. cit.,p.28.
28. Ibid.,p.29.
29. N.SubbaRao,op.cit.,p.7.

GENESISOFFISHERMEN COMMUNITIESINTAMILNADU

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Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Introduction
Whil e num erou s stu dies have been
conductedonaspectsofmegalithicculture,one
inparticularthathasgarneredattentionisthatof
spatial dimension  of megalith ic constr uctions.
(RenfrewC1993)firstpracticedthenewtrendof
focusin g on th e spatial  patt ern  of megalit hic
culturethroughhisuniquestudiesonEuropean
megalithicphenomenon. Hestudied thespatial
dimensionofmegalithicmonumentsasawayto
interpretthesocialpracticeofwhichmegaliths
werepartandtheeffectthattheirpresencehad
onthelandscapein the later period(Wheatley
and Sanjuan 2010).Theresearch carried outin
Europeoverthelastthreedecadesgivesample
pr oof th at sug gest s meg alith ic m onuments
operatedatmultiplelevelslikeeconomic,social,
and ideological, an d these were all expr essed
throughtheaspectsoftheirspatialorganizations
(WheatleyandSanjuan2010).InIndia,landscape
studiesarestillpoorlyunderstood,and thereis
no serious attempt  to under stand th e
interrelationshipbetweenmegalithiccultureand
theirphysicalenvironment.
Onthephysiographicground,Keralacan
belongitudinallybedividedintofourzones,high
land(600-2817mts),midland(300-600mts),low
land(30-300mts),andthecoastalplains(0-30mts).
Thehighlandischaracterizedbyhighaltitude
areascomprisedoftheWesternGhatsandother
SPATIALUTILIZATIONANDMEGALITHICCULTURE:A
LANDSCAPEANALYSISATANAPPARA
RAMJITHKP
Researchscholar
HistoryDepartment
PondicherryUniversity
hillyareaswithmetamorphosedigneousrocks.
Themidlandisthicklyvegetatedandcharacterized
bylowhillsandbroadvalleys.Thelowlandsare
alsoessentiallylaterate,whicharemarkedwith
floodplains,rock-cutterraces,andpineplains.
Thecoastalplainsareavastterrainoflowrelief
exceptforafewlowhillrangevalleysinextreme
northandsouth(KumarA2003).Thedistribution
of par ticular megalithi c types is primarily
determinedbythephysiographyofaparticular
region and the nature ofraw materialsreadily
availableforutilization(KumarA2003).Thereare
differenttypesofmegalithicstructuresdistributed
indifferentregionsofKerala.Theuniquepatterns
were t he r esult of t he un ique en viron menta l
conditionoftheregion.InKerala,aspecifictype
ofmegalithic stonestructurewasseenin some
specificareas;rock-cutcavesareabandonedin
the l a t er ate belt of Ka n n ur, Kasarg ode,
Malappuram,andThrissurdistrict.Dolmensand
menhirsareconcentratedintheareawheregranite
andcharconiteareavailableinabandon.Topikal
andkudakkalsoccurinthelowlandareaswith
richlateriticoutcrops.Urnburials,however,are
not confinedtoanyspecific regionandhave a
largedistributionalloverKerala.
Theenvironmenthasasignificantrole
inshapinghumancultures.Everyanimalinnature
hastheirsignonitsphysicalworld.Hereinthe
case of human beings, the use of land for a
meaningful purpose mark dir ectly towards the

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Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
culture.Allcreaturesarealteringtheirplacefor
differentpurposes;itisrelatedtotheday-to-day
lifeofpeople.Inaddition,inthesameway,there
willbeasign,whichshowsthewayofpatternof
landusageineverylandscape.Inmanycases,it
isconstructiveforanarchaeologisttoknowthe
cultur al element  of past com munities t hrough
decoding t he patte rn of spati al utilization. In
specifictomegalithicstudies,theonlyproofofa
previously existing society is their  significa nt
stonebuildings,andthelandscapestudywillbe
anaidforanarchaeologisttoknowmoreabout
megalithicsociety.
Humanbeingsaremorecomplexanimals
intheworld;theirsocialorderandbehaviorsare
distinctfromothercreaturesintheuniverse.They
buildtheirenvironmentinaspecificmannerfor
theirwell-being.Theutilityisthecoreofallhuman
actions;itisthesame,whichdeterminesthesocial
lifeandlatertheso-calledculture.Insteadofbeing
merelyahunterandgatherer,theIronAgesociety
wasquitedevelopedas asocialbeing with the
inventi on of the art of agricultur e. The social
structure,powerrelation,andemotionalbondages
werequitecomplexascomparedtothepreand
proto-historicsociety.Theyusedtheenvironment
todrawtheiremotionsandideologicalattitude.In
concern with  the megalith ic society, the gia nt
stonestructureshave a tremendous socialrole,
moreideologicalandemotional,tofullfillhuman
utility.So a newapproach basedonthespatial
entitydepartsfromatraditionaltypologicalstudy
onmegalithscanshedmorelightontheobscurity
ofthispast society.
CurrentsurveyatAnapparaRegion
Anapparaisaplace,whichislocatedin
theThiruvilwamalapanchayat,comprisingboth
cultivablefertileplainlandandcomparativelyhilly
terraces.Itlies5kmwestofThiruvilwamala.The
placeisalsoenrichedwiththepresenceofsome
smallwaterchannelsacrossthecultivatingland
andconnectedwitharivercalledGayatriPuzha,a
tributaryofBharataPuzha,oneofthemajorrivers
in Kerala. Th is area lies on th e border of the
Palakkad and Th rissur  districts. The Google
satelliteimaginaryprovidesdetailedinformation
aboutthelandscape.Thepreliminaryanalysisof
theterrainmadeusconform;theexistenceofmany
pa l a eo ch an nel s a cross the place an d  a
comparativelybigpalaeoriverbedmarkunderlines
the change in the course of river Gayatri by
accumulatingthesedimentarydepositsinancient
times. The place was Rich in vegeta tion and
minerals.Thesoilseemsmorelaterateinnature,
and laterate stoneisvisibleinthe terrain. The
granitestone isabundant, and quartzitepieces
werevisiblyscatteredontheground.
Historicallytheplacewasmarkedbythe
presen ce of meg alit hic monument s in l arge
numbers. T he area where we could find the
monumentsaresituatedonanelevatedsurface.It
is exclusively separated from th e mai nlan d
cultivatingareaandhypotheticallyfarfromthe
habitationcenteraswell.Nowtheprimaryarea,
whichconsistsmegalithiccluster,hastransformed
intoarubberplantation.However,thehistorical
relicsareveryevident.Thereweidentifiedacluster
ofscatteredmegalithicmonuments.Itshowsthe
potentialofthesite,andadetailedexcavationcan
bring out more monumental structures and
informationintothelight.Thedistributionofthe
largequantityofironslagisanotherattractionof
thesite.
In  Ana ppar a, we  ide ntif ied 1 5 Ci st
burials,andmanyofthemareheavilydamaged,
probablyduetothehumanoccupationinrecent
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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
times.Thecistortherectangularchamberwithin
thelaterateorgranitecircleisthestandardtype
ofmegalithicfoundhere.Theyusedbothdressed
and un dressed stones for constr uction, an d in
manycases,thedressedstoneswereusedforthe
construction of Cist slabs, and th e outer circle
was made out of und ressed stones. Ir on sla gs
foundacrossthesiteunderlinethepossibilityof
theexistenceofmetalproductioninthenearby
area.Asmallcruciblehassignifiedthepossibility
of an act iveir on tools production i n the site.
Moreover,somepotsherdsofblackandredware
andredwarewerealsopointingtothehistorical
significanceofthearea.Therearetwoextensive
granitequarriesinthenearbyarea,almostwithin
aone-kilometredistance.Thequarryingmarkis
veryevidentintherocksurface,and,undoubtedly,
the stone used for th e megalith ic constr uction
might  have been taken from the same quarr y.
Lateratestoneisalsoavailableinthenearbyarea.
Theriverandthealluvialrivershoreweretheother
significant advan tage of Ir on Age people in
Anappara.Theriversupplied enoughwater for
agricult ural activity, an dth e fertile river shore
helpedthemcultivatetheirlivelihood.
SpatialDistributionofMegalithicStructureat
Anappara
Thevillage-to-villagesurveyconducted
at Anappara pr ovided a data base to study the
ancient  landscape modification over the given
naturallandscapeandnaturalresourcelocations
oftheAnappara region. Figure 1 and figure2
provideinformationonthesurveyedareaandalso
aboutthenumberofmegalithicmonumentsand
othergeographicalsettingsoftheregion.


Figure1.ThesurveyedareaatAnappara

SPAT IAL UTILIZATIONAND MEGALITHIC CULTU RE:ALANDSCAPE ANALYSISATANAPPARA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru

Figure2.ShowstheelevationpatternoftheStudyareaandthelocationofthemonuments.

Figure2showsexplicitlytheelevationpatternofthestudyarea,anditgivesanoveralllocation
ofmegalithicconstructionsandtheresources.ThemegalithsinAnapparaaredistributedmainlyinthree
clusters,whichallareneartheGayathriRiver(1km),whichflowsthroughthesouthernpartofthesite.
Geographicallytheareaisblessedwiththeminimumrequirementstosustainthesociallifeofhuman
beings.Wateristhemostpreciousthingforahumanbeing,particularlyonewhoknowstheartof
agriculture.Anappara isstillanagrarianbelt,wheredifferentkindsofcropswerecultivated;even
thoughcommercialcropslikerubberplantationsareextensivelyvisible,paddycultivationisstillan
activewayof human livelihoodinAnappara.It is a plainlandscapebut withunevensloping and
elevation.Theterraingetsslipswhileapproachingtheriverinthesoutherndirection.Neartotheriver,
thelandseemsplain,suitedforagricultureactivities.
Asconcerntothemegalithiccommunity,thestone,maybegraniteorlaterateisanotheressential
resourcetomeetthenecessitytobuildthestructures.Forthe megalithicpeopleofAnappara, both
lateriteandgranitestoneswereavailableinthenearbyareawheremegalithicmonumentswereerected.
Therearetwogranitestonequarrieswithcutmarks,whichwereprobablymadebythemegalithicpeople
asapartoftheirmonumentalbuilding.Therearealargenumberofsemi-finishedstonepiecesinthe
quarry;manyofthemarealmostthesameasthestoneslabusedformakingcistburialsandtherest
seemedveryrough,maybestoppedattheinitialstageofstoneprocessing.Theriveranditssurrounding
areaonthesouthwestpartisthelowestareaintheland.Thealtitudeofthelandincreasesunevenly
towardsthenortherndirectionfromtheriverbed.Theclustersofmegalithicmonumentsarefoundon
theelevatedsurfaceinthenortherndirectionfromtheriverbed.
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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ThepresenceofthePalghatgapisasignificantfactorinthemegalithicstudyatAnappara.The
siteissituatedattheopeningofthePalghatgap,anditmaybeavitalpathusedbyancientpeopleto
spreadtheirculturalentity.ItconnectsKeralawithTamilnadu.Whilestudyingthemegalithicmonument
atAnapparamayhelptounderstandthediffusionofIronAgesocietythroughthePalghatgap.Alarge-
scalespatialanalysisofthisregionwillenrichourexistingknowledgeabouttheIronAgecultureof
Kerala.
Megalithicconstructionsareconcentratedonaspecificplacewhichhasbeenseenunderthree
differentclusters.Itissituatedneartotheresourceareabutkeepsapatternlikeneverseeninarandom
space.Itissituatedalittlefarfromtheriver,attheelevatedsurface,anditmightbeaculturallyactivearea
eventhoughthehabitationalelementsremainuntraceable.TheMegalithicpeopleatAnapparamayuse
perishablematerialsforconstructingthesettlementzone.Somepotterysherds,ironslags,andmetal
pieceswerefoundfromtheburialzonesuggestingthepossibilityofextra-funeralactivitiesinthesite.
AnextensivegeographicalanalysiscansharemoreaboutthemanandenvironmentrelationatAnappara
byfocusingonvastsurroundings.
Conclusion
ThelandscapeorientationofAnapparahasbeenawell-modifiedonethroughtheperiodof
humanadaptationduringthemegalithicperiod.Thehumanbeings,whichspannedduringthemegalithic
period,haverenderedthelandscapewithmonumentalremains.Archaeologicalandhistoricalsurveys
andresearchwereseldomdoneinthepastregardingtherelevanceofarchaeologicalremainsidentified
atthesite,andthestudybasedonthespatialutilizationpatternisneverfulfilled.
SPAT IAL UTILIZATIONAND MEGALITHIC CULTU RE:ALANDSCAPE ANALYSISATANAPPARA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
The m egalithic struct ur es in t h e
Anappararegionwereprimarilyfound inthree
clust ers and  are ent irely dep endent  upon th e
resourcesavailableinthelandscape.Almostall
burial constructions ar e found on the elevated
surfacebycomparingtherestofthesurrounding
area,themonumentalstructuresareadjacentto
graniteandlateratequarries,andtheonecluster
is found n ear th e river  Gayathri.  These three
cluster s were identified a s an active spot of
megalithicpeople,andhypothetically,therewill
beahabitation sitenearto burial mound. Cist
burialswithstonecirclesaretheprominenttype
found  on the si te. Ot her ar tifact ual rem ains,
includingpotterysherds,werealsorecoveredfrom
Anappara.Metalfindswererecoveredfromthe
site, whi ch includ ed such as iron slag s and
unidentifiedmetalpieces.Thepotteryincluded
fragment sof black an d redware, redware, an d
certainidentifiedfinewares.Anironcruciblefound
in the sit e under lines the possibili tyof ir on
production.
Thecist burials found atthe sitewere
constructedwithgranitestonewhichwasquarried
from the nearby area. This was clarified when
chisellingmarksfound ontherockswithin the
mountwereidentified.Thereareseveralfinished
andsemi-finishedstoneslabsinthequarry,which
areusedforburialconstruction.
ThepotentialoftheAnapparalandscape
can still be seen to the present day. The river
Gayathri towardsthesouthofthesiteprovides
amplefoodandwaterresourceswhilethemount
actasasafehabitationzone,likeaprobableflood
oftheriver.Theevidencefoundaboutthevariation
intheflowoftheriverissubstantiatedbyrecords
and research  that provided information on the
driftin g of the river  course in the past. This
providesan emphasisonwhythemountswere
morehabitedaspotentialthreatsduetotheflood
canbeeventuated.
Pal ghat G ap an d it s sign ifica nce i n
mutualaidintheculturalhistoryofearlyTamilakam
gathermoreattentionwhileanalyzingtheIronAge
culture ofAnappara.The similarityamong the
burialpracticeinThrissurandPalakkaddistrict
withCoimbatoreandanotheradjacentregionof
Tamilnadu un derlines the p ossi ble
interrelationshipbetweentwoculturalzones.The
location ofAn appara in the very mouth of the
PalghatGapincreasestheimportanceofstudying
the Iron Age cultur al con text  ofAnap para .
Identifyingtheentirediffusionormigrationpattern
beyondtheWesternGhatsrequiresalarge-scale
fieldexplorationfocusingonthespatialelements
intheregion.
Thedistributionofculturalactivitiesin
thelandscapeandthespatialpatternofadaption
withtheenvironmentamongmegalithicpeoplein
theAnappararegionsuggest that theland was
optedbylookingattheavailabilityofnecessary
resources for cultural activity and th e possible
comfortabilityforliving.Theburialswereerected
atmultipleresourceexploitablezones,probably
turnin g into a central place in the over all
fu nct ion in g o f so ciety. A lar ge- sca le fi eld
explorationbasedonasingleandmulti-sitecan
givemoredetaileddataonthemeaningfulusage
ofland.Itwillbehelpfultoprovideacomparative
studywithdifferentIronAgesitestoknowfurther
aboutIronAgeculture.
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RAMJ ITHK P

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ABSTRACT
IoT is a t echnology th at is ba sed on
Sensors,applications,andsomeotherinnovations
that ar eused to commun icate and intercha nge
informationbetweendevicesandsystemsonthe
Internet.TheIoTecosystemisnotonlybeginning
in d eveloped  countries bu t it is  boom ing
unexpectedlycoveredbythewholeWorld,also
includingIndia.Itisalsopossiblewithouthuman
interventionthroughM2M(machinetomachine)
communic ation using developed stan dard and
inter operabl e (con n ected data sharin g)
communicationprotocol.
Itisfulfillingneedsfastandgrowinguser
demandinrealworth.Itsnatureisverydynamic,
thereasonbehindthis,newinventionswillcreate
uniquefeaturesandeasilyaccessiblethingsina
veryshorttime.TheIndiangovernmentrecognizes
theimmensepotentialoftheInternetofThings
andisworkingtocreateadirectlinkbetweenthe
DigitalIndiainitiativeandtheInternetofThings,
whichhasalreadybeendraftedintopolicy.This
research p aper studies the per forman ce of the
intern et oft hings in the development ofsmart
cities,agriculture,supplychainmanagement,and
theeducationsector
Keywords–technology,internetofthingssmart
cities, a gricultur e, supply chain  mana gement,
education sector
IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNET OF THING
TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT SECTORS OF INDIA
PRIYAMALVIYA
ResearchScholar
Affiliation-Dr.RammanoharLohiaAvadhUniversity,Ayodhya
Dr.NEELAMMAURYA
Assistan t professor
Affiliation-Dr.RammanoharLohiaAvadhUniversity,Ayodhya
Introduction
Internetofthing(IoT)istheintegration
ofphysicalandcommunicationtechnologiesfor
increased con nectivity beyond machin e-to-
machinecommunication.WiththeinitiationofIoT
inIndiatheindustrialrevolutionbringsthenext
levelandalsoknownasIndustry4.0revolution.
Nowadays,the rapiddevelopment ofelectronic
devices with computing power, memor y, and
embedded  short- rang e tran sceivers h as mad e
communicationbetweenpeopleandthings and
betweenthingsthemselvesanewform.Thisnew
phen omenon brings a n ew dimension to the
informationandcommunicationtechnology(ICT)
world. Therefore, th eInternet of Things can
pr ovide connectivi ty for  everyone anyt ime,
anywher e. We will  now have everyth i n g
connected.InternetofThings(IoT)asdescribed
throughtheICT(InformationandCommunication
Technology)asadynamicworldwidecommunity
infrastructurewithself-configuringskillsprimarily
based totally on general an d interoperable
communiqueprotocolsinwhichbodilyanddigital
mat ters h ave ident ities, bodily attr ibutes a nd
digital personalit ies use sensible interface and
seamlesslyincludedintotherecordscommunity.
Complet e industrialization is n ow
ach ievable t hank s to th e Int ernet  of Thi ngs.

494
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Sm a r t Cities, Sm a r t Homes, Smart
Manufacturing,andConnectedVehiclesareall
conceivable d uet o the Inter net of Thin gs. In
today’s wor ld ,  man y sorts and sizes of
businesses r ely on IoT soluti ons t o keep thei r
credentials safe when transferring from one
devicetoanother.
India  provides a un ique ch ance to
apply i nnova tive t echn ology on a big sca le,
resultinginincreasedefficiency andeconomies
ofscale.WithcreativeinitiativessuchasDigital
India,MakeinIndia, SmartCities,andothers,
the I n dian  gover n ment is attem ptin g to
acceleratethe adoptionofmoderntechnology.
PraveenaSreevisakreviewstheconceptofIoT
application s aswell as th e security issuest hat
comewithIoTdeployment.IoTisrapidlygaining
tractioninavarietyofbusinessesthroughoutthe
world.Numeroussuccessexampleshighlightthe
usefulnessofIoTin everyfirm,butthe market
hasyettounderstanditsadvantages.S.Arockia
PanimalarThisstudyexaminesthepotentialof
theInternetofThings(IoT),anovelandemerging
technology, in the tran sportation industr y. The
needforIoTandthedesignofIoTtohandlea
variety of difficult issues are discussed. This
assessmentalsohighlightsapplicationswhereIoT
mightplayasignificantroleinthetransportation
sector.R.Manjuparkavi,R.Ramya,N.UdhayaThe
int ern et of t hi ng s per for ms an  im por tant
significancein India’s agricultural production,
accordingtothisjournalarticle.G.Sarin2016this
researchpaperreviewstheroleoftheinternetof
thingintheexpansionofsmartcitiesinIndiaand
exploretheprimarydriversandbenefitsofIoT-
basedsmartcitysolutionsinIndia,aswellasthe
demographics and consumer expect ations of
IndianinhabitantswhosupportIoT-basedsmart
citytechnologies.
Objectiveofthestudy
Understandingabouttheinternetofthings
is i m portant for  r eaching improved
technologiesinIndia’svarioussectors.
Toknowaboutgovernmentpolicyrelatedto
InternetofthingsinIndia.
Hypothesisofthestudy
H0- TheroleofInternetofthingdoesnotany
supportinstrengtheningthemodernIndia
H1 -Th erole ofIn ternet oft hings supports in
strengtheningthemodernIndia.
Methodologyofthestudy
Thisdataanalysisstudyisentirelybased
onsupplementarydata,whichwasgatheredfrom
severalwebsitesaswellasgovernmentwebsites.
ExpansionoftheinternetofthingsinIndia
By2020,Indiashouldhavea$15billion
IoTindustryand the number oflinkeddevices
willhaverisenfromroughly200milliontoover2.7
billion.Accordingtoa Gartnerreport,the IoT
marketwillproduce$300billioninsalesby2020,
with27billionlinkeddevicesglobally. Indiais
expected  to have a  5-6 percent  sha re of t he
worldwideIoTmarket.
The Indian  government’s ambition of
buildingahundredsmartcitiesacrossthecountry,
forwhichRs.7,060croresweresetapartwithinside
the present budget, may bring about a big and
briefinnovationofIoTthroughoutthecountry.
Furthermore,thegovernment’sDigital
Indiascheme,whichaspirationto“upgradeIndia
into a global knowledge-basedcommunityand
cognition economy,” would give the necessary
momentumforthecountry’sIoTbusinesstogrow.
PRIYA MALVIYA & Dr. NEELAM MAURYA

495
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhiandanIndian
instituteoftechnologyGuwahatiinauguratesthe
setup of the Inter net of Things lab with the
PartnershipofSamsungcompany.Theenterprise
teach es col lege st uden ts approxi mately th e
Internet ofT hings (I oT), Embedded Systems,
Artificial In telligence, and Machin e Learni ng,
whichaidswithinsidetheimprovementofindustry-
applicable abilities and pr epares them for
employment.
The auth orities could cover the fee of
exhibitionspace(asmuchas80%funding)for
one thousand Indian SMEs (Small and Micro
Enterprises)whichhaveaterrificcreditscorewith
the Na tion al Sma ll In dustries Corpor ation/
MSME,iscontributing toIndia’sIoTindustry,
andneedglobalpublicitytoexhibittheiritemsat
overseas well-known shows and look at tours.
Accordingtoastudy,theIoTmarketinIndiais
expectedtodevelopataCAGRof28.2%from
2016to22.
Developmentoftheinternetofthingsindifferent
sectorsofIndiaEducationsector
Inter net of things is a boom in th e
educat i on sect or becau se ther e ar e many
institutions,colleges,andschoolsthatconnected
withsmartboardssmartgadgetstosupplement
thee-learningandsmartboardinfrastructurewith
thehelpoftheinternetofthings.
TheapplicationofIoTintheeducation
sectorhelpsthestudenttolearnwithinteractive
session s and IoT-based sol u t i ons benefi t
st udents with  ADHD (attention deficit
hype ract ivity disor der) , Dyslexi a, La ngua ge
ProcessingDisorder(LPD),andother learning
disabilit ies. Tablets are well-r eceived by these
students.
Connected gl oves h ave been developed to
convert sign language into verbal speech and
soundtowrittenlanguage. The bestoption for
pupilswhoaredeaforhardofhearing.
Nowthereismuchdifferenteducational
applicationlikeUnacademy,byjus,Vedantuand
manymoreapparebasedonIOTapplicationwith
theiruniquequalities,theyarechangingtheway
teachingandlearningisdone.Evenindividuals
pu rsui ng un der gradu ate  and p ostg ra dua te
degreesfindeducationalappsusefulbecausethey
can use their s martphones, lapt ops, and tablet
devicestolookforstudymaterials.
Supplychainandlogisticssector
TheIoTplaysaveryimportantrolein
supplychainandlogisticsmanagementithelps
in deliverin g transportation and warehouse
managementsystemsthatarehighlyintegrated
and efficient Sensors in stalled in vehicles will
continuouslygather,share,andprocessdatathat
may be acted on in r eal-tim e. Businesses that
pr ovid e onl ine t ran sporta tion servic es can
incr ease pr oductivi ty and pr ofitability by
implementingsolutionssuchasanonlineportal
and mobile apps th at are  tailored to their
proceduresandgoals.Companiescaneasilyand
rapidly connect with all devices acr oss an
integratedcloudnetworkbyadoptingthecorrect
IoT solution and technology at the right time.
integratingInternetofThingssensorstodeliver
real-timedataevaluationforoptimization,a50%
reductionintraveltimes,andareal-timetracking
accuracyofover95%.
Companies in Delhi and ot h er
metropolisesarenowaimingtotransitionfroma
tradit ional a pproach t o mana ging ord ers an d
conductinglogisticstaskstoacutting-edgedigital
IMPLEMENTATIONOFINTERNETOFTHINGTECHNOLOGYINDIFFERENTSECTORS OF INDIA

496
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
techstrategy.Theprimarygoalofimplementing
IoTandmobiletechnologyistoincreaseservice
quality, cus tomer satisfaction, an d return on
investment.
The In tern et of Thi ngs ma y pr ovide
visibi lity to logistics oper ation s, wh ich is
tremendouslyadvantageousintermsoflowering
operat ion al expen ses.  With  the use  of IoT
techn ologie s, th eft, misma na gem ent, a nd
inappropria te packaging  can be reduced. IoT
solution s wi l l  increase open n ess and
tr ansparen cy an d can pu sh your  compa ny
forward.WiththeusageofIoTdevices,youcan
mon itor,  analyse, identi fy, an d add ress any
potential issues.
IoTinAgriculturesector
SmartfarmingbasedontheInternetof
Thingsisasystemthatusessensorstomonitor
agriculturalland(soilmoisture,humidity,light,
temperature,andsoon)andautomateirrigation
methods.Farmersmaymonitorfieldconditions
from any location. Applicati on ar eas/use cases
forIoTinagriculturethatareagriculturesensors
thathelpinwatermanagementsoilmonitoring,
DronesforFieldMonitoring,machinesforroutine
operationsmonitoringandcontrolsystemssmart
irrigationsystem.
InIndia,HitachiProcessIntelligencealso
helpstospeedupthisagriculturaldeploymentby
combiningadvancedprocessesanddataanalytics
to create a r oadmap for speeding up
transformation and gainingactionableinsights
utilizingIoTinagriculture.
CropIn is a Bangalore-based start-up
company. It is an intuitive, intel ligen t and
autonomoussystemthatprovidesfuture-oriented
agriculturalsolutionsfortheentireagricultural
sector. It pr ovides decision-making tools to
provideconsistency,reliability,andsustainability
foragribusiness.
TheInternetofThings(IoT)iscritical
for increasing crop pr oduction efficiency and
farmerlife.Inthecomingyears,theInternetof
Things(IoT)systemisexpectedtobethemost
signifi cant chan ge agent in  agriculture. F arm
managersmayutilizeanIoTsystemtomonitor
cropsinreal-time,doprecisionfarming,manage
livestock, and run sm a r t  g r eenhouses,
management,andotherthings.
ImplementingIoTinagricultureisnot
justameanstoincreaseproductivityandlower
costs,butit’salsooneofthemostimportantways
to mi nimi ze farmi ng’s carbon  emission s and
conservewaterandenergy.
IoTinsmartcities
Government pr ograms and Public-
Private-Par tnership (PPP) in itiatives can work
together to create Smar tCit ies. “By 2025, the
InternetofThings(IoT),akeycomponentofmost
smartcities,couldbeworth$4-11trillionannually,”
accordingtothereport.
Intheyear2015,theIndiangovernment
took the in itia l steps  towa rd devel opin g an
Inter net of the Things policy framework. T he
‘SmartCities’effortandthe‘DigitalIndia’plan
havespeduptheimplementationoftheInternet
ofThingsinIndia.
TheIndiangovernmentintendstobuild
100smartcitiesinthenationwiththehelpofthe
internetofthings.ThefundingofRs.7,060crores
for IoT in th e new budget could lead to a
considerable and high -speed diffusion of the
technologyinIndia.
PRIYA MALVIYA & Dr. NEELAM MAURYA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Th e Mission ’s major goal is to encour age
communit ies that u sesmart  solutions to offer
fundamental infrastr ucture, a cl ean an d
sustainableenvironment,andareasonablequality
oflifefortheirresidents.Throughcomprehensive
workonthecity’ssocial,economic,physical,and
institutionalfoundations,theMissionaspiresto
generateeconomicgrowthandimprovequality
oflife.
Thesmartcitiesinitiativeispredictedto
playacriticalroleintheoverallmarket’sgrowth.
IndiaisexpectedtogetloansfromtheWorldBank
andtheAsianConstructionBank(ADB)totalling
$500millionand$1billion,respectively,forthe
developmentoftheSmartCityProject.
Thisresearchpaperisentirelybasedon
secondarydataand information gatheredfrom
variouswebsites,journals,articles,government
websites,andresearchpapers.Itisanexploratory
stud y based on p revious  journ al articl es and
newsp aper articles  coverin g a wide ra nge of
literatureontheimplementationoftheinternetof
thingsinmajorvarioussectorsofIndiaandthe
researchdesignispurelydescriptive.
Conclusion
The major goal of this survey is to
pr ovide a clea r, complet e, and in-dept h
understandingoftheInternetofThings,aswell
asthefunctionsofthevariouscomponentsthat
makeuptheIoT.
Everyonein theworldis connectedto
theinternetandcancommunicateinreal-time.It
isundoubtedlyachievablethankstotheInternet
ofThings.ThegovernmentofIndiaispushing
IoTadoptionthemost,withinitiativeslike“Digital
India”and“MakeinIndia.”
A complete sur vey of the In ternet of
Thingshasbeenofferedinthispublicationisthat
government of India pla nning in th e future to
developsmartcities,supplychainandlogistics
sector,educationsector,andtheagriculturesector.
IoT represen ts an imagin ative an d prescient
wher ein t he In tern et exten ds in to th e actual
internationalembracingnormalobjects.Physical
objectsarenownotdisconnectedfromthedigital
international,however,maybemanagedremotely
andmayactasbodilygetadmissiontofactorsto
Intern et services. The IoT imaginative and
prescientisgroundedwithinsidethenotionthat
th e constan t advan ces in microel ectron ics,
communications, and facts era witnessed in
currentyearswillretainintotheforeseeablefuture.
REFERENCE
https://smartcities.gov.in/
https://www.prnewswire.com
DraftPolicyonInternetofThingsDepartment
of E lectro nics  & In form ati on Tech nol ogy
(DeitY ) Min ist ry of C ommu nicat ion and
InformationTechnologyGovernmentofIndia
h t t ps : / / ww w. cx o t od a y. co m / i ot / a i- i o t -
blockchain-can-improve-competitiveness-of-
indias-supply-chain/
https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/
2020/dec/19/indias-supply-chain-and-logistics-
costs-account-for-14-of-gdp
Sr eevi sak Praveena internet of things;
Internation al Journal of Advance Resear ch,
IdeasandInnovationsinTechnology
S.ArockiaPanimalar2018AREVIEWONIOT
INTRANSPORTATIONSECTOR
IMPLEMENTATIONOFINTERNETOFTHINGTECHNOLOGYINDIFFERENTSECTORS OF INDIA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
N.  Mishr a, P. Si n gh al ,  a n d S. Kundu,
“ApplicationofIoTProductsinSmartCitiesof
Ind ia,”  2020 9 th In tern ational  Confer ence
System Modelling an d Advancemen t in
ResearchTrends(SMART),2020,pp.155-157,
DOI:10.1109/SMART50582.2020.9337150.
RoleofIoTbasedIndianAgricultureSectorN.
UdhayaR.Manjuparkavi,R.RamyaInternational
JournalofAdvancedResearchinComputerand
CommunicationEngineering
G.Sarin,“DevelopingsmartcitiesusingInternet
of Thin gs: An  empir ical  study,” 20 16 3r d
Internationa l Conference on Computin g for
SustainableGlobalDevelopment(INDIACom),
2016,pp.315-320.

PRIYA MALVIYA & Dr. NEELAM MAURYA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Gender-basedviolencecontinuestobe
a worldwide soc ioeconomic  concern. ‘Ge nder
violence’isacatchalltermforactsofviolence
perpetrated asaresult ofculturallyengrained
genderroles and powerimbalances,aswellas
actualactsofviolence.“Discriminationagainst
womenisanyactionthatdeniesapersoncertain
advantages,chances,orrewardsbasedontheir
gender.Genderdiscriminationisalsoknownas
sexualdiscrimination.Adversesexratio inany
societyreflectstheprevalenceofgenderviolence
andthediscriminatoryandoppressivecondition
ofwomenandgirlchildren.Itreflectshowthey
are treat ed sin ce child hood. Th e tra ditional
culture of son-pref erence has now emerged in
theformofsonnecessity inpresenttimeswhich
leadstodeclineinsexratio.Thepurposeofthis
researchistoexaminethechangingpatternsof
sexratiosinJammuandnumeroussociocultural
el ement s in genera l, as well as th e rea sons
contributingtothefallinsexratios.Thepaper
will also look in to the impact of rel igion and
culturewhichleadstogenderdiscriminationand
violence.
Ke y w ords:  Patriar c h a l ,  S e x - ratio,
Discrimination,Neglected,Socio-cultural
Introduction
Theterm“genderdiscrimination”refers
to any act ion th at denies a pers on speci fic
advantages,opportunities,orrewardsbecauseof
GENDERVIOLENCEANDSEXRATIO:ASOCIO-CULTURAL
ANALYSIS
DrASHARANI
Assistant Professor
DepartmentofSociology
GCWParadeGroundJammu,JammuandKashmir
theirgender.Genderdiscriminationisalsoknown
assexualdiscrimination(Bhardwaj,2005).Adverse
sexratioinanysocietyreflectstheprevalenceof
genderdiscriminationandthediscriminatoryand
oppressiveconditionofwomenandgirlchildren.
Itreflectshowtheyaretreatedsincechildhood.
Patriarchyisasocietalstructureaswell
asanideologyorabeliefsystemthatmalesare
superiortowomen.Religionhasbeencrucialin
thedevelopmentandperpetuationofpatriarchal
ideology.Ithascontributedtothegrowthofthe
masculinesuperioritycomplex.Onlyaboycarries
thefamilylineandisentitledtohavegotraofhis
father here as a girl embraces the gotra of her
husband. T he son only is allowed to light the
funeralpyresofhisparentsandisbestowedwith
thepowerofofferingshraddhatohisancestors
fortheirspiritual benefits.Thisright hasbeen
den i ed to t h e gi r l child by the rel i gion.
(Ramachandran,2001)
Genderprejudiceisfirmlyingrainedin
Indiansociety’sculturallegacy.Itisaculturethat
idealises sons to th e point of obsession that
tran scends caste, class, an d religion. Son sa re
alwayssoughtmonetarilyandrituallytoprovide
economicassistancefortheirparentsaswellas
to fire funer al pyres. This son’s complex or
preferenceformalechildhasitsdirectimpacton
sex ra tio. The d iscrimin atory attit ude against
femalechildisnotrecentone.Italwayshadbeen

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
therefromthetimeimmemorial(CensusofIndia,
2001).
Malepreferenceissostrongincertain
regionsofIndiaandamongcertainclassesthat
girlsmustlogicallysufferinordertofulfilfamilies’
perceivedandculturallyexpectedstandards,Miller
(1981)said.Toputitanotherway,ifpeoplewant
tohavemoresons,itsuggeststhattheyarealso
discriminatingagainstthewomenwhohavethem.
Weneedtofindouthowstronglyorweaklythe
desireformalesislinkedtothemistreatmentof
daughters.Intheworst-casescenario,thismight
leadtothedeathofdaughters.
Awidevarietyofreligious,economic,
social, and cultural considerations lead to
discrimination.Prejudiceagainstwomenvariesin
intensity,butitisalwayspresentatsomepointin
a girl’s life. As a con sequen ce of society’s
preferenceformaleprogeny,themortalityrateof
younggirlsacrossarangeofagegroupsismuch
higherthanthatofyoungmen.Anwholesystem
has grown up around the fear of having a girl
child—th e helpless and unwanted gender that
exists in the womb before she is even born.
Prejudicetowardsdaughtershasalreadymadethe
genderratiounbalanced.
The dwindli ng sex ratio in India is a
seriouscauseforconcern.Thereisalotofpressure
frombothfamilyand societytoproduceason.
Mostpeopledesireboysforanumberofreasons,
includingfamily,inheritance,marriage,identity,
status,financialstability,andasenseofhistory.
Abiasagainst women isformedeven beforea
childisbornasaconsequenceofthispreference
for males,  which cuts acr oss class and
socioeconomiclines.Menoutnumberwomenin
developing countrieslikeIndia, which favours
womeningeneral,accordingtoDesaiandThakkar
(2001).It’sareasonforconcernthatthesexratio
isfalling.Asof2001,thesexratioofIndiahas
fallenfrom976in1961to927.Therearenow914
femalesforevery1000males,adeclinefrom927in
2001,accordingtopreliminarynumbersreleased
by thecensus office for 2011. Times of India,
8.4.2011(NewDelhi).
Bard han (197 4) suggested t hat , in
comparison to other cr ops such as wheat, rice
productionrequiresadisproportionateamountof
female labour. As a result, he hypothesised a
plausiblelinkbetweenrice-growingdistrictsand
theoverallconditionofwomen.Anothertopicof
resea rch ha s focused on n utrit ion and hea lth
disparitiesasasignificantfactorinthedeclineof
femalepopulations.Inthe LudhianaDistrictof
Punjab,DasGupta(1987)foundthathouseholds
spentmorethantwiceasmuchonhealthcarefor
boysastheydidforgirlsinthefirsttwoyearsof
life.Sethuram(2008)demonstratesviamicrolevel
datathatdietisasignificantdeterminantofgender
prejudice.
Accor ding to Na yar  (1995) , opinion
leaders,bothmaleandfemale,believehavingat
least oneson isnecessary. According to Walia
(2005),malesbelievethatafamilyshouldhaveno
morethanonefemalekid.Awomancouldnot
affordtoovercrowdhercourtyardwithfemalekids
insuchaninflamedsetting.
Larsen(2011)arguedthatindemographic
research , son  pr eferen ce is c onventi ona lly
perceivedandanalysedasapreferenceforsons
overdaughters.Indeed, thisisalsothegeneral
understandingofthewordpreference;weprefer
onethingmorethananother.Thisis,therefore,a
quantitativeaspectsincewhatitimpliesisadesire
formoresonsthandaughters.Thereisnodoubt
thatthisisofextremeimportancewhenanalysing
Dr ASHARANI

501
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
the rel ation ship be tween son  prefe rence and
rep r oduct i ve behavi our and thus for
understanding discrimination of daughters
gen erall y.  However, li steni ng t o how peo ple
actuallyreasonaboutsonpreference,itbecomes
obvious that they do so in terms of necessity
ratherthan ofquantity.Thepreferenceforboys
overdaughters is separate fromthe preference
for sons over females . Son demand is more
appropriatethansondesirebecauseofthis.Many
anthropologicalstudiessupport this concept of
the son’s desire as opposed to the son’s need.
Accordingtosome,‘a sonisessentialtoaidin
oldageandtopassonthefamilyname,’orthat
‘wethinkweneedason’
Both immedi a t e and long-ter m
investmentsmaybemadeinthesonsofwealthy
families.Whenitcomestohavingababygirlin
India, the second or third time aroun d, it’s
frequently seen as a sign of adversity. Son
selection is influenced not  just by economic
criteria,butalsobyculturalones.It’sbecauseof
these considerations th at the genera l public
believesthatwomencan’ttaketheroleofmen.
Sonpreferenceisbasedonthefactthatmalesare
better suited to car e for t heir paren ts’ agein g
needs.MostIndianelderlyparentslivewiththeir
marriedsonsordaughters.Concernsabouttheir
ownlong-termwell-beingarelikelytobeamajor
motivatorforparents’decisionsinIndia,where
uncertaintyaboundsandtherearenoinstitutional
alternativestothenuclearfamilyasasourceof
socialprotections.Thisintergenerationalcompact
betweenparents andsons hasremained stable,
despitetheoverallsocioeconomicshiftsthathave
occur red th rough out ti me. It  is imp ortant to
rememberthatsons arethe onlyones whocan
carryouttheparents’lastwishesaftertheydie.In
addition,thevastmajorityofwomenareunable
tocontributetothewell-being oftheir parents.
Accordingtothis,thereseemstobeadiscrepancy
betweenparents’andin-laws’viewsonwomen.
Raisingchildrenhasalsoincreasedincostdueto
therisingimportance ofeducation inarapidly
chang ing society. Th e risin g expense of girls’
educationandmarriageplacesasignificantstrain
onfamilyfinances,actingasaseveredeterrentto
producedaughters(SekherandHattti,2010).
AccordingtoAnand(1998),Sonswere
preferredbecauseofthestrongpatriarchalfamily
structure,which gaveriseto ancestorworship.
These idea s have now been i ngrai ned in ou r
thin king . While i n mar riage,  the wom an is
supposed to obey her hu sband, as well as t he
guyshemarried andthemanshe hadchildren
with, accord ing t o Hindu  trad ition . A s on’s
responsibilitytocarryonhisfather’slineageis
underscoredbythesepractices.Inthepast,female
infanticideandfemalefoeticidewerejustifiedby
these ideas. The purp oseof th isar ticle was to
investigate themanyaspects that contribute to
society’sdesireforsons.Thepaperhasalsomade
useofstructuralapproachwhereinthepatriarchal
str ucture has been looked into and how the
structureisresponsibleforeliminatingdaughters
givingrisetolowsexratio,discrimination and
violenceagainsttheminthestudyarea.Besides
thisthepaperhasusedtheprimaryandsecondary
sources.
Objectives
ToInvestigatepresent-daygenderdisparities
in J&K, in cluding interactions among a
variety of socio-cultural factor st hat have
contributedtothedeclineingenderparity
throughouttheyears.
GENDERVIOLENCEANDSEXRATIO:ASOCIO-CULTURALANALYSIS

502
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Toobtainanunderstandingofthenatureof
prejudice, violence,  and discr imin ation
again st girls in general and in the study
regioninparticular.
The fin dings from t he field depict that how
daughters a re discrimin ated on various socio-
culturallineslikenutrition,healthandeducation.
Additionally,theladieswereconcernedaboutwho
wouldcarrytheirnameforwardintheabsenceof
a son. There can be no doubt that females are
deniedtherighttogivebirth,andthosewhoare
bornsufferanotherformofdeatheverydaydue
tothetreatmentofboysas‘achhicheez’(blessed),
whichculminatesingenderviolenceagainstthem,
asaconsequenceofdiscriminationinallaspects
oflife.
Alargenumberofwomenparticipatein
abortingafemalefoetusbeforeithaseverbeen
born.Awomanmayabortherfemalepregnancy
inresponsetosocietalpressure,althoughinsome
casesshedoesitonherown.Societalconventions
suchasextravagantdaughtermarriages,dowries,
andshelteringfemalesfromsexualassaulteven
in the famil y contin ueto r ulethe roost in the
country.
Socio-culturalvariablessuch asdowry
haveaneffectonthesexratio.Themajorityof
men,ladies,andmothers-in-lawdidnotdesirea
girlchildduetothedowrytradition. Theysaid
that r aising females is an expensive and time-
consumingendeavour;Theirmarriageistheonly
option.It’sdifficulttogetreadyfordowry, and
she has to worry about her safetyboth outside
andwithinthehome.Shealsohastodealwitha
lotofabuse.
Aswasseenduringfieldwork,someof
the gi rls were un well. Th ey faced nutri tional
discriminationandseemedtobeweakerthantheir
male brothers. Parentsalso indicated that they
didn ’t thi nk it was im portan t to give t heir
daughtersasmuchfoodsincetheydidn’thaveto
putinasmucheffortastheirmalesdid.Itwasalso
uselesstowater your neighbor’splantssinceit
wasraining.Intheirhouseholds,thegirlswere
seenas a plant thatneededto beremovedand
handedtosomeoneelse afteraperiod oftime.
Thus,theywerethe‘prayadhan’anddidnotneed
feedingatthesamelevelastheirownriches,their
kids.
Additiona lly, th ey were subjected to
racial prejudiceinthe classroom.Boyswentto
pr ivat e sch ools, whi le g irls a tten ded p ublic
schools.Girlchildrenwerenotallowedtogoto
highschoolsinceitwasthoughtthatlearningthe
ABCs of cooking an d other household
responsibilitieswasmoreimportantthanlearning
the ABCs of academics for a girl. All ofth eir
family’sloveandblessingswerereservedfortheir
sons,whoweretheonlyonestoreceivethem.
Letmeshareadisturbingfactwithyou:
Women m ake up th e majority of th ose who
discriminateagainstboysandgirls.Incontrastto
33.34percentoffemalesand46.67percentofin-
lawmoms,80percentofmalesshowbiastowards
girls.Therewereargumentsfrommenwhosaid
thathavingdaughterswasanextrahardshipsince
theyhadtopayfortheirwedding,whichincluded
aheftydowrytoshowthegirl’sstatusandhonour
inthecommunity.There’salsothepossibilitythat
a girl’s romantic in teractions with men or her
historyofsexualabusemightharmherfamily’s
image.Asaresult,thefamilyisalwaysworriedin
ordertosafeguardthedaughterfromallkindof
hazards.Anotherinterestingaspectthatshould
beemphasisedhereisthat,despitethefactthat
everyonewassufferingasaresultofthedowry
Dr ASHARANI

503
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
practise,theyalldesireddowryatthetimeoftheir
son’smarriage.
Becau se of t he sa me r easons  as t he
males,thewomendidnotwantagirl;theyalso
hadanotherimportantreason:whowouldcarry
theirnameforwardiftheydidnotproduceaboy.
The‘kuldeepak’wasseenasason.
With all of these subst a n ti ve
observation s, Gi rls ar e in itial ly den ied t he
opportunitytoproducechildren,andthosewho
are permitted to see this world are exposed to
anothersortofdeatheverydayviadiscrimination
in all sectorsoflifeandcomparisonstomales,
whoareregardedsuperiorthangirlsandhence
‘achhicheez’(blessing).Olderpeopleoftenuse
the p h rase “a chh i  ch eez” (son) wh i l e
complimentingpregnantladiesorcriticisingthose
whoarecarryingagirl.Whenafemalegivesbirth
in such  a scenario, she is robbed of seve ral
chances.
Apart from ch ances such as access to
schoolandnourishment,therewereseveralmore
inst ances of discr iminat ion a gain st them
beginningwiththeirbirth.Insomeinstances,it
wasnoticedthatthemotherdislikedbreastfeeding
thenewbornjustbecauseshewasafemale.There
werenocelebrationsforthebirthofthedaughter
atthetime.60%offamiliesconductedexpensive
ritualsatthetimeofason’sbirth,butonly20%
hadexpensivefestivitiesforagirl’sbirth.Apart
oftheirritual,whichtheyarerequiredtodo,itwas
simplyaminordetail.
Tosavethemselveshundredsofrupees,
themedicalstaffdoesnotevenaskfor“badhai”
whenafemalekidisdelivered.Whenagirlisborn,
they never have t he nerve to congratulat e her
parents.Alocal‘dai’whousedtodeliverbabies
saidthatwhenshetellsthefamilyshe’shavinga
son, th ey show up with cash and even gold
jewell ery. Even th e “kh usras” r efrain  from
approachingtodemandtheirportionwhenthey
learnthenewbornisafemale.
The m a n y argum ents given  by
respondentsforwhysonsarerequiredrepresented
theirreasoning.Thefieldworktalksonsondesire
werequiteilluminating,andthetargetedgroup
di scussi ons and intervi ews  r evealed that
respondentsprovidedavarietyofreasonsfortheir
feltneedtohaveason.Themostsignificantreason
citedwasfamilylineage,followedbyelderlycare,
lastrituals,andsoon.Averysmallfraction of
res ponden ts asserted  that ma les  wer e not
favoured over girls, and a nalysis revealed that
thissmallpercentageismadeupofrespondents
whohadasonastheirfirstchild.Theresponses
for reasons for wanting the son were explored
across all the respondent s. This percenta ge of
womenwerealsothosewomenwhohadbrothers,
butnowsincebrothersareeithermarriedandhave
set upt heir separate household or have moved
out for jobs and the parents ar e left behind so
theythinkingontheselinesarguethatsonsmove
outbutdaughterstakecareinabetterwayand
aremoreclosetoparents.Inthewordsofoneof
the respon dent, “Mera b hai bahar  naukri k ar
rahahaiaurmeremaa-baapgharkechowkidaar
bankerrehgyehai,abbmeinhiunkeliyeladka
hu.”
Respondentsemphasisedtheimportance
ofhavingasontocarryonthefamilynameand
thusbyextensionthefamilylineage.Theyargued,
“itisbecauseour ancestorsaysthat sonscarry
theirfamilyname,adaughtercarriesthenameof
herhusband”.Theyfurtherarguedthatthrough
sonstheyfeelthattheyhaveleftsomeidentity
GENDERVIOLENCEANDSEXRATIO:ASOCIO-CULTURALANALYSIS

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
behind,alsobecausesonsareofthesamegotra
astheirfathersandwithonlydaughtersthegotra
dies out. An other  import ant r eason for  the
existenceofsonpreferencethatisperformanceof
lastriteswhereintherespondentsarguedthatsons
canputfireonthechitta(thefuneralpyreofthe
parent s) and a rgued th at it was found i n the
Shashtras(Hinduteachings)whichalsosignify
thatparentsbenefitintheirafterlifeiftheirsons
performceremoniesforthemintheirdeathdays.
Thisargumentsomewheredescribesthereverse
effectfordaughtersandwasalsoprominent in
the words of the r espondents (especially the
husbands,mothers-in-lawandfathers-in-law).
“The  son has t o perform the death
ceremoniesandonlythentheparentscanattain
Mokshaandifadaughterdoesithergotra,her
husba nd’s gotra o f which she  became  a part
through their marriage has no benefits for the
parents.”
Many stud ies have also an alysed son
preferencequantativelyasparentspreferringto
havemoresonsthandaughters.Theassumption
hasbeenthatagreatersonpreference,perceived
this way, is related  to a higher  l evel  of
discr imi nat ion a gain st daug hter s a nd m any
studies h ave strong correl ations between the
reportedmeasureofdemandforsonsandother
measuresofbiasagainstgirls.
Thereasonforwantingasonwasalso
seen across caste and it wasfound th at all the
castes h ad a des ire a nd p refer ence f or son s
wherein theyargued that sonsare required for
familylineage,oldagesupport,lastritesetc.One
can therefore interpret that the preference for
daughter s over sons can be because of fir stly
employmentalongwiththeeducationisbringing
inthechangeandthesecondpossibilitycanbe
that theemployedwomenrelied moreontheir
daughtersintermsofhouseholdworkratherthan
thesonsandthereforetherewasademandinterms
ofdaughterandthirdly(asseeninthefield)this
percentageoftherespondentsaretheoneswho
alreadyhadtheirfirstchildasson.
Fromtheabovediscussionitistherefore,
it concluded th at a plurality of socio-cult ural
factorsdeterminesthegenderdiscriminationand
decliningsexratio.Education,ageatmarriage,
son-preference,employment,decisionsregarding
conceivingthechild,statuswithsonetc.aresome
of th e fact ors th a t  further determine the
discr imin ation against the gi rl ch ild which
somewhereleadstodeclineinsex-ratio.Forages,
Indi a’s societal structu re, social norm s, caste
system,  and class system t raditi ons ha ve left
womendefenseless.However,assaultagainstan
unbor n female is the mos t hei nous kind  of
prejudiceagainstwomen.Asaresult,thefemale
inthewombisjustassusceptibleasthefemale
ontheoutside.Discriminationagainstgirlshas
existedinIndiaforalongperiodoftime;female
infanticideandfoeticidearedocumentedtohave
occurred am ong var ious castes and in  several
places of North Ind ia. Vari oustr aditiona l and
moderntechniquesareusedbythepeopletoabort
thefemalefoetus.
References
Bardhan, P (1974), “On Li fe and Death
Questions”Eco nomic and
PoliticalWeekly,Vol.9,No.32/34.
Bh a r dwaj,  Pr em.R.  2 005. ‘Gende r
Di s c riminat i o n :  Politics of Wom e n
Empowerment’.AnamikaPublishers.
Da s Gupt a ,  M., (1987 ), “Selective
discriminationagainstfemalechildreninrural
Dr ASHARANI

505
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Punjab,India,”PopulationandDevelopment
Review.
DesaiandThakkar.2001.‘WomeninIndian
society’NewDelhi:NationalBookTrust.
S. Ramach andran. 2001. ‘Concern over
India’s Vani shing Girls’d eutsche Stiftung
for  Internat ional E ntwicklun g (DSE),
Frankfurt,Germany
Miller,B.D.(1981).“TheEndangeredSex”
CornellUniversityPress,Ithaca,NewYork.
Nayar,Usha(1995).DoomedbeforeBirth:
Study  of Declinin g Sex Ratio  in the Age
Group 0-6 Years in Se lected Di stricts o f
PunjabandHaryana.NewDelhi,NCERT,
DepartmentofWomen’sStudies,pp.287.
CensusofIndia,2001(CensusOfficeJammu)
MattiasLarsen.2011.‘VulnerableDaughters
in I n d i a: Cultur e,  Developme n t  a nd
ChangingContexts’NewDelhi:Routledge
Publications.
Sekher and Hatti. 2010.  ‘U nwa nted
Daughters:  Gende r Discrim ination in
Mo d e r n India’  New Delhi: Rawat
Publications
Sethuram,K.,(2008),“TheRoleofWomen’s
Empowerm ent and Do mestic Violenc e in
Child Growth and Under nut rition in a
Tribal and Rura l Communit y in So uth
India”,UNU WIDER Research Paper No.
2008/15
Walia,Ajinder(2005).FemaleFoeticidein
Punjab:Exploringthe Socioeconomicand
Cultural Dimensions.IdeaJournal, 10(1),
pp.1-24.

GENDERVIOLENCEANDSEXRATIO:ASOCIO-CULTURALANALYSIS

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
This papertakesalookathowleisure
andentertainment,especiallysportsandgames,
were spon sored an d used by th e Briti sh as a
displayoftheirprowess.Publicgroundswereused
forthis purpose,andpeopleofeveryclass and
creedwereinvitedandencouragedtotakepart,
thus cr eating a feel i n g of equality and
participation.Themainobjectiveofthiswasnot
onlytobringthepeopletogetherandimpressthem
with a grand display of fir eworks, can nons,
elephan ts, pr ocessions a nd sports, but also t o
legitimise and contr ol their author ity over the
colonised.
TheRoyalIntentiontoholdanImperial
Assemblage at Delhi was declared  i n  a
Pr oclamation  publish ed in  t h e Gazette
Extraordinaryofthe22ndMarch1911.1Delhihad
neverbeenimpervioustothe soundofgunfire.
Canonsormuskets-firedinangerorincelebration
-havebeentakeninstrideoverthedecades.On
themorningof7December1911,thegunswere
heard thun dering in a seemingly never ending
volley.Theysooncametoknowthatthisparticular
cannonadewasheraldingthearrivaloftheruler
intheircity.Whilethestreetsandmonumentsof
theircityhadseenmanyamonarchcomeandgo,
thepeopleofDelhisawtheprospectofaforeign
royaltyintheirmidstasanovelty.Theyhadbeen
lookingforwardtothisdayinkeenanticipation
STATE SPONSOREDLEISUREINCOLONIALMALABAR:A
CASESTUDYOFDELHI/MALABARDURBAROF1911AT
CALICUT
VASISHT.M.C
AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofHistory
MalabarChristianCollege,Calicut
ever since King George V ha dan nounced his
decisiontoholdtheCoronationDurbarintheir
city.Littledidtheyknow,thatbeforethemonarch
departed, he would make momentous
announcementsthatwouldaddyetanothertwist
tothelabyrinthinehistoryoftheircity,propelling
it back toth e centre-stage oft heaffair s of the
nationafterahiatusofoverhalfacentury.2
DelhiDurbar,orthecourtofDelhi,refers
to the mass royal assemblies staged at the
CoronationParkinDelhitomarkthecoronation
oftheKingorQueenofBritain.TheDelhiDurbars
werethecoronationsoftheEnglishmonarchsas
EmperorsorEmpressesofIndia:QueenVictoria
in1877,KingEdwardVIIin1903,andKingGeorge
Vin1911.Eachofthesemassiveeventslasted
twoweeks,andinaddition,theyrequiredmonths
ofstrenuouspreparation.3ThefirstDurbar was
conceivedand executedbythe thenViceroyof
India,LordLytton.Itwasheldon1January1877
tomarktheproclamationofQueenVictoria(1837-
1901)astheEmpressofIndia.ThesecondDurbar
wasorganisedbyLordCurzonwhowasthethen
ViceroyofIndia,andwasheldonIJanuary1903
tocommemoratethecoronationofKingEdward
VII(1901-1910)inEngland.4ThethirdImperial
Durbarwasheldin1911inagrand,elaborateand
muchmoreexpensivemannerthantheothertwo
tocelebratethecoronationoftheKingEmperor
GeorgeVandhisvisittoIndia.5

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Th e Imperial Durbar of 1911 was
magnificent in  a manner which t he world had
rarely seen. It was a grandiloquent gesture to
proclaimthepowerandpanoplyoftheBritishRaj
atHighNoon.6TheDurbars werea mixofold
MughalceremoniesandEnglishappropriations.
AttheendoftheImperialDurbar,on12December
1911,DelhiwasannouncedasthecapitalofBritish
India.7TheBritishwerekeentoprojectthemselves
asthesuccessorsofthegreatIndiandynasties.
Bittermemoriesof1857,whenthelastMughal
EmperorBahadurShahZafarwasarrestedand
pensionedofftoRangooninBurmaweresought
tobeforgotten.TheKing-Emperorwasalsoclear
that,onhisvisit,hewouldundothe1905partition
ofBengalandwinbackthesupportoftheIndian
populace.8
InordertocelebratetheDelhiDurbarof
1911, the district administr ation of Malabar
organisedvariousprogrammesindifferentparts
oftheMalabarprovincesuchasCalicut,Kannur,
Ma n an th avady, Malappu r am ,  Ottapa l a m ,
Kollengodeetc.Theprogrammeswereorganised
bythelocaladministrationinaccordancewiththe
instructionsoftheDistrictCollector.Avarietyof
sport s were org anised at various centres t o
celebratetheImperialDurbar.Thedetailsofthe
programmegiveusanideaaboutthedevelopment
ofthepublicsphereincolonialMalabarandthe
popularityattainedbythemodernBritishsporting
events. Th ey developed into m odern  forms of
publicleisure
Manyoftoday’smostpopularsportsand
gamesincludingCricket,Football,andTennis,
wereorganisedandcodifiedbytheBritishinIndia
inthe19thcentury.Themotivationsbehindthis
vastprogrammeofsportsdisseminationremain
rela tively unexplored or under -explored. T he
propagationofsportsisindeedakindofcultural
imperialism.Itprovidedanopportunityforthe
Britishtotakeculturalcontroloftheirempire,by
enabling them to note the upbringing of their
nativepopulationand‘civilize’them.
Wh en  a n  expor ted spor t  g a in ed
popularityincolonies,thecolonieswouldhence
becom e a cultu ral beholder  of the Br itish
authorities.Therewasakeenattempttowipeout
theidiosyncraticcollectionofnativesportsand
games,andalsoapartofthewidermovementfor
creatinganewtraditionofsportsandgamesin
thecoloniesincludingIndia.Bythebeginningof
the20thcentury,withthehelpofthelocalelite,the
Britishcolonialpowerbroughtaboutfundamental
changesinthetaste,entertainmentandleisureof
the colonised people, by imposing their own
ideals. Th eir policies a nd progr ammes in th e
colonieswentontocreatepublicarenas.Inthe
caseofcolonialMalabar,thecolonialreformswere
wellsupportedbytherisingmiddleclasswhowere
the a r dent suppor ters of the colon ia l
administration.
Alookat the archival recordsgiveus
moreinformationontheQueen’sDurbarwhich
was organised on 1 January 1877, Monday at
Calicut.9Anorderwasissuedbythethendistrict
collectorofMalabar,WilliamLogan,dated 25
December1876onconductingtheQueen’sDurbar
at Cali cut. The foll owing li nes which con tain
excerpts of his i nstruction s testify to the sta te
supported leisure and th e emergence of public
spaces:Atthedurbarpandalon01.01.1877A‘Feu-
De-Joie’ will be fired by the British troops.
Followingthis,thenationalanthemofBritainwill
besungbytheschoolchildren.10Thisfiringof
the cannons and the si nging of the nationa l
anthemactuallyexhibitstheimpositionoftheso
VASISHT. M.C

508
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
called‘majesty’oftheBritishEmpire.Evenso,its
aimwastoprovideentertainmenttothosewho
assembledattheDurbarpandal.Traditionaltypes
ofentertainmentlikeilluminationandfireworks
andtheorganisationofsportsandgamesarealso
referredtointherecords.11Itwasalsoannounced
thatassoonasitwasdarkthetankandgreenat
Calicutwouldbeilluminatedandfireworksand
acrobaticfeatsexhibited.Residentsinthatlocality
were solicited to joi n in  this part of the
demonstration.Onthe2ndofJanuaryat3.00PM,
thesportsandgamesheldonthesoliders’playing
groundneartheWestHillgroundwasopenedto
all.12Thisshowsthepopularityofmodernsports
amon g the common  people i n Mal abar eve n
duringthefirsthalfofthecolonialrule.Thedurbar
wasattended bytheerstwhilerajas ofMalabar
whoweresubjectedtothepoliticalhegemonyof
theBritish.13Theyalsowereexposedtothesenew
formsofentertainmentandleisure.
Selected recor ds from the Ca licut
RegionalArchives14giveaninsightintotherise
ofmodernsportingeventsintheMalabarregion,
whichwasalsoassociatedwiththeorganisation
oftheDelhiDurbarin1911.15Themostinteresting
factoraboutthisapparentlypoliticalritualwas
thedesireoftheBritishgovernmenttolegitimise
and popula rise thei r rule i n India. 16 The rea l
inten tion of t he Bri tish gover nmen t was t he
constitutionofthecolonialstateanditslegitimacy,
especiallyintermsofinternationallawontheone
hand,andthede-legitimisation ofpre-colonial
auth ority on the oth er.17 The archival records
actuallyindicatethedevelopmentofmodernforms
ofleisureintheformofsportsandgamesinthe
largerpublicspaces.
Th e durba rs wer e well -conduc ted,
organisedStateeventsinwhichtheauthorityof
th e State wa s put on display. Th e seating
arrangementfortheImperialDurbaratDelhiwas
wellplannedandshowsthedesireofthestateto
accommodateagroupofthelocalelitewithinthe
frameworkofcolonialstructureandcreateasort
of appr oving ambien ce among t he conquered
citizensincludingtheschoolchildren.18
Adistrict-leveldurbarwasconductedin
Calicut,theheadquartersofMalabarprovince,for
sixdays,from7to12December1911.Durbars
werealsoheldatthetaluklevelandalsoatAmsams
(an admin istrative region within a taluk) etc.19
Prep arations for th e celebr ation of t he Delhi
DurbarinMalabarhadstartedfromSeptember.A
meetingoftheexecutivecommitteeassociated
withthecelebrationoftheDelhiDurbarwasheld
at the Collector ’s cutch ery in Calicut on 22
September1911,andwasattended bythehigh
rankingBritishofficersandthelocalelite.20
According to th e proceedings of the executive
committee,thefollowingdecisionsweretakenat
themeeting:
(1) Thecommitteeresolvedthatsportsbeadded
tothelistofentertainmentstobeprovided
duringthecoronationweek
(2) Aletterdated19thSeptember1911,fromthe
Secr etary, distr ict inter-sch ool sports
committee Calicut, suggesting that th e
district inter-School sports to be held at
CalicutinDecembernextmayformpartof
theprogrammeoftheCoronationCelebration
andthatitmaybeconductedandfinanced
un der the ausp ices of the Cor ona tion
Committee,wasreadatthemeeting.21
Th e meetin g decided t o for m var ious s ub-
committeestocarryoutthevariousitemsinthe
programme.Oneofthesub-committeesformedat
STATESPONSOREDLEISUREINCOLONIAL MALABAR:ACASESTUDYOFDELHI/MALABAR...

509
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
the meeting was the Sports Committee for the
smoothconductionofvarioussportsandgames.22
TheSportsCommitteemainlyconsistedofhigh
rankingBritishofficersaswellasthewealthyand
influentiallocalelitewhoenjoyedconsiderable
statusinthecontemporarysociety.Theyalsohad
closeassociationswith theBritishandenjoyed
thefruitsofcolonialadministration.Thepresence
ofthelocaleliteinthesportscommitteepointsto
theacceptanceofculturalsymbolsofcolonialism
bythemintheformofsportsandgamesandtheir
interest topromotetheAnglican sportsevents.
This also shows the collaboration between the
Britishauthoritiesandthelocalelite.
Apar t from th e Spor ts Committee,
committeeslikethePandalandTownDecoration
Committee,FireworksCommittee,Illumination
Committee,andtheProcessionCommitteewere
formedatthemeeting.AsinthecaseoftheSports
Committee,thesecommitteeswerealsomarked
bythepresenceofBritishofficersandthelocal
elite.Allthesecommitteeswereformedtoprovide
leisureandentertainmenttothegeneralpublicat
apublicspacecalledManchira.
The State, throug h  th e district
administrationofMalabar,selectedcertaindays
forpublicleisure.Theorganisationofsportsand
games,andotherentertainmentwastocelebrate
theDelhiDurbar.ThustheState-sponsoredleisure
in th eform of sports an dg ames, processions,
illumination,fireworks,andthestagingofdance
an d dr ama  etc.  were organised t o pr ovid e
entertainmentandfestivitiestoitscitizens,andto
idealisetheexistenceoftheimperialsystemwhich
wasbasedontheexploitationofresourcesfrom
thecolonies.
Special ar rangements were made to
involvethestudents.Aseparatecommitteewas
formedforthispurposeatCalicut.Themaintask
assigned to the committee was to ar range the
supplyofteaandotherbeveragesforthestudents.
Themeetingdecidedtoorganisegeneralsports
on11December1911.Itwasalsodecidedthaton
theconcludingdayoftheDurbar,theentiretown
ofCalicutwouldbeilluminatedfrom6.30PM
onwards,andthatitwouldconcludewithfireworks
startingfrom8.30PMonwards.23Manchiramaidan
(ground),tillnowanon-productivepublicspace,
wasusedforthispurpose.Thevarioussporting
eventswasheldattheWestHillMaidan(ground)
on11December.24
ThefollowingeventswereorganisedattheWest
HillMaidan:
(A) PoleJump
(B) HighJump
(C) LongJump
(D) Chatty(Pot)Race
(E) Half-MileBicycleRace
(F) Half-MileFlatRace
(G) ObstacleRace
(H) JutkaPonyRace
(I) Tilting
(J) TugofWar.25
PoleJumpis anearlyform of PoleVault. Pole
jumping competitionswere popularamong the
ancientGreeks,CretansandCelts.Theoriginsof
polevaultcanbetracedtoantiquity.Thisisthe
onlyjumpingeventthatinvolvestheuseofatool
to achieve the desired hei ght. A long, slender,
roundedpieceofwoodormetalwasusedasthe
VASISHT. M.C

510
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
pole,and was typicallyused byplacingits one
endonthegroundasasupport.Thisflexiblepole
wasusedtoclearabarsetashighaspossible.It
becameanofficialeventin1812duringthefirst
Tr ack- and -Field meet  in E ngl and , an d wa s
incl u ded in the Cambridge Univer sity
championshipsin1857.26Ithasbeenafullmedal
eventintheOlympicGamessince1896formen
andsince2000forwomen.27
IntheDelhiDurbarof1911,thePoleJump
eventlastedforatotalof20minutesfrom3PMto
3.20 PM ,28 and was organised for “Schools,
Regu lars  and Vo lun teer s”. 29 Al th oug h not
specifiedintherecords,itislikelythatthePole
jumpwasmainlyconfinedtoboys/men.Theterm
“Regulars”,indicatesprofessionalsportsmenor
women. The Org anisation of specifi c sports
competitionsforRegularsactuallyindicatesthe
penetrationofEuropeansportsandgamesinthe
Malabarregion.“Volunteers”refertothepeople
whowereinvolvedintheorganisationofthese
events.This showsthatsports andgameswere
wellorganisedandispointstowardstheinterest
ofthecolonialadministratorsinorganisingand
popularisingsportingevents.
BesidesthePoleJump,theHighJump
andtheLongJumpwerealsoorganisedforthe
abovementionedcategories.In theHigh Jump
event,thecontestanthastojumpoverahorizontal
bar with out knockin g it down, using onl y t he
strengthofone’sbody.TheCeltsareknown to
haveconductedHighJumpcompetitionshundreds
ofyearsago,thoughitbecameanofficialeventin
Britainonlyin1840.Therulesofthissportwere
writtenin1865andin1896,theHighJumpbecame
apartoftheAthensOlympics.Thefirstwomen’s
competitiontookplacein1895intheUnitedStates,
andwomencompetedintheOlympicsinthisevent
forthefirsttimein1928atAmsterdam.30
TheLongJumpconsistsofcoveringthe
greatesthorizontaldistancepossiblebymaking
anenergeticjumpattheendofahigh-speedsprint.
Aslongagoas2000B.C.,theeventwaspartof
someCelticgames.Thefirstrecord,6.92meters,
wasestablishedbyChionis,aSpartanathlete,at
theOlympicsin656B.C.TheLongJumpwas
includedinthefirstTrack-and-Fieldcompetitions
atExeterCollegeatOxfordin1850,andhasbeen
anOlympiceventsincethefirstmoderngamesin
Athensin1896.Thewomen’sLongJumphasbeen
apartoftheOlympicGamessincethe1948Games
inLondon.31
The Half-Mile Bicycle Ra ce was yet
anothercompetitiveitem.Theinventionanduse
of th e bicycle in  the l ate nineteent h cen tury
contributed to revolution ary changes in u rban
sociallifeinthelate19thcenturyandtwentieth
century.Whencomparedtosteamships,railways,
andmotor-transport,thebicyclehasnotattracted
anyconsiderableattentionofthehistoriansand
schol ars en gaged  in t he stu dy of the r ole of
technologyinreformulatingsociallife.32
The Christian mis sion ary gr oups,
espec ially the Basel Evan gelica l Missi on in
Mal aba r, us ed t he bi cycle for t heir var ious
activitiessuchasincomegeneration,andtocarry
outtheiroutreach.Inthecourseoftime,theelite
people, especially the youth belonging to th e
lowerclassesbegantoacquirebicycles,amidcaste
restrictions.Thepopularityofthebicyclereached
itspeakinplaceswherecolonialismwasfirmly
established.33Thiscouldbethemainfactorwhich
influencedthecolonial authoritiestointroduce
theHalf-MileBicycleRace.
TheHalf-MileFlatRaceisverysimilarto
the800-meterrace.The800Mand1500Mraces
are considered as middl e-distance races.34 The
STATESPONSOREDLEISUREINCOLONIAL MALABAR:ACASESTUDYOFDELHI/MALABAR...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
men’s800MracehasbeenapartoftheOlympic
athleticsprogrammesince1896,andthewomen’s
800meventwasfirstheldin1928,makingitthe
firstdistance-runningeventforwomen.
TheObstacleRaceisasportinwhicha
competitor,movingonfoot,istoovercomevarious
physicalchallengesintheformofobstacles.Many
obstaclesusedinthiseventaresimilartothose
used in mil itary tra ining. Th ey a re employed
throug hout th e course to t est the endur ance,
strength,speedanddexterityoftheathlete.The
ObstacleRaceisverysimilartotheHurdlesevent
and  the 3000 M St eeplechase r ace. The m ost
prominentHurdleseventsinthemodernOlympic
Gamesarethe110MetersHurdlesformen,100
MetersHurdlesforwomenandthe400Meters
Hurdles for both the sexes. The 3000 Meters
Steeplechase is an  obstacle race for men, a nd
der i ves i t s n a m e from t h e Hor se Racing
Steeplechase. It became a medal item in th e
Olympicssincethe1920AntwerpGames.35
The C h atti Ra ce was anot h er
competitiveitem.Theword“chatti”refersto a
clay-pot, an essenti al utensil for cookin g and
storingfood,whichhasbecomeapartofthelife
of the common peopl e. The Chatti Race was
openedtoallthepeoplewhowereinterestedin
competing.TheChattiRaceisnotaninternational
sporting event, nor are the details of this race
clearly men tioned anywhere in the records.
However,itmaybeinferredthatitinvolvedarace
thatrequiredthecompetitortoeitherbalancethis
potonthehead,orcarryit,orpickitupandreach
thefinishlinewiththepotintact.Thisseemsto
be a sporting event  popular  among the local
population.ThemainpurposeoftheDelhiDurbar
wastopopularisethecolonialritualsamongthe
localsinordertocelebrateimperialfestivalsand
idealise thecoronationceremony.Thecolonial
administratorswerealsointerestedinusinglocal
entertainmentitemsandtheChattiRacewasone
amongthem.
TheJutkaPonyRacewasacompetition
that in volved hor ses/pon ies. Horse ca rriages,
knownastheJutkas,atthattimewereanimportant
medium of transport of the common people of
Calicut.Accordingto thequalityof theJutkas
theywereclassifiedintoclassAandclassB.36
Tiltingcannotbeconsideredasasport.
Itisratheranentertainmentorpastimemainly
confinedtothehouseholds.TiltingisofEuropean
originandisnotalocalpastime.Itissimilarto
jousting,whereridersonhorsebacktrytopickup
smallobjectsfromthegroundwithalongrodat
fullgallop.
TheTug-of-Warseemstohavebeenthe
mostcelebratedsportingiteminthe1911Durbar
celebrationsatCalicut.TheTug-of-warwasapart
oftheSummerOlympicGamesfrom1900to1920.
Theoriginofthissportisuncertainbutthissport
waspractisedinCambodia,ancientEgypt,Greece,
IndiaandChina.Thisisplayedinalmostevery
countryintheworld.However,onlyafewcountries
havesetupanationalbodytogovernthissport.
Eventoday,theTug-of-Warisperhapsoneofthe
most attracti ve and popular sportin g events in
Kerala. In this event, the players are equally
dividedintotwoteams.Theylineuponeachside
ofalinemarkedonthegroundandtakeholdofa
long,thick,andstrongrope.Eachsidetriesto
pulltheothersidetowardsthecentreline.The
teamofparticipantswhichcrossesthecentreline
losesthegame.37TheTug-of-Warwasheldinfour
categoriesnamelyA,B,CandD.IncategoryA
thecompetitionwasbetweenthePoliceandthe
“SaltandAbkari”Department(Excise).Incategory
VASISHT. M.C

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
BthecompetitionwasbetweentheRegularsand
theVolunteersandincategoryCitwasbetween
theHindusandtheMuhammadansandincategory
DitwasbetweentheMukkuvas(fishermencaste)
and the Mappilas (coastal Muslims who were
descendant sof tr aders from the Middle East).
There is not much informati on about the caste
groupwhichrepresentedtheHinduteaminthe
Tug of War event. Whether it  wa s th e
Namboodiris, Nairs, Thiyyas or Cherumars or
whether itwas a combinedteamisnot known.
AmongtheMuslimsofMalabarSunnis,thebasic
groupofMuslimsformedthemajority.Bythe18th
centuryasplit occurred amongtheMuslimsof
Malabar.  Kondotty Than gal and h is followers
cametobeknownastheShias.38Sunnisbeing
the majoritymayhaverepresentedtheteam of
Muhammadansinthecompetition.TheTug-of-
War is a game wh ich r equires stamin a and
patience. Itisateamgame andthe sportitself
generatesacollectiveconsciousnessamongthe
particip ants. Organisin g teams on the basis of
religionisaneasywayto createthefeeling of
oneness among th e parti cipan ts. T his is a n
exampleforthecolonialpolicyofdivideandrule,
theweaponwhichtheBritishusedtodivideIndia.
Organisingteamsonthebasisofreligionseems
to be a techniq ue followed by the colonists to
check t he growing feelings of na tionalis m in
colonialMalabar.
WhilelookingintothehistoryofIndian
spor ts, Com munalism  stands  as an  issue.  In
colonial Indi a, Cricket was influenced by
communalelements.ThefirstCrickettournament
incolonialIndia,thePentangularTournamentwas
controlledbythecommunalGymkhanas.Ithad
itsorigininthePresidencymatchesofthe1890s
thatwasinitiallyplayedbetweentheEuropeans
andtheParsis,butgraduallygrowingtobecome
thePentangularwiththeinclusionoftheHindus
in 1907, th e Muslims in  1912 and the ‘Rest’,
comprisingmainlyChristiansandAnglo-Indians
in1937.39
In  th e ear l y 19 40s, the issu e of
communalisation of the game of Cricket was
discussedbyMahatmaGandhiasfollows:
‘IwouldlikethepublicofBombayto
revise t heir  sportin g code a nd er ase fr om it
communal mat ches. I can un derstan d matches
between Colleges a nd Instit utions, but I have
neverunderstoodthereason forhaving Hindu,
Parsi, Muslimandother Communal Elevens.I
should have thought that such un-sportsman’s
lik e division s would be con sidered  taboos in
sportinglanguageandsportingmanners’.40
Gandhi’swordsclearlyindicatethatthe
mighty British Empire wh ich sprea d across
continents was not just based on the policy of
conquest-they car efully drafted the policy of
divideandruletogovernitssubjects.IntheIndian
subcontinent,theyusedthereligioussentiments
ofthepeopletogeneratecommunalfeelingsand
todividethepopulationonthebasisofreligion.
IntheDelhiDurbarcelebrationsatCalicut,the
sportsandgameswhicharesupposedtoimprove
thephysicalandmentalhealthofthepeoplewere
used t o prop agate comm unal ideolog y. The
propagation of communal ideology and the
separationofthepopulationoncommunallines
ca ter ed to th e as pira ti ons  of t he col oni al
administrationwhichwasactuallyaimedatthe
easyappropriationoftheresourcesofthenative
people.
OnthefinaldayoftheDurbaratCalicut,
var i ous en t er t a i n ment progr a m m es were
organised. Th e entertainment programmes
includedprocession,marchingband-music,firing
STATESPONSOREDLEISUREINCOLONIAL MALABAR:ACASESTUDYOFDELHI/MALABAR...

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ofcannons,poetryrecitation,andaboveall,the
school ch ildr en’s-choir singing t he national
anthemofGreatBritain.41Selectedversesfrom
MalayalampoetryrecitedbyVellatholNarayana
Menon and Oduvil Kunh ikrishna Men onwere
also i ncluded. 42 Here, the State used cultur al
symbolsinthepublicspherebycreatingspecific
leisuretimeforthegeneralpublic.Thedetailed
repor t of the Hon orar y Secret ary,  Corona tion
CelebrationCommittee,addressedtotheDistrict
Collector,Calicut,dated19.02.1912givesusdetails
regardingtheorganisationoftheDelhiDurbarat
Calicut.
These sports-events were held in the
afternoonattheWestHillMaidanonthe8thand
11thofDecember1911.Besidestheinvitees,large
crowdsfromthetownturnedupandenjoyedthe
various eve nts.43   The starters, r eferees, and
judgesforthesportseventsconsistedmainlyof
Britishofficersandthecontemporaryelite.44The
entryofthegeneralpublicintothearenaofsports
indicates the popularityattained bythe British
sports.BoththeManchiraMaidanandtheWest
HillMaidanweredevelopedintoapublicspace.
Thus, durin g the coloni al rule, we find the
evolutionofnon-productivecentresintheform
ofpublicspacesinCalicut.Thesenon-productive
centres were extremely important  in an urban
colonialspacewhichofferedspaceforleisureor
recreationalactivities.Therecreationalorleisure
centres were in evitable for the colonial ur ban
spacewhichprovidedthebasefortheformation
ofanewcolonialculture.
KarlMarxinhisNotesonIndianHistory
had st ated that colon ialism would lea d to the
modernisationofthesocietyandtheemergence
ofnewclasses.Inmanyways,theestablishment
ofcolonialruleinMalabaractuallyopenedthe
traditionalclosedsocialstructureandbroughtup
drasticchanges.Alongwiththeestablishmentof
colonialadministration,wealsofindtheemergence
of public spaces. Thus in m any parts of India
duringtheBritishperiod,publicspacesintheform
ofmaidanams(publicgrounds)emerged.These
maidan a ms cr eat ed enou gh spa ce for  the
socialisationofthepeopleandprovidedthebase
fortheemergenceofpublicleisureintheformof
sportsandgames.
Th e mai danams like the Manchira
Maidanam,WestHillMaidanam(Calicut),Fort
Maidanam(Cannanore), PoliceParade ground
(Malappur am) etc. became the cradle ofmany
Britishteam-sportingeventslikeFootball,Cricket,
andHockey.Thesepublicspacesalsobecamean
ideologicalState apparatus, as theywere main
centresofleisurespacesofcolonialbureaucracy,
aswellasoftheemergingmiddleclasswhowere
themainaspirantsandsupportersofcolonialism.
The specifications of the huge pandal
(temporar y structure) cons tructed at Manchi ra
MaidanfortheDurbar(200x100x45Ft;capacity
3000)45givesusanideaaboutthesizeofthepublic
arena . Ther e ar e also d escrip tions a bout the
procession, il lumination,  fireworks and public
amusements:
Onthe7thDecember1911theprocession
startedat6PMfromtheMananchiraMaidan
withsixelephantsdeckedwithgaytrappings,two
of them carrying large portraits of th e King
EmperorandtheQueenEmpress,andwithtorches
an d music and fi rewor ks at i nte rvals, and
accompaniedbyanimmensecrowedofpeople.It
tookalongroutealongtheTravellersbungalow
road, th ebeach an d the big bazaar roads,  and
returnedtotheMaidanat9PM.Thewholeroute
had been beau tifully illumin ated.  It was an
VASISHT. M.C

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
imposingspectacleandenjoyedbyallwhotook
partinit.46
Pu blic amu sem ent s such as rope-
dancing,Ottamthullal,andtheatricalswerealso
providedonDurbardaysexcepton10December,
1911,whichwasaSunday.
On12December1911,thewholetown
was illuminated. Th e Manachira tan k and the
buildingsrounditweresetablazewithlight,and
themyriadsoflampswerereflectedinthesmooth
surfaceofthewater,creatinganextremelybeautiful
effect.47TheFireworkswereletoffonthebeach
opposi t e to th e customs house an d wer e
witnessedbyalargecrowd.
St a t e-festivals or State-organised
festivals, were integral par t ofthe an cient and
medievalIndianpoliticalsystem,andweremainly
organi sedby th e king/ruler. The earli est such
State-festivals  were performed in  the Ch ola
kingdomaftertheasterismoftheCholakings(850
CE-1178).TheCholarulersenhancedthepublic
ima ge through  conspi cuous pa tronag e of the
religiousfestivals,whicheventuallyturnedinto
State-festivals. Th e Dasara (Dusser a) was
celebratedbythelaterVijayanagararulerswith
greatpomp.This festivalwasorganisedforthe
legitimisationoftheirpoliticalauthorityandto
winthesupportofBrahmins.Akbarandthelater
Mughals celebrated a variety of festivals. This
wasonewayofseekingpoliticalvalidationaswell
asconstructingkingshipoverdifferentethnicities.
TheDelhiDurbarinMalabarwassucha
State-festivalorganisedbytheBritishgovernment
in India  to commemorate the visit of the th en
BritishEmperorGeorgeVtoIndia.Asapartofthe
celebration s, variou s functions were also
organisedintheMalabarprovince.Thefestival
wasorganised atthe following places:Calicut,
the headquar ters ofMa labar); Cann anore, and
Malappura m, which were cant onmen t areas
marked by th e presence of British offi cers;
Ottapalam,animportantcentreofWalluvanadu;
Kollengode,aforestarealocatedfarawayfrom
the h eadquarters;  a n d  Man a n t oddy
(Manathavady),ahillyregionimportantformany
politicalandeconomicreasons.Calicutwasthe
capitaloftheerstwhilenativerulers,theZamorins.
After the defeat of Tippu Sultan in th eThird
An glo-Mysor ean war, Ca licut became t he
headquartersoftheMalabardistrict.Calicutwas
the most importan t urban  centr e in colonial
Malabar.Beingtheheadquartersoftheprovince,
CalicutwasverycrucialfortheBritish.
We find th e State-festiva l  being
organisedattheheadquarters,cantonmentareas,
forestregionsandinthehillyregions.Duringthe
timeofthisfestival,theStateartificiallycreated
leisuretime.Thisleisuretimewasusedtoprovide
enter tainmen t to the con quered subjects, wh o
were now trans formed into th e genera l public
consistingofpeoplebelongingtodifferentcastes
and cr eeds. The en tertainmen t, rather lei sure-
space,wasfilledwithmodernsportsandgames,
illumination,processions and grand fireworks.
Theseformsofentertainmentwerebroughttothe
publicsphereintheformofpublicleisure.Apart
frommodernsportsandgames,thenativeforms
of celebrations a nd festivals were also used to
celebratethe Delhi Durbar.The Stateused the
support and collaboration of the local elite for
organisingtheDurbarinMalabar.Thispointsto
theprocessof‘legitimisation’or‘idealisation’that
theBritishachievedbyadoptinglocalsymbolisms
ofpower,creating local elites, and patronising
themintoworkingfortheBritishState,andby
STATESPONSOREDLEISUREINCOLONIAL MALABAR:ACASESTUDYOFDELHI/MALABAR...

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
adoptingwaysandmeanstoformulateaculture,
thatinmanyways,becamespecificallymodern.
NOTES
1. CoronationDurbar,OfficialDirectorywith
Maps,SuperintendentGovernmentPrinting,
Calcutta,1911,pp.11-13
“Whereas upon  the death of our  l ate
Sover eign of happy memor y King
Edward,uponthesixthdayofMayintheyear
ofOurLordonethousandninehundredand
ten,Wedidascentlthemationsbearingdate
thenineteenthdayofJulyandseventhday
ofNovember intheyearofOur Lord one
thousandninehundredandtenunderthe
styleandtitleofGeorgethefifthbytheGrace
ofGod,KingoftheunitedkingdomofGreat
Britain  and Irela nd a nd of th e British
Dominationbeyondtheseas,Defenderofthe
Faith,EmperorofIndia;andwhereasbyOur
Royal Pr oclamation s bearing date the
nineteenthdayofJulyandtheseventhday
ofNovember intheyearofOur Lord one
thousandninehundredandteninthefirst
yearofOurReignWedidpublishanddeclare
Our Royal in tention by the Favour an d
BlessingofAlmightyGodtocelebrate the
solemnityofOurRoyalCoronationuponthe
twenty-second day of June one thousan d
ninehundredandeleven;andwhereasitis
Ourwishanddesiretomake knowntoall
Our  loving subjects within Our Indian
dominion st hat the said solmenity has so
beencelebratedandcalltoOurpresenceOur
Governors,Lieutenant-Governorsandothers
ofOurOfficers,thePrinces,ChiefsandNobles
oftheNativestatesunderourprotectionand
representativesofalltheProvincesofOur
Empi r e,n ow We do by t h i s Royal
ProclamationdeclareOurRoyalintentionto
hold at Delhi on twelfthdayofDecember
onethousandandelevenanImperialDurbar
for the purpose of makingknown the said
solemn ity of Our C oronati on an d We do
hereby charge and com mand Our  right
trustedandwellbelovedcounsellorCharles
Baron Hardin gs ofPen shurst,Our vicer oy
and Governor-General of India,to take all
necessarymeasuresinthatbehalf.Givenat
OurCourtatBuckinghamPalacethistwenty-
seconddayofMarchintheyearofOurLord
onethousandninehundresandelevenand
inthefirstyearofOurReign”.
2. SunilRaman,RohitAgarwal,DelhiDurbar
1911,TheCompleteStory,RoliBooks,New
Delhi,2016,p.78.
3. JulieF.Codell(Eds)PowerandResistance,
TheDelhiCoronationDurbars,TheAlkazi
CollectionofPhotography,MapinPublishing
Pvt.Ltd,NewDelhi,2019,p.17.
4. Coronation Park and Mugha l Gardens in
NorthDelhi,DelhiHeritage
5. BernardSCohn,RepresentingAuthorityin
VictorianIndia,EricHobsbawnandTerence
Ranger(ed.)TheInventionsofTraditions,
(CantoPublishers,Cambridge)1992,pp.187-
188,quotedfromSumesh,TheLocalForms
ofColonialDomination
6. Nayana Goradia, The Delh i Durbar, 1 911
LastHurrahoftheRaj,IndiaInternational
Centre,NewDelhi,2020,p.2.
7. CoronationPark...,Op.cit.
8. SunilRaman,Op.cit.,p.31
9. CalicutRegionalArchives,RevenueFolded
Fles,QueenDurbar1877,Bno8,S.No5
VASISHT. M.C

516
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
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Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
10. RevenueFoldedFles,ibid
11. RevenueFoldedFles,ibid
12. RevenueFoldedfiles,ibid
13. Followingarethesomeoftheimportantrajas
ofMalabarwhoattendedtheQueendurbar
1.Zamori n Rajah of Calicut 2.Valluvanad
Rajah 3.Rajah of Palghat 4.Ra jah  of
Parappanad5.RajahofBeypore6.Rajahof
Chirakkl7.RajahofKurumbranad8.rajahof
Cannannore
14. Selected Records201. RegionalArchives,
Kozhikode(HereafterRAK201)
15. Sum esh,  The Loca l Forms of  Colon ial
Domi nation : The Coro nation  Durbar o f
1911,RantamKeralaCharithraConference
Prabandhangal,Kottayam,2015,p.474.
16. Ala n Tr evithick, Some  Str uct ural an d
SequentialAspects ofthe BritishImperial
Assemblages at Delhi 1877-19 11,Modern
Asia n Stud ies Vol -24, No. 3 (Cambr idge
UniversityPress,London,1990),p.561,quoted
fromSumesh,TheColonialCeremoniesin
Malabar,ibid.
17. Sabya sachi Bh att acharya, Th e Colonial
State,PrimusBooks,NewDelhi,2016,p.58.
18. Calicut RegionalArchives,BNo107,SNo
27,ImperialCoronationDurbaratDelhi(1911)
AttheDurbartherewillbeanamphitheatre
(a)inwhichthechiefofficialspfGovernment
,theRulingChiefsandthe repersentatives
in vited t o the pr ovinc ial ca mps will  be
seated,and behind th em pla ce for all
privilegedspectators,European andIndian
willbeprovided.
There wil l als o be a sp ectator s’ a round
(b)facing t he amphitheatre,to accomodate
50,000persons.One-thirdoftheplacesonthis
willbereservedforpersonsholdingcardsof
admission,andfortheremaindernotickets
willberequired.Fivethousandofthereserved
places will bea ssigned to school children
andthebalance(approximately11,000)to
personshavingcardsofadmission.
19. Sumesh, Th e  Colo nia l Ce rem onie s in
Malabar.
20. RAK201.
22. Ibid.
22. Following were the members of the sports
committee
W.L.Bruce
J.G.Ferguson
W.O.Wright
W.E.Hoare
M.R.Ry.A.RajaRamaIyer
O.Krishnan
G.Zachariah
C.M.RarichanMoopan
RaoSahibVidyanathaIyer
K.Langley,Secretaryofthesportscommittee
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid
25. Ibid
26. Spor ts, The Complete Visual Reference,
Karine Delobel (ed.), QA Intern ational,
Canada,2000,p.32.
STATESPONSOREDLEISUREINCOLONIAL MALABAR:ACASESTUDYOFDELHI/MALABAR...

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Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
27. JamesCoote,BobTrevor,SamLeitch,Eric
Lahmy,RichardDavid,RobertBressy,The
IT V Book of  O l y mpics,  In d ependen t
TelevisionBooks,London,1980,Etal.
28. RAK201,Op.Cit.
29. Ibid.
30. Sports , The C omplet e Visual R eferen ce,
KarineDelobel(ed.),p.30.
31. Ibid.,p.34.
32. P. Sivadasan, Wheels o f  S o c ial
Transformat ion : The Bicycle in Earl y
Twenti eth Cen tury Ke rala, Sou th India n
HistoryCongress,Puducherry,2016,p.1177
33. Ibid,p.1180.
34. TheNewEncyclopaediaBritannica.Volume
1,U.S.A,15thEdn.,1974,p.669.
35. TheNewEncyclopaediaBritannica.Volume
1,idem.
36.  T.B. Selu raj,  Kozh ikkodinte  Paithru kam,
MathrubhumiPrintingandPublishingCo.
Ltd.,Calicut,2012,pp.233-234.
37. Th e Worl d Book,  Encyclop e dia, Field
EnterprisesEducationalCorporation,Volume
-7,Chicago,1957,p.21.
38. LieutenantsWardandConner,ADescriptive
Memoir of Malabar, Kerala Gazetteer s,
GovernmentofKerala,Trivandrum1995,p.
104..
39. Bor ia Ma jumdar, Twenty -Two Yards to
Freedom,Viking,NewDelhi,2004,pp.226-
227
40. RamachandraGuha,ACornerofAForeign
Field,Picador,London,2002,p.271.
41. Thedetailsoftheprogrammeisprovidedin
the a rchiv al rec ord: “T he Dur bari s will
assemble a t the Huzur  at 11.3 0 and will
proceed in procession to th e pandal,at
11.45...The ban din attendance near the
pandalwillcommenceplayingassoonasthe
processionstartsandwillcontinueplaying
untiltheDurbarisareseated...Atoneminute
to12thebandwillreceivespecialintimation
onwhichthemusicwillbeconculdedwitha
flourishoftrumpets...Assoonasthewords
“God sa ve th e King-Emper or’have
pr onoun ced by M r.Vurgese, the  choir of
sch ool ch ildr en will sing t he Nat iona l
Anthem...ARoyalSaluteof101kadinaswill
thenbefired”Theentireprogrammeschedule
ispreparedthethenCollectorC.A.Innes
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.,ThearrangementsfortheDistrictInter
SchoolSportswhichwereheldonthe1st
daywere madebytheInter SchoolSports
CommitteewithRaoSahibS.VaidyanathaIyer
assecretaryandthosefortheGeneralSports
withK.P.RamanMenonassecretary.
44. Starters
1.W.O.Wright
2.E.J.Rowlandson
Referee
J.Christie
Judges
1.C.A.Innes(TheDistrictCollector,Malabar)
2.A.Edgington
3.D.Rose
4.CaptainWillcocks
VASISHT. M.C

518
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
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Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
5.O.Krishnan
6.A.RajaramaIyer
7.CaptainHiggins
8.W.E.Hoare
9.K.Imbichunni
10.RaoBahaderG.T.Vargese
11.C.M.RarichanMoopan
12.K.C.ManavikramanRajah
45. Th e t otal cost  of p anda l con str uct ion
includingthedecorationsandthefittingup
wasRs2261,12,5.
46. The a rr angem ents wer e made  by the
processionCommitteeanditsSecretaryT.K
Kan nan . Th e total expendi ture on this
accountwasRs755,15,0.
47. ThecostofFireworkswasRs974,9,4.The
fireworkswereallmadeinCalicutchieflyby
K.V.Kuryan,an expertfromTrichur.The
arrangemen ts were made under  the
supervisionofG.Zachariah.

STATESPONSOREDLEISUREINCOLONIAL MALABAR:ACASESTUDYOFDELHI/MALABAR...

519
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
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Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
In the silent film era , Indian Cin ema
usually ha d women  playing mythological
charactersorservileroles.Butthe characterof
Na dia  cre ated by Homi Wad ia for Wad ia
Movietonefilmsbrokeallnorms andcreateda
newgenre offilms: thestuntfilms.Nadia,the
screen nam eof Mar y Evans Perth, played the
leadingroleinthesestuntfilmswithoutabody
double.Sopopularwasher characterthat men
rushedtocinemahallsandmadeeveryreleaseof
hersa superhit.Nadia was shownasa fearless
charactervanquishingevilforces.Shealongwith
herheroimpressedtheaudiencewithspectacular
stun ts. Her movies had cleverly con cealed
messagesagainsttheBritishRaj.Shedidaround
22films,thelastonein1968.Herlaststuntfilm
was when sh e was 49 years old.S he has been
calledthefirsttruefeministoftheIndianScreen
andtheimageofHunterwaliNadia-thefearless
femmecaptivatesuseventoday.Thereasonsfor
hersuccesswhenmanyotherslikeherfailedis
something that baffles theor ists an d psycho-
analysts.
Keywords:IndianCinema,Stuntfilms,feminist
BeforetheemergenceofSuperman(1938)
andWonderWoman(1941)IndianCinemahad
gotitsownheroineinmasquerade,fearlessNadia,
India’s origi nal stun t queen. 1 Her legend was
almostforgottentillhermemorywasrevivedbya
documenta rytitled “Fearl ess: The Hun terwali
FEARLESS NADIA
MEHERMISTRY
Assistant Pr ofessor,
RamniranjanJhunjhunwalaCollege,Ghatkopar
Story”producedbyherhusband’sGrandnephew-
RiyadVinciWadiain1993.Hereshewasrevealed
as“aradicalfeministactressinIndian cinema
hi stor y, on e who wielded r evolvers to the
accompaniment of rousing music, then raced
alongthetopofracingtrains,beatupmen,played
withlionsandwhowassmart,self-confidentand
funnyintothebargain”.2AGermanladyDorothee
Wenner,inspiredbythedocumentary,penneda
well r esearched book “Fear less Nadia ” which
evoked further in ter est  in her. 3 Althou gh
contested,itseemsthatthecharacterofKangana
RanautinthemovieRangoontooislooselybased
onNadia.4Nadia’scharacterrecentlyisgarnering
muchinterestwhilehercontemporarieslikeDevika
Ranihavealmostfadedawayfrompublicmemory.
NadiawasbornonJanuary8,1908,as
MaryEvanstoaScottishfather,HerbertEvans,a
volunteerintheBritisharmyandaGreekmother,
Margaret,adancerandtheatreperson,inPerth,
Australia.ShecametoIndiaasalittlegirl.Froma
youngage,shewantedtobeasingeranddancer
and learnt Scottishdancesfromher father and
Greek songs from her mother. Shegrew up in
India’sNorth-WestFrontierProvincewhereshe
learn t horse ridin g and hunt ing. In 1928, s he
returnedtoMumbaiwithhermotherandason,
Robert Jones. Before she entered into the film
industryasadancer,shehadanadventurouslife
worki ng as a  typist,  as a da ncer in Ma dame
Astrova’stravellingtroupeandperformingasa
trapezeartistattheZarcoCircus.5Herlifetooka

520
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
360degreeturnwhenshewasintroducedtothe
WadiabrothersoftheWadiaMovietoneCompany
byEruchKanga,acinemaowner fromLahore.
Nadiaspokeofhertheatreexperience,butJamshed
saidthathehadneverheardofher.Towhichshe
replied“Untilnow,Ihadn’theardofyoueither!”
Jamshedthenlaughedanddecidedtohireher.6
Besides her looks they were impressed by her
statement“I’lltryanythingonce!”7Aftergiving
her  two small rol es in their films D e sh
DeepakandNoor-e-Yaman wher e she pr oved
herself,theyfinallydecidedtocastherinthelead
inthemovieHunterwaliin1935.8
Directedbyayoung24-year-oldHomi
Wadia, Hunterwali created Nadia as afearless
femme.ItwasforthefirsttimeinIndianCinema,
wherewomenwereusuallyshownasmythological
charactersorassubservientwomen,thatawoman
was portrayed on  the screen, as a masked
vigilante, cracking the whip and brandishin g
swords,guns,andevenpulverizingvillainswith
hergreatphysicalenergy.Ablondeeyedbeauty
Nadiawasabighitrightfromherfirstfilm.9J.B.
H.WadiacreditedhisParsiupbringingwithhis
dislikeforthemannerinwhichIndianwomenwere
depictedinIndianfilmsparticularlyinthesilent
filmera.Incontrast,thecharacter ofNadia he
createdwasnotofasubmissive,self-sacrificing
heroin e but of a str ong, emanci pated woman.
Nad ia because of h er physi cal pr owess and
athleticbuiltperfectlysuitedhisvision.10Thus,
wascreatedIndia’sfirststuntwoman.Sheacted
inmorethan55filmswhichwerepatronizedmainly
by the illiter ate and lower middle class urban
audienceandhencewaslargelyignoredbycinema
historians.11 Dorothee Wenner, t he auth or of
‘Fearless Nadia’ in  an interview too mentions
“Nadia’ssuccessreachedcountriesliketheUAE,
France, Greecean dIt aly, etc. In that way, she
happenstobeIndia’sfirstcrossoveractress.But
whatIfeelpainedaboutisthatshewasalways
writtenoffbythedignifiedfilmcriticsofhertime,
as she wasa par tof popular mass cinema, th e
queenoftongawallahs,panwallahsandvendors,
etc.”12
HerpopularitywiththeIndianaudience
despitebeingawhitewomanhasbeenamatterof
analysisforfilmtheorists.Thequestionwhether
theIndianfilmaudiencewouldacceptthiswhite
womanwasuppermostinthemindsoftheWadia
brothersandalsofinancersbeforethereleaseof
Hunterwali.TheWadiabrotherswereunableto
findanydistributorsforHunterwaliwhich had
beenahugegambleforthemandendedupdoing
the job themselves.13Accor ding t oRoy Wadia
“It’sinterestingtonotethatJ.B.H.wastrulyone
ofthefilmindustry’smostdaringpioneers-he
notonlyintroducedaforeignwoman toIndian
Cinema,butdidsoinsuchawaythatcouldhave
shockedandscandalizedpeopleatthetime-but
insteadcharmedandcaptivatedthem…noeasy
feat.”14
Sowhatexactlypulledthecrowdstoa
NadiaMovie.Herabilitytoperformdaringstunts
withoutusingabodydoublewasnodoubtaprime
reason.Yetonewonders,howduringthepeakof
thenationalistmovement,theIndianaudiences
founditeasytoaccepta foreignwomanas the
rescuer and vanqu isher of evil. In spite of her
whiteness,shebecomesanationalisticon.Rosie
Thomasinherworktoohastriedtodissectthe
Nadiaphenomenon.Tosomeextent,thecreditof
her  success goes t o J. B. H. Wadi a who ha d
modeledheronthelinesoftheAmericanPearl
WhitebuthadsufficientlyIndianisedher.Infact
shewasadvertisedasIndia’sPearlWhitebyJ.B.
MEHER MISTRY

521
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
H.Wadiawhoknewthevalueofbrandbuilding.
15HeeffectivelyusedthefascinationofIndians
fortheexoticwhiteMem16andatthesametime
wasabletoestablisha connectwiththeIndian
masses who were used to women donn ing the
dressofamaleasaviranganatoprotecthersubject
andkingdomintheabsenceofamalekinaswas
thecaseofRaziaSultanandRaniofJhansi.17J.B.
H.WadiaalsotriedtofixheridentityasIndianby
taglinesinhisfilmsadvertisementssuchasBrave
Indiangirlwhosacrificed royal luxuriesto the
causeofherpeopleandhercountryandshewas
also shown in the movies as Bombaywali the
moder n woman from Bombay.18 Her masked
appea rance wh ile fightin g and  her oth erwise
appearanceinasareetooaidedtheeffort.Dueto
thesestrategiesperhapsinspiteofherpoorHindi
and blonde appea rance,  the audi ence did n ot
considerherasaforeignerandlovedher.19The
factthatshehadgrownupinIndiawasalsowell
knownand,insomeways,helpedtodiffuseher
whitenessinthemindsoftheaudienceinanage
whentherewasconsiderableambiguityregarding
Indianidentity.20
According to Thomas,J. B. H. Wadia
cashedinontwofactorstomakeNadia’scharacter
aresoundinghitnamely‘avoluptuouswhitebody
and populist n ationalism’. All his films ha d a
concealedmessageforsocialchangeorfighting
againstthetyrannyoftheBritish.21J.B.H.Wadia
had been asecret Congr ess supporter but later
begantoleantowardstheMarxistsespeciallyafter
coming under the influence of M. N. Roy. He
yearnedtomakemoresocialmoviesthatwould
alsoearnhimcriticalacclaimsomethingwhichhad
delud ed him a nd move away fr om th e cheap
thrillerswhichhadbecometheWadiaMovietones
trademark.HomiWadiaontheother hand was
moreinterestedinmakingextravagantboxoffice
hitsoftheNadiatype.Theseconflictingvisions
ledtothetwobrotherspartingtheirway.Thesplit
cameafterthefailureofMaujin1943whereNadia
wasmadetoplayavamp.Inoneofthescenes,
Nadia had a crying shot which was eventually
cut,ascryingjustdidnotfitintoNadia’sscreen
persona.HomiWadia,whobythistimehadfallen
in lovewith Nadia,feltthatwhat theaudience
wantedwasthewhipcrackingNadiaanddecided
tocontinuewiththestuntgenre.Preparedona
shoestringbudget,hisnextmovieHunterwaliki
BetiresurrectedhiscareeraswellasNadia’sand
hewentontoproducemanysuchfilmswithher
until1956.J.B.H.after1946rejoinedhimashis
experimentsatsocialfilmsfailed.After1947,the
twobrothersalsoachievedsuccessinproducing
manymythologicals.22
ItisalsoworthnotingthatNadiainher
filmsmadeinthe1930’swaschallengingmale
dominance.“Don’tbeundertheassumptionthat
youcandominateovertoday’swomen.IfIndiais
tobefree,womenhavetobefreedfirst.”washer
dialogueinafilm titledDiamondQueeninthe
year1940andyetwasgreetedbyathunderous
applause.23“FortheIndianpublic,Nadiawasa
visualdisconnectfromtheirreality.Maybethat’s
whytheycheeredher on.Idoubt if anIndian-
looking woman wouldhavebeenreceivedina
similarmanner,”surmisesRoyWadia,hergreat-
nephew.24DorotheeWennerinherbookonNadia
tootriestoexplorehowanIndianactressofthe
1930’sbecomearagewithfeministsinthewestat
the turn of the mi llennium.25  “What I find
remarkableabouttheIndianaudienceisthatthey
havegreatpoweroftoleranceastheyaccepteda
foreignerwhoneitherspoketheirlanguagenorfit
int o two usual st ereotypical images of In dian
FEARLESSNADIA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
films,”shesays.26Nadia’scharacterchangedthe
waywomenweredepictedinIndianCinema.She
was a h ero in all h er films som etimes even
perfor min g the stun ts meant for her  male
counterpart.InthefilmDiamondQueen,Nadia
defeatstheownersofadiamondminethatuses
childlabourandafterbeatingthemupshegives
them a lectur eon women’s rights  and literacy
programs.Hermoviecharactersinspiredfreedom,
equalityandcourage.27
AlthoughinthemovieHunterwalithere
wasanudebathingsceneofher,shewasrarely
shownasasensualactress.AccordingtoShoma
A.Chaterji,hercharacterdoesnotappeartohave
been constructed with  any special ki nd of sex
appealoreroticappealinmind.Shedidnotwear
revealing cl othes and yet she beca m e a
mesmerizing icon and a subject for further
exploration for psychoanalysts. “Perhaps, th e
sightofawomanyieldingweaponsandperforming
courageous stunts generall y associated with a
manonscreen,mayhavecreated itsownvery
differentkindofappeal,sexualorotherwiseamong
thelargelymaleaudiencewhomadeabeelinefor
aNadiafilm.”28
Itisalsowonderedwhyafterorbefore
her,  was t here n o stun t quee n in  the I ndia n
cinema?OtherStudiosofthetime likeMohan
studi os tried t o compete wit h the Hunterwali
seriesbycastingRomolainsimilarfilmsbutthey
couldnotmatchuptoNadia’simage.RiyadWadia
hadrightlycommented“Itisimpossibletohavea
largerthanlifefigurelikeHunterwaliwhocould
carr y entir e films on  the strength of her own
physicalenergy”.29Nadia’slastfilmwasKhilari
(1961)whereshewascastasaspy.Shewasin
her late50’sand thereforeit had lesserstunts.
Afterthismovie,Nadiaalmostfadedintooblivion
tillthedocumentaryofRiyadonceagainbrought
herintolimelight.Shehadalongloveaffairwith
DirectorHomiWadiabutdidn’tofficiallymarry
until1961duetotheoppositionofhisconservative
mother.Nadiadiedattheadvancedageof88in
1996.30HersignaturecallofHeyyasshemarched
down on her h orse, Punjab K a Beta  however
continuestoreverberateinthemindsofherfans.
WorksCited
PrimarySources:
1. DiamondQueen,DirectedbyJ.B.H.Wadia,
Pr oduced by Wadia Movieton e,1940
(DigitallyremasteredfromtheoriginalPrint
ReproducedbyRiyadVinciWadiaandWadia
Movietone Ar ch ives.) <h t t p s://
w w w . y o u t u b e . c o m /
watch?v=u4BnjwRwBoc>Accessedon28
June2020.
2. MissFrontierMail,DirectedbyHomiWadia,
Pr oduced  by Wad ia Movieton e,1936,
uploadedonYouTubebyCinecurryClassics
on16April2019.<https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=LeEGKBd12A8&list=PLiBFh_nE7QRzTg8CLCN0bhAz6fXzYSIm8>
Accessedon10June2020.
SecondarySources:
Books
1. Chaterji,ShomaA.Subject:Cinema,Object:
Woman-AstudyofthePortrayalofWomen
in Indi an Cin ema.  Calcu tta :  Par amita
Publications,1998.
2. Thomas Rosie. “Not Quite (Pearl) White:
FearlessNadia, queenofthestunts”Kaur,
R. an dA.J. Sin ha (editors.) Bollywood:
Po p ular In d i a n  Ci n e ma thro u g h  a
TransnationalLens.London,UK:Sage,2005.
pp.35-69.
MEHER MISTRY

523
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
3. Thomas,Rosie.“NotQuite(Pearl) White :
Fear less Nadia Queen of the Stu nts”,
Thomas, Rosi e (editor ). Bombay Before
Bollywood: Film Cit y Fantasies. Delhi:
OrientBlackSwan,2014.
4. Wileman,PaulandAshish Rajadhyaksha.
Encyclop edia of Indian  Cinema. London:
Routledge,1999.
Articles
1. Bath ija,  Raju. Gu pta, Sour endu . Oga le,
Girish.TheMumbaiPages,Biographiesof
Famous Persons-Mar y Evans Wadia, aka
Fear less Nadia  <ht tps://theor y.t ifr.res. in/
bombay/docs/web/nadia.h tml >, Accessed
on25February,2020.
2. Kaemmer ,Gr eta. “Just who was Fearless
Nadia?”Memsaabstory.com, 21 February
2017, <https://www.r ediff.com/movies/
column / just-wh o- was-fea r less-nadi a /
20170221.htm>,Accessedon25February
2020.
3. Karnad, Girish.“ChallengeofSound:The
IndianTalkie-I”in Cinema Vision India,
April 1980, Essay reproduced in Scroll.in
<https://scroll.in/reel/829888/when-girish-
karnad-interviewed-stunt-film-legen d-
fearless-nadia-a-scene-with-a-lion-ill-do-it>
Accessedon25February,2020.
4. Pal, San chari. “Who is Hunterwali? Th e
Little-KnownStoryofIndia’sOriginalStunt
Queen”, www.thebette r i ndia.com,  2 2
February 2017,   < h tt p s://
www.thebetter in dia.com / 88373/ stor y-
fearless-nadia-hunter wali-i n dia-fir st-
stun twom an-ran goon />Accessed on  25
February2020.
5. Shaikh,Ayaz.“TheWomanwithaWhip,The
remarkablestoryofFearlessNadia,oneof
Bollywood’searliestfemalestuntstars,who
has becom e a fem i n ist i con”
openthemagazine.com,18November2012,
<https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/the-
woman-wi th-a-whi p/>, Accessed on  25
February2020.
6. Wenner,Dorothee.FearlessNadia:TheTrue
StoryofBollywood’sOriginalStuntQueen
<https://books.google.co.in /books/about/
Fearless_Nadia.html?id=QCdlAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y>,
Accessedon25February,2020.
NewspaperandmagazineArticles
1. IndiaTodayWebdesk,“Kangana’sFearless
Nadia-inspiredJulialandsRangooninlegal
soup”, India Today, 17 Februar y 2017,
<h t tps:/ /www. i ndi atoday. i n/m o vi e s /
bollywood/story/kangana-ranaut-rangoon-
fearless-nadia-legal-suit-roy-wadia-961224-
2017-02-17, > Accessed on 25 February
2020.
2. In dia Today Webdesk, “On her 110th
bir t h day, Google remem bers Na d i a
‘Hunterwali’witha doodle”IndiaToday,8
January2018,<https://www.indiatoday.in/
fyi/story/fearless-nadia-hunterwali-wadia-
movietone-google-doodle-1125723-2018-01-
08,>Accessedon25February2020.
3. Ma l i k, Am i t a .  “The on e a n d  only
hu nter wal i,”  The  Hi ndu, 5June  2005,
<https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/
tp-features/tp-literaryreview/the-one-and-
only-hunterwali/article28500013.ece.>
Accessedon25February2020.
FEARLESSNADIA

524
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
4. Rana Sidd iqui’s inter view with Dor othee
Wenner“WhataStunt”TheHindu,28March
2005, <h ttps://www.t hehindu. com/todays-
paper/tp-fea tures/tp-metroplus/what-a-
stunt/article28156913.ece,>Accessedon25
February2020.
5. Verma,Shreemi.”10FactsYouNeedToKnow
AboutFearlessNadia”.FilmCompanion.in,
9February2017,
<https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/
bollywood-features/10-facts-you-need-to-
know-about-fearless-nadia/>,Accessed on
24February2020.
(Footnotes)
1Pal,Sanchari.“WhoisHunterwali?TheLittle-
Known Story of In dia’s Origin al Stun t
Queen”, www.thebette r i ndia.com,  2 2
February 2017,  < h tt p s://
www.th ebetterindi a.com/ 88373/st ory-
fearless-nadia-hunter wali-i n dia-fir st-
stun twoman-ran goon/>, Accessed  on 25
February2020.
2MalikAmita.“Theoneandonlyhunterwali,”
Th e  Hindu ,  5  Jun e 2005, <https://
www.t h eh ind u .c om/ toda ys-pa per /tp-
features/tp-literaryreview/the-one-and-only
hunterwali/article28500013.ece.>Accessed
on25February2020.;MissFrontierMail,
DirectedbyHomiWadiaProducedbyWadia
Movietone,1936,uploadedonYouTubeby
CinecurryClassicson16April2019<https://
w w w . y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ? v =
L e E G K B d 1 2 A 8 & l i s t = P L i B F h _ n
E7QRz T g8 CL CN0bhAz 6fXzYSIm8>
AccessedonJune10,2020.
3Ibid.
4IndiaTodayWebdesk.“Kangana’sFearless
Nadia-inspiredJulialandsRangooninlegal
soup” , India Today, 17, Febr uary 2017,
<h t tps:/ /www. i ndi atoday. i n/m o vi e s /
bollywood/story/kangana-ranaut-rangoon-
fearless-nadia-legal-suit-roy-wadia-961224-
2017-0 2-17, > Accessed on 2 5 February,
2020.
5Kaemmer ,Gr eta. “Just who was Fearle ss
Nadia?”.Memsaabstory.com,21
February 2017, <h ttps://www.rediff.com/
movies/column /just-who-was-fea rless-
nadi a/20170221. htm>, A ccessed on 25
February2020.
6Ver ma, Shreem i.”10  Facts You Need To
Kn ow About Fearless Na dia”. Fi lm
Companion.in,9 F ebruar y 20 17,<h ttps:/ /
www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-
features/10-facts-you-need-to-know-about-
fearless-nadia/>,Accessedon 24 February
2020.
7Krammer,Greta.op.cit.
8In dia Today Webdesk, “On her 110th
bir t h day, Google remem bers Na d i a
‘Hunterwali’witha doodle”IndiaToday,8
January2018,<https://www.indiatoday.in/
fyi/story/fearless-nadia-hunterwali-wadia-
movietone-google-doodle-1125723-2018-01-
08>.Accessedon25February2020.
9Ch aterji , Shoma A. Su bjec t : Ci nema,
Object: Woman-A study of the Portrayal
of Women in Ind ian Ci nema.   Calcut ta:
ParamitaPublications,,1998,pp.236-237.
10 Kaemmer,Greta.op.cit.
11 J.B.H.WadiaandHomiWadiaalwaysfelt
that th e Nadia genre‘ was much mal igned
MEHER MISTRY

525
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
andleastunderstoodbymanyall-knowing
film critics an d producers of social films.
See Wadia , J.  B. H. , “T hose were t he
Days”in Cinema Vision India,vol.I, no.1,
1980,pp.93-94.CitedinThomas,op.cit.,p.46
12 Rana Siddiq ui’s int erview with Doroth ee
Wenner “What a Stunt”inThe Hindu, 28
March 200 5, <https://www.thehind u.com/
todays-paper /tp-featur es/ tp-metroplus/
what-a-stunt/article28156913.ece,>accessed
on25February2020.
13 IndiaToday,8January2018,op.cit.;Seealso
Thomas Rosie, “Not Quite (Pearl) White:
FearlessNadia,queenofthestunts”in:Kaur,
R. an dA.J. Sin ha (editors). Bollywood:
Po p ular In d i a n  Ci n e ma thro u g h  a
TransnationalLens,London,UK:Sage,2005,
pp.35-69.
14 BathijaRaju,GuptaSourendu,OgaleGirish,
Th e  M u mbai Pa g e s, Bi ographies of
Famous Persons-Mar y Evans Wadia, aka
Fear less Nadia  <ht tps://theor y.t ifr.res. in/
bombay/docs/web/nadia.html, >Accessed
on25February2020.
15 Thomas, Rosie,“NotQuite(Pearl) White:
Fear less Nadia Queen of the Stu nts”,
Thomas, Rosi e (editor ). Bombay Before
Bollywood: Film Cit y Fantasies. Delhi:
OrientBlackSwan,2014,p.130.
16 White women  were ver y popula r in the
UrduParsitheatre.
17 Thomas,2005,op.cit.,pp.35-69.
18 Wileman, PaulandAshishRajadhyaksha.
Encyclop edia of Indian  Cinema. London:
Routledge,1999,pp.458,467,476.
19 Thomas,2005,op.cit.,pp.51-52.
20 Thomas,2014,op.cit.,p.119.
21 Thomas,2005,op.cit.,p.45.
22 Ibid., pp. 46-48. See also Kar nad, Gir ish.
“ChallengeofSound:TheIndianTalkie-I”
Cinema Vision India, April 1980, Essay
reproduced in Scroll.i n<  https:// scroll.in/
reel/829888/when-girish-karnad-interviewed-
stunt-film-legend-fearless-nadia-a-scene-
wit h-a -lion -ill- do-i t > Accessed on 25
February2020.
23 Dia mon d Qu een,  Dir ected by J. B.H.
Wadia,ProducedbyWadiaMovietone,1940
(DigitallyremasteredfromtheoriginalPrint
Reprod uced by Riyad Vinci Wadia an d
Wadia Movi eton eAr chives.)  <ht tps://
w w w . y o u t u b e . c o m /
watch?v=u4BnjwRwBoc> Accessed on
28June2020.SeealsoThomas,op.cit.,p.115
24 Shaikh Ayaz ,  “The Woman with a
Whip,T he r emar kable  stor y of Fea rless
Nadia, oneofBollywood’searliest female
stu nt st ars, wh o has  become  a femi nist
icon”openthemagazine.com,18 Nov2012,
<https://openthemagazine.com/cinema/the-
woman-wi th-a-whi p/>, Accessed on  25
February2020.
25 Wenner,Dorothee.FearlessNadia:TheTrue
StoryofBollywood’sOriginalStuntQueen
<https://books.google.co.in /books/about/
F e a r l e s s _ N a d i a . h t m l ? i d =
Q C d l A AA A M A A J& r e d i r _e s c = y >,
AccessedonFebruary25,2020.
26 TheHindu,March282005,op.cit.
27 Dia mon d Qu een,  Dir ected by J. B.H.
Wadia,op.cit.
28 Chaterji,op.cit.,p.241
29 Ibid.,p.242
30 Kaemmer,Greta,op.cit.
FEARLESSNADIA

526
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
Thepaper“EgdonHeathinHardy’sThe
ReturnoftheNative:ANarrativeoftheDarwinian
Cult”presentsEgdonHeath,thesettingofHardy’s
novel,TheReturnoftheNative(1878),whichisa
microcosmofthewholeuniverse.TheDarwinian
theoryhasbeenappliedtothenovelTheReturn
oftheNativetoexploretheinnerconsciousness
ofcharactersandtheirrelationtothesoulofthe
Heath. The pa p er dem onstrates th a t  t h e
contin uous struggle t o reach  great hei ghts by
overthrowingopponentsgaverisetothetheory
of‘SocialDarwinism’.Also,theHeathisnotjust
aplacewhere theactiontakesplacebut itisa
localegovernedbyDarwinianlawsof‘Survival
oftheFittest’and‘NaturalSelectionofSpecies’.
Keywords:DarwinianCult,Evolution,Survivalof
theFittestandNaturalSelectionofSpecies
Paper
Thepurposeofmypaper“EgdonHeath
inHardy’sTheReturnoftheNative:ANarrative
oftheDarwinianCult”istodelveintohowcore
aspectsofDarwinianliterarytheoryarereflected
in Thomas Hardy’s The Return of the Native.
CharlesDarwin’sgroundbreakingworkOriginof
Species(1859)created anupheaval amongthe
Victorians. It shattered their religious faith as
OriginofSpeciesbyDarwinwasaproofthatall
human  beings descended from apes which
falsifiedallscripturaldoctrinesthatglorifiedthe
EGDON HEATH INHARDY’S THE RETURN OF THE
NATIVE:ANARRATIVEOFTHEDARWINIANCULT
MARIASHAIKH
Assistant Pr ofessor,
RamniranjanJhunjhunwalaCollege,Mumbai
powerof god.Literaturedepicts that common
peoplein theVictorian erafelt asiftheywere
helpless creatur es trapped in th e vast abyss of
theuniverseheadingtowardsitsowndestruction.
Theynowdidnotlookatgodastheirprotector
andsotheever-consumingfearofannihilation
hasbeenexpressedinthe literaryworksofthe
day.
Thus,Darwin’stheoryofevolutionwas
slowlyreplacingthebiblicaltaleofcreation.Their
religiousorthodoxywaschallengedbyscientific
evidence. Darwin established a link between
human species a nd th e animal  kingdom  by
iden t i fyin g the similarity in the “fa cial
muscula ture” (Evolution) an d oth er h uman
attr ibutes inher ited from apes. With Da rwin’s
discoveryofman’sanimaldescent,peoplecould
nolongerbeproudoftheir‘noblerace’andno
one could prove that ‘m an is created in  god’s
image’.TheVictorianswererevolvinginceaseless
doubtandtheycouldnotbelievethat:
TheGardenofEdenisanignorantmyth;
thatthedoctrineoforiginalsinhasnofoundation
infact;thattheatonementisanabsurdity;that
theserpentdidnottempt,andthatmandidnot
fall.(Ingersoll358-359)
Applyi n g In gersoll’s  views, it is
observedthatanindividualfoundhimself/herself
dispossessedfromthe‘GreatChainofBeing’.S/
hewasnolonger themaster ofthe universeas
Darwinprovedthatallhumanbeingsarenothing

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
but “cosmical ly incon sequen tial bundles of
stardust,  adrift in an infinit e and  purposeless
universe” (Raymo 160). However, in Victoria n
society, god fearing people r ejected Dar win’s
principlesandtheyheldonfirmlytotheirreligious
beli efs but  intense suffer ing a nd con tin uous
absenceofgodmadethemfeelthattheywerelost
inadesolatewasteland.
Ineveryage,humanbeingshaveliveda
meaninglesslifeconstantlybattlingagainst the
mightyforcesoffateinaruthlessenvironment.
Theirstruggletoliveandfightforlifeistermedas
“survivalofthefittest”.HoweverCharlesDarwin
describedtheconceptof‘survivalofthefittest’
bytheprocedureofnaturalselection ofspecies
differently.
AccordingtoDarwin,NaturalSelection
occurs through interaction between individual
speciesandtheirenvironment.Theseorganisms
that can adapt th emselves to har sh natural
environmentshavemorestrengthtolivelonger
and greater  chances of giving birth  to healthy
pr ogeny th an weak creatures. These feebl e
creatureswhofinditdifficulttosurviveinthese
circumstances are elimin ated to avoid the
transmissionofweaker genes.However,nature
doesn ’t un dertake that str ength alon e may
guaranteesurvivalas lotdepends on‘chance’.
The evol ution ary pr ocess leads to slow an d
gradualchangeoverlonghistoricperiodscausing
variat ions among species. Of course, i t is the
random n ess of chance that causes these
variati ons. Furth ermore, it is only chan ce that
allowsthesurvivalofthefittest.
However,scientistsprovedthatnotonly
theanimalkingdombutalsoallhumankindis
vul ner able to succumb to the ev olut ionar y
mechanismofnaturalselection.Sopeoplewere
disappointed as they livedin a world that was
controlledbychanceandfate.Moreover,oneof
the grea test universal laws th at controlled the
worldischange.Itisthatpowerthatmercilessly
deva stat es t hose who f ail  to  cha ng e. Th e
determinationofhumanstolivecompelledthem
toadaptthemselvestothesemodifications.But
thisentirestrugglewasfutileaseverythingwas
finallyleft tochance. Hencetheuncertaintyof
the p ur p ose and design of nature and
uncontrollablechangemadethemfeelpessimistic
aboutlife.
Thebiologicalphenomenonofsurvival
offittestexamineshowscarcityofresourcesmakes
thebattleamongorganismsintheanimalkingdom
fierce.Itpromotescompetitioninwhichstronger
speciesthat readilyadapt themselvesto hostile
envi ronm ents sur vive. However,  towards t he
nineteenthcentury,scholarsappliedthisprinciple
tohumansocietytodescribetheirinexhaustible
desiretocompeteinthecapitalisteconomy.This
contin uous struggle to rea ch gr eat heigh ts by
overthr owing their  opponents gave rise to the
theoryof‘Social Darwinism’.Withinthesocial
hierarchy,boththe‘desiretolive’and‘desireto
compete’determinesanindividual’sfitnessina
harsh compet i t i ve world with  limited
opportunities.
Therefore,Darwinthrowslightonthe
processofevolutionofanimallifebutlateronhis
theory was consi dered ap propriate to descr ibe
even the progression of hum an life. The main
pointsthatconstructDarwinianthoughtinclude
the elimination of weaker species and their
defectivegenestoimprovequalityoflifeandthe
mul t i p lication  of stronger  organisms by
reproduction.Theirabilitytoadapttochanging
environmentisthemeasureoftheirstrength.The
 MARIA SHAIKH

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
inheritance of powerful/ weaker genes either
improvesorreducesthecapacityofadaptationof
theselivingorganisms.Soheredityisadynamic
force th at is i nterli nked with survival. So a n
individual s truggles with  forces of heredi ty
operatingwithinthemandtheenvironmentthat
isanexternalreality.Theenvironmentmaytake
thegiganticshapeoftheinfinitecosmosorcruel
fate. But,  however har d they may strug gle to
changeinordertofinda placeintheuniverse;
chancecanthwarttheirattemptsandleadtoeternal
doom. So the laws ofn atural selection can be
greatlyalteredbychance.Moreimportantthan
anythingelseisthathumansarethedescendant
ofapesand sotheyare astrivial asanyliving
creatureonearth.Allaspectsofhumanpridewhich
includewealth,intelligenceandknowledgevanish
beforethemightoffate.
CharlesDarwin’sideashadaprofound
influence on Thoma sHar dy who envisioned a
frighten ing world i n which h uman souls were
succumbingtothebrutalforcesoffate.InHardy’s
fiction , fate is synonymous to Cha nce, Ti me,
Circumst ances, Na ture, Un iverse Pr ovidence,
NemesisandtheImmanentWill.Hisnovelsare
structuredaroundanindividual’spainfulstruggle
forexistenceandhis/herdeterminationtoliveina
pitiless Dar wi nian world. These super natural
forcesarefullofvengeanceagainsthim/her-they
simplyignoretheirvirtuesandworktogetherto
pushthemtowardstheirdestruction.
Hardy’s heroes never accept defeat in
facttheyaregreatwarriorswhofighttilltheirlast
breath.Theywrestlewithinvisiblepowerstokeep
theirhonourintacteventhoughtheyknowthat
theycannotovercomefate.Theyarechampions
whoknowthattheyarepowerlessandtheywill
definitelybelosersyettheyputupafiercebattle
withfate.Theyhaveadaringspiritastheydonot
bend easi ly and t hey chal lenge t hese un seen
forces.Theirunbearablepain movesusasthey
refu se to brea k and  they suffer wi th di gnity.
Therefore, his heroes ap pear gran d in their
suffering.
Hardy,thus,presentsaDarwinianworld
inwhichmenarestrugglingfortheirexistenceby
wagingawarwiththesemysteriousoccultpowers.
Itis agodlessworldinwhich therewill beno
punish ment for acts of disobedien ce.Yet his
charactersretain their goodness.S/he isstilla
benevolentbeingwhohasnotlosthis/hervirtues.
AnotherimportantfeatureisthatLovestillforms
theessenceofthisselfishDarwinianworld.
Darwin descr ibes the beautiful landscape of
naturetornbystrife:
It is interesting to contemplate on an
entangledbank,clothedwithmanyplantsofmany
kinds,withbirdssingingonbushes,withvarious
insectsflitting about,andwithwormscrawling
thedampearth....aredependentoneachotherin
soacomplexmanner.(Darwin403)
Inallhisworks,Hardyalsopresentsan
eternallyblindandselfishstruggleinboththelife
oftheanimalkingdomandhumanbeings.Darwin
showsushowevenbirdswithabeautifulsinging
voicekillandeatinsectsfortheirsurvival.Similarly,
Hardy,too,describeshowtheivy,thehollyand
theserpentcanstrangle,chokeandhissattheir
preyfortheirexistence.Nature is thesceneon
whichthestruggleforsurvivaltakesplace.
In  The Return of  the Native, Har dy
depicts the setting, Egdon Heath , as a living
character. Itismuchmorethana geographical
location;it isthewildspiritofnaturethathas
takenhumanform.Itexhalesdarknessandwhen
EGDONHEATHINHARDY’S THE RETURNOF THENATIVE:A NARRATIVEOFTHE...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
allitsvegetationandanimallifewhichwereits
inhabitantssankindeepsleep,theheathwould
wakeupandlisten.
The h eath was a lon g stretch of land
unfit for agr icultural purposes. The gloomy
landscapeoftheheathhaditsownsombrebeauty.
Its e legance ca me from t he primi tive brown
clothingofthedarkfoliageandthesoilthatadded
grandeurtotheheath.Themysteriousgloomand
lonelinessonitsfacegaveitahaggardappearance;
itwasabarrenwastethatspelledoutforthcoming
disaster.
Beneathnature’ssubtlebeautywasher
capricious reality. The heath possessed wild
beautythatwouldactasadestructiveagent.With
thepublicationofOriginofSpecies,forTennyson
andotherVictorians,‘Mothernature’became“red
intoothandclaw”.Theheathwilldestroyitsfoe-
civi liza tion.  It punish es sever ely those who
interferewithitsworkingsandeventhosewho
challengeitssacrednaturallawsarenotforgiven.
SoeveryinhabitantofEgdonHeathmust
acceptthesupremacyoftheheath.Egdonisa
micr ocosm of the whole universe  and it h as
survivedevolutionaryprocessesforcenturiesbut
itremainsunchanged.Generationshavepassed,
thingsneverremainedthesameandeverytrace
oflifewasdestroyedbytimebuttheheathnever
changed.Hardydescribesthepermanenceofits
indestructi ble natural surroundin gs in th e
following  lines: “Th e sea chan ged, the fi elds
changed,theriverschanged,thevillages,andthe
peoplechanged,yetEgdonremained.”(Hardy14)
Theheath’sstronginstinctofsurvival,
itsdesiretoremainthewayitisanditseternity
demonstratesthat naturecan neverperish.His
heroesmaybeinpossessionofgreatknowledge
butnothingcansavethemfromtheclutchesof
death.Theyarevictimsoffateandeventimeturns
theirpridetodust.SotheChristianviewthatthe
worldwascreatedformanandthedivinityofhis
soulmakesthemriseaboveallcreationwasfalse.
This ageless h eath with its mystifying powers
castsdoubtontheimmortalityofthehumansoul.
EgdonHeath isa distinct purposeless,
mindless,selfishentitythat wantstocrushthe
hopesofmankind.Ithasacolossaltitanicform
but no soul. The inhabitants of the heath are
cursed to live tragic lives; the hea th being the
causeoftheirtragedy.Itkeepsoninflictingpain
by affecting th eir lives with  crisis but a s any
pitile ss tormen tor it rema ins unmoved. Hardy
describes the heartl essnessof th e heath in  the
followinglines:
Everynight itsTitanicformseemed toawait
something;butit
had wait ed thus, unmoved, during so ma ny
centuries,
throughthecrises ofsomanythings, that it
couldonly
beimaginedtoawaitonelastcrisis—thefinal
overthrow.(Hardy12)
Itsinhabitantsaredoomedtoentrapmentinthe
prisonoftheheath.TheheathkilledEustaciaVye
andWildevewhentheyaretryingtoescapefrom
Egdon.It appearsasifit iswaitingforagesto
suddenly pounce on them to bring about th eir
finaloverthrowandfinallytheirdeathgivesthe
heathsadisticpleasure.Theheathengineerstheir
downfall as it hates t o see the h appiness  of
mankind.
Eustacia,wastherawmaterialofdivinity,
the dark soul of the heath- a superior bein gis
swallowedbytheheath. BothsheandWildeve
 MARIA SHAIKH

530
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
reflectthewildness,passionateandtheimpulsive
instinctoftheheath.Theheathwasthreatened
bytheirresemblancetoitandsoitwasthreatened
bythem.Bothofthemstoodforcivilization as
they were of foreign origin  and so the fear of
conquestmight haveturned ithostile tothem.
The heath saw them, especially Eustacia, as
competitorsandeliminatedthemforitssurvival.
Shewalkedalonewithoutanyfearinthe
darknessofthenightontheheath.Thereforeshe
domi nated  the surr oundin gs of th e heat h by
exertingherpower.Bothofthemalsorefusedto
recognizethesovereigntyoftheheath.Indoing
so,theyarousedtheangeroftheheathandmade
itjealous.
Eustacia hated the heath and even
Widevehadnorealloveforit.ShetellsWildeve-
”’Tismycross,myshame,andwillbemydeath!”
“Iabhorittoo,”saidhe.(Hardy91)
Theheathbecomeshisfoebecausehe
also abhors it. The pr ocess of filter ing out
‘maladjusted’beingsasEustaciaandDamonby
theirdeathbecausetheyhateittakesplaceinthe
heathgovernedbyDarwinianlaws.
Theymeettheirdeathbecauseoftheir
epicureandesires.Heredityplaysagreatroleas
Eusta cia h as i nher ited t he sen sua lity of h er
musicianfatherwhilelicentiousnessandcarnal
pleasur e characte rises Wildeve. E ustacia feels
fights again st inner forces of heredity and the
outer h eath as she lived a fashion able life in
Budsmouth.Herdislikeformelancholicheath,her
failedmarriagewithClym,hisrefusaltogotoParis
– the land ofher dreams- everything tears her
soulapart.Shecouldneverthinkoflivingallher
lifehere.Sofortheheath,althoughsherepresents
thestrongestwomenofhersex,yetherfailureto
adapt to chan ged circumstan ces makes her an
unwantedelement.SoinkeepingwithDarwinian
laws, the heath disca rds her. In On  Origin of
Species,CharlesDarwinwritesthatusuallythe
species whoa dapt tochange survive. Eusta cia
diesofnostalgiaandthecruelsurroundingsdo
notwanttosustainher.Theheathseesherasa
poisonouselementthatmustbeeliminatedasit
allowsonlytheoneswholoveittolivewithinits
peripheries.
AnotherimportantpointishowWildeve
sinsagainstnaturebydisturbingtheecological
balanceoftheheath.Heoccupiesanareaofthe
terrainthatwasoriginallyheathlandwhichHardy
describes as Wildeve’s Patch in  the followin g
lines:
Aplotoflandredeemedfromtheheath,
andafterlongandlaboriousyearsbroughtinto
cultivation.Themanwhohaddiscoveredthatit
couldbetilleddiedofthelabour;themanwho
succeededhim inpossession ruined himself in
fertilizingit.WildevecamelikeAmerigoVespucci,
andreceivedthehonoursduetothosewhohad
gonebefore.(42)
ThisclearlydemonstratesthatWildeve
was in possession ofcursed land. He snatched
forciblywhatbelongedtotheheath.Soitwould
neverforgivehim.Ifthemanwhoploughedthis
infertilestonylanddiedofhardlabourandlater
themanwhofertilizeditwasruined,thenitalso
foreshadowsWildeve’stragicdestiny.
Similarly Clym, too, wan ts to bring
ci vili zation to t he h eat h by ed ucati ng t he
communitytherebyuprootingitspaganancestry.
Thewrathofnaturepunishedhimwithblindness
sincehetriedtochangenature’scourse.
EGDONHEATHINHARDY’S THE RETURNOF THENATIVE:A NARRATIVEOFTHE...

531
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Heredityalsoplaysasignificantrolein
developing Clym’s character. He inh erits his
father’ssimplicityandselflessnaturethatcompels
himtorenouncetheglamourousworldofParis
forcivilizingthenativesoftheheath.Hisstubborn
naturecomesfromhismotherbecauseofwhich
heneverforgivesEustaciaandthenshedies.His
idealismchokedEustacia’sdreamsbutbecause
ofhisadamantnaturehedoesn’tlistentoherand
tilltheendofthenovel,itishisselfsacrificing
natur e that makes him preach to the ignora nt
popula ce of the h eath. T hus ther e was a war
betweenhiscoreinnernaturethathecan’tchange
duetotheinfluenceofheredity.Hisinternalself
isinconflictwiththeexternalforcesoftheheath
repr esenting the envir onment that sowed the
seedsofhis tragedy.
The el ement of chan ce heighten s the
tragic flawin Clym’scharacter.Someofthese
“chance’eventsarehismarriagewithEustacia,
lossofeyesight,Eustacia’smeetingwithWildeve,
and the closed-door scene; everythin g leadsto
hisdestruction.Butalthoughheisavictimoffate
andkeepsonsuffering,herisestothegrandeur
ofatragichero.
Hardyalsodescribeshowtheheathfolk
hadmorefaithinthesuperstitiouspaganbeliefs
rootedintraditionratherthancomplexChristian
rituals.CivilizationgaverisetoChristianitybut
paganritualsrootedinthepastareapartofhis
unconscious.CharlesDarwinInDescentofMan
pointsoutthathehasdescended“fromasavage
delightstotorturehisenemies,offersupbloody
sa crifices, pract i ces in fanticide withou t
rem orse. . .and is ha unted by th e grossest
superstitions.”(404-5)
Theancientritualoflightingbonfireshas
spiritual significance but “to light a fire is an
instinctiveandresistantactofman,whenatthe
winter ingress cur few is soun ded throughout
nature.”(Hardy23)Thismeansthatman’sinstinct
ofsurvivalthatdriveshimtoburnthefire.Susan
NunsuchprickingEustaciawithaneedleinchurch
and whenshe burnshereffigyafterwhich she
diesimmediatelytalksabouttheirblindadherence
toblackmagicpractisedinpre-Christiansociety.
The point her eis that th e simple heath  folk
believedstronglyinthesepagancustomsrather
thanprayingtoaninaccessiblegod.
Hardysystematicallydescribestheevolvingfacial
appearanceofhumanraceasfollows:
InClymYeobright’sfacecouldbedimly
seen the typical counte nance of the future......
Theviewof life as a th ing to be put u p with
replacin g that zest for existence which was so
intenseinearlycivilization,mustultimatelyenter
so thoroughly into the constitut ion of t he
advan ced races th at its facial expressi on will
become accept edas a n ewartis ticdepar ture...
(Hardy)
Generationstocomewillbearatragic
moanimprintedontheirfaces.Thetransmission
oftheirpredecessor,Clym’s“facialmusculature”
togetherwiththeexpressionofsorrow,isdefinite
inatragicallyevolvingworld.
WorksCited:
PrimarySources:
Thomas Har dy, Return of the Native,AITBS
Publications,Delhi,India,2009
SecondarySources:
Evol ution :Th e Molecular Lan dscape, Vol
LXXIV,ColdspringHarborPress,2009
 MARIA SHAIKH

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Ingersoll,Robert.Lectures:SomeMistakes
ofMoses.ReprintServicesCorporation,2007
(358-359)
Raym o, Chet. 1998 .  S k e p t i c s and  Tru e
Believers.NewYork,NY:Walker
Darwi n, Cha rles.The Descent of man, and
Se l ectio n in  R e lati on to Sex . Princeton
UniversityPress,2008.
_____________ On Origi n  o f  S pecies.
PickeringandChattoPublishers,1997
Webliography:
eb ooks .ade l aide . edu. a u/h/ h ard y /tho mas/
h27r/book3.html
TheProjectGutenbergeBookgutenberg.org/
files/122/122-h/122-h.htm

EGDONHEATHINHARDY’S THE RETURNOF THENATIVE:A NARRATIVEOFTHE...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Multi-LevelMarketing(MLM)business
modelgrewrapidlytonewheightsbyproviding
incomeopportunitiestomillionsofpeopleacross
the globespecially in pandemic. Stillveryfew
researchisdoneonMLM,asthisconceptisoften
misjudgedaspyramidsellingschemeswithmany
unet hical element s attach ed to it. This pap er
arguesthatMLMindustryhasinherenttraitsof
unethicalelementswhichcanbecurtailedonly
byimplementationofstrictcompliance.Thepaper
provides insight on the is sues within MLM
indust ry from et hical  perspec tive alon g with
rela ted judici al pron ouncement s and poss ible
solutionswhichcouldhelptheMLMcompanies
increatingtrustinthemarketandhelpitestablish
as an ethical in dustry speciallyas 21st century
businessmodel.Thepurposeofthispaperisto
examinetheissuesfromethicalperspectivewithin
MLMcompaniesandpresentanobjectiveview
ofmultilevelmarketingasanalternativemedium
ofdistributionofgoodsandearninglivelihood.
Introduction
Th e Covid -19 h as af fected n ot on ly
healthbutemploymentopportunitiesdrastically.
Theconceptof‘jobsecurity’hasbecomeanon-
existent featu re.With the risin g need of extra
incometosurvivethepandemiccreatedincome
loss, cravi ng for  being one’s own boss and
appetitetostartone’sownbusiness,weseethe
rising tide of Multi-Level Marketing (MLM)
MULTI-LEVELMARKETING:ETHICALCHALLENGESIN
ITSWAY
GOPALAMSULTANIA
(ResearchScholar,AmityLawSchool,AmityUniversity,Rajasthan)
Dr.SAROJBOHRA
(Director,AmityLawSchool,AmityUniversity,Rajasthan)
compan ies being est ablished a cross the g lobe
promisingtofulfilthisrisingneedsandaspirations
ofthepeople.
MLMcompaniesalsoknownpopularly
asNetworkMarketingcompanies,whichoperates
onthemodelofreferandearni.e.,Firstly, you
needtobecomearegisteredmemberofacompany
and bu y some p roduct s or ser vices fr om the
company,thenyoucaneithersellthoseproducts
toearnretailprofitorifyouregisteranotherperson
andifhebuyssomeproducts,thenalsoyougeta
commission.Thisissinglelevelmarketing,butit
does not stop h ere. If your fr ien d further
recommendstohisfriends,thenheandyouboth
willgetcertaincommissiondependingonthelevel
asprescribedinthecompanyandsoforth.Since
thepay-outisbeingdoneonmulti levelshence
called Multi-Level Marketi ng. But MLM have
been in con troversy since they are often
consider ed as pyramid sellin g companies  or
money circulati on entiti es as it appear s both
operating on simi lar  model, but the key
differentiatingfactorremainswhetherthepay-out
ismadeonactual‘salesofproducts’ormerelyon
‘rec ruit ment’ . Sin ce a comp any mig ht be i n
technical ter ms completelylegiti mate but does
legitimacycertifytheethicalnatureofthecompany
too? A compan y mig ht be fulfill ing the l egal
requirementsofthelawoftheland,butdoesit
meanthatitswayofoperatingbusinessiscorrect
fromethicalperspectivetoo?1

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
The a u t h ors have discussed and
examined various ethical issueconnected with
multilevelmarketingcompaniesindividuallyand
renders insights on their legality by referring
variouscaselawsandjudgmentstoidentifythe
key elem ents in  disti nguish ing et hical M LM
practi ces against un ethi cal pyramid sel lin g
schemes.Thepaperbeginsbyidentifyingvarious
ethicalissuesthisindustryfaces.Inthelaterpart,
paper  provides in sight on related judicial
pronouncement san d relevant solutions for the
ethicalissuesdiscussedinthepaperwhichcould
helptheMLMcompaniesincreatingtrustinthe
marketandhelpitestablishasanethicalindustry
whichisimperativeforitsgrowth.
II.EthicalIssues
Issue1:InventoryLoading
Ineverybusinesswhethertraditionalor
MLM, comm ission or  bonus is ough t to be
receivedbydistributorsonlyforthesalesofthe
products or a ny services to end users an d not
merely for  simply enrol ling people in  an
organisation.
Sincein anybusiness,someinventory
has tobemaintained bythedistributors of the
comp any in  order  to fulfil the need s of the
customers,eveninanytraditionalbusiness,let
ussayashopownerdealinginbrandedclothes,
heneedstopurchasesomeinventoryofclothes
fromthebrandinordertomeettheneedsofthe
walk-incustomers.MLMisalsoabusinessand
the part icipants might al sowant to keep some
stockofproducts.Theadvantageofworkingwith
a MLM company is that the participant is not
required tomaintainorpurchase hugestockof
productsbutonlythatmuchwhichisrequiredto
forhiscustomers.Buttherecouldbefollowing
instances in wh ich a par ticipan t is made to
purchasemorethanrequiredorauthorspreferto
call‘inventoryloading’ontheparticipants-
Compa nies mandate:  Some MLM compani es
mightforcelargeupfrontpurchaseofproductsin
order to par ticipate in  the scheme without
validating whether th e products are being
purchasedforretailingorforonlyparticipatingin
thescheme.Theircompensationplanisdesigned
in such a manner which promotes recr uitment
ratherthanretailingofproductstousers.2
Uplinepush:Sincetheuplineparticipantsarepaid
bonus on the total products purchased in their
team,theymightalsopushtheirdownlinerecruits
to purch ase products more than  requir ed as a
consequence, the downlineendsup with stock
morethanhecouldretailthusleadingtoinventory
loading.
Self-temptation:sometimesparticipantsinorder
toqualifyforhigherlevelsinthebonusstructure
ofthecompany,theyareencouragedortempted
to buy more in ventory of pr oduct s upfr ont,
al thou gh i t m ight s ound  lega l bu t qu estio n
remains,isitethical?
Inventoryloadingcan easilydilutethe
key differentiation factor  between MLM and
pyramidsellingastheparticipantmightbebuying
productsonlyforparticipatingintheschemeand
notbecauseofthequalityorgenuineneedofthe
products,thusconvertingthecompensationplan
ofaMLMtothatofapyramidsellingcompany.
Inatypicalpyramidscheme,peopleare
compensatedforrecruitingandnotforretailing
productsorservices.Forexample,ifIamenrolled
intoaplanwhereeveryrepresentativeisrequired
topayajoiningfeetogetinvolvedandthatfeeis
usedtocompensateotherpeopleforenrolling.I
GOPALAM SULTANIA&  Dr. SAROJ  BOHRA

535
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
mightjoinacompanyforRs2,000.Nowanyone
recruitedbymemustalsopayRs2,000.Company
paysRs500uptotothreedepth/generationdown
foreverynewmemberwhojoinsmyteam.Itmeans
IgetRs500foreveryonewhom I recruit (first
level), Rs 50 0 from those p eople they recrui t
(secondlevel),andRs500foreveryonethatpeople
on my second level recruit s (third level). The
companytakesRs1500oftheRs2000,paysthe
threelevelsofrecruiting,andthenkeepsRs500
for run ning the scheme. If we notice that in
practical terms n o products  are being moved.
Peoplearejustmakingmoneybyenrollingother
people in the scheme. Th en such operation or
sch eme or  orga nis ation s mu st abs olutel y be
avoi ded. As soon a s it is discovered by t he
appropriateregulatingofficials,necessaryactions
wouldbetakenandthemoneyandtimemightgo
waste.3
The distinction between MLM and
PyramidSchemewasmadeclearedbyseriesof
legaljudgmentsinUSAwhichhasbeendiscussed
inthelaterpartofthepaper.
Issue2:Lowqualityofproducts
ThesimilaritybetweenPonzischemes,
pyramidandendlesschainsystemsisobvious:in
allcases,peoplearerequiredtomakeaninvestment
oftimeandmoneyinordertogetreturnsasmore
peoplearerecruitedanddrawnintothescheme.
Thesituationwouldnotmateriallychangeifalow
product(e.g.,goldshares,jewellery)isintroduced
to make the scheme appear more legitimat e4.
Peoplemaybeenticed,forexample,thattheycan
earn bigincomeiftheybuyaproductata cost
whichismultipletimestheactualcostandrecruit
otherstobuysimilarproductatsuchinflatedprice.
As lon g as, th e retur ns come pr imari ly from
recruitingnewpeopletomake“investments”in
productsandgivingthemtheright toenrolthe
schemeremainsfraudulent.Atsomepoint,one
willrunoutofpeoplewhomonecanrecruittojoin
thescheme5.Butiftheproductsaregenuineand
peoplewouldliketorepeatthoseproductsdueto
itsqualitythenthebusinesscanbesustainable.
Nowadays man y pyramid schemes i n
order to avoid scrutiny,gar b themselves under
thedirectsellingindustrybysellinglowquality
productsatinflatedpricesinordertosustainthe
pyramidscheme.
There is a class ic test  -  Koscot test
namedaftertheKoscotcase6,thatinordertobea
legitimateMLMcompany,itscompensationmust
bebasedonactualsalesofproductstotheusers
andnotmerelyforrecruiting.
Soinordertoavoidtheinvestigations
by agen cies, an un ethi cal sch eme in stead  of
chargingforrecruitingfeesdirectly,theyprovide
verylowqualityandlowpriceproductsatinflated
pricescoveringtherecruitingfeesindirectlyand
thusavoidthekoscot test.
Peoplebuyingsuchproductsmighthave
not evenconsidered purchasing the product at
thosepricesfromtheregularmarketplaceifitwere
notfortheprospectsofmakingmoney.Theyare
buyingbecausetheyseeachanceofparticipating
inaschemewhereiftheyrecruitotherpeoplein
theschemethentheycanearnmoremoney.
The q uestion  t o be ask ed befor e
enrollingin theschemesshould be–“WouldI
buytheseproductsatthispriceevenifIdonot
enrollmyselfinthisschemeofmakingmoney?”.
Iftheproducts aregenuineorvalueformoney
thenonlytheopportunitywouldbelegitimateand
ethical.AswrittenbyMuncy“Iftheproductsdo
notoffervaluetoconsumerswhohavenointerest
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
whatsoeverinmakingmoneyfromdirectselling,
thentheopportunitiesshouldbeavoided.”7
Issue3:LargeInitialInvestmentandupfrontfee
Dir ect sel ling ind ustry h as di fferent
dimensionwhenitcomestostartitasabusiness.
Letussayifsomeonewishtotakeafranchiseof
abrandlikeMcDonald’sorPizzaHut,thenthe
parent compan y demands huge upfront fees as
franch ising fees and recurri ng royalty ever y
month, th ey justify itin  the nameof goodwill,
training,support,marketingmaterialetcandno
one objectsto thei r demand as people are free
whethertheywouldliketotakeupthefranchise
ornotbutwhenitcomestodirectsellingentities,
theyarenotexpectedtotakeanyfranchisefee.
Althoughaparticipantrepresentsthecompany,
theyareprovidedwithrelevanttrainingsupport
andrelevantmarketingmaterialsstilltheupfront
feeisnotsupposedtobecharged.
Letuscompareseriousnessofaperson
‘A’whohasinvestedhugemoney(letsassume2
Crores)to takeafranchise ofabrandversusa
person‘B’whohasinvestedverylowamount(or
ratherpurchasedsomeproductsworthRs20,000)
tostartadirectsellingbusiness.
Whichpersonwouldtakehisbusinessmore
seriously?
Whowouldbewillingtogivehisdedicated
attentiontothebusiness?
Every business requires some skill, who
wouldbemoreserioustolearnthoseskills?
Letussayafter6monthsboththeperson
ar e still  not earnin g muc h fr om t hei r
businesses (a s every busin esstakes some
time to bui ld up), wh o is more li kely to
continuewithbusiness?
The an swer is obvious - per son ‘A’
because‘B’hasnotinvestedmuchofhisearnings
andsohedoesnothavemuchtoloose.Infactfor
theamounthepaidhereceivedimmediatelysome
productswhichhisfamilycanusein aspanof
fewmonthsandifunusedhecanapplyforarefund.
Andthenhecangooutinthemarkettoblamethe
comp any, the partici pant s, th e industry and
everyoneexcepthimself.
Sincedirectsellingisaboutleveraging
th e benefit  of a company wh ich t akes th e
resp onsibil ity of man ufactur ing or  providin g
productsaspertherequirementandneedofthe
participants.  There is no pressure to stock big
quantityofproductsbytheparticipants.Sopeople
shouldbeabletostartthisdirectsellingbusiness
withaverylowinvestment.Ifanyorganisationor
apersonisaskingtoenrolwithbigsumofmoney
thentherearehighchancesthatmoneyisprimarily
madefromenrolmentandnotfromthemovement
of products8
Normallytherecouldbethreetypesof
costsaperson could facewhenjoiningadirect
selling company–firstly isa registration cost,
secondlyisinventory,andthirdlyistrainingcost.
Since most  of the coun tries either in  form of
regulation s or guidelines have man dated the
registrationcosttobezeroornegligible.Butthen
somecompaniesandotherparticipantswhohave
joinedtheschemepromotetonewpeopletostart
thisbusinessbyopeningmultipleaccountsintheir
family members name by showing them mor e
earningpotentialiftheyhavemultipleIDs.Atthe
sametimenewparticipantsareencouragedtobuy
moreinventorysothattheycanstartthisbusiness
fromahigherslabofmarginorlevel,indirectly
more commission  is gener ated for th e uplin e
participant.
GOPALAM SULTANIA&  Dr. SAROJ  BOHRA

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Andsometimesinthenameoftraining
theycharge hugecost. It isexpectedtocharge
trainingcostbutatleastthebasictrainingcould
be pr ovided  free.  Sin ce par tici pant s ar e not
employeesbutindependent businessowners, If
they were working as employees of an
organisation,thentheymightexpectreasonably
thattheirtrainingcostwouldbebornebytheir
employers.Muchofthelearningapersonmight
getfromthesetrainingsystemscanbeveryuseful
whichcanhelptheminpolishingasabusiness
leader.9
Suchpracticesmaytechnicallybelegal
but i s uneth ical a s a new p artici pant wh o is
unkn own to th is indu stry believes the u pline
participantwhoismakinghimjointhisbusiness
and later  when he realises that  he could ha ve
startedthisbusinesswithloweramountalsobut
thenitistoolateandlaterhealsobeginstopitch
otherprospectsonsimilargrounds.Sohavinga
complete li beral r efund and buy back  policy
wouldhelptheinnocentparticipantstogettheir
moneyback.
Issue4:MisrepresentationandDeception
In  or der  to attract  new pr ospe cts,
partici pants sometimes misrepr esents the facts
related toincomeor benefitsofproducts. They
exaggeratethecompensationplanandthebenefits
of the pr oduct so m uch to i nfluen ce a na ive
prospecttobelieveinit.Theattitudeof‘Fakeit
till you make it’ should be condemned so that
inn ocent prospects get to u nderstan d the real
effortsandtimethisbusinesswouldrequire.
The‘unlimited’marketpotentialstrategy
toattractpeoplestart withthisindustryisalso
fueledbypromises‘getrichquickly’.Inpyramid
sellingthiskindofmisrepresentingandhiding
the a ctual natu re of a business opportu nity is
common,butnowadaysin‘legal’MLMsalsoit
is commonly followed practice, meanin g, that
actualinformationaboutthebusinessopportunity
whichisrelevanttotheprospectisnotpresented
truthfullyorwithheld.10
Properknowledgeaboutthefacts,profile
of the company,  business plan and the r elated
pr oduct sh ould be provi ded wi t h out any
exaggeration.Theprospectsshouldbegiventime
toabsorbtheknowledgesothathecanmakeup
hisowndecisiontostartthisasabusinessoras
aconsumer.
Mostofthetimesitistheparticipants
who are found to exaggerate rath er than the
companysoinordertochecksuchparticipants
the company can cond uct th eir own regu lated
tr ain ings on p erio dica l ba sis,  educ ate t hei r
participants, send emails to new prospects
detailingthemaboutproduct’scorrectfacts.Direct
sell ing en titi es need,  for ex ample,  ‘effect ive
monitori ng progr ams’  in place to e nsu re
participantsdonotconveymisleadingclaimsor
presentunrealistic‘lifestyle’testimonialsthatare
true foronly a tiny minorityofparticipantsto
prospectiveparticipants.11
Issue5:PressureonFriendsandRelatives
Peoplefromvariousbackgrounds join
directsellingbusinessinordertosupplementtheir
income,manyofthemhavenoexperienceofsales
andmarketing.Assoonastheyjoinabusiness,
with the upline par ticipant’s motivation and
inspired by various succ ess stories, th e new
partici pant becomes enthu siastic to talk to his
potential pr ospects about his n ew venture an d
guesswhatto whom does hetalk first?Those
peoplewhoheknowsi.e.hisfriendsandrelatives.
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Thiscouldresultintocertainethicalissuesasthis
practice could r esult into alter ing the friendly
relationships.Iftheparticipantsaremotivatedto
cash inthe relations which arebondedin love
andaffectionthenthiscouldcreateethicalissues
because the r elat ives or the fr iends m ay feel
pressurised tobuygoodsinordertokeeptheir
relationshealthy.Suchcustomersmightnothave
boughttheproductsinordinarycourseoftheir
lifebuttheysuccumbtothepressureoftheirfriend
whohasstartedhisnewventureinordertoshow
theirsupport.Althoughthecompanywouldhave
giventhe productswith thebuybackguarantee
butthatguaranteemaynotbemeaningfulinthis
contextasthechancesofsuchcustomerstoreturn
the products would also be very low as they
would n ot prefer  to creat e a frict ion in thei r
relationshipoversuchproducts.Inrealitythose
friend s and rela tives might start avoidi ng the
personwhosoldthemtheproductsbyencashing
thererelation,thuscreatinganethicalvoid.Tobe
ethical, The MLM company sh ould ensure
periodictrainingstohelpnewparticipantsgetthe
necessary skills and knowledgeabout business
that can h elp th em gen erate l eads which  the
participantcanguidetogetstarted.12
Issue6:Focusonrecruitment
Themostimportantcharacteristicofa
pyramidschemeisthatitfocusprimarilyongrowth
byrecruitingnewmembersinsteadofgrowthby
sellin g produc ts to clients. Similar to Pon zi
schemes,recruitmentbasedsystemsforgrowth
are short t erm. Ma rket  satu ration coul d be
achievedquicklyasthenumberofnewrecruits
increases.Itmightbeethicaltoincreasethenumber
of membersof an organisation but in pyramid
schemesitmightbeillegalandunethicalifthe
memberjointheseschemesonfalsepromisethat
theywouldbecomerichiftheyonlyrecruitmore
peoplewithoutsellingtheproducts.13
Nowassume a directselling company
whichsellsproductsbutparticipantsarerequired
torecruittwo(2)peopleinordertobeeligibleto
receivebonusonthesaleofproductsboughtby
these2people.Technicallythecompanyispaying
bonusonthesaleofproductsbutwhataboutthe
additionalconditionthat further 2participants
needtoberecruited.Isitethical?Ifsomeonehas
madeasaleofproductsthenheshouldbeentitled
to receive hi s bonus uncon dition ally.  But i n
practicewegettoseemanydirectsellingentities
puttingaconditionontheparticipantstogenerate
aminimumturnoverorrecruitminimumnumberof
peoplein ordertobeeligible toreceivebonus.
Since in jobs relating to retail sector normally
employeesreceiveminimumincomeforgiving
theirtimeandiftheyachieveatargetthenthey
are g iven additional in centives but in case of
directsellingthereisnominimumincomewhichis
guaran teedt o the particip ants and they totally
dependontheirturnoverofproducts,nowinthat
scenarioputtingaconditiontogenerateminimum
turnoverinordertobeeligibletoreceivethebonus
shouldnotbeethical.
Theethical(andlegal)problemisthus
misinformationanddeception: participants are
enticed to joina compan y to earn income, but
they sometimes lan d up bypur chasin g those
productswhichtheydonotrequirenorareable
tosell14
Issue7:Endlesschainofrecruitment
Inatraditional businessexpandingon
franchis e model, where a founder has righ t to
multiplyhisbusinessbydistributingfranchiseof
hisbrand.Butthefranchiseholderdoesnotget
GOPALAM SULTANIA&  Dr. SAROJ  BOHRA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
thisrighttomultiply.Asafranchiseholder,the
personmerelygetstherighttousethegoodwill
ofthebrandandsellitsrelatedproducts,butthe
foundergettherighttoissuefranchiseandget
royaltyfromprofitslifetime.Allthebigbusinesses
follow th is model to grow exponen tially, for
instance, McDonal d has approxima tely 38000
outletsworldwide,RelianceRetailhasover10000
outletsinIndia.Wedonotclassifythesefranchise
ownersorfoudnerasunethicalbusinesspeople.
NowcompareitwithMLMbusiness,whereeach
person r ecruit ed is empowered and given
incentivestorecruitotherparticipants,whoare
furtherempoweredandmotivatedtorecruitother
participants.Butthispracticeisregardedagainst
business pr actices and is cons idered illegal in
somecountriesunderthenameofpyramidselling.
Intheopinionofauthors,aslongaspeopleare
gen erati ng in come fr om th e sale o f genuine
productsandtheygetapercentagefromthesale
oftheirrecruit’sproducts,itshouldbeclassified
as a legitimate and ethical business which
empowersanordinarypersontoliveextraordinary
life.Thisconceptischallengingthetraditional
wayofbusinessesandisbringingaparadigmshift
in the th inking of people who trade hours for
mone y.  We n eed t o give th is in dust ry d ue
recognition which itdeservesbyproviding the
necessaryrecognitionandprotectivesafeguards
fortheparticipantsasdiscussedabove.
III.Judicialdecisions
MLMhavebeenconsideredmanytimes
asapyramidsellingschemesduetotheinherent
eth ical issues l ike inventory loadi ng etc. a s
discussedabove.Therehavebeensomejudicial
pronoun cements rega rding t he MLM in dustry
whichhaslaiddownsometestandidentifiedkey
characteristics,whichgotevolvedovertheperiod
oftime,tosafeguardtheconsumersfromfalling
preytopyramidschemes.
OneofthenotabletestisKoscottest15
whichheld“pyramidschemeisanarrangementin
whichparticipantspaymoneyinreturnforwhich
theyreceive(1)righttosellaproductand(2)the
right to r eceive in retu rn for recruiting  other
particip ants into the program rewards that  are
unrelatedtothesaleofproducttoultimateusers.”
Further  in the Webster v. Omnitrition
In tern atio nal Inc 16  case (199 6), the cour t
consideredthesecondelementoftheKoscottest
(recruitmentrewardsthatareunrelatedtosaleof
producttoultimateusers)asthesinequanonof
legitimacydetermination.Thecourtalsorefined
this test and heldthatfor purposesofpyramid
analysis“thesaleofproducttoultimateusers”
means th esal eof product to th ose outside the
organization.
Thenecessitytohaveretailsaleswhich
was developed in Ko scot Case was refin ed in
subsequentcases.ThemostnotableisofAmway
Case17.IntheAmwayplan,newparticipantwas
not requir ed to pay high upfront  cost and the
purchaseofsaleskitwasmostlyrefundable.Upline
participantswerepaidonthevolumeofproducts
purchased by their direct and in direct recruits.
Thus it  was a comp ensation  plan  which h ad
prospectsofgeneratinghighincomebyrecruiting
morepeopleintheteam.Therewereaccusations
onAmwaybeingoperatingasapyramidscheme,
andasadefence,Amwaysaidthatithasprovided
safeguards to ensur ethat products are being
retailedtousers.Thesafeguardsareasfollows-
Firstl y, t heir  plan  req uired 70% of
in vent ory of product s pur chased  by all  the
participantsarerequiredtoberesoldatwholesale
MULTI-LEVELMARKETING: ETHICALCHALLENGESINITSWAY

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
orretailpricesbeforemakingnewpurchaseinthe
nextmonth,thuspreventingtheevilofinventory
loading.
Secondly Eachparticipantwasfurther
requiredtoretailproductstoatleasttendifferent
customerseachmonth.
Thirdly Amway’s refund policy which
offered90%refundoninitialpurchaseofproducts
insaleablecondition.
Thesesafeguardsassuredthejudgethat
Amway’sfocuswasonmovingtheproductsrather
thanmererecruiting.So,asettlementwasreached
in the Amway matt er wh ich prohibi ted the
companyfrommakingfalseormisleadingincome
claims.Thus,it establishedAmwayas a MLM
companyandnotapyramidscheme.
Sincethen,mostlyMLMcompanieshave
taken sim ilar defense of the above safeguar ds
when accused of being a pyramid scheme and
inventoryloading.Buthavingsafeguardsinthe
companypolicyisonethingandenforcingthem
isanotherthing.AswehaveseeninOmnitrition
Case,  the  comp any h ad t he sim ilar Am way
safeguardsintheirpolicybutinrealityitwashardly
enforced.18
As authors discussed the eth ical issue
oflowqualityofproducts beingsold underthe
garb of MLM t o avoi d ko sc ot test, mostly
participantsbuyproductsinthegreedofattached
businessopportunityalthoughtheproductswere
notatallrequiredbythem.TheBurnLoungeCase
19couldprovideussomeinsight.
Burnloungewasanonlinemusicstore
marketingcompany.Thecompanylicensedmusic
from t he five major record l abels throug h an
agreementandthenBurnLoungecustomerscould
purchasetypicallyfor$0.99persongor$9.90per
album . The com pany was bei ng mar keted as
entrepr eneursh ip bu sin ess m odel  in wh ich
interestedpeoplecouldmakemoneybyretailing
music and by selling packages to recruit other
members.
Customers wishing topurchase music
fromBurnLoungecouldnotpurchaseitfromthe
companydirectlybuthadtovisittheBurnPageof
an independent Retailer/Mogul. Inaddition to
music,Retailerscouldsell“productpackages,”
which  gave pur chaser s the a bility to becom e
Retailers themselves and  create their own
BurnPages.
Afterthepreliminaryinjunctionwhich
wasgrantedtoBurnLoungeinJuly2007which
stoppeditfromofferingtheabilitytoearncash
rewa rds, Bu rnLoun ge’s reven ues cr ash ed.
Bur nLounge still offered packages, but  its
revenuesdecreasedfrom$476,516inJune2007to
$10,880inAugust2007.Thedramaticdeclinein
revenueaftertheabilitytoearncashrewardswas
eliminatedprovidesobservationthatthesaleof
BurnLoungepackageswasprimarilydirectedat
pa r ti cipants wh o wer e in terested i n  th e
membershipprogramwhereitwaspossibletoearn
cashrewards.Thesalesweretakingplacebecause
of the att ached business opport unity that was
offeredtothepeopleandnotbecausethatpeople
wereinterestedinthepurchaseofproducts.Later
it was desi gnated as a pyramid scheme and
permanentinjunctionwasawarded.
IV.Solutions
For emost r equi reme nt i s the prop er
regulationoftheindustry.Self-regulationalone
willnotbetodevelopthefaithofconsumersand
bringastoptosuchunethicalpractices.
GOPALAM SULTANIA&  Dr. SAROJ  BOHRA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Itisbettertohaveaproperlegislativeframework
cove rin g th e l ibera l bu y-back  pol icy of the
products purchas ed by participants so that  the
company cannot shun awa y from  th eir
responsibilityoftakingcareoftheirdistributors
andtheuplineisalsocarefulwhileprovidingstock
tothenewrecruits.
Secondly, the comp any sh ould also
ensure th at any newdis tributor is not makin g
excesspurchase.Theycandoitbyhighlightingit
intheirprospectus/brochures/offices/emailsto
prohibitbulkbuying.Also,ifanynewdistributor
wantstoreturntheproductthentheyshouldhave
a l iberal buy ba ck policy. Som etimes  due to
motivation, distributor decides to keep the
productsfor 2-3 months togive ita tryinthis
businessbutafterthat whenherealises thathe
haspurchasedmorethan whatis requiredthen
thedistributors shouldbeabletogetrefundof
any unsold i nventory whi ch are i n saleable
conditi on from th e company and the r elevant
bonuswhichwaspassedtotheuplineshouldbe
deductedfromhisfuturecommissions,thiswill
ensurethatthepracticeofinventoryloadingwill
becurtailedtoagreatextent.
Thirdly, it will be useless to have a
buyback policy un less the compa ny makes
distributorsawareoftheexistenceofsuchpolicy.
Sotocommunicatemessagewidelyanddeeplyto
alltheparticipantsandprospects,helpfromthe
modernmedialikesocialmedia,sms,emailsetc
canbetakentocreateawarenessaboutthepolicy.
Fourthly,toprovidegenuineprotection
to par t i cipan t s by refu n d policy then  the
participantsmustgetmostoftheirmoneyback
easilywithinastipulatedfixedtime.Thecompany
mustoffersomeminimumfairpriceoftherefunded
productswhichmustbereasonableincommercial
terms.Soanethicaldirectsellingentityshould
takestepstoensurethatreturninginventoryis
easy.Thatmeans,inpart,thattheMLMwill1)
publishclearguidelinesforreturn;and2)notplay
gamesdesignedto discourageinventoryreturn.
20IfanyMLMfailstoreturnthemoneywithin
stipulatedtimethenproperfineshouldbemade
bysomeregulatingauthority.
It is imp orta nt for  a g enui ne MLM
companytohavesomerealcustomerswhowould
want to buyt he products for its uniqueness or
qualityandnottemptedtopurchaseonlybecause
of the ass ociat ed busi ness opportunity. The
companycankeepacheckwhethertheproducts
being purchased by participants are for actual
customersornotbydemanding a listofall the
customer s for whom t h e produ cts were
purchased.
Infactdirectsellingcompaniescanbe
askedtoprovidemoreverifiabledataonsalesto
ultimate consumers.Also,disclosureofincome
andthemean,medianandaverageincomeofthe
participants,attritionrateetcshouldbeprovided
inpublicdomainsothatpeoplecanaccessand
takeaninformeddecisionatthesametimeitwill
maketheindustrymoretransparent21.
Butsimplyaskingdirectsellingentities
to communi cate hon estly about their business
propositionwillnotsolveallproblems.22Since
the part icipants ar en ot employees but operate
independently,theywouldstillcausetheethical
problemsasdiscussedaboveandsocompliance
canbecomelittletricky.
In order to en force compliance , the
companyatthefirstinstanceiftheygettoknow
thatadirectsellerisnotcomplyingwiththepolicy
ofthecompanythenheshouldbegivenashow
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
causenoticeandreasonabletimetocomplywithin
the policies else th e distr ibutorship sh ould be
suspended.Thiswillgiveastrongmessagetoall
theotherparticipantsthattheyhaveto comply
with th e rules a n d  they cannot go on
misrepresenting the facts and thereby doin g
unethicalbusiness.
V.Conclusion
Inthispaper,variousethicalissuesand
legalcaselawswerediscussedindividuallyalong
withrelevantsolutionsthatcanhelptheindustry
toestablishitselfasagenuinebusinessconcept
andmodelfordistributionofgoodsandadditional
sourceofincome.Authors opineMLMentities
providethemostethical wayofpromoting the
pr oduct s as it is ba sed on  the con cept of
recommendationratherthanadvertisement.MLM
industr y m ay pose certain  ethical chall enges.
Succeedinginadirectselling businessmaybe
difficult. But isn ’t the case with all  other
businesses?Therateofattritionishigh,andthe
reasonissimple,peoplearenotgivenproperskill
to sale an d develop as a l eader. Th e ind ustry
participantsareconstantlyrecruitingnewpeople
intheirteamtogrowortosurvive.Asdiscussed
in th e above article, MLM entities can easily
becomeunethicalalthoughvisiblylegalasthere
ishairlinedifferencebetweenthemandpyramid
sellingcompanieswhosemotiveismoreon‘mere
recruitment’ratheron‘saleofproducts.
Al l  businesses an d  corpor a t es
incentivisetheiremployeestoachievesalestarget
similarly MLM entities also offers various
incentivestoparticipantsonmeetingthetarget.
Butinordertoachievethosetargets,participants
shouldnotmisinformpotentialprospectssoasto
leadthemtobuymorethan necessarystock of
productsthanactuallyrequired.Ifaparticipantis
foundusingdeceptivewaytoachievethetarget,
thenthecompanyshouldcancelhisincentiveand
penalise him by deductin g his bonus to make
other par ticipants complian t with the indust ry
policy.Unlesssuch strongactionsasdiscussed
above are taken , the in dustry would h ave to
continuetofacethemusicoftheregulatorsand
peoplewouldseeitwithdoubtfuleyes.
(Footnotes)
1Mun cy, J. A. (2004). Eth ical Issues in
Multilevel M arketin g: Is It a  Legitim ate
BusinessorJustAnotherPyramidScheme?
MarketingEducationReview, 14(3),47-53
2VanderNat, P. J.and W.W. Keep(2002),
“Marketing Fraud: An  Approach  for
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andMarketing,21(1),139-151
3Mun cy, J. A. (2004). Eth ical Issues in
Multilevel M arketin g: Is It a  Legitim ate
BusinessorJustAnotherPyramidScheme?
MarketingEducationReview,14(3),47-53
4Reese, S. M. (2 019). Securit ies Law and
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6FTCVKoscotInterplanetaryInc(1975),86
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7Mun cy, J. A. (2004). Eth ical Issues in
Multilevel M arketin g: Is It a  Legitim ate
BusinessorJustAnotherPyramidScheme?
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GOPALAM SULTANIA&  Dr. SAROJ  BOHRA

543
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
8Mun cy, J. A. (2004). Eth ical Issues in
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BusinessorJustAnotherPyramidScheme?
MarketingEducationReview, 14(3),47-53
9Bhattach arya, P., & Mehta, K. K. (2000).
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Multi-LevelMarketingSchemes.Journalof
BusinessEthics29,153–160(2001).https://
doi.org/10.1023/A:1006463430130
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ftc’sbusin essopportun ityr uleput an end
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
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract:
Th e conventional way of ordering
productshasbeenrestrictedtoaparticularregion
ofanation.Thus,thenotionbehindtheconcept
ofconnectivityaroundtheworldistoestablisha
networkwherepeoplecanbuyandsellproducts
with ease. C onsumer s do not have the pr oper
means to purchase products from overseas due
tomanyvalidreasonssuchaspoorconnectivity,
lackofawarenessamongtheconsumers,lackof
transparency,andsoon.Theissuethatthemass
consumersfacewhilepurchasingthroughane-
commercewebsiteisatediousshippingprocess
because som e pr oduct s can not  be s hipp ed
internationallyortheshippingchargesarevery
high, wh ich in  t urn  l eads to consu m er
dissatisfaction.Inthisworld,morefocusisonthe
give&take arelationshipsothat notonly the
consumers but also the small scale busin esses
willbesatisfiedindeed.Thedataregardingthis
topichasbeenmostlyanalysedandinterpreted
fromonlinequestionnairesandbyreviewingother
researchpapersbasedonglobalshippingandthe
functions of e-commerce websites.All that
customer s expect i s tha t what ever they need
shouldbeavailableirrespectiveofthe place of
shipment,whichleadstocustomersatisfaction
and ease in shippi ng over seas. Since some
transparency mea sures are to be fol lowed,
ONTHE MOVE:BREAKINGGLOBALSHIPPINGNORMS
Ms.ADITIULHASSAWANT
SYBMSV.G.VazeKelkarCollege
Mr.PRATHAMASHOKSATHE
SYBMSV.G.VazeKelkarCollege
Mr.ATHARVPARAGDONGARE
TYB-techElectronics&CommunicationengineeringMIT,Manipal
customerscould tracktheir orders. So through
thisresearch,wearetryingtoimprovecustomer
satisfact ion a nd make them a war e of th e
internationalmarket.“It’snotafaithintechnology.
It’sfaithin people” ~SteveJobs(co-founder of
Apple).
Keywords:
GlobalShipping
E-commercewebsite
Conceptofconnectivity
Internationalmarket
Introduction:
Wh a t  i s Disr uptive in n ovation ?
Dis rupti ve Inn ovation ca n be fu ndam entally
explainedasrestructuringanexistinghigh-end
market tomakeitmoreaccessibletoabroader
spectrumofconsumers.Smallercompanieswith
fewer resou rces can  cha llenge in cumben t
busi nesses effectivel y an d effici ent ly. The
conventionalwayoforderingproductshasbeen
restrictedtoaparticularregionofanation.Thus,
the noti on beh ind the concept of connectivity
aroundtheworldistoestablishanetworkwhere
peoplecanbuyandsellproductswithease.Our
propositionofestablishingane-commercewebsite
offeringmulti-categoryproductswouldsolvethe

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
majordrawbacksaconsumerfaceswhiletryingto
makepurchasesoverseas.
In  recen t  h i story, India has been
perenniallyadvancinginvariousaspectsbutin
termsofglobale-commerce,wefallshort.Ourteam
hasthevisiontomakeoverseasproductsavailable
foreveryhouseholdinIndia.
Reviewofliterature:
Establishingane-commercewebsitethat
tradesinternationallyandaimstoreachmaximum
consumersrequiresvastlogisticalassistance.It
is th e pr ogress iveness on  the n ational  and
internationallogisticsservicesthatcanbeakey
factor in  terms of allowin g countries t o trad e
withoutanyrestrictionsandataffordableprice.
Logistical development is vital a s a developed
systemwillhelpusreachamaximumnumberof
consumers th roughout the globe. En couragin g
entry by private operators and eliminatin g
restrictivelicensingregimesareimportantsteps
towards im proved  efficiency a nd quality of
services in th e logistics sect or(Azmat  Gani,
2017).Thefactorthathindersafirmoperatesina
particularnationevenwithagreatbusinesspolicy
is,poorjurisdictionwhereregulatorycontrolling
tradetransactionandproceduresarefragiletraders
canfacesignificantdifficulties indealingwith
publicsectorsemployeessuchascustomofficer
Asweneedtodeliverproductsallovertheglobe
it’snotgoingtobeanycheap,therearevarious
factorstoconsiderhere,butthemostexpensive
ofthem istransportation.Transportistheonly
highcostelementoftradeandlogistics.Toreach
internationalconsumersthroughtheconventional
methodisquitedifficult,sotoeasethisprocess,
wechosetofollowtheAmazonbusinessmodel.
Digital plat form business models have become
rapidlywidespreadingandinvolvesalargeand
increasinglygrowingshareoftoday’seconomy.
By adop ting platform business model, our
bus iness wa nts to cr eate a net work wher e
consumerscancommunicateandthereisasense
ofconnection.Itisimportanttoknowwhatthe
consumersexactlyneedandat whatpricethey
can afford it. Miyazaki and Fer nandez (2001)
sugg ested i n th eir st udy th at th e tech nology
acceptancemodelshould be implemented to e-
commerceresearchwithdeliberation.Tocreatea
successfulandprofitablewebsite,understanding
consumer’sneedisimportant.Thereshouldbe
assurancethat,theproductareasaffordableas
purchasedfromatraditionalchannels.Amazon
providesvariousservicesforthesellerandhelp
them t o get onl ine r eady Vendor ser vices by
Amazon has made it very accessible for local
vendors to br ing th eir war ehouse online for
purchases.Tomaketheproductreadyforonline
pur chases Amazon  provides studio services
which helps the vendor s to photograph their
product.ThemarketingstrategyofAmazonhas
always been im peccable and it sur ely attra cts
consumersAmazonhasbecomeaplatformwhere
anyconsumercanbuyvariouskindsofproducts
anditcangetdeliveredtoanyremoteplace,Soit
has been successful in becoming ag-local (Go
globalActlocal)e-commercewebsite.Tocreatea
imageinmindsoftheconsumer,Amazonlaunched
a campai gn in India   and used the quote Aur
dikh aon , which helped t hem in cr eatin g a
successfulbrandimage.Creatinganinternational
e-commercewebsitewhichsellsproductsallover
theglobehasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.
After  rev iewin g various schol arl y pap ers, it
suggests that an idea like this can exist but to
accomplishit,manyfactorshavetobeanalysed
and st u died with  proper  kn owledge and
resources.
Ms. ADITI ULHAS SAWAN T,Mr. PRATHAMASHO K SATHE & M r.  ATH ARVPAR AG DON GARE

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Statementofproblem:
Wh en  i t  comes t o purchasing
internationalproductsweareoftensceptical.
Yet there is a will to pur chase these
product s. Consumer s often doubt if th ey may
receive a fake or not receive a product which
createsasenseofdilemmaintheirminds.
In  recent tim es, th ere has been an
up surge in Cybercri m es wh ich  incl u des
transactionalthefts,spammessages,andsoon.
Multi -utili ty inter national  produ ct
purchasesarealsoassociatedwithcustomsduty.
If t he product has been  pur chased
overseasbytheconsumer,the dutychargedon
the imp orts is very hig h which  is beyond th e
originalpriceoftheproduct.
Objectivesofthestudy:
Our vision is to lay out a logistics e-
commerce website that provides variety of
products as wellasmakes consumersaware of
thevastinternationalmarket.Thiswillnotonly
benefitthecustomersbutalsothesmall-scaleretail
busin esses, h elpin g them  connect  to a wid er
customer  base. Th is study was und ert aken to
deliver mu lti-category produ cts an d to ensure
impossiblelogisticalservices.Sinceinternational
shippinghasmanyobstructionsandculturalas
wellaspoliticalbarriers,wearetryingtomakeit
accessibletoconsumersallaroundtheworld.
Limitationsofthestudy:
Language Ba rriers: Active in -browser
tran slation al assist ance such as Google
Translate hasachieved success inthis era
that hasenabled real-time communication
between people spea king two completely
different languages. However, this service
ha s not unl ocked the door s for all  the
languages,moreovernoonecanguarantee
wheth er t he service would captur e the
originalintentornot.Hencethemeaningof
messagesone triestoconveymightnotbe
thesame.
Unders tandin g Foreign  Transaction  Fees
andDCC:Whenacustomermakesanonline
internationalpurchase,thebankwillconvert
fundsfromthemerchant’s/seller’scurrency
toconsumer’s, and hencecharge Foreign
Transaction Fee –typicallyaround 3%of
the tot al cost- t o the cardhold er. Oth er
method is Dynamic Cur rency Conversion
(DCC)whichconvertsthecurrencyusedin
a tr ansact ion  autom atica lly fr om the
merchant’s/seller’scurrencytoconsumers.
This h elps to increase t ran spar ency i n
transactions.DCCservicecomeswithfees,
3-5%ofthetransaction’stotalcosttypically.
Itisrequiredformerchantstodisclosethis
feeandconfirmwiththeshoppersiftheyare
willingtousetheDCCserviceorproceed
withtheoriginalmerchant’scurrency.
Different  Payment Meth ods for Di fferent
Markets:Onlinecustomersinmanycountries
suchantheUnitedStatesexpectacompatible
range of opt i ons at checkout—Visa ,
MasterCard,AmericanExpress,Discover,
PayPalandApplePay.
ShippingCosts&Delays:Evenwithmodern-
daytech nological advancements, shipping
internationallystilltakesalotoftime and
earlierdeliverypreferencesresultinhigher
shippingcharges.
BlockedSales fromCertainMarkets: The
above-mentionedaffairsareonlyapplicable
ON THE MOVE:BREAKING GLOBALSHIPPINGNORMS

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ifatraderiswillingtoshiptoyourlocationin
the fir st place. Certain ly,  the tra ders are
nervousoftheonlinefraudandhencethey
declinesalesfromcertainpartsoftheworld.
Some coun tries su ch as Indonesi a or
Venezuelahaveareputationofonlinefraud,
in  such  cases tr aders  use black lists to
automaticallyblockthetransactions.
PayingDuties&Taxes:Most ofthe times
the price of t he pr oduct quote d on the
websiteisquitelowcomparedtothefinal
pricewhichisinclusiveofmanyadditional
hidden costs.
AuthenticatingtheGoods:Oftentimesmany
innocentshoppersgetcarriedawaybythe
priceofferedtothembytheseller andend
upbuyingsubstandardproduct.Moreover
consum ers  are deceived by rec eiving
damagedorusedproduct.
Retu rn Policies:  Return pol icies being
differ ent for differ ent nations cal ls for
pr oblem s in retur ning packages
internationally.
Researchmethodology:
The research i ncludes analysed and
interpreteddatawhichwasprimarilythrougha
surveyconductedviagoogleforms.Thesurvey
was unbiased an d was partly taken by a wide
varietyofaudienceswithatotalof261participants
from  all age gr oups, differ ent g eograph ical
locations,andcareerpaths.Theanalysisofthe
samedatahasbeendonelaterinthepaper.Itis
also inspired by various other research papers
based on global shipping and fun ctions of e-
commercewebsites.Theresearchpaperreferred
tothemostbelongedtoClaytonm.Christensen,
Michael.RaynorandRory’sMcDonaldprinted
by Har vard Business Review along with other
ship ping r ules and r egulati ons formula ted by
differentgovernmentsaroundtheglobe.
Analysisandinterpretationofdata:
Ms. ADITI ULHAS SAWAN T,Mr. PRATHAMASHO K SATHE & M r.  ATH ARVPAR AG DON GARE

548
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Thedataweinterpretedisfromthesurvey
we carried out asking about problems faced by
consumerswhileonlineShopping.Wefoundouta
significantamountofconsumersprefersoffline/
traditionalshoppingoveronline.Accordingtothe
survey, most of the consumers had an average
shippin gexperience with some having to face
numerousproblems.Thesurveyshowedusthata
veryconsiderate/lowamountofconsumershave
ma de in tern ati onal  pur chase s. T he fi ndin gs
sug gested that if offered a  prope r plat form
consumersarewillingtoexploretheinternational
market.Theconsumersfacednumerouslogistical
problemswhilereceivingashipment.Mostofthe
consumers were able to customize the delivery
preferencesaccordingtotheirneeds.
Findingsandconclusion:
Thisresearchwasundertakentoovercome
theregionalbarriersandtoestablishanetwork
wher e consumers ca n purch ase in tern ationa l
products without any restrictions. The findings
revealed that the majority ofconsumers are not
awareofthepotentialoftheinternationalmarket
becauseofthetraditionalmindset.Asignificant
amount of consumers were not satisfiedby the
shipmentprocessandfacednumerousproblems.
We also encountered several limitations in the
logisticalprocesswhich inturn ledtocustomer
dissatisfaction.Ifofferedpropermeansthereisa
willingness to purchase intern ational products.
Throughthisresearch,wewanttoensuremaximum
transparency,customerssatisfactionandmakesure
that the custom ers reap the benefits of th e
internationalmarket.Theimplementationofthis
particularstudyisachallengeasthereareseveral
factorstobeconsidered,butwithpropermeans,it
is very much possibleand it can bring about a
revolution.Thestudyfurthercanbeextendedby
counteringthenumberoflimitationsstatedandby
collecting more precise data about consumer ’s
need.Thedataweinterpretedisfromthesurvey
we carried out asking about problems faced by
consumerswhileonlineShopping.Wefoundouta
significant amount of consumers prefer offline/
tradition al shoppin g over online, and onlin e
purchasesarenotmadesooftenanditdependson
the product tobe purchased.  According to the
survey, most of the consumers had an average
shippin gexperience with some having to face
numerousproblems.Thesurveyshowedusthata
veryconsiderate/lowamountofconsumershave
ma de in tern ati onal  pur chase s. T he fi ndin gs
sug gested that if offered a  prope r plat form
consumersarewillingtoexploretheinternational
market.Theconsumersfacednumerouslogistical
problemswhilereceivingashipmentmainlybeing
delaysintheshipmentprocess,receivingdamaged
products,misplacedshipment,andsometimesnot
receivingaproductatall.Mostoftheconsumers
wereable to customizethe delivery preferences
accordingtotheirneeds.Consumersalsofindmost
oftheshipmentchargesveryreasonableandare
willingtopayforthem.
References:
1. https://www.skypostal.com/blog/shipping-
beauty-products-internationally
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S2092521217300688#bib0035
3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
328689933_Analyzing_the_Amazon_success_strategy
4. https://www.tradegecko.com/blog/supply-
ch ain-man ag e m e n t/ 7-g u i delin es-for-
international-shipping
5. https://www.digitalsilk.com/challenges-of-
ecommerce
6. https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-
innovation
ON THE MOVE:BREAKING GLOBALSHIPPINGNORMS

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ABSTRACT
A rapid move to digital has become
imperativetoboostmarketinginhotelindustry.
Today, an increasing number of Hotels  ar e
embracingVirtualReality(VR)technologytooffer
amorerealisticexperienceforcustomers.Virtual
toursareempoweringconsumerstoexplorehotel
proper ty .The future consumers of the hotel
industrywillcomprisehyper-connectedandtech-
savvypeople. So hotel indu stry must be ready
for this by executing robust digital  marketin g
strategies to establish their online pr esence.
Disruptivetechnologies,primarilyVR,arealready
tra nsformin g the way we ar e booking hotels.
Therearenumber ofindustriesthatcanbenefit
the m ost fr om virtua l real ity technology li ke,
automotive industry, retail sector,  healthcare
sector,tourismindustry,educationindustryand
thehotelindustryaswell.Alltheseindustriesare
increas ingly g ett ing to g rips wi th virtual
technology’s potential as  a mar keting t ool,
deliver ing imp ortant  inform ation to potent ial
customers in wayth ey canactually experience
andstimulatingthemtotakepurchasedecision.
ResearchersbelievethatbyembracingVRintheir
marketingstrategieshotelindustrywillshorten
thecustomer’shotelbookingjourney.Thispaper
mainlyinvestigatetheawarenessaboutthevirtual
ASTUDYONVIRTUALREALITYASADISRUPTIVE
TECHNOLOGYINTHE HOTELINDUSTRY
Mr.MANOJARJUNSANGARE
Assistant Professor
Dr.ADHIRVASANTAMBAVANE
Associate Professor,
KET’sV.G.VazeCollegeofArts,Science&Commerce(Autonomous),
MithagarRoad,Mulund(East),Mumbai–400081.
realityamongstthepeopleandtheimpactofvirtual
realityinthehotelbooking.Thepresentstudyis
basedonprimarydata;researchershavecollected
da ta fr om r esp ond ent s th roug h s tructur ed
questionnai re. The sample size for the present
studywas185respondents andcombinationof
convenience&simplerandomsamplingmethod
usedforthe study.
Keywords:VirtualReality,RealisticExperience,
DisruptiveTechnologies,Hyperconnected&tech
savvypeople,DigitalMarketing.
INTRODUCTION
Thevirtualrealitytechnologyisabuzz
wordinthesedaysandit’sanemergingtechnology
trend i n rece nt years. There are nu mber of
industriesthatcanbenefitthemostfromvirtual
realitytechnologylikeautomotiveindustry,retail
industry, tourism ind ustry, education in dustry,
healthcare sector, hospitalit y industr y etc. For
hospitalityindustryvirtualrealityhasaspecific
appealbecauseitcandigitallytransportpotential
customerstoahotelortraveldestination.
Virtualrealityisacomputertechnology,
whi ch util ises ima ges, soun ds and p hysica l
sensationstomakeusersfeelasthoughtheyare
physicallypresentinavirtualworld.Virtualreality
technologytypicallymakesuseofVRheadsets

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
andthisequipmentenablesuserstolookaround
andimmersethemselvesinadigitalenvironment.
Theconceptofvirtualrealityhasactuallyexisted,
insomeform,sincethe1930s,buthigh-quality
virtual reality h eadset s have only become a
mainstreamconsumerproductinmorerecenttimes,
dueinlargeparttoincreasedinvestmentfromthe
likesofGoogle,FacebookandSamsung.Inother
words, VR refer sto “the use of a computer -
generatedthree-dimensional(3D)environment,”
suchasavirtualenvironment(Guttentag,2010,p.
638).VRenablescustomersto‘visit’placesaround
theworldwithoutphysicallyleavinghome(Stieg,
2020).Customersareabletoconvenientlyexplore
anyvirtualenvironmentatanytime(Guttentag,
2010).
Withinthehospitalityindustry,VRhas
become particula rlyimportant, because of the
amou nt of i nforma tion t he aver age cus tomer
needsbeforetheywillactuallybookahotelroom.
Ratherthanreadingthroughdescriptions,which
mayormaynotbetrustworthy,itofferscustomers
thechancetoexperiencethingsforthemselves.
For in stance, this potentially
allowscustomerstoexperienceavirtualrecreation
ofaroomwithinahotel,ortakealookatoneof
thenearbyattractions.Essentially,thisallowsthe
hotel industry to benefit from the type of‘try
beforebuy’marketingthathasbeencommonplace
withinthefoodindustryfordecades.
Ofcourse,thepracticalusesforvirtual
realitytechnologydonotstopwhenthecustomer
hasbookedahotelroom.Indeed,thoseoperating
withinhospitalitymanagementcancontinue to
useVRtodeliverinformationandallowcustomers
toexperiencenearbyattractionsoncetheyhave
arrived,addingtothehotelexperienceitself.The
fullpotentialofvirtualrealitywithinthe hotel
in dust ry is only r ecen tly being r ecogn ised .
Neverth eless, two of the best cu rrent uses of
thetechnologyare:
1. VirtualTravelExperiences-through this,
userscanexperienceavirtualrecreationof
differentaspectsoftravel,fromtheflight,to
arrival,tosomeofthekeysights.
2. VirtualHotelTours-thesetourscanbemade
availableonhotelwebsites,allowingguests
orpotentialgueststotakealookattheirhotel
room,orotherpartsofthehotel,beforethey
bookorbeforetheyarrive.Whilethesetours
arebestexperiencedwithaVRheadset,they
can also potentially be made available to
thosewithoutaccesstoaheadsetonsocial
media  sites l ike Facebook,  using i ts360
videotechnology.
Today, as VR pr oducts mak et heir way into a
varietyofmarkets,thehotelindustryisembracing
the new technology. In the past year, Marriott
Hotel s and Resor ts, Best Wester n Hotels &
Resorts,HolidayInn Express,Carlson Rezidor
HotelGroup,Shangri-LaHotelsandResortsand
AirbnbhaveallincorporatedVRintotheguest
experienceinsomeway.
In  such  a lan dscap e, th e hosp ital ity
industrywillneedtoadoptvirtualrealityasyet
anothermediumthroughwhichtocommunicate
with potential guests. Those hoteliers who can
create meaningfu l and original con tent for
consumerVRowners,willbethebrandsthatwill
standoutfromtherest.
REVIEWOFLITERATURE
For th e present study, researchers
reviewedthepublishedvirtualrealitytechnology
literature. The literature sear ch encompassed
Mr. MANOJ ARJUN SANGARE & Dr. ADHIRV ASANT AMBAVANE

551
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
studies published in  various journals, r esearch
articles,&dissertationsthatwererelatedtothe
inf luen ce of  vir tu al r ealit y on  th e tour ist
experience.
TomGriffin,RyersonUniversityetal.4(2017)
The r esults  of th i s study by r esearch er s
atRyerson Universityconcluded that VR helps
generatepositiveemotionstowardadestination
andoffersamoreengagingformofadvertising.
What’smore,VRcanhelp“makeanevent”by
givingeventplannersapreviewofdestinations
and venuesandawaytosharethatexperience
withotherkeystakeholdersanddecision-makers.
( h t t p s: / / s c h o l a r wo r k s . u m a ss . e d u / c gi /
v i ew c on t e n t . cg i ? r e fe r e r = &h t t p s r e di r =
1&article=2103&context=ttra)
Asmaa Marzouk  et al. 2 (2019) Th e study
revea led th at th e main  purp ose of usin g VR
app l i cations is  enter t a i n men t. Usin g VR
applicationsiseasytouseandusefulastheydo
notneedmentaleffortsinaddition,thecontent
displayedconsistentandinformative.Thestudy
provedthatcombiningtheAugmentedRealityand
VirtualRealityarepromisingtechnologiesthatcan
havewideimpact on manydomainsalsothose
not  common l y associated wit h  computer
technologies.Hence,combiningthe“ARandVR”
applicationstogetherwillmakethetourexperience
ofthetouristsdifferent.
(JournaloftheFaculty ofTourismand Hotels-
UniversityofSadatCity,Vol.3,Issue2,December,
2019)
WaiHanLo&KaLunBenjaminCheng(2020)
Thiswasoneofthefirststudiestoexaminethe
effectsofusinggenuineVRcontentandGoogle
Cardboardgogglesonviewers’perceptions.The
findingshighlighttheroleofpresenceinmediating
therelationshipbetweenanaudience’sexposure
toaVRvideoandtheirattitudes andpurchase
inten tions toward th ea dvertised product . The
viewer s per ceived t he ad vertised h otel m ore
favourablyandshowedagreaterintentiontobook
roomsatthehotelwhentheyexperiencedamore
intensesenseofpresencethroughtheuseofVR
360°videotechnology.
(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40558-
020-00190-2)
LIMITATIONS
Timewasthemajorconstraintanddetailed
information was n ot collected from the
people.
The res pon ses of p eople may n ot be
genuine.
Samplingerrorsmighthaveoccurred.
OBJECTIVES
To study the awareness about VR
technologyamongthecustomers.
To examine the experi ences of customers
bookinghotelsaftertakingtheVRhoteltour.
TostudytheefficacyofVRinhotelbooking
fromcustomer’sperspective.
HYPOTHESIS
Virtualrealitycanenrichhospitalityindustrywith
referencetohotelindustry.
RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
The research methodology has to be
stronginordertominimizeerrorsindatacollection
and ana lysis. Due to this,  resea rchers have
selectedsurvey/structuredquestionnairemethod
fordatacollection.Itdescribestheparticipants
ASTUDYONVIRTUALREALITYASADISRUPTIVETECHNOLOGYINTHEHOTELINDUSTRY

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ofthestudy,datacollection&sampledesignfor
the stud y.
ParticipantsoftheStudy
Researchershaddesigned a structured
questionnairetocollectnecessarydetailsfromthe
generalpublicontheirawarenessandexperiences
ofusingVRvideosbeforebookinghotels.
DataCollection
Thisstudyisalmostan empiricalone.
So,asfaraspossibleand attemptwasmade to
ga t h er p r imar y  d a ta. In that con text, a
questionn air e was distr ibuted online to the
gener al publ ic through  socia l med ia.  The
questionn air e inclu ded close -ended  quest ion
whichmadeiteasierfortherespondentsandFive
Likert Scale questions. In order to ensure an
acceptablenumber ofresponses,a convenience
samplewasused.Thesecondarydatawasalso
usedinsomeextentforthestudy&itwascollected
mainly from  t h e var ious pu blished a n d
unpu blished  sour ces an d in tern et (websites
relatingtostudytopic).
SampleDesign
Researchers selectedthesampleusing
combinationofconvenienceandsimplerandom
samplingmethod.Thesamplesizewas185.
ANALYSIS,INTERPRETATIONOFDATA&
FINDINGS
For t he p urpos e of analyzing th e
gathereddataandtodrawobservedconclusions
and i nterpr etat ions, tabul ations an d graph ical
representationswereincorporated.
TABLE1:CHARACTERISTICSOFRESPONDENTS(n=185)
 Characteristics Frequency Percentage(%)
Gender Female
Male
Prefernottosay
111
72
2
60
38.90
1.10
Age Upto20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51&above
96
53
13
14
9
51.90
29
7
7.60
4.90
HotelBudget
(perday)
LessthanRs.5,000
LessthanRs.10,000
LessthanRs.15,000
LessthanRs.20,000
MorethanRs.20,000
143
35
3
2
2
77.30
19
1.60
1.10
1.10
PurposeofBooking
Hotel
Leisuretrip
Sight-seeing
Businesstrip
137
104
33
74.10
56.20
17.80
Know the VR
Technology
Yes
No
145
40
78.40
21.60
Is VR hotel tour
importantcriteria
Yes
No
142
43
76.80
23.20
Enjoyed VR hotel
Yes

144

77.80

Mr. MANOJ ARJUN SANGARE & Dr. ADHIRV ASANT AMBAVANE

553
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
importantcriteria

No

43

23.20

Enjoyed VR hotel
tour
Yes
No
144
41
77.80
22.20
Aspects considered
while booking the
hotel
Cleanliness&hygiene
Food&beverages
Pricing
Ambience
Amenities
Roomsize
Roomdécor
Property
Other – Service of the
staff, location, safety &
security, surrounding of
hotel, connectivity, pool
etc.
169
140
134
124
117
106
73
70
-
91.40
75.70
72.40
67
63.20
57.30
39.50
37.80
0.50
Have you done the
hotel booking after
taking the VR hotel
tour?
Yes
No
101
84
54.60
45.40

Probabilityofahotel
booking after taking
aVRhoteltour.

100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
12
87
65
15
6
6.50
47
35.10
8.10
3.20

Source:Primarydata
INTERPRETATION:
Itwasfoundthatoutofthe185respondents,111(60%)werefemalesand72(38.90%)were
malesand2(1.10%)preferrednottomentiontheirgender.Majorityofrespondents96(51.90%)areupto
20agegroup,53(29%)werebelongto21-30agegroup,13(7%)werebelongto31-40,14(7.60%)were
belongto41-50&only9(4.90%)respondentswere51&aboveyearsold.Majorityofrespondentsi.e.
143(77.30%)werereadytospendlessthanRs.5,000perdayforhotelbooking,whereas35(19%)
respondentsforlessthanRs.10,000andveryfewwerereadytospendmorethanRs.15,000forhotel
booking.Majorityoftherespondentsi.e.around74%choseleisuretripfollowedbysight-seeingi.e.104
and onlyveryfewofthemtookupbusinesstrips,whichshowedthattherespondents were mainly
lookingforwardtoagetawayfromtheirdailyjobs.Outofthetotalrespondents,majorityoftherespondents
145wereawareoftheconceptofVirtualRealityTechnology,thisbecausethemajorityofrespondents
werestudentsandwhowereawareofthelatesttrendsoftechnologyinthemarket.Out ofthetotal
respondents,for77%respondentsVRhoteltourisanimportantcriterialforbookingthehotelwhereas
veryfewrespondentsdidnotprefertheideaofexperiencingaplacepriortotheirvisit.AsVRhoteltours
arequiteinterestingandappealingmajorityofrespondentsenjoyedthehoteltour.Ontheotherhand,
ASTUDYONVIRTUALREALITYASADISRUPTIVETECHNOLOGYINTHEHOTELINDUSTRY

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
22%respondentsdidn’tenjoyit.Majorityofrespondentsi.e.169respondentshaveconsideredcleanliness
andhygiene,followedbyfood&beverages,pricing,ambience,amenities,roomsize,roomdécorand
property.Oth er than given options, few respondents have also responded that service of the staff,
safety& security,surrounding ofhotel,connectivitywithairportsarealsoimportant factorswhile
bookingthehotel.Agoodnumberofrespondentsi.e.101(54.60%)havebookedthehotelaftertaking
thevideotour.Butthereisstillascopeforhotelierstoattractrestofrespondentsbyusingdifferent
promotionalmeasures.WhenitwasaskedtogiveprobabilityofahotelbookingaftertakingaVRhotel
tour;outoftotalrespondents87(47%)were75%sure,65(35.10%)were50%sure,15(8.10%)were25%
sure&12(6.50%)were100%sureabouttheirhotelbooking,only6(3.20%)werenotinterestedin
bookingthehotelaftertakingtheVRhoteltourandthisisbecauseitdoesn’tgiveawholeexperience
andnotinteractivewithrealworld.
TABLE2:OVERALLEXPERIENCEOFCUSTOMERSAFTERVIEWINGTHEVRHOTELTOUR
(n=185)

IfeltIwas
visitingthe
hotelsinthe
displayed
environment
Ifeltthat
the
characters
and/or
objects
could
almost
touchme
Ifelt
involved
I
enjoyed
myself
My
experience
was
intense
The
content
seemed
believable
tome
The
displayed
environment
seemed
natural
Does
virtual
reality
video
increase
travel
curiosity?
Ifelt
disorientated
Average
%
Very
true 18.38 14.59 20 24.86 13.51 16.76 17.84 28.65 6.49 17.9 0
True 43.24 32.43 42.70 47.57 38.92 43.24 43.24 43.78 12.43 38.62
Neutral

25.95 32.97 22.16 17.84 32.97 27.03 26.49 18.38 39.46
27.03

Partly
true
8.65

9.19

10.27

6.49

10.27

10.27

9.73

6.49

16.76

9.79
Nottrue 3.78 10.81 4.86 3.24 4.32 2.70 2.70 2.70 24.86 6.67

100.00

100.00

100
.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00


INTERPRETATION:
As shown in table 2, the respondents
expressedtheiroverallexperienceafterviewing
theVirtualRealityHotelTour.Indetailtheoverall
experiencesofrespondentswerefavourable for
alltheclose-endedquestions(56.52%).Onother
hand,veryfewrespondentswerenothappywith
theVRhoteltours(16.46%)andalmost27%were
preferredtotakeneutralstand.
INTERPRETATION:
Almost33%ofrespondentsdon’ttrustvirtualrealityimagesastherealityismanyatimes
differentthantheimagesshown,whichdisappointsthem.Butmajorityofrespondentssaidthatthey
didn’tdeceivedbyavirtualrealitytourandtheactualexperienceofthehotelinreality.
CHART1:(n=185)
Mr. MANOJ ARJUN SANGARE & Dr. ADHIRV ASANT AMBAVANE

555
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
CONCLUSION
Thefullpotentialofvirtualrealitywithin
the h otel in dus try is onl y recen tly bei ng
recognised.Thoughithastheabilitytocapture
theattentionoftheaudiencemuchquickerthan
textorimagesbutitspotentialhasnotyetbeen
fully ex plor ed. Rece ntly, h owever, t he h otel
industryhaswokenuptothebenefitsofvirtual
realityandtheoptionsforbookingonlinehave
multiplied.VirtualRealitycantrulybeusedasa
marketingtooltoattracttouriststoa hotel.VR
technologyintourismisinitsinfancyandthereis
ahugepotentialfor development. The leading
hotel brands across th e world should invest in
thistechnologytoalluretheirguests.It’sanew
frontierforthehotelindustry.
REFERENCES
1. Gutten tag, D. A. (2010). Virtual reality:
Applicationsandimplicationsfortourism.
TourismManagement,31(5),637–651.
2. https://www.hoteliermagazine.com/hotel-
industry-embracing-virtual-reality/
3. http s : //schola r wor ks. umass. edu / cg i /
viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsr edir=1 &
article=2103&context=ttra
4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/
s40558-020-00190-2
5. http://www.publishingindia.com/avahan/
6. h t t p s : / / m f t h . j o u r n a l s . e k b . e g /
article_71071_f85b10149d837864ad66bbf2b113b
482.pdf
7. http://ejtr.vumk.eu
8. https://hoteltechnologynews.com/2019/06/
the-benefits-of-virtual-reality-for-hotel-
bookings/9.
10. https://www.micrometr ics.com/virtual-
reality-revolutionizing-hotel-industry/
11. https://www.travelweekly.com/Travel-News/
Travel-Technology/Travel-is-perfect-for-
marketing-with-virtual-reality#
12. JournaloftheFacultyofTourismandHotels-
University of Sadat Cit y, Vol. 3 , Issue 2,
December,2019.

ASTUDYONVIRTUALREALITYASADISRUPTIVETECHNOLOGYINTHEHOTELINDUSTRY

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
Asweallknowthehumanbodyismade
upofmanyparts.Thestudyofthesepartsiscalled
anatomy. Each part of the body has a specific
function  or job. The senses h elp human s and
oth er an i m a l s r eact to ch an ges in their
surroundingsandinsidetheirbodies.Apartfrom
thisweshouldknowaboutthesecretsoftongue.
OurscripturesaysDeathandlifeareinthepower
ofthetongueand thosewholoveit willeat its
fruit. It means whoever gu ards his mouth
preserves his life, he who opens wide his lips
comestoruin.Tonguesarealsoindicativeofthe
voiceoftheGod.GodtellsusinHisWordthatthe
tongue has incredible power. We can use our
tonguetobringblessingsandlifeorcursesand
death.InmedievalChristianityandOrientalart,
large, protr uding tongues are often the sign of
demonsor thedevil.Hence thetongue hasthe
poweroflifeandDeath.Thestakesarehigh.Our
tonguescanbuildothersuportheycantearthem
down. Cloaking our tongue with the beautiful
namesofGodandthepraiseofthosenameswill
makeourtonguetoinclinetowardthatwhichis
beautifulandwholesome.Eventually,uglyspeech
willbecompletelyantitheticalandunnaturaltoa
tongue t hat is used to  beauty. Keeping g ood
companyandkeepingourselvesbusywithgood
things so th at our tongue find s very little
opportunitytoengageinbaselessconversations.
FACTSABOUT TONGUE IN OUR SCRIPTURES
Mrs.SHANTHIM
Assistant professorofhistory
Providencecollegeforwomen(Autonomous),
Coonoor,Thenilgiris,Tamilnadu
Introduction
WordsaregiftfromGod.Theycanpaint
avividportraitofourhearts,ourminds,ourlives
andthelivesofothers.Ourverbalcommunication
canbeeitherablessingoradiscomforttoothers.
Scripturegivesaconsiderableimportancetothe
tongue,exhortingustocontrolitandteachingus
thataproblematictongueisonlysymptomaticof
otherissuesintheheart.Itisimportantthatwe
prayfortamingourtonguesandthatourverbal
communicationglorifiesGodalways.Havinga
cleanheartisalsoimportantinthismatterandour
scripturesencourageustoprayforacleanheart
fromwhich will flowapure manner ofverbal
communication.Atongueisagreatiniquityand
howmenhavebeenabletotameeveryanimalon
earth a nd yet we cannot tame our tongue. We
shouldalwaysbequicktohearbutslowtospeak.
Scripture’sgreat wisdom providesus guidance
regardingthetongueandwhatshouldandshould
notbeonourtongues,thatweneedtolookat.
Tonguecandosomanygreatthingsbutitalso
does so many destructive t hings. Li ke saying
“looselips sinkships”.Soa tonguecansinka
marriage,achurch,arelationship,ajobandjust
about anythin gelse that we can imagin e. The
tongueislikeloosecannononawave-tossedship.
Itcanhelpbutitcanalsoquicklyturnonyou.No
humancantamethiswildtongueofours,sowe
mustrelyonGod’sstrength.Ifwelovelifeand
desire to see a good dayth en keep the tongue
fromevilwordsandlipsfromlyingbecausealying

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
tongueisanabominationtoGod.Henceweshould
learnhowtoavoidspeakingevilbutonlyletgood
comefromourmouths.Thetonguecanswaymen
toviolenceoritcanmovethemtonobleactions.
It is one of th ose small thi ngs that has a
tremendousscopeofpower.Soweshouldbevery
carefulofusingourtongue.
HarshWords
Thereisonewhoserashwordsarelike
swordthrustsbutthetongueofthewisebrings
healing.Thewordsofagoodpersonarelikepure
silverbutanevilperson’sthoughtsareworthvery
little.TheeyesoftheLordareeverywhere,keeping
watchonthewickedandthegood.Whatcomes
out ofmouth  proceeds from the heart an dt his
defilesaperson.Whenweputbitsintothemouths
ofhorsestomakethemobeyus,wecanturnthe
whol e animal or take ships as an  exampl e.
Althoughtheyaresolargeandaredrivenbystrong
winds,theyare steeredbya very smallrudder
wherever th e pilot wants to go. Likewise, the
tongueisasmallpartofthebody,butitmakes
greatboasts.Outofthesamemouthcomepraise
andcursing.Canbothfreshwaterandsaltwater
flowfrom th esame  spring? Neither can a salt
springproducefreshwater.Ourtonguescanbe
themostdifficult thingtocontrol andleaveus
with great regret if we use our words to hurt.
Whoeverspeaksthetruthgiveshonestevidence
but a false witn ess utters deceit. Th ere is one
whoserashwordsarelikeswordthrustsbutthe
tongueofthewisebringshealing.Onesmallword
candosomuchgoodbutitcanalsodosomuch
bad.Thethingsthatcomeoutofthemouthcome
from th e hea rt and th ese thing s defile a man
becauseitisoutoftheheartcomeevilthoughts,
murder,adultery,sexualimmorality,theft,false
witness,slanderetc.Onesecondofrestraincan
mean avoiding a thousand days of regr et.
Spon taneous anger neve r ends well an d the
personwhospoketheangrywordsnearlyalways
endsupwithregretsforwhattheysaid.Theuse
of imagery is very vivid and compares to the
deadlinesofaquickthrustingofrashwordswith
thatofactualswordthrusts.Thisnaturallyinjures
thepersononreceivingendhoweverthetongue
ofthewisecanoftenhealwhattherashperson
hasinflicted.Therashoneisconstantlycuttinga
pathbymowingdowneveryoneintheirwayon
the way to what th ey wan t, however the wise
person’swordscanactasabalmthatpromotes
innerhealing.
KindWords
Ourownsoulisnourishedwhenweare
kindbutwedestroyourselveswhenwearecruel.
Kindwordsarelikehoney,sweettothesouland
healthy for the body. The tongue of the wise
commendsknowledgebutthemouthofthefool
gushesfolly.Letourspeechalwaysbegracious,
seasoned with salt, so that we may know how
yououghttoanswereachperson.Agentleanswer
turnsawaywrathbutaharshwordstirsupanger.
Sodonotletanyunwholesometalkcomeoutof
ourmouths,butonlywhatishelpfulforbuilding
others upaccording totheir needs, that itmay
benefit th ose who listen. Tr uthful lips en dure
forever,butalyingatongueisbutforamoment.
Deceitisintheheartofthosewhodeviseevilbut
thosewhoplanpeacehavejoy.Noillbefallsthe
righteousbutthewickedarefilledwithtrouble.A
softanswerturnsawaywrath:butgrievouswords
stirupanger.Wordshavemeaning.Theycanbring
great joy and admonish ment butt heycan a lso
leavedeep woundswherescars cannot beseen
oreasilybehealed.Letnocorruptcommunication
proceedoutofourmouthbutthatwhichisgood
Mrs.  SHANTH I M

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
touseofedifying,thatitmayministergraceunto
thehearers.Butthetonguecannomantame;itis
anunrulyevil,fullofdeadlypoison.Ifanyman
amongusseemstobereligiousandbridlesnot
histonguebutdeceiveshisownheart,thisman’s
religionisvain.Inthemultitudeofwordsthere
wantednotsinbutherefrainedhislipsiswise.
Somespeaklikethepiercingsofaswordbutthe
tongueofthewiseishealth.Awholesometongue
isatreeoflife.Sobeverycarefulwithourtongue.
Thetonguelikestomovebeforethebraintoldit
what to say.Ifwelovelifeand desireto see a
gooddaythenkeepthetonguefromevilwords
andlipsfromlyingbecausealyingtongueisan
abominationtoGod.Manytimesakindwordora
sympatheticletterora courteousinvitationcan
helpdeterminethehappinessofaneternalsoul.
Ourkindwordscanproveablessingtoothers.
FriendorEnemy
Oneofoursenseswhichdotheworkof
ajobaidin worseningourangerisour tongue
becauseitcanmakeanalreadyprecarioussituation
betterorworse.Infact,tonguehasbeenstatedas
one of the most di fficul t sen ses to con trol .
Althoughonemayconqueralloftheothersenses,
aslongasthetongueisnotconquereditcannot
be sai d that  one h as cont roll ed hi s sen ses.
However,ifoneisabletocontrolthetongue,then
oneisunderstoodtobeinfullcontrolofallthe
senses.Ourtongue hastwofunctions-taste and
speech.Speechcanbreakormakeanyrelationship
andalsocancreateorsortaproblem.Speechisa
veryimportantunderlyingfactorforsuccessor
failure.Themostimportantanduncontrollable
senseisthetongue.Ifonecancontrolthetongue,
thenthereiseverypossibilityofcontrollingthe
othersenses.Thebeginningofsensecontrolis
tocontrolthetongue. Onewhocancontrolthe
tongue can also h ave contr ol over the ot her
senses.Thetongueisthemostformidableenemy
amongallthesenses.Ifsomeonereallythinkshe
isareligiouspersonbutliesanddeceives,then
that person ’s rel igion is totally wor thless.
Spon taneous anger neve r ends well an d the
personwhospoketheangrywordsnearlyalways
endsupwithregretsforwhattheysaid.Theuse
of imagery is very vivid and compares to the
deadlinesofaquickthrustingofrashwordswith
thatofactualswordthrusts.Thisnaturallyinjures
the person on the receiving end however the
tongueofthewisecanoftenhealwhattherash
personhasinflicted.Therashoneisconstantly
cuttingapathbymowingdowneveryoneintheir
wayonthewaytowhattheywant,howeverthe
wise perso n’s wor ds can  act  as a  balm  tha t
promotesinnerhealing.Thetonguescansomany
greatthingsbutitcanalsodosomanydestructive
things.Agentletongueasonethatgiveslifebut
whenusedinaperverseorevilmanner,itbreaks
theperson’sspirit.
ImportanceofRestrainingourTongue
OurscripturesaysGodforbidsabeliever
fromusingfoullanguageonothersaswellasto
restraintheirtongue.TheAlmightyprohibitsa
believerfromscoffing,insulting,callingoffensive
nicknamesand backbitingoneanother.One of
themattersofutmostimportancethatweignore
andfeelinsignificantisthematterofthetongue.
Hencespeaktruthfully,speakwithjustice,speak
moderately,positively,beautifully,gently,deeply,
graciously, softly, effectively, Humbly, bravely,
speakwithoutalietoleadagoodlife.AwiseArab
proverbsays,“Everywarbeginswithwords.”This
proverbholdstruenotjustbetweennations,but
evenbetweenfamilymembersandfriends.How
manyawarhaveweengagedinwhichthetongue
FACTSABOUTTONGUE INOUR SCRIPTURES

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
wasoursharpestand mostbrutalweapon?The
tongueiscalled“themirroroftheheart”.Itmeans
whatappearsonourtongueisachiefindicatorof
whatisinourhearts.Thisbecomeseventruerin
thoseunguardedmomentswhenanger,frustration
orstressgetsthebestofusandourtongueslose
anysenseofdiscipline.Therearenolimitstowhat
onecansaynobuilt-inrestraintsorboundaries.
Thetongueisinauniqueway.Thetonguehas
nobonesbutisstrongenoughtobreakheart.So
be careful with using words. Words ar e more
powerful t han  actions. With  word s we ca n
influencesomeoneintothinkingsomething.Itis
thewaywecommunicateandlearn.Actionscan
causephysicalpaintousandforceustoundergo
acertaincircumstancebutwordscanactuallytake
overourbody.Verbalabuseinchildhoodinflicts
lastingphysicaleffectsonbrainstructure.People
whoare carelesswith theirwordsmightmake
com ment s t hat  hur t ot her  people’s  feel ing s
because they are not  thinking about or
consideringtheeffectsoftheirwords.
AnEvil
The heart  of the r ighteous studies to
answer but the mouth of the wicked pours out
evilthings.TheTongueisarestlessevilandfull
ofpoison.Sinsoftonguearemotivatedbymental
sin s such as arr oganc e, jealousy, bitterness,
vindictiveness, implacabi lity, hatred, mental
adultery,pettiness,envy,guiltfeelingsetc.Allof
thesesinsarefocusedatotherpeopleatonetime
oranother.Soisthetongueamongourmembers
thatitdefilesthewholebodyandsetsonfirethe
courseofnatureanditissetonfireofhell.Gentle
words bring life and death .A deceitful tongue
crushesthespirit.Kindwordsarehoney-sweet
tothesoulandhealthyforthebody.Aperson’s
words can be life-giving water; words of true
wisdomareasrefreshingasabubblingbrook.If
we do not have an ythin g nice to say then we
shouldnotsayanythingatall.Ifwecannotthink
ofanythingpositivetosaythenjustsmilepolitely,
nodandsubtlychangethesubject.Weshouldnot
leaveourheartbedrawntowhatisevil,totakepart
inwickeddeedswithmenwhoareevildoersand
alsoweshouldnoteattheirdelicacies.Wordshave
energyandpowerwiththeabilitytohelp,toheal,
tohinder,tohurt,tohumiliateandtohumble.The
rightwordsmakeallthedifference.Wiselyused
wordsdefinetheperson’sattitudeandshowcase
themethodofcommunication.Itistheprocessof
expressingtheideas,insightsandemotions.Itcan
changethecourseofthelifeandthevocabulary
used must express our feelings wisely without
hurtingtheoppositeperson.Recklesswordspierce
like a sword but the tongue of the wise brings
healing.Wordsareextremelypowerfultoolsthat
wecanusetoupliftourpersonalenergyandimprove
ourlives,thoughweareoftennotconsciousofthe
wordswespeak,readandexposeourselvesto,even
thewordsofotherscaneasilyaffectourpersonal
vibration.Poisonisharmfulforeveryone-boththe
personwhoadministersitandtheonewhomight
receiveit.Similarly,harmfulwordscanhurtnotonly
thosetowhomtheyaredirectedbutalsothespeaker
aswell.Thetonguecankillus,especiallyifwe
thinkintermsofspiritualdeath.Soourscripture
saysthe tongue is anotherbeast,an unrulyevil
and full of deadlypoison. As we all know the
tongue is some sort of evil that is deadly. The
tongueanditspowerforevilaresolarge.Itisa
world of in iquity tha t has power t o change a
person’sentirelifefortheworse.
TheUseandAbuseoftheTongue
Ourscripturesemphasizecontrolofthe
tongue a s a matter  of gr eat impor tance.  Our
Mrs.  SHANTH I M

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
religiousbooksaboundincautionsaboutspeech.
Those wh o love to tal k  sh a l l  suffer the
consequen ces. Th e scriptures speak of lying
tongues, flatt erin g tongues, deceit ful tongues,
backbitingtonguesand soforth. Thematter of
speechismentionedinsomewayineveryoneof
thefivechaptersofthebookofJames.Inchapter
threethatwefindthemostcompleteinstruction
on  t h e use of the tongue.  Th e teach er ’s
responsibility is weighty because the tongue is
themostdifficultmemberofthebodytocontrol.
Thetongueisthemostdifficultmemberofour
bodiestocontrol. Onewhogainsmasteryover
the tongue is able to exercise contr ol over the
whole body. The tongue is a small item , even
thoughitisalittlememberandboastsgreatthings.
Thetongueislikethebitinahorse’smouth,the
smallrudderona hugeshipandthesparkthat
ignitesalargefire.Alloftheseitemsaresmall,yet
arepowerfulinuse.Thetonguecaninstructthe
unlearnedandencouragethesorrowingoritcan
destroyreputationsandspreaddistrustandhate.
Itcanmakethewholeoflifelikeablazinghell.
Everytypeofcreaturecanbetamedbymenbut
nomancantamethetongue,withthehelpofGod
can  do it. Th e tongue wron gly used can be
ma licio us a nd destructi ve in n atu re.   Th e
devastatingfire,theuntamedbeastandadeadly
poisonareallusedtoillustratethehavocwrought
by the tongue. Husbands and wives lash each
otherwiththetongue.Parentsandchildrenrailat
eachother.Workersand managersaccuseeach
otherwiththeirtongues.Thusthetongueisalso
fullofdeadlypoison.Apoisonousdrugdoesnot
need to be taken in large doses in order to be
effective.Adroportwowillusuallysuffice.Just
so the t ongue does not need to ut ter long
speeches in order to poisonous. Poisonous lies
fromthehumantonguehavedestroyedmanya
person’sreputation.
Fire
Weusefiretocookourfood,towarm
ourbodiesbutwhenfireisoutofcontrol,itletsa
pathofdesolationanddestruction.Likewisethe
tongueisafire,aworldofiniquity,soisthetongue
amongourmembers.Itmaydefilesthewholebody
andsetsonfirethecourseofnatureanditalso
setsonfireofhell.Itis aundisciplined person
whenweuseitforwrongpurpose.Agreatforest
can become a n ash h eap as th e resu lt of one
carelesslydiscardedmatch. Mostforecampfire
leftsmolderingoracigarettefiresarestartedby
carelessness-a campfire left smolder ing or a
cigarette thrownintothegrassorevenaspark
fromanoverheatedlocomotiveaxle.Thedamage
whichthetonguecan causeislikethedamage
causedbyaforestfire.Considerwhatagreatforest
issetonfirebyasmallspark.Thetonguealsois
afire,aworldofevilamongthepartsofthebody.
Itcorruptsthewholebody,setsthewholecourse
ofone’slifeonfireandisitselfsetonfirebyhell
andthetongueisafireofiniquity,soisthetongue
amongourmembersthatitdefiledthewholebody
andsetonfirethecourseofnatureanditisseton
fireofhell.Thefireofthetonguecomesfromhell,
thedwellingplaceofthedevil.Thusthetongueis
regarded as th ein strument by which the great
worldfireiskindledandspread.Thereisnodoubt
that the tongue is powerful en ough to destr oy
theworlditself.Thetongueisaconcealedand
dangerousweapon.Ourtonguesareinawetplace
and they are likelyto slip. The tongue can be
unrulybutitcanbealsobeasourceofblessing
thatwillrefreshthelivesofothers.Fireispainful-
so ar e the burn s caused by hot wor ds. Fir e
spreads-sodoesgossipandevilspeaking.Fire
cons umes-just so car eless words con sume
character.Itisdifficulttooverestimatethepower
FACTSABOUTTONGUE INOUR SCRIPTURES

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ofthetongue.ThosewhofearedtheLordspoke
oftenonetoanotherandevenwritesthemina
God’sbookofremembrance.Eachkindoffruit
treeproducesitsownkindoffruit-exactlywhatis
expectedofit.Justso,thetongueisexpectedto
beanorganoftruthandaninstrumentofdevine
praise. Sometimesitbecomesaninstrumentof
strifeandcontentionandanorganofblasphemies.
This indeed isan inconsistency. The tongueis
inconsistenttopraiseGodwiththetongueinone
momentandthenatanothertimetowishacurse
uponafellowman.Leteachofusbecarefulwith
thetonguebecauseourwordsarebeingrecorded
inaGod’sbook.
Conclusion
AschildrenofGod,ourtongueshavea
lot of power. We can change our world by
changingourwords;rememberdeathandlifeare
in the p ower of ton gue. Our words are more
powerful  than we th ink. Whoever g uards h is
mouthpreserveshislife.Withoutwoodafirewill
gooutandwithoutgossip,quarrelingwillstop.
Hencewealsofollowtheserulesinourlifewithout
fail.Donotrepayevilorinsultwithinsult.Onthe
contrary,repayevilwithblessing,becausetothis
wewerecalledsothatyoumayinheritablessing.
Letourspeechalwaysbegracious,seasonedwith
salt,sothatwemayknowhowweoughttoanswer
eachperson.Wordsneedtobeintentionalbefore
weevenopenour mouths.Sinis notended by
multi plying words bu t the prudent hol d out
tongues.Themostimportantthingwecandois
toprayandaskGodtouseourwordstohelpand
nottohurt. WiththehelpofGod,wecanhave
powerandcontroloverourtongue.Henceletour
conversation be always full of grace, seasoned
withsalt,sothatwemayknowhowtoanswer
everyone.Theplansoftheheartbelongtoman
buttheanswerofthetongueisfromtheLord.A
soothingtongueisatreeoflifebutperversionin
itcrushesthespirit.Sowekeepourtonguefrom
evilandourlipsfromspeakingdeceit.Whoever
keepshismouthandtonguekeepshimselfoutof
trouble.Outoftheoverflowoftheheart,themouth
speaks.Thegoodmanbringsgoodthingsoutof
thegoodstoredupinhimandtheevilmanbrings
evilthingsoutoftheevilstoredupinhim.Butthe
menwillhavetogiveanaccountontheDayof
Judg ment for eve ry carel ess wor d they h ave
spok en. Mi susing the t ongue is per hap s th e
easiestwaytosin.SothatGodputthetonguein
acagebehindtheteeth.Cleansingtheheartand
helpingtomakethebittertonguesweet.Leteach
of us be careful with the tongue. We must
constantlyguardagainstthesinsofprofanityand
lyingandgossipandunlovingcriticism.Hence
weneedtobealertandcrucifythemaninusand
praytoGodtokeepthedoorofourlips.
References:
AlQadri,M.U(2015).FreedomofSpeechand
ResponsibleSpeech;IslamicPerspectives.
Freedom  of Speech and Religious Freedom
HumanRightsandInterreligious
PerspectivesSeminar.IrishSchoolofEcumenics,
TrinityCollegeDublinonThursday12March,
2015.
ArmaniKhan,HassanMohammed,(2014).Sins
of the Tongue. The Muslim Students
Association.
BoReicke,The Epistles of James,Peter and
Jude, Th eAnch or Bible (Ga rden City, NY:
Doubleday,1964)
GordonB.Hinckley,“TakeNottheNameofGod
inVain,”Ensign,November1987.
Mrs.  SHANTH I M

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Leland Ryken, Words of Delight: A Literary
IntroductiontotheBible(GrandRapids,
Ml:BakerBookHouse,2000).
Islamic House.Com(2005). TheEvils ofthe
Tongue.Riyadh:TheIslamicPropagationOffice
inRabwah.
LukeTimothyJohnson,TheLetterofJames,
TheAnchorBible(NewYork:Doubleday,1995)
SrimadBhagavadGita.Eng.Tr.ByJagadish
ChandraGhosh,PresidencyLibrary,Calcutta,
1972.
WithSanskrittext,Eng.Transliterationandtr.,
notes,summaryofeachchapterandelaborate
introduction.
TheBhagavadGitawithEng.wordforwordtr.
AndcommentsbyRev.Br.MartinP.Josesph,
FranciscanBrothers, St.Anthony’sInstitute,
Goa,1978.
Adetailedintroductionisgivenpointing out
thesimilaritywithChristianity.
Zilio-Grandi, l. (2016). Silence and Speech
Etiquette.

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
Periyar Born in  1879, Per i yar is
rememberedfor theSelfRespectMovement to
redeem the identity and self-r espect of Tamils.
He envisaged a Dravida homeland of Dravida
Nadu,andlauncheda politicalparty,Dravidar
Kaz haga m (DK).Per iyar st arted his p oliti cal
career as a Congr ess worker in h is hometown
Er ode. H e qua rre lled w ith Gan dhi  over t he
question of sep arate dining for Brah min an d
non -Br a h min students at  Gur ukk ulam, a
Congr ess-sponsor ed sch ool owned by
nationalistleaderVVSIyerinCheranmahadevi
nearTirunelveli.
Key Words :- Periyar, Idology, Society Par ty,
TamilNadu
Introduction
At the request of parents, Iyer had
providedseparatediningforBrahminstudents,
whi ch Periyar  opposed.  Gandh i proposed a
compromise,arguingthatwhileitmaynotbea
sin for  a person n ot to din e with another, he
wouldratherrespecttheirscruples.Afterfailing
PERIYAR’S IDEAL SOCIETY AND PEOPLE’S SCIENTIFIC
KNOWLEDGE:AN ASSESSMENT THROUGH LANGUAGE
POLITICSOFTAMILNADU
M.SAHULHAMEED
RegNo:20221191081003,
Ph.DResearchScholar,PG&ResearchDeptofHistory
SadakathullahAppaCollegeTirunelvlei,
Dr.A.ABDULAZEEZ
Assistant Pr ofessor,
PG&ResearchDeptofHistory,SadakathullahAppaCollegeTirunelveli,
AffiliatedtoManonmaniamSundaranarUniversity,
TIrunelveli–627012TamilNadu.
to bend the Congress to his view, Periyar
resignedfromthepartyin1925,andassociated
himself wit h the Justice Pa rty and the Self
Respect Movemen t , which opp osed  t h e
dominanceofBrahminsinsociallife,especially
the bur eau cracy. T he Just ice Party had a
decade ea rlier advoca ted reserva tion for non -
Brahmins inthebureaucracyand,aftercoming
to power in t he Madras Presid ency, issu ed an
order  to impl ement it . Periyar’s fam e sprea d
beyond the Tami l regi on dur ing  the Vai kom
Sa tyagr ah a of 1924,  a m ass  move men t to
demand th at lower caste persons be given the
righttouseapublicpathinfrontofthefamous
Vaikomtemple.Periyartookpartintheagitation
withhiswife,andwasarrestedtwice.Hewould
later be referred to asVaikomVeerar (Hero of
Vaikom). During the 1920s an d30s, Periyar
combined social and politi cal refor m, and
chal lenged  the con servat ism of t he Con gress
and the main stream national movement in the
Tamilregion.HereconstructedtheTamilidentity
as an  ega lit ari an i deal that  was orig ina lly
un polluted  by the caste system, and

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
count erposed i t aga inst the  Indi an i denti ty
champ ioned by the Congr ess. He argued  that
caste was i mpor ted to the Tamil  regi on by
AryanBrahmins,whospokeSanskrit andcame
from Nort hern In dia. In t he 1930s, when th e
Congr ess ministry imposed Hindi, he drew a
para llel  with  th e Arya nisa tion  process , an d
claimedit was anattackonTamilidentityand
self-respect .  Under him, th e Dravidian
Movementbecameastruggle against caste and
anassertionofTamilnationalidentity.
DravidarKazhgam
Inthe1940s,PeriyarlaunchedDravidar
Kazhagam, which espoused an in dependent
Dravida Nadu compri sing Tamil , Malayalam ,
Telugu, and Kannada speakers. TheDravidian
linguisticfamilywasthefoundationonwhichhe
based his idea of a Dr avida national id entity.
These ideas had a seminal influence on the
shapin g of the political identi ty and culture of
theTamilspeakingareasofMadrasPresidency,
and continue to resonate in pr esent-day Tamil
Nadu.
Attempts by the union Government’s
machinerytoimposetheHindilanguageonTamil
Naduwerevigorouslyopposedbynon-Brahmin
politicalgroupsledbyPeriyarandtheThaniTamil
Iyakkam (separ ate Tami l movem ent) led by
MaraimalaiAdigal(Schiffman1996,194).Although
PeriyarandMaraimalaiAdigalhadananti-Hindi
sta nce  (Azh aga rasan  1985,  25) , ther e wer e
significantdifferencesbetweenthemintermsof
how Tamil societ y should view t he three
languagesofTamil,Hindi,andEnglish.Whenwe
trytomakesenseofthesediscrepancies,wesee
thatPeriyarhad adreamthattheTamilsociety
shouldbeconstructedonscientificknowledge.
Since before independence, la nguage-
basedpoliticalactivitieshavebeenahottopicin
theTamilNadupoliticalarena.TheIndianNational
Congress,whichwasapowerfulpoliticalforcein
thefightagainstBritishcolonialism,advocated
forHinditobemadethecommonlanguageofall
Indians.Itjustifieditsclaimbystatingthat“Hindi
isspokenbyalargernumberofpeopleinIndia
thananyotherIndianlanguage(Ager2001,26).
Asaresult,ofthosewhodonotspeakHindiare
requiredtolearnHindi,itcanunifyeveryoneunder
the national strea m. This will bring all of the
country’s citizens together in harmony. Such
ha rmon y will pu sh t he co untr y towar ds t he
development hence wem ust consider Hindi as
thecountry’scommonlanguageinthiscontext”.
Ontheotherhand,SouthIndianshadadifferent
perspective on Hindi lan guage.  They believed
that“prioritisingHindiwillturnnon-Hindispeakers
into second-clas sciti zens in India ” (Dasgupta
1970, 26) .Th estr uggle between these two
viewpoints,however,isstillgoingontoday.Tamil
Nadu’s la ngua ge p oliti cs en comp asses t he
politicaleventsthatdevelopinresponsetothese
two perspectives.
WhenweexaminethehistoryofTamil
Nadu’slanguagepolitics,wecannoticeonething.
ThespreadofHindifromtheinstitutionofthe
uniongovernmentisnotaone-timephenomenon
inhistory.Whentheuniongovernmentbelieves
th at the con dit ions are favourable for the
spreadingofHindiinTamilNadu,itmakesaneffort
todosoinonemanneroranother.
HindiandHindustani:
Inthisspotitwillbebeneficialtohave
someknowledgeabouttherelationshipbetween
HindiandHindustani.Thestatementthat‘alarge
numbe r of Indi ans speak  Hindi’ is incorrect.
M.SAHU L HAMEED & Dr. A.ABDU LAZEEZ

565
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Hindustaniis,infact,spokenbyagreaternumber
ofpeoplethananyotherIndianlanguage.Hindu
nationalistpoliticalforcesarenotreadytoaddress
thisonthepoliticalstage.
Hindus tan i is a  hybrid of various
northernIndianlanguages,includingPersianand
Sanskrit.Regardlessofethnicity,religion,orcaste,
thelanguageiswidelyspoken,especiallyinnorth
India.TheBritishcreatedadictionaryforthis
languageaswell.Theywereabletoreachoutto
morepeopleinIndiabecausetothisdictionary.
M.K Gandhi also advocated for the study of
Hindustanibyall Indians.Hindustaniwasalso
seenbyhim asa vehicleforpromoting Hindu-
Muslimunity(Brass2005,411)(Dasgupta1970,
120).AfterPakistanwaspartitionedfromBritish
India,Hindustanilosttheimportanceithadgained
via Gandhia n thought. Hindi was proposed as
India’scommonlanguage.Intheproposal,the
HinduMahasabhaplayedasignificantrole(Rai
2001,113).ThesabaproposedHindisinceitdoes
notborrowloanwordsfromthePersianlanguage
andextensivelyborrowsmoreloanwordsfrom
Sanskrit. T he absence of Persian language in
gover nmen t act ivities was  consid ered as  the
removalofIslamicculture(Dasgupta1970,39).
Furthermore,inNorthIndianpolitics,thebelief
thatSanskritwasthemothertongueofallIndian
languagesechoedstrongly.
Sanskrit,onthe otherhand,hasnever
beenthelanguageofthemasses.Itwasalsoknown
astheBrahmins’worshiplanguage.Asaresult,
theSanskritlanguagecametoberegardedasa
tool of Varn a shr a ma Dh a r ma  i n  soci ety
(Ramaswamy1997,33)
IdeologyofPeriyarandHindiOpposition:
Atthispointitisfruitfulforthepurpose
ofthisarticletounderstandsomekeydetailsabout
ideologyofPeriyar.BecausePeriyarwasborninto
a wealthy family, he was able to easily obtain
severalimportantposts.However,heturneddown
such  offers  and,  in 1919,  accept ed Gan dhi’s
leadershipandjoinedtheCongressparty.Periyar
wasdeeplyinfluencedbyGandhi’ssocialreforms
(actionsmadetoaddresscastedisparities)atthe
time.Asaresult,heledGandhi’sstrugglesinthe
Madrasprovince.Despitebeingamemberofthe
Congressparty,hewasafiercecriticoftheparty’s
casteprejudice.HelefttheCongressPartyin1925
becauseofits caste-baseddiscrimination(Ross
1976,231)
In  1925, Periyar foun d ed the
‘SuyamariyathaiIyakkam’(selfrespectmovement).
TheSuyamariyathaiIyakkamencouragedpeople
to over come caste inequities and oper ate
rationally.With the money received from th e
people,theCongresspartytooktheappropriate
stepstopromotetheHindilanguageinChennai
provinceatthetime.TheintentiontomakeHindi
thecompulsorylanguageloomedinthebackdrop.
Periyar, who is opp osed to this, claim ed that
brahminsuseHinditoexploitnon-brahmins.On
this basis,heharshlydenouncedtheCongress’
activitiesintheRepublicMagazinein1926under
thepseudonymChithiraputhiranwiththebanner
‘BetrayaloftheTamillanguageandtheSecretof
theHindiLanguage.
Fu rther, on Ja nuary 20, 192 9, he
publishedaneditorialtitled‘HindiPurattu’(Hindi
falsifications) in the Republic Magazine.  This
articleclaimsthatHindiisanAryanlanguagethat
is h ostile t o Tamils. Throughout the Ar yan
language,thetextsonlyteachAryanmythology
andirrationaloccultpractices(Tha2008,35-36).
From1937onward,Hindibegantoenter
in to Tamil  Nad u wit h th e h elp o f the  sta te
PERIYAR’SIDEALSOCIETYANDPEOPLE’SSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGE:ANASSESSMENT...

566
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
machinery.TheIndianNationalCongressseized
power in t he legislat ure a ssembly of Madr as
provincein1937.Rajagopalachariwasappointed
as the Madras provin ce’s chief min ister. His
governmentenactedlegislationtoimplementHindi
intotheMadrasprovince.ItmandatedthatHindi
be made compulsor y in Madras pr ovincial
schools.TheJusticePartyandtheSelf-Respect
Movement bega n fightin g for the or der to be
withdrawnimmediately.Attheinitiativeoftheself-
respectmovement, womenalsotookpartinthe
struggleagainstHindi.Oneoftheleadersofthe
self-respectmovement,PattukottaiAlagirisamy,
took part in  the anti-Hi n di  a gitation  at
Kumbakonam.Intheagitationhementionedthat
“VarnashramaDharmawantsEnglish removed
from th e curr iculum  to pr event Tami ls from
progr essing. Because Hindi can divert non -
brahminsfromrationalthinking,thebrahminsare
attemptingtomakeHindimandatoryinMadras
provincialschools”(Muthukumar2013,47).
Views of Thani Tamil Iyak kam about caste
inequalitiesandHindiopposition:
Simultaneously,inMadrasProvince,the
notionthattheattempttopromoteSanskritinthe
In dian  subc onti nent  was push ing  the  Tam il
languageto secondplace wasreinforced.This
prompted Tamil activists such  as Mara imalai
Adigal to protest in the streets. These Tamil
activists used political tools to pass on the
emotional a ttach ment for  people they had
develop ed to th e Ta mil languag e in order to
combat Sansk rit domi nance. Peop le began to
adoptanti-Sanskritideologiesasaresultofthis.
At this juncture it is very essential to
knowabouttheThaniTamilIyakkam.Thisisdue
tothefactthattheleadersofthismovement,who
created a n emoti onal bond bet ween Tami l-
speaking people, led thepolitical fight agai nst
Hindi.
TheThaniTamilIyakkamwasformedin
1916bythegreateffortsoftheMaraimalaiAdigal.
Bharathidasan,DevaneyaPavanar,Perunchithiranar,
ParithimarKalaignarandK.A.P.ViswanathamPillai
were major leaders  of th is movemen t. The
movement’smottowastospeakandwriteTamilin
itspurestform,withoutmixingintermsfromother
languages.Theyarguedinthepoliticalspherethat
suchmixingdoesnotbenefittheTamillanguage.
TheyfurtherwarnedthatmixingwillturnTamilsinto
slavesforotherlanguages.Especiallythismovement
emergedinthecontextwhereSanskritwordswere
usedextensivelyinTamillanguage(Ramaswamy
1997,44).Accordingtothismovement,theTamil
languageisinherentlydistinct.Itdoesnotrequire
thesupportofotherlanguagesincludingSanskrit.
TheleadersoftheThaniTamilIyakkamassociated
theTamillanguagewiththeshaivismandthereby
showed thei r ant i- Vaishnavism sen timents
(Schiffman1996,308).Periyarviewedtheconceptof
pureTamilanditsreligiousprinciplesfromacritical
perspective.HeaccusedtheactivistsofThaniTamil
Iyakkamthattheyinculcatingirrationalideasin
thepeopleinordertouplifttheTamillanguage.
Hepointedoutthatthemovementwasfailingto
condemn the caste-based inequalities in Tamil
Nadu.Healsowarnedthatifamovementfailsto
condemn ca ste-ba sed i n equalities,  t h e
movem en t ’s benefit will be d i r ected t o
VarnashramaDharma.
Throughastatement,wecanunderstand
howtheThaniTamilIyakkam’svisionof“pure
Tamil”approachedcaste-basedinequalities.This
statementwasmadebyMaraimalaiAdigalonthe
temple entr ymovement of oppressed. The
statementis
M.SAHU L HAMEED & Dr. A.ABDU LAZEEZ

567
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
“Thedowntroddenaretheoneswhohadnoright
toenterthetemples.Thereasonforthisisbecause
theydonotliveacleanlifestyle.Thosewhocome
from a downtrodden class must put in a lot of
effor t if t hey wan t to r ise t o the t op. If t he
underprivilegeddonotattempttodoso,nomatter
howhardtheprogressivepersonattemptstoraise
them,theirsituationwillremainunchanged.If
downtroddenpeoplewantgetgoodstatusinthe
societytheyshouldavoidfromconsumingmeat.
They should stop drinking teddybears. They
should wear clean clothes. Th ey must give up
theircastenameandstruggletofollowtheupper
caste’svalues”(Veerapaandiyan2012,200).
The oppressed, accor d i n g  t o the
statement,lacksocialpositionduetotheirlackof
purity. It adopted th e concept  of‘pur ity and
pollu tion,’ wh ich  is one of t he pillars of
Varnashrama-Dharma,inthiscontext.Furtherthe
statem ent provokes downtrodden  t owards
San skriti zation  which h as capa city to ensure
superiorpositionofVarnashrama-Dharmainthe
society.
PeriyarandEnglishLanguage:
Despiteseveralcontradictionsbetween
PeriyarandtheThaniTamilIyakkam,hedidnot
hesitatetocollaboratewithitinthepoliticalarena.
Because Periyar believed that th eTh ani Tamil
Iyakkam’sstrengthisnecessarytodefeatHindi.
However,herealizedthatapowerfulinstrumentis
necessarytoeliminatetheirrationalideologythat
the lead ers of the Thani Tamil Iyakka m have
developedabouttheTamillanguageinthesociety.
InthiscontexthethoughtthatEnglishcouldbea
veryusefulinstrument.Asaresult,hecontinued
toencouragepeopletolearntheEnglishlanguage,
hopingthatbydoingso,theywouldbecomemore
scientificallymindedandrational.
What wecandeducefromthis is that
Periyar’sfundamentaldrivingforceshavealways
beenself-respectandrationality.Hebelieved,only
thesetwo,cansetamanfreefromsocialevil.Ifa
manlacksthesetwoqualities,he/shewillbecome
aslave.In oppositionto theimplementation of
Hindi, Per iyar proposed the Tamil language.
Accordingtohim,ithasthecapacitytochallenge
Varn ashrama Dhar ma. Periyar r ecommended
Englishatthesametime,seeingthatithadthe
capacitytotransformTamilpeopleintorational,
science-basedsociety.AsfarasPeriyarrationality
andscientificthinkingcanemancipateamanfrom
slavery an d provide hope for a dign ified life.
However,  He did  not beli eve th at th e Tamil
languagewasentirelybadforTamilpeople.He
arguedtheimpactofVarnashramaDharmaruined
theTamillanguage.Inthiscontext,headvised
peopletoruntowardsEnglishinordertoeliminate
theeffectsofVarnashramaDharmafromsociety.
Periyarmentionthisasfollows.
“By injecting anoth er language,  our
systemiscorrupted,andharmfulideaswithinthat
languagecharacterinfiltrateusanddegradeus.I
opposeHindibecauseithastheabilitytomake
usslavestotheAryans’VarnashramaDharma.I
prescribeTamilsolelybecausethereisnoother
languageinthiscountrythatisfitforourprogress
thanTamil.However,Ididnotbelievethatthe
Tamillanguagecoulddomiracles.Onceupona
time,when allotherpeoplesweresavages, the
Tamilswereexpertsinthefieldsofshipbuilding
andtrading.DespitethefactthatTamilhassucha
richheritage,aNewtonwouldnotbefoundinthe
Tamiltraditiontoday.TherewasnowayanEdison
couldappear.TherewasnowayaMarconicould
appear.WemustcomprehendthefactthatTamil
society has deterior ated. Th is deterioration
happenedbecauseofAryanism’sinfluenceonthe
PERIYAR’SIDEALSOCIETYANDPEOPLE’SSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGE:ANASSESSMENT...

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Tamillanguage.Inthisbackdropwemusttakeall
effortstomodernizeTamillanguage.Progressive
notionsaremoreprevalentinEnglish-language
texts.Numerousscientificresearchinformation
booksareavailableinEnglish.Allofourpolitical
andeconomicprinciples,aswellastheawareness
thattheVarnashramaDharmashouldbeeliminated
andthatmenandwomenareequal,wereprovided
bytheEnglishlanguage“(Gowthaman2018,357).
Hisworkandhislegacy
FortheaverageTamil,Periyartodayis
an  ideology. He stand s for a politi cs that
foregroun ded social equa lity, self-respect,  and
linguisticpride.Asasocialreformer,hefocused
onsocial,culturaland genderinequalities,and
his reform agenda questioned matters of faith,
gender and tradition. He asked people to be
rational in their life choices. He argued that
women nee ded to be i ndepen dent,  not mere
child-bearers, andinsistedthattheybeallowed
aequalshareinemployment.TheSelfRespect
Movement he led pr omoted weddings without
rituals, and sanctioned pr operty as well as
divorcerightsforwomen.Heappealedtopeople
togiveup thecaste suffixin their names, and
tonotmentioncaste.Heinstitutedinter-dining
with food cook ed by Da l its in public
conferencesinthe1930s.
Over the years,  Per i yar has
tran scended the political divide as well as the
faultlinesofreligion andcaste,andcometobe
reveredasThanthai Periyar,thefatherfigureof
modernTamilNadu.
C N Annadur ai, who was Peri yar ’s
dearestpupilatonetime,brokewithhim, split
th e DK,  an d for med t he Drav ida Mu nne tra
Kazhagam(DMK)in1949.Anna,amanofthe
masses, recogn ised th e value of electoral
democracyand acceptedthat Tamil separatism
ha d no fu ture . He used t he n ew medium of
cinema to spread the ideals of the Dravidian
Movemen t and e sta blish ed hi mse lf as th e
successor to Periyar. I n 1967, t he DMK won
officeinTamilNadu.Sincethen,TamilNaduhas
beenruled byparties whotrace their originto
th e Dravid ian  Movement a nd swear by i ts
ideals.TheymayhavedilutedPeriyar’sidealsin
office, but both the DMK and the AIADMK
proudly claimtobeinheritorsofPeriyar’ssocial
andpoliticalvision.
IfPeriyarwasaniconoclast,Annawas
amoderatereformist.On thepedestalofone of
Periyar’s many statues in Tamil Nadu is the
inscription:“Thereisnogod,andnogodatall.
He wh o created god was a fool, he who
pr opagat es god i s a scoun drel an d he who
worships god i s a barbari an.” His successors
moderated th i s radicalism  — R Kann a n
recounts in Anna: The Life and Times of CN
Annadurai,thatAnna,whoundertheinfluence
of h is atheist  men tor once bro ke Gan esh a
figures,wouldlatersay, “Iwouldneitherbreak
the Gan esha idol n or t h e coconut (the
offering).”
DuringtheEmergency,apetitionagainst
“offensive”  inscriptions on the pedes tals of
Periyar’sstatues camebeforetheMadrasHigh
Court.Thecourt dismissedthepetition,saying
Periyarbelievedinwhathesaid,andtherewas
nothingwronginhavinghiswordsasinscriptions
onhisstatues.Inajudgment passedinanother
caseonJune 2012, retired MadrasHigh Court
JusticeKChandrusaid:“Theinstallationofthe
Periyar statue in  the school premises will not
automaticallycovertthechildrenintoanatheist
M.SAHU L HAMEED & Dr. A.ABDU LAZEEZ

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
outlook… Ultimately the understanding of the
philosophyofsucha personalitywillonlyhelp
themfromhavingscientifictemper,humanismand
thespiritofinquiryandreformasenshrinedunder
Article51-A(h)oftheConstitution.”
FalloutoftheattackonPeriyar
Nadu. DK now has limited political
influenceinTamilNadu,butPeriyarhasgrown
beyondtheDKandevenTamilNadu.Whilecaste
discrimination continuestobe prevalentinthe
state,everypoliticalpartypaysatleastlipservice
toPeriyar’sidealsofsocialandpoliticaljustic
Conclusion:
Fromthis,wecandeducethatPeriyar’s
political articulation s always foregroun d the
aspects ofrationa lity and which aimed for the
scientificspiritbydiscerninganessenceofTamil
la nguage.  In h is dream, he wish ed for the
appearanceofNewtons,Edisons,andMorconis
in Tamil society. Hewas certain that scientific
thoughtwillabolishracialinequitiesinsociety.
Thescientificcommunitywashisdreamsociety.
References:
1. Ager,D.E..MotivationinLanguagePlanning
andLanguagePolicy.Clevedon:Multilingual
Matters,2001.
2. Azhagarasan,T.HindhiEthirpuVaralaaru.
Chennai:Vlanarasu,1985.
3. Brass,PaulR.Language,ReligionandPolitics
inNorthIndia.Lincoln,NE:Iuniverse,2005.
4. Dasgupta, Jyotirindr a. Language Confli ct
andNationalDevelopment:GroupPolitics
and Na tiona l Langu age Poli cy In I ndia.
Bombay:OxfordUniv.Press,1970.
5. Gowthaman,Pasu.E.V.RamasamyEngira
Na a n , Vol. 1.  Chennai: Bh ar at h i
Puthakalayam,2018.
6. Muth ukumar, R. Mozhippor. Chennai:
KizhakkuPathippagam,2013.
7. Rama swamy, Suma thi . Pass ions Of T he
Tongue:LanguageDevotionInTamilIndia,
1891-1970.NewYork:ACLSHistoryE-Book
Project,1997.
8. Rai,Alok.HindiNationalism.NewDelhi:
OrientLongmanPrivateLimited,2001
9. Ross,BarnettMarguerite.PoliticsOfCultural
NationalismInSouth India. NewJersey :
PrincetonUniversityPress,1976.
10. Schiffman,Harold.LinguisticCultureand
La nguage Polic y. Lon don: Ta ylor  and
Francis,1996.
11. Tha.Se.Mani,Kolathur.Kudiyarasu1929-1.
Chennai:PeriyarThiravidaKazhakam,2008.
12. Veerapaandiyan,Suba.PeriyarinIdathusaari
Th ami zh T hesi yam .  Che nna i: Van avil
Puthakalayam,2012.

PERIYAR’SIDEALSOCIETYANDPEOPLE’SSCIENTIFICKNOWLEDGE:ANASSESSMENT...

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Introduction
Templesformedthenucleusofsociallife
in the coun try.  They integrated the various
segmentsofthesocietyfromdiversity.Templeis
aplaceofworship.Asacredhouseofgodsand
goddesses,itcateredtothereligiousneedsofthe
peopleandprovidesalinkbetweenmanandgod
and the earthly li fe and the divine life.
Worshippin g gods in temples not on ly infuses
divinityandpurityto theheartofthedevotees
but also it is natural outlet of their religious
impulsesandsentiments.Theybelievedthatif
godsandgoddesseswereappeased,therewould
berainand prosperity.Sotheheavenlybeings
werepleasedwithofferingsofabhishekhas(sacred
bath)oblations,ritualsandfestivalsaccordingto
agamicprescriptions.TheSouthIndiantemples
have al wa ys pl ayed a vital r olein th e socio -
religious,culturalandeconomiclifeofthepeople.
Wh i l e singing the glor y of our
motherland,thenationalpoetSubramaniaBharathi
says: All the nations in the world it is Bharat
that   nur tured  the  hig hest  c ulture  and
civilization.FromhiswordswelearnthatIndia
hadbeenconsideredasaholypieceoflandinthe
wholeworld.WhyIndiaiscalledaholyland?
WhyitisknownasPunyaBhoomi (HolyLand)?
InhispoemBharathihasgivenalistofreasons
forit.ThefirstandforemostfeatureofIndiaisits
divineaffinity.ThepoetsaysthatIndiaisaland
oftempleswhichelevatethepeopletospiritual
dignity.
IMPORTANTTEMPLESOFKRISHNAVAKKACOMMUNITY
-ASTUDY
Dr.V.SANTHIYA
AssistantProfessor,P.G.DepartmentofHistory,
PasumponMuthuRamalingaThevarCollege,Melaneelithanallur
AffiliatedtoManonmaniamSundaranarUniversity-Tirunelveli-627-010
ThippiramalaiKrishnatemple
TheKrishavakkasgivemuchimportance
toanotherKrishnantemplesituatedinTippiramalai
situated i n the Karu ngal Marthan dam stat e
highways.Thistemplehasanumberofunique
features.
Thippiramalaiisasmallvillagesituated
just2kmsfromKarungaltownand30kmsfrom
NagercoilofKanyakumariDistrict,TamilNadu,
SouthIndia.Wecanseearoundshaped,conical
roofed,tiledshrineofLordKrishnathere.Though
itiscalled as thetemple ofKrishna,thedeity
enshrinedwithinitisofLordVishnu.Itisa13ft
highgraniteidolofLordVishnuinstandingposture
withVaradhaHasta.Thepresidingdeityofthe
templeiscalledasKarumaanikathuAlwarasper
thepuranictraditionandBhagavatham.Recently
Devaprasannamwasconductedinwhichitwas
announcedthatthetemplebelongedto3100years
old.Itisbelievedthatapresidingdeityemerged
asSuyambu.(automaticcreationfromearth).
Theprecedingdeityhas13thfeetheight.
ItisthetalleststatueforKrishnainSouthIndia.
AKarnaparambharastoryrelatedwiththistemple
wasquiteinteresting.AChettiarfamilybelonged
toKadiapattinam(Kadikaipattinam)situatednear
Manavalakurichihadnoissues.Afterprolonged
prayerhegotamalechild.Unfortunatelyoneday
thechildwasmissing,sotheparentsofthechild
gotworried.Anastrologeradvisedthefamilyto

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
visit the Karumanikuthalwar  t emple at
Tippiramalai.Sotheparentswenttothattemple
where they sawtheir child was playing in the
temple.SotheChettiardonatedhundredsofacres
oflandtothetemple.Ifweverifyrecordsofthe
registrationdepartmentwecangetinformation
abouttheexistenceofallthishundredsofacres
oflands.
Regardingthetemplethereareanumber
ofVatalethuinscriptionswhichspeakaboutone
VaragunaMaharaja and his brothers and their
donationstothistempleduetothecontactwith
the Kongumandalam NanthavilakuandPaavai
Vilaku(lights)weredonatedtotheBrahminsand
forthemaintenanceofthelamps,anumberofa
coconutpalmsweredonated.
Forthebettermaintenanceofthetemple
anumberofBrahminAgraharamswerecreated
graduallyNairsandKrishnavakkasgotthepowers
andbecamedominant.
SreeKrishnaSwamyTemple,AlwarKoil
Unli ke the oth er tem ples this  temple
occupi es a un ique pla ce in  the h ist ory of
Krishnavakkas. It is situated at Alwar koil, a
Krishn avakka hamlet situated in  the Eranial -
Thuckalaystatehighways.Wehavenoconcrete
evidenceabouttheoriginofthetemple.Butan
interestingKarnabharambarastoryisavailable
aboutthetemple.AsperPuranictradition,Eranian,
headofthedevilforceswasannihilatedbyLord
Krishna.Itisstronglybelievedthattheemergence
ofvillageEranielisassociatedwiththedeathof
thatEranian.Itissaidthatafterthedeathof
Eranian,LordKrishnagaveDharsanintheform
of Nara simamoor thy with  angry fa ce. So the
peoplegotfrightenedandrequestedtheMaharaja
tosolvethisissue.ThelatterdirectedNamputhiris
and var i ous templ e priest s to con duct a
Devaprasannamtodiscoveranideatosolvethe
issue.AspertheDevaprasannamanewtemple
forKrishnawasbuiltataplacewhichwasnamed
afterthetemple.ItisthepresentAlwarkoil.The
presidingdeity islooking verysoft,polite and
receivi n g t h e d evotees sympathetically.
Eventhoughthenameoftherulerwhobuiltthe
templewasnotrecorded,butthetemplereached
itszenith during thetime ofone BaskaraRavi
VarmaCheramanPerumalIII,therulerofVenad.
AtthattimethetemplesofVenadkingdomwere
administrated by a  special ag ency by name
Etaraiyogam.ThisKrishnantempleatAlwarkoil
wasalsomanagedbyEtaraiyogam.
The Kr i sh n avakka s, a migrated,
wonder ing an d a vibrant commun ity which
concentratedwithKrishnaworshipcomfortably
establi shed a clos e contact wit h the r ulers of
Venad and Tran vancore kingdom r espectively.
JustliketheadministrationoftheAmbadiKrishnan
temple, si t uated in the East for t of
Thiruvananthapuram,thistemplewasmanaged
by t h e Krishnavakka s.  Th e successi ve
Trava n core ruler s also au t h orized the
Krishnavakkas tolookafter theaffairs ofSree
KrishnatempleatAlwarkoil.
When th e re-organisa tion of states in
Indiawasdonein1956,SouthTravancorewhich
ispresentlycalledasKanyakumari Districtwas
merged with the Madras state.  In order to
superwisethe templesofthis District aunique
body - Kanyakum ari Dh evasam  Board was
constituted.
SriParthasarathitemple,Thuckalay
Krishnavakkas,thefollowersofAmpadi
Krishnan worship are stillmaintainingtheir
Dr.V.SANTHIYA

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
connection  with  Lord  Krishna.  When th e
Kr ish n avakkas of Thiruva n an th ap ur a m
particularlyVanchiyoorandnearbyareaswere
directedtovacatetheplacebytheMaharajaof
Travan core due to t he evil insti gation  of the
NamputhiriBrahmins,theyreachedKalkulamand
Vilavan code Tal uks of south Travancore, after
crossingthreeriversviz.Karamanai,Neyyoorand
Thamiraparani.Whentheybegantheirsettledlife
inthenewregiontheycontinuedtoworshipLord
Krishna.SoKrishnaworshipismixedwiththeir
soul.
Wh en the K rish nava kka  pi daga i s
decidedtostartawelfareassociationforthesocio-
economic, educat ional, cult ural, pol itical an d
religiouswelfareofthiscommunity,theystarted
the venturewith the construction ofaKrishna
temple at Th uckalay.  In  that capacit y th ey
purchasedalandintheheartofthetown,situated
in the nation al  h ighways and named as
Na n thava nam, in which they started the
constructionofaParthasarathitemple.
In  1975 Her High n ess Ma h ar an i
Leshmibailaidthefoundationofthetemple.In
1983theconstructionofParthasarathitemplewas
overandAsthapanthanaMahakumbabisekamwas
performed.EveryyearKrishna Jayanthi,Vishu
installationsarecelebratedinagrantmanner,with
inthiscomplexaVinayakashrinewasbuiltin1999.
Itissignificanttonotethatthemeasurementof
theThuckalayParathasarathistatueisexactlythe
rep l i ca of Ampadi Kr i sh n an  of
Thiruvananthapuram.WithintheNathavanam
complexamarriagehallhasbeenbuiltandnamed
asPanchajanyam(Changutheinstrumentused
byLordKrishnainthebattlefieldaftergetting
success).
GenerallytheKrishnavakkasaredeeply
religiousincharactereventhoughtheyare the
followers of Vishavism. Nowadays they ar e
worsh ippi ng all the god s and goddesses of
Hindui sm. In order t o enhan ce their  faith on
spiritualismSamayavakuppu(GeethaClass)was
inaugura ted in  the P urat hasar athi  temple on
05.06.2005with20students.
ItisheldonallSundays.Itissignificant
tonotethattheseGeetha classesareconducted
onallSundaysinallthe72KrishnavakkaPidagais.
After  one year of inten sive tr aining an d a
examinationtheKrishnavakkastudentsaregetting
VidhyajothiAwardfromVivekanathaAsharam,
Vellimalai.
An oth er not a ble factor  about th e
spiritualactivitiesoftheKrishnavakkas,istheir
pilgrimagetoSabarimalai.Bothyoungstersand
eldersofthiscommunitywillbeonfastingfor41
daysandafterthattheywillvisitSabarimalaifor
darshan .  It  is significant to  note  that those
peoplewhoarewillingtovisitSabarimalaiwillstay
inthevillagetemple.InthisconnectiontheKanni
PujaandtheroleoftheKurusamydeservespecial
mention.Ifapersonwillbeginhisfirstjourneyto
Saparimalai,theyhavetoperformKannipujato
be performed in his house. Another i mportan t
feature is the role of Gurusamis. Those who
completed 18 pilgrimages to Sabarimalai ar e
conductingthepujasineachandeveryAyyappa
pilgrim.Ifanyuntowardincidenthappens(death,
puppetryandbirthofachild)amongtherelatives
of the person  defin itely he will remove the
Ayyappamalai(thread).
BhagavathiAmmanTemple,Mandaikadu
Mandaikaduisoneofthemostsacred
centresofpilgrimage. Itgotitsnamefrom the
IMPORTANTTEMPLESOFKRISHNAVAKKA COMMUNITY -ASTUDY

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
virginGoddessBhagavathitowhomtheancient
an d reputed temple in th e place has been
dedicated.
Theoriginofthetempleisin mystery.
Noinscriptionisfoundinthistempletoknowthe
exactdateoftheestablishmentofthetemple.Itis
believedthatthistemplehasitsoriginduringthe
timeofkingCheraman Perumalduring the9th
centuryA.D.
MandaikaduisahamletofLekshmipuram
villageinKal-kulamtalukanditliesonthesea-
coast,north-eastofColachelport.Itisconnected
with Na gercoil a nd T hiru vanan tha pura m by
motorableroad.Thisplaceisfamousforitstemple
dedicatedtoGoddessBhagavathi.TheAmman
isintheformof‘ant-hill’about12feetheightand
believed tobe growing gr adually.  The ann ual
festivalcalledMandaikaduKodaiiscelebrated
inFebruary-Marchfor10dayswhichisthestar
attractionofthisplace.
TheKirshnavakkashavethepracticeof
worshipping MandaikkaduBhagavathi amman
temple,whichisconsideredasSabarimalaiofthe
west.
Thistemplethoughsmallinsize,attracts
largenumberofpeoplefromalloverthedistrict
besidesaregularflowofpilgrimsfromKerala
State. Traditionsaysthatyearsagothreemen
fromQuiloncametothesouthonsomebusiness
activities.Theymissedtheirwayandwandered
aroundandfinallyreachedthetempleatthenight
thinkingittobeahutofavillager.Inthathut
theyreceivedfoodfroman old woman.When
they woke up in  the next mor ning th ey were
surprised to see a temple in stead of a hut and
realizedthattheoldwomanwhogavethemfood
an d shelt er was none other than Goddess
Bhagavathi.
There were several  interesting  stories
regarding theorigin ofthistemple.Thechief
amongthemisthatonedayaboywhowaslooking
afterthecattle,cutthegrassandsurprisinglyhe
sawbloodoozingoutofanant-hill.Havingafraid
ofthis,theboyinformedthistothevillagerswho
onarrivalthrewsomemud,ontheplacefromwhere
thebloodcame.
This gr ew into a bi gger ant-hill.
Thereafter,thepeopleofthelocalityconstructed
atemplearoundthisant-hill.Thistempleiscalled
“MandaikaduAmmantemple”,aftertheplace.In
the beginning,therewas nobar on people
professingotherreligionstoworshiptheGoddess.
Itisbelievedthatthesickarecurediftheyworship
this goddess.
Poojas held on Tue sdaysand Fr idays
areveryimportant.Lotofdevoteesvisitthetemple
onthesedays.Full-moondayofeverymonthis
anotherimportantday.Everyyear,grantfestival
calledMandaik adu  Kodaiis celebrated in the
TamilmonthofMasifor10days.Onthatoccasion,
all t he househ olds of the Kr ishna vakkas will
performPongalalongwithotherofferings.The
Krishnavakkaswillsubmitthemarriageinvitation
first toher shrine. “ChoruUnnuthal”,  another
function in t his temple isalso very prominent
amongtheKrishnavakkas.ThelastTuesdayof
thefestivalis veryimportant.“Valia Padukkai
Vizha”isoneofthenoteworthyfeaturesduring
this fes tival . Sal t, pep per, wooden  toys, silk
clothes,blackbangles,and thethingsobtained
fromthefirstharvestaresomeoftheofferings
madetothisdeity.NexttotheMasifestival,the
Adifestivalandthespecialpoojasinthemonth
ofKarthihai areconsideredveryimportant.For
theMasifestival,theKrishnavakkaswillgather
in thousands.
Dr.V.SANTHIYA

574
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
BhagavathiAmmanTemple,Kanyakumari
TheKrishnavakkashavethepracticeof
rememberingtheirancestorsthroughperforming
certainritualsannuallyatKanyakumariwhichis
famousforitsconfluenceofthreeseawaters.Itis
aholyplacetoremovethesinofacommonman
aftergettingdipintheseawater.Therelativesof
the d ecea sed will per form th e rituals at
Kanyakumari andvisittheBhagavathiAmman
templethere.
Kan yakum ari  itself  is a sma ll t own
located85kms.fromTirunelveli,86kms.from
Trivandrumand19kms.fromNagercoil.Thetotal
areaofthistownis2.5squarekilometersandis
locatedatalatitudeof8°4'Northandlongitudeof
77°33'East.Itwaswellknownfortheancient
people.  It was called Komaria Akron, Cape
Ko maria by P tolem y an d Kumari a by th e
anonymousauthorofPeriplus of the Erthirean
Sea.ThenativescallitasKanyakumari.
OnthesoutherncornerofKanyakumari
townwherethethreeseasnamelyArabiansea,
India n Ocean an d Bay of Bengal meets.   The
templeofKumariAmmanissituatedthere.This
templeisdedicatedtoGoddessBhagavathi,also
knownasKanyakumari.Kannimeansvirginand
kumari denotes ap articular stage ofa women.
TheGoddessinthistempleisavirginonethat
iswhysheiscalledKanyakumari.Therearea
numberoflegendsspeakwhyshebecamevirgin.
By i t s geographical location
Kanyakumarioccupiesanuniqueplaceamongthe
touristcentresinIndia.Kanyakumari,thepopular
pilgrimcentre,hastheprouddistinctionofbeing
theland’sendandthepleasantconfluenceofthree
waters.A temple dedicatedtothe virgin
GoddessKanyakumari,animportantmemorialto
SwamiVivekanandaonamid-searock,amajestic
133ftThiruvalluvarstatue,KamarajMemorial,Bay
Watch t heme park, a ma gnificent view of the
sunrise,sunset and moonrise attract thousands
oftouristseveryday.Adipintheconfluenceof
the t h ree seas is con sidered a h oly on e.
Kanyakumariistheonlyresortinwhichonecan
witness, the unique spectacle of sunrise and
sunset.Thoughthesunrisecanbeviewedround
theyear,sunsetisvisibleonlyfromOctober15to
March 15,thefive-months periodcoveringthe
later partofDakshinayan andthe earlypart of
Utharayan.  Apart fr om the above mention ed
touristspotstheRomanCatholicChurchandthe
LightHousealsoattractthetourists.
KumarakovilMuruganTemple
The Kr i sh n avakka s, though  th e
followersofAmbadiKrishnaworship,theyalso
worshiped  a Subram ania  Swamy  temple of
VelimalaialiasKumarakoilsituatedintheNagercoil
-ThiruvananthapuramNationalHighways.The
Krishnavakkasarelargeinnumberparticipating
Thirukalyanam ( Divine mar riage),  Kuravan
kurathidisputeetc.
Kumarakovilisaplacewhichisnoted
foritsreligioussignificanceattachedwithits
famousMurugantemple.Itisavillagesituatedat
thefootoftheVelimalaiinKalkulamtalukabout
threekilometresnortheastofThuckalaytown.
Velimalaiissupposedtobeconsidered
astheabodeofLordMuruga.Thistemplehas
greaterantiquityandtherearereferencesabout
theplaceintheearlySangamworks.Nakkirar,a
greatSangampoethadmentionedThiruveragam
as fourth among the si x abodes of Muruga.
ElangoAdigal,theauthorofSilapathikaramalso
madereferencesaboutthisplace.
IMPORTANTTEMPLESOFKRISHNAVAKKA COMMUNITY -ASTUDY

575
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Velimalaiisanamewhichdenotesthe
significanceoftheplacewhichliterarymeans
marriagehall.Theappearanceofthelandscape
fromthetopofthetemplehillenchantingbyall
mea ns s cener y is e xtre mely b eaut iful.   Th e
systematicallyplannedstreetsofKumarakovil
addedadditionalglamourtoitsnaturalbeauty.
TheRathaveethis(carstreet)runningaroundthe
templetothevillageisofconsiderablewidth.The
templevehiclesaredrawnthroughthesestreets
onthefestivaloccasions.
Thereisaholypondinthe footofthe
Velihill.AVinayagatempleisalsothere.Wecan
reachtheMurugantemplethrough38steps.The
templeisatypicalexampleofCheraarchitecture.
The gigantic Muru gan statue is 8 feet 8 lings
height.AKanchipura built bytheTravancore
kingsisalsothereinfrontofthetemple.
AninscriptiondatedA.D.1733ofthis
temple men tions the land donation given by
Rajaraja Thennathu Ka d i a ppattinath u
Senbaharamantothistemple.Anotherinscription
discovered at Devakulam Vinayaga temple
mentionsaboutthecorpusmoneysanctionedfor
theThirukkalyanam(sacredmarriage)atVelimalai
Murugantemple.TheVallimarriagecelebrations
ofthistempleattractthousandsofpilgrimsfrom
Kera la and sout h Tamil Nadu.  T he Kuravar
Padukalam (Fall  of Kur avas)  inci dent  is a n
importanteventonthatoccasion.
Theactual periodinwhich thetemple
wasbuiltaspertradition,itgoeswellbeyondthe
Christianera.Buttheoriginalstructurewould
havebeenexposedtorenovationduringdifferent
stagesofitslengthyevolution.
TheSubramaniatemplewasconstructed
inthewest-eastdirection.Thetemplehassmall
san nat his ( shri nes)  like  Kalya na Ga napat hy
temple,Veerabhagutemple,KasilingaSwamy
temp le, Shiva t emple,  Bhoothanath a temple,
Athmalingashrine,Chandikesvarashrine,etc.In
thistemplethefollowingfestivalsareimportant.
(i) Thirukalyanam(Holymarriage),
(ii) Pushpabhishekam
(iii) Skanthasasti,
(iv) Thirukkarthihai,
(v) Vijayadasamietc.
InthistempleGoddessValliandSubramanyaare
thepresidingdeities.Theelevationatwhichthe
templestandsisreallyamatterofattractiontothe
visitors.
TheKrishnavakkasbothmenandwomen
will visit th e temple on impor tant ritua ls and
festivals.ThousandsofKrishnavakkaswillthrong
the streets of Kumarakoil on th eoccasion of
Ska nth asa tian d t he famou s Sura samhara m
(KillingofSurabadma,kingofthedevilforces).
VellimalaiMuruganTemple
Anotherimportantplaceofworshipof
theKrishnvakkasisVellimalaiMurugantemple.
Vellimalaiisatinyvillagesituated3kmsfrom
Kadia pattin am, a coast al villa ge and it  has a
distanceof15kmsfromNagercoil.Theheightof
thehillis200feet.
ItisbelievedthattheoriginofVellimalai
Mur u gan  t emple popularly called as
Balasubr am a n ia n  temple i s beyon d  t ime
immemorial.ASaintViswanathaSwamigalhad
stayedinthatholyplace.HeprayedtoGodfor
adequatewater.WiththeblessingsofGod,asmall
wellwithbeautifulwaterhasbeenunearthedand
evennowitsuppliesplentyofwatertothetemple.
Dr.V.SANTHIYA

576
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Thetempleissituatedinthetopofthe
hillandwecanreachthetemplethrough100steps.
A cel ebrated Vivekan d a  Ashramam adds
importancetothisvillage.
TheAshramamwasnamedafterSwami
Vivekananda, notable pr eacher of Hin du
ph ilosophy.  It wa s founded by Ma t h u ra
Nayagam,anengineeringgraduatewhowaslater
calledasSwamiAmbaanantharin1939.Itbecame
popularbecauseofSwamiMathurananthaji.
JustlikeKumarakoilSubramaniSwamy
temple,theKrishnavakkas willvisitVellimalai
MuruganTempleontheoccasionofSkandasasti
andSurasamharam.
Conclusion
Fromtheveryancientdaystempleshave
playedanimportantroleinthelifeofthepeople.
A study of temples help us to know about the
servicesrenderedbytemplesforthedevelopment
offinearts,sociallifeofthepeople,historyofthe
landetc.
The tem ples wher e Hindu  Gods an d
Goddessesareenshrinedaretherealpillarsand
prot ected for ts of Hin duism.   They have t he
greatestinfluenceinstrengtheningthespiritual
andculturalaspectsofourcountry.Ourancestors
havesacrificedtheirlivesfortheconstructionand
maintenanceofthesetemples. Oursculptures,
music,dance,mantrasandeveryaspectsofour
culturewerededicatedtoGodintemples.Indian
templesarethusthestandingmonumentsofthe
everlastingspiritualandculturalheritageofour
country.
EndNote
1. N.S.Ramasami,Temple festi vals of South
India,Mysore,1990,pp.40-45.
2. K.M.Munshi,HinduCivilization,Bombay,
1964,pp.60-65.
3. T.K.VelluPillai,TravancoreStateManual,
Trivandrum,1940,Vol.II,pp.220-230.
4. Ed gar  Thu rston,  Cast es and Tribes of
SouthernIndia,Madras,1909,Vol.IV,pp.
60-65.
5. Mast erly Myn than , Yaari ntha Krishna
Vakaiar,(Tamil),Thuckalay,2001,pp.1-5.
6. SamuelMateer,NativeLifeinTravancore,
London,1883,pp.20-25.
7. V.NagamAiya,TravancoreState Manual,
Trivandrum,1906,Vol.II,pp.120-130.
8. N.  Kunjan Pillai, Censu s  R e port of
Travancore,Trivandrum,1931,Vol.I.,pp.
370-380.
9. A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Ker ala
History,Kottayam,1967,pp.190-195.
10. V. Jeya thil akan , (Ta mil) , Krishnavaha
Sa mud aya m Va ral attu  Chi n thanaikal ,
Thuckalay,2007,pp.10-15.
11. Somalay,KanyakumariDistrict,Nagercoil,
1961,pp.60-65.
12. N.KunjuPillai,OriginofKrishnavakakkars,
(Malayalam),Thuckalay,1986,pp.1-5.
13. M.Gopalakrishnan,Kanyakumari District
Gazetteer,Madras,1995,pp.320-330.
14. K.K.Pillai,Studiesinthe history ofIndia
with Sp eci al refe rence to Tamil nadu,
Madras,1979,pp.40-50.
15. B. Shobanan, Ramavarma of Travancore,
Calicut,1978,pp.35-40.
16. A.J.Doubbis,HinduMannersandCustoms
andCeremonies,NewDelhi,1982,pp.90-95.
IMPORTANTTEMPLESOFKRISHNAVAKKA COMMUNITY -ASTUDY

577
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ABSTRACT
Travellinginagroupcanbeanengaging
wayforindividualstomeetothers,partakeinan
extraordinaryencounterorbasicallytogetagood
dealonmovement.Inanycase,in2021thischoice
isreasonablegoingtoturnouttobeprogressively
out of r each.  Going with  outsider s broa dens
everybody’s‘bubble’andfurthermoreexpandsthe
dependenceonotherstorehearsesafepractices.
Lateron,wemightseeobjectiveprominencebeing
directedbyhowwellthat nationor districthas
controlledtheCovid.Thesafeguardsthatareset
up,and howtheunderlyingflare-upwastaken
careof,willpromiseexplorersthattheywillbe
protectedwhileinaspecificnationorarea.This
maylikewise,tragically,bringaboutproblemareas
thatwerewellknownbeforethepandemic,vanish
because of the emergen cy and absence of the
travelindustry.Asamovementcreatoritwillbe
criticaltoguaranteeyouhavevariousareastucked
upyoursleevethatyoucanofferyourcustomers
ifandwhenbunchesbreakoutsomewhereelse.It
showsignsthatthisemergencyisn’tjustunique,
yetitcanhavesignificantandlonghaulprimary
an d groundbre aki ng changes to t he travel
industryasfinancialaction andindustry.Tobe
sure,theworldwideandtremendousscope,the
mul tidim ensional an d inter connected effects
RECENT TRENDS AND CHALLENGES IN TOURISM
DEVELOPMENT
Mrs.S.NANDHINI
Reg.No:20113151092013,ResearchScholar,
P.GandResearchDepartmentofHistory,S.T.HinduCollege,Nagercoil-629002
AffiliatedtoManonmaniamSundaranarUniversity,Tirunelveli-627012
Dr.N.SUBHANANTHINI
Supervisor,P.GandResearchDepartmentofHistory,S.T.HinduCollege,Nagercoil-629002
AffiliatedtoManonmaniamSundaranarUniversity,Tirunelveli-627012
testin g curren t qual ities an d framewor ks and
promptinganoveralldownturnandsadnessare
themostparticularattributesofthispandemic.
Keywords:Covid-19–Pandemic–Trekking–Polar
Catastrophe.
INTRODUCTION
Consistentlytravelpatternsgobackand
forth,bethatasitmay,2021issettobeoneofthe
travelindustry’smosthugeyearstodate.Asthe
worldgraduallyrecuperatesfromCOVID-19and
boundariesslowlybegintoopen, weanticipate
thattravelshouldappeartobesomewhatunique
thanitdidpre-pandemic.Inspiteofthefactthat
nooneknowspreciselywhatwilloccur,onething
is clear; we will not have the option to go as
unreservedly(withoutthoughtforourwellbeing)
asweusedto…essentiallyforalongtimetocome.
Your  situation  as a visit admi nistrat or in this
quicklychangingindustryisasignificantoneas
the travel industr y sets out on th is next part.
Administrativeguidelines,wellbeingmindfulness
andtheenduringmentalityimpactsofaworldwide
pandemicwillmeanchangesforthemannerin
which your business might wor k .
Notwithstanding,withthiscomesanintriguing
cha nce to a djust a nd ad vance, a longs ide th e
probabilityofvoyagersbeingwillingtopaymore

578
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
to lessen their COVID-19 open ness.  Keep
perusingtogetalookatwhat’scomingupforthe
fateofthetravelindustryin2021andthensome.1
BeforeCOVID-19,investigatingajam-
packed  city would h ave been en ergizi ng an d
empowering. Meandering through clamoring
markets,gettingachargeoutofsupperatabistro
overflowingwithlocalpeopleandvisitingtraveler
areas of inter est were regula rly the signs of a
satisfyingoccasion.Tragically,whatused tobe
thewellspringofinterminabletravelrecollections
arepresentlycircumstancesthatactuatedreadand
nervousnessformany.Inapost-COVID-19world,
explorerswillbeconsiderablymorecognisantof
theneed to headouttoobjectionsthatmake it
simpletokeepupwithsocialremovingrehearses.
Visit adm inistr ators sh ould g et in novative by
planning schedulesthatstayawayfrompublic
typesoftransportationandswarmedvacationer
regions,astheirclientswillanticipatethatthis
more considered approach should travel plan.2
Thismightappearasschedulesfocussingonmore
distantareasoreventheexpandedprevalenceof
specialtieslikebirdingvisitsandtrekkingvisits,
where explorers ar e more averse to come into
contactwithothers.
Thetravelandthetravelindustryshould
beeconomical;fortheplanet,thelocalarea,and
the business over all. Th inki ng about the
standardsoffeasiblethetravelindustry,socially
faroffmovementisconsiderablymoresignificant.
While advancing safe wellbeing rehearses is,
obviously,goingtobehelpfulforthesoundness
oftheexplorers,itislikewisetobenefitthelocal
area. Therefore,thesepracticeswill permit the
travelindustrytobeginworkingagainsecurely
andeconomically,deliveringmonetaryadvantages
forthoserequiredaswell.Ina post-COVID-19
world,itwillbeahigherprioritythananytimein
recentmemoryforexplorerstoremainassociated
astheytravel.Gonearethedayswhereindividuals
canwithoutmuchofastretchgo‘off-the-matrix”
as ther e is p resent ly a bas ic nee d to remai n
educatedandfullyinformedregardingthemost
recenttravelrules.3Visitadministratorsthatcan
furnishtheirvoyagerswithitemizedontheweb
and di sconnec ted agen das wil l be top of t he
psyche for explorer s worried a bout remai ning
educa ted . We’ve  all  perce ived  how ra pidly
circumstancescanchangewithregardstoCOVID-
19sofutureexplorerswill probablyneed to be
guaranteedthattheirmastervisitadministrator
willbeaccessibletoofferreliableguidanceata
minutesnoticewhiletheyarein-country.
DIGITALTECHNOLOGIESINTOURISM
Visitadministratorsandtravelplanners
whospendsignificanttimeinmakingbunchvisits
mightneedtobegincontemplatinghowtoturn
theirbusinesstoworksecurelyandeffectivelyin
thisnewworld.Onealternativecouldbetoturn
totally from bunch travel to 100% FIT travel.
An other mi ght in clud e proceedi ng to offer
gatheringventureoutyetjusttothosegatherings
that definitelyknowandtrust oneanotherand
consistentl y inter act.  Not just will famous
objections chang e, however  this min dset is
additionallyliabletoaffecthowindividualstravel
toandinsideanobjective.4Thedecisionofthe
aircraftmayatthispointdon’tbeexclusivelycost
driven, rath er choices will be impacted by
cleanlinessprinciples;forexampleincasecovers
areobligatoryornot,seatoccupationseparating
andsoonInsidethecountry,voyagersmightbe
morekeenonpickingprivatevehicleormoving
uptoabusinessclasstraincarriagewiththegoal
that theycan remainsafeand keepawayfrom
swarms.
Mrs.S. NANDHINI& Dr. N. SUBHANANTHINI

579
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Setasideefforttokeepuptospeedwith
yourtransportationprovidersandtheirchanging
guidel ines  as there will withou t a doubt be
connectedinquiriesfromyourfutureclientsthat
you should reply with cer tainty. With a lot of
vulnerabilityin regardstotravelwellbeingand
disconn ected dat a over flowing on  the web,
explorers will k eep on l ookin g towar ds th e
specialistswithregardstoarrangingtheiroutings.
Particularlysoonerratherthanlater,travelwillturn
outtobeprogressivelyperplexing,andvoyagers
migh t draw in wi t h  specialists and visi t
administratorsbasicallytoassistthemwithdealing
with the mu ddled carrier pl ans and wellbeing
guidelinestheyshouldclingto.5
Pla cing  work i n now t o adjus t your
movementimageasareliablesuspectedpioneer
willplaceyouingreatstead todrawin clients
whentravelstartstocontinue.Whileitisasyet
dubiousconcerningwhentheworldwillactually
wanttouninhibitedlytravelagain,therewillbe
manyindividualsoverallwhoareasofnowquick
to design an  outin g to rejoin with loved on es
straightaway.6 These in dividuals  are probably
goingtodrawinamovementmastertofacilitate
anddealwiththisinteractionforthem,becauseof
thedifficultiesrelatedwithworldwidetravelright
now.Thisarisingpatternwillprobablyrequireless
itemizedin-countryexercises,andmorespotlight
on  giving pain stakingly in vestigated
transportationandconvenienceplanstoandfrom
theget-togetherobjective.7
Today, visit administrator s an d
vacationers,bothareoutfittedwithmostrecent
inn ovation . It has en abled the tr avel industr y
business  supervi sors and sightseers to
investigate, find and ar rive at new spots by
worki ng wi th onl ine t ravel  and con venien ce
appointments,andmore.Thevacationersutilize
differen t versatile applications as basic as a
compass applica t i on, in ternet booking
applications,cashconverterapplications,world
time applications, language interpretat ion
applications,climateapplications,googleguides,
andeateryorconveniencefindingadministrations
ontheircellphone.8Thesightseerscanlikewise
addtheirowninformationtomakeoverlayonthe
Google Map a nd investi gate a ll prospects i n
visiting anareabyutilizingGoogleMapsAPI.
Som e app lica tion s h elp t o des ign  the vis it,
discovermodestflights,neighborhoodtransport
center points, eatin g joints, and objecti ve
attractions.9 T he appl ica tions u pgrade t he
vacationerexperiencepreviously,during,andafter
thevisit.
TRENDSINTOURISM
Tourismisaneverchangingindustry.A
few previously un known or unn oted forms of
tourismareestablishingtoday.Someofthemare
asfollows
PolarTourism
Cold and Antarctic polar districts have
consistently drawn in travelers. Polar the travel
industry is a progressively developing industry
because of the endeavors visit administrators
take to give different attractions, objections,
and exercises for their c lients. Experience
vacationers and normal sightseers who long
for interesting climate experience, isolation,
and perspective on untamed life right at home
decide on polar the travel industry.10
Space Tourism
It in corporates orbital a nd suborbi tal
rockettripsintothespace.Ridingintothespace
forentertainmentandspecialexperiencewasthe
RECENTTRENDSANDCHALLENGESINTOURISMDEVELOPMENT

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
thoughtbehindthistravelindustry.Tilldate,truth
is told, excep tionall y rich vacation ers p aying
extremelyenormousamountofcashmightactually
understandthefantasytoseepasttheblueplanet.
Incomingyears, thislavishthetravelindustry
canbemadeaccessiblefor ordinarycitizensas
well.11
Dark Tourism
Dark Tourism is th e most establish ed
typeofthetravelindustrygrewasoflate.Because
ofthedreadandnormalfascinationwithuncover
secretofdeath individualsconsistentlyhave,a
fewtravelersliketovisittheobjectionslikewar
zones, spots ofbrutal man slaughters, or where
enormousnumberofindividualslosttheirlives
normallyorpowerfullyintherangeoflast100to
125years.12Formodel,vacationersvisitPompeii
toseethecadaversofthesurvivorsofthevolcanic
debacleinarealsensetransformedintomortar
projects.The fountainofliquidmagma on Mt.
Vesuviushadannihilatedtheantiquatedtownof
Pompeii.Howeverthecatastrophehappenedand
assertedagreatmanylivesquiteawhileinthe
past, the danger ofall the more such volcanic
ejectionsactuallyexisttoday.13
Luxury Tourism
It mostly relates to the rich business
sightseers,whoemphaticallyacceptthattimeis
ofprimesignificanceandtheyshouldpaytosave
timeatanyexpense.Affluentsightseersareleaned
to go through extr aordinary experien ce, for
example,remainingataprivateisland,individual
consi derat ion fr om the specialist co- ops and
adm ittan ce to exclusi ve class a ttract ions an d
conveniences.14
CulinaryTourism
Thevacationerswholiketogetnearby
culinaryexperience, asto visitfor this reason.
Theygotofoodcelebrations,foodrivalries,visit
nearbyranches,vineries,andcheddarproducing
organizations,interfacewithneighborhoodlocal
areaorcooksforuncommonculinaryexperience.
CONCLUSION
It is very clear that the upcom ing
vacationersandvisitadministratorswillingeneral
dependmoreoninnovation.Withthepresentation
of the cutt ing edg e ap plica tion s an d on lin e
administrations,thetravelindustrywillgetfurther
openandenjoyable.Theorganizerofamovement
startup,thesightseerswillingeneralinvestless
energyarrangingaheadoftime.Effectivebooking
administrationsandapplicationswillempowerthe
travelerstomakeadaptableagendaswithsensible
cost.Futuresightseerswouldnotliketobebound
tobundledvisits.Withtheaccessibilityofhuge
numberofchoices,thevacationerswouldliketo
understandeachconceivablewishinregardsto
tourism.Withmoreflightavailability,voyaging
modes an d facili ties pr esenti ng more solace,
innovationhelpinghumanitylogically,thetravel
industrywillkeepongettingenergyitsarea.
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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
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
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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract:
Kundalini yoga is a system wh ich
includes var ious sp iritual  practices  such as
Medita t ion,  Simplified physical exerci se,
Kayakalpaandintrospection.SKYyogapractice
helpstomaintainphysicalandmentalhealthand
supportovercomeillness.Thisstudyprimarily
examinestheimpactofSKYyogaontheresilience
ofwomen.Thesample(N=150)wasobtainedfrom
the yoga practi tioners at th eAr ivuthirukkovil,
Aliyar.Thedatawasobtainedandanalyzedbefore
and after  the practice of SKY yoga from  the
participants.Thepre-testandpost-testonegroup
designswereadoptedtostudytheimpactofSKY
yogapracticeontheresilienceoftheparticipants.
Asregardstheresilienceofrespondentspriorto
the practi ceof SKYYoga the mean value was
foundtobe64.1867butafterpracticingSKYYoga
themeanvalueoftheindividualswasseentobe
at85.2267.ThepairedT-testwasperformed.The
pairedT-testvaluewas-14.523,whichrevealsthat
thereisasignificantdifferenceintheresilienceof
therespondentsbeforeSKYYogapracticesand
afterSKYYogapracticesasisevidentfromthe
mean value an d the T value. The study report
revealsthatSKYyogapracticessupported and
THEIMPACTOF SKYYOGAPRACTICESON RESILIENCE
AMONG WOMEN
P.VEERASITHIVINAYAGAN
Ph.D.Scholar,
Dr.K.PERUMAL
Researchguide,WCSC–VisionSKYResearchcenter,Aliyar
Dr.L.RANJIT
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofMasterofSocialwork,
NallamuthuGounderMahalingamcollege,Pollahci.
offerthetechniquetoresistagainstthechallenges
andprovidemorestrengthforbodyandmindto
overcomefromshorttermandlongtermproblems.
Hence,SKYYogapracticesareobviouslyvery
usefultomanagemanylife-orientedeventswhich
increaseproblemsinourdailylife.
Introduction:
Resilienceisthemostimportantonefor
women  as they face a  lot of  chall enges and
difficultiesintheirlifesuchasconflictchildhood,
unhappymarriage,physicalillnessandtheloss
oftheirhusbandsinthefamilysystem.Besides,
theyareaffectedbytheexternalcrisisofpolitical,
economicandsocialfactors.Whencomparedwith
men women ar e seriously affected in stressful
situations. Women are mostly affected by the
stress a nd depression because someti mes they
need to mig rant to an other countr y a nd to be
displacedduetonaturaldisasters.So,theyhad
to h ave stron g res ponsibi lit ies to pr otect
themselvesandtheirchildrenagainsttheviolence.
Resilienceisoftendefinedastheabilitytodeal
withchallengesandadversitywhilemaintaining
orrecoveringpsychologicalhealth.Resilienceis
themostimportantoneforwomenatchallenging
tasks.Ithelpsthemtofacethefailureandconflict.

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
(Luthans,2002).Theabilitylikeresiliencehelps
womentoexcelintheircareerwithoutanybarriers.
Andanotherimportantresourceisoptimismwhich
supportsthemtotackletheinternalandexternal
situations.(YoussefandLuthans,2013).Alotof
researcheshavebeenconductedregardingthese
issuesastheyarelosingtheirresilienceandare
alsoshowninaverylowlevelsometimeswhen
their countr y is in war situations. The level of
enduranceinmaintainingsuchresilienceinany
situationsisdifferedfromwomantoman.Women
are sever ely affected by the sexual a buse and
domestic violen ce, displacement and social
discrimin ation hence; th ey need to have mor e
resilient to sustain them selves and their
communitiesthanmen.(Mariyajuliyamoreyra
(2020).Womenwillpowercanbestrengthened
by providing th evalua ble resource of being
optimism,independenceandabilitytoovercome
from  all  th e obsta cles.  Women  sho uld h ave
possessedthecharacterofbeingresilientintheir
earli er age that will help them to sust ain the
resilientfortheirwholelife.Hence,onthebasisof
developingtheresilienceamongwomentheyhave
to be brought educated to endure anykind of
sit uation s in li fe. Socia l justi ce and str ong
protecti on against the violen ce in society and
nations can  empower the women in all fields.
Secure att achments , emotional  awareness a nd
self-efficacyareledtheonetoachievelowlevel
of str ess. A re sear ch st udy found t hat th e
individualwhohadbehavioral attitude of self-
effica cy can m ana ge st ress  thr ough  proper
physicalexercise,socialsupportandself-carewas
verylowlevelinthesymptomsofstress.(Laird,
K.T.Preacher,alel.,2015).Inastudy,participants
havereportedtheirexperiencesofwhattheyhave
ach ieved after  the yog a practice. Br eath ing
practicemadethemtofeelmoreawareandcould
findthecenteroftheirconcentration.Thestudy
reportalsorevealsthattheparticipantafterthe
breathin g practice could feel the mind fulness.
Someofthemsay,theycandealwiththeproblem
becauseoftheirstrongabilityofresiliencethey
havein their mindandguidethem to getback
formtheproblem.
The ability to deal with difficulties is
common to both th e women an d the men but
women need to be more resilient than  men to
recoverfromtheobstaclesinlifeandcareer.Dr.
GailM.WagnildisthefounderoftheResilience
centerandanexpertonresiliencesaysthatbeing
as a  resilien t person ca n suppor t to you t o
challeng e any situations an d accumulate more
confidence i n your per sonal , professional a nd
socia l life. Ma nyres earch st udies h ave been
conducted on  the resilience,butthe
comprehensivepracticemethodwaspresented
with a limited  view to str engthen  the above
factors among women.The present study has
beenconductedforthepurposeoffillinginthis
gap in the resear ch. It focuses on the effect of
yoga on th eresilience of women. Simplified
Kundali ni yoga practices are compreh ensively
impartedtomaintainphysicalandmentalhealth.
Thepracticeshelptoimproveholistichealthand
th e resi lience  of women . Dee p resea rch has
revealedthatyogaimprovesmentalandphysical
health for which reason it h as been suggested
thatyogashouldbepracticedonaregularbasis.
SKY yoga practices include Naadi Suddhi
Pranayama,  Medita tion, Simpl ified Ph ysical
exerciseandIntrospectionpractices.
ReviewLiterature:
In  trauma  con dit ion  min d is i n a
dysfunction s state and this resulted in
psychological problems such as low level of
P.VEERASITHIVINAYAGAN,D r. K.PERU MAL & Dr. L.RANJIT

584
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
heartbeat,uneasyinbreathing,musclestightness,
hyper-arousal and substance useetc., J. Briere
andJ.Spinazzola,(2005).Thestudyfoundthat
someunavoidableconditionssuchasaccidents,
naturaldisasters,andillnesswomenshouldhave
a s tron g min d to cope with  these probl ems.
AccordingtoUngarresilienceismoreimportant
and they can  be attained  t hr ough the
psych ological, social, cultural and ph ysical
resourcesandleadthemtoliveameaningfullife.
(MichaelUngar,MehdiGhazinouretal.,(2013)The
studyfoundthattheyhadlowlevelofself-esteem,
inabilityincopingskillsandhighstatesofarousal
werethesymptomswhiletheyareinthecondition
oftrauma.Inresearchstudiesthephysiological
and psych ological effect s of body-min d
interventions arefocusedtofindtheimpact of
yogapractices.B.A.VanderKolk,(2006)Basically,
yoga com pris es exer cises, br eath ing,  muscl e
relaxationandmeditation.Afterthestudythey
havefoundthatyogapracticeshadsupportedto
enhance the ability of tolerating unpleasant
feelingsandhowtoreducestresswiththehelpof
yogapractices.Inastudytheyconcludethatyoga
practicecanincreaseresilienceandenhancemind-
bodyawarenessthenitcanchangethecognitions
andbehaviorsofman.S.B.S.Khalsa(2004).A
largerUSstudywasconductedwith20000adults.
The studyfound that lonelinesswas correlated
with  other r isk fact ors su ch as l ess ph ysica l
exercise, lower sleep quality, lower social
engagement a nd poor physical healt h. (Cigna,
Cignalonelinessindex2018).
Objectives:
To st udy t he dem ograp hic  profi le of the
respondents.
TostudytheperceptionofYogapractice.
To a ssess the level of resi lien ce of th e
respondents.
TomeasuretheimpactofSKYyogapractices
ontheresilienceoftherespondents.
Tosuggestsuitablemeasuresforachievingthe
resilienceoftherespondents.
Methodology
Researchdesign:Experimentalresearch
design was usedin  the study. The pre-test and
post-test one-gr oup designs were adopted to
studytheimpactofyogaontheresilienceofthe
res pond ent s.  A sa mple of 150 wome n wa s
randomlyselected fromthe listofwomenwho
haveshowninterestinyogaatArivuthirukkovil.
Outof700women,150womenrespondentswere
selectedusingsimplerandomsampling.
Experimentprocedure:
The r esearcher  used a set  of
questionnaireasatooltocollectthedatafromthe
resp ondent s. Th e question nair e consi sts of a
demograph ic profile a nd resilie nce scale. Th e
resiliencescaleisprofoundbyCarolRyff,(1989,
1995)whichis5pointscalescoresaremeasured
from1to5.Thereliabilityandvalidityofthescale
werefoundtobe0.83.Thedatawereanalyzed
usingsimplepercentageanalysisandpairedT-
test.Inthisstudy,150womenrespondentswere
involvedatArivuthirukkovilAliyar.TheSKYyoga
pra ctices i ncludes  Naadi S uddhi  Pran ayama,
Meditati on, Simpli fied ph ysical  exercise a nd
IntrospectionpracticesTotalhoursofthepractice
cover1andhalfhour.SKYyogapracticeswere
givenaspertheschedule:
1. NaadiSuddhi-5Minutes
2. Meditation-20Minutes
THEIMPACTOFSKYYOGA PRACTICESON RESILIENCEAMONGWOMEN

585
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
3. SimplifiedPhysicalExercise-45minutes
4. Introspection-10minutes
5. Discussion-10minutes
Analysis an d interpretation : Demogr aph ic
variables
Thefindingsrelatedtodemographicvariable
showsthatOutof150respondents,37(24.7%)of
themarebetweenthe agegroupof36-40. The
marital status report shows that  there are 122
(81.3%) respondents whogot married,andthe
remain ing 28(18.7%) of the respondents are
un mar rie d women. T her e ar e 101 (67 .3%)
respondents who belong to the Nuclear family
system.Outof150respondents,66(44.0%)have
two dependen ts, Out of 150 respon dents,
113(75.3%)ofthemareresidingintheruralarea,
65(43.3%)ofthemhavecompletedthemunder
graduati on. The above table shows that out of
15 0 r espondents, 82(54.7%)  of them are
housewives,105(70.0%)ofthemhadnoincome
source,outof150respondents,85(56.7%)ofthem
had savings,Theabovetableshowsthatoutof
150respondents,108(72.0%)ofthemdon’thave
anydebt,Theabovetable1showsthatoutof150
respondents,52(34.7%)ofthemareintheUpper
lowstate.
Table1:PerceptionofYogaBeforeAfter
VARIABLES PARTICULARS FRE
QUENCY
PERCENT
TAGE
PARTICULARS FRE
QUENCY
PERCENT
TAGE
suitableforallage
group
StronglyDisagree 11 7.3 StronglyDisagree 8 5.3
Disagree 28 18.7 Disagree 5 3.3
Neutral 42 28.0 Neutral 16 10.7
Agree 60 40.0 Agree 29 19.3
StronglyAgree 9 6.0 StronglyAgree 92 61.3
All-round
workout
StronglyDisagree 4 2.7 StronglyDisagree 3 2.0
Disagree 50 33.3 Disagree 1 .7
Neutral 49 32.7 Neutral 12 8.0
Agree 41 27.3 Agree 33 22.0
StronglyAgree 6 4.0 StronglyAgree 101 67.3
Benefitforbody
andmind
StronglyDisagree 4 2.7 StronglyDisagree 3 2.0
Disagree 25 16.7 Disagree 4 2.7
Neutral 51 34.0 Neutral 6 4.0
Agree 62 41.3 Agree 26 17.3
StronglyAgree 8 5.3 StronglyAgree 111 74.0
Achievelifegoal
StronglyDisagree 6 4.0 StronglyDisagree 2 1.3
Disagree 45 30.0 Disagree 4 2.7
Neutral 60 40.0 Neutral 6 4.0
Agree 29 19.3 Agree 22 14.7
StronglyAgree 10 6.7 StronglyAgree 116 77.3
Developvalue
anddiscipline
StronglyDisagree 6 4.0 StronglyDisagree 2 1.3
Disagree 41 27.3 Disagree 3 2.0
Neutral 45 30.0 Neutral 4 2.7
Agree 52 34.7 Agree 24 16.0
StronglyAgree 6 4.0 StronglyAgree 117 78.0
PartofLife
StronglyDisagree 10 6.7 StronglyDisagree 3 2.0
Disagree 35 23.3 Disagree 3 2.0
Neutral 44 29.3 Neutral 5 3.3
Agree 49 32.7 Agree 18 12.0
StronglyAgree 12 8.0 StronglyAgree 121 80.7
P.VEERASITHIVINAYAGAN,D r. K.PERU MAL & Dr. L.RANJIT

586
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Inthisstudy,therespondent’sperceptionlevelswereevaluatedwiththestandardquestions.
Theresultsfoundthatamongthe150respondents60(40%)ofrespondentshadmentionedtheoptionof
agreeingbeforetakingtheskyyogapracticebutaftertheskyyogapractice111(74.0)respondentshave
positivelyrespondedwiththeanswertostronglyagreeforthequestionofYogaissuitableforallage
group.Outof150respondents,50(33.3%)oftherespondentshavementionedtheoptionofDisagree
beforetakingtheskyyogapracticebutaftertheskyyogapractice101(67.3)respondentshavepositively
respondedwiththeanswertostronglyagreeforthequestionofyogaisanall-roundworkout.Outof150
respondents,62(41.3%)ofthe respondents havementioned the negativeoption of Disagreebefore
taking the skyyoga practice but after the sky yoga practice 101(67.3) respondent sh ave positively
respondedwiththeanswertostronglyagreeforthequestionofyogaisbenefitedforthebodyandmind.
Outof150respondents,60(40.0%)respondentshavementionedtheNeutraloptionbeforetakingthesky
yogapracticebutaftertheskyyogapractice,116(77.3%)ofrespondentshavepositivelyresponded
withtheanswerofstronglyagreeforthequestionofyogahelpstoachievethelifegoal.
Outof150respondents,52(34.7%)oftherespondentshavementionedtheoptionofagreeing
beforetakingtheskyyogapracticebutaftertheskyyogapractice,117(78.0%)oftherespondentshave
positivelyrespondedwiththeanswertostronglyagreeforthequestionofyogadevelopsthevalues
anddiscipline.Outof150respondents42(32.7%)ofrespondentshavementionedagreeoptionbefore
takingtheskyyogapracticebutaftertheskyyogapractice,121(81.3%)ofrespondentshavepositively
mentionedtheanswerofstronglyagreeforthequestionofyogaispartoflife.
Table2.SignificancedifferenceinresiliencebasedonDemographicvariables:
S.NO VARIABLE TEST VALUES Result
1. Age ANOVA F=.687
Significance=.634 NotSignificant
2. MaritalStatus T-test F=2.988
Significance=0.86 NotSignificant
3. Familytype T-test F=2.906
Significance=.090 NotSignificant
4. Dependents ANOVA F=1.525
Significance=.211 NotSignificant
5. PlaceofLiving ANOVA F=3.722
Significance=.026 NotSignificant
6. Education ANOVA F=2.778
Significance=.029 NotSignificant
7. Occupation ANOVA F=1.428
Significance=.218 NotSignificant
8. Income ANOVA F=2.658
Significance=.018 NotSignificant
9. Savings T-test F=1.376
Significance=.243 NotSignificant
10. Socioeconomicstatus ANOVA F=.955
Significance=.434 NotSignificant
THEIMPACTOFSKYYOGA PRACTICESON RESILIENCEAMONGWOMEN

587
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Thereisnotasignificantdifferenceinresiliencebasedonage,maritalstatus,familytype,
dependents,placeofliving,education,occupation,income,savings,indebtandsocioeconomicstatus.
Therefore,itisconcludedthatthereisnovariableinfluencingtheresilienceofwomenrespondents.
Table3:DifferenceinresiliencebeforeandafterYoga
BeforeAfter
VARIALES FRE
QUENCY
PERCEN
TAGE VARIALES FRE
QUENCY
PERCEN
TAGE
VeryHigh 24 16.0 VeryHigh 37 24.7
High 49 32.7 High 52 34.7
Moderate 45 30.0 Moderate 42 28.0
Low 24 16.0 Low 18 12.0
VeryLow 8 5.3 VeryLow 1 7
Total 150 100 Total 150 100
Mean 64.1867 Mean 85.2267
t=-14.523df-149Sig.(2-tailed).000
Table3specificallypointedouttheresultsofskyyogapracticesandtheirimpactonresilience
amongwomen.Theresilienceofwomenbeforetheyundertaketheskyyogapracticewashighwith
49(32.7%)oftherespondents.ButaftertheSKYYogapracticesresilienceofwomenhassignificantly
increasedinthelevelsofhighandveryhigh.Theoutcomeoftheresultswhencomparedwiththebefore
datathevalueofhighhasincreasedfrom49(32.7%)ofrespondentsto52(34.7%)ofrespondentsafter
theSKYYogapractice.Theresilienceofwomenhasincreasedfrom32.7%to34.7%andthedifference
betweenthesetwovalueswas2.%.Therefore,2.0%.oftheresilienceofwomenhasincreasedafterthe
SKYYogapractice.
Theresultswhencomparedwiththebeforedatathevalueofveryhighhasincreasedfrom24
(16.0%)respondentsto37(24.7%)respondentsaftertheSKYYogapractice.Theresilienceofwomen
hasincreasedfrom(16.0%)to(24.7%)andthedifferencebetweenthesetwovalueswas8.7%.Therefore,
8.7%oftheresilienceofwomenhasincreasedaftertheSKYYogapractice.Theresilienceofrespondents
beforepracticingSKYYogathemeanvaluewasfoundat64.1867,butafterpracticingSKYYogathe
meanvalueoftherespondentswasfoundat85.2267.Besides,itisunderstoodthatthereisasignificant
differencefoundinthemeanvalues,butitneedstobescientificallyproven,thenthepairedT-testwas
performed.ThepairedT-testvalueis-14.523showsthatthereisasignificantdifferenceintheresilience
oftherespondentsbeforeSKYYogapracticesandafterSKYYogapracticeswhichisevidentfromthe
meanvalue.Itisevidentfromthetvalue.Thus,fromthemeanvalue,itisconcludedthataftertheSKY
Yogapracticetheresilienceoftherespondentshasincreasedconsiderably.Therefore,itisconcluded
thattheSKYYogapracticeimprovesorhasameaningfuloutcomeontheresilienceofrespondents.
Discussion
This study mainly discusses the benefits of yoga pr actices and how the yoga supports to
strengthenstheresilienceamongwomen.Womeninsocietyaremostlyaffectedbyvariousfactorssuch
P.VEERASITHIVINAYAGAN,D r. K.PERU MAL & Dr. L.RANJIT

588
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
asworkpressure,familydispute,healthissues,
poverty,inequalityandsexual violence against
women.As a result, psychologicalproblemsof
stress,depression,anxiety,areincreasingamong
thewomen.
The r esult of t he study positivel y
impactedthe150respondentsbecauseofthose
whohaveactivelyperformedthe recommended
SKY yoga practices. T he SKY yoga pr actices
included Mediat ion, Introsp ection , Physical
Exerciseetc.BeforetheSKYyogapracticesthis
studycouldfindoutthatmostofthewomenhad
lowlevelinresilienceandwereseriouslyaffected
bypsychologicalproblems.But,afterthepractices
resilience positively influenced th e women
respondents.Thestudyreporthasrevealedthat
SKYyogapracticesprimarilyprovidedthesupport
tobalancetheir emotionalstabilityandrecover
fromvariousresilienceissuesquickly.Hence,SKY
Yogapracticesareveryusefulformanagingthe
variouslife-orientedeventsthatincreaseproblems
relatedtoresilienceissues.
Conclusion
Thus,thestudyhasconcludedthatSKY
yogapracticeshavetobeperformedonaregular
basistohaveastrongresistanceinmind.So,this
stu dy recom mends that a  par ticul ar t ime be
allot ted to perform t he SKY yoga to ba lance
emotionalstabilityandsustainmentalcapacityin
var iou s fi eld s a nd all th roug h o ne’s li fe.
Governments,aswellastheprivateinstitutions,
have to take then ecessary steps to open many
health  centers and counsel ing cells to provide
propersolutionsalongwiththeyogapractices.
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surveyofdemographic,structural,cognitive,
and behavior al char acteristi cs. American
JournalofHealthPromotion,33(8),1123-1133.
5. Laird,K.T.(2017).Health-RelatedStigmain
Adoles cents with Fun ctiona l Abdomin al
Pain: InstrumentDevelopment andModel
Testing(Doctoraldissertation).
6. Windsor,T.D.,Curtis,R.G.,&Luszcz,M.A.
(2015).Senseofpurposeasapsychological
resource for aging well. Developmen tal
psychology,51(7),975.
7. Liu, K. (2013). Happiness an d tourism.
InternationalJournalofBusinessandSocial
Science,4(15).
8. Moreyra,M. J.(2020). TheImportance of
ResilienceintheWomen,PeaceandSecurity
Agenda, Parti cularly during the Covid-19
Pan demic. Connecti ons: The Quarter ly
Journal,19(4),87-96.
THEIMPACTOFSKYYOGA PRACTICESON RESILIENCEAMONGWOMEN

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
9. Pooley,J.A.,&Cohen,L.(2010).Resilience:
Adefinitionincontext.AustralianCommunity
Psychologist,22(1),30-37.
10. Br i ere, J. ,  & Spinazzola, J. (2005).
Ph enomenology and psychological
assessmentofcomplexposttraumaticstates.
Journ al of Traumatic Stress: O fficial
PublicationofTheInternationalSocietyfor
TraumaticStressStudies,18(5),401-412.
11. Khalsa,S.B.S.(2004).Treatmentofchronic
insomniawithyoga:Apreliminarystudywith
sleep–wakediaries.Appliedpsychophysiology
andbiofeedback,29(4),269-278.

P.VEERASITHIVINAYAGAN,D r. K.PERU MAL & Dr. L.RANJIT

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
“When a woman moves fo rwa rd, the family
moves,the
Societymovesandthenationmoves”
SwamiVivekananda
INTRODUCTION
Empowermentistheprocessofchanging
powerrelations infavour ofthoseatthelower
levels of hierar chy.  E mpowerment  of women
impliesprocessbywhichwomen’spowerofself-
reali sation is p romoted and r einforced.1 They
developthecapacityforself-relianceoutcrossing
the relat ionsh ip subordinati on on a ccount of
gender,socialandeconomicstatusandtherolein
thefamilyandsociety.Itencompassestheability
to make choices, control  resources an d enjoy
participatory relationsh ip with in family and
community.
To achieve these object i ves,
empowermentofwomenalsoimpliestheirability
toparticipateinitandalsoleadsocialmovements
to remove obstac les in th eir progr ess towards
towardtheirgoal.CountrylikeIndia,developing
in man y field s but not focusing on  women
empowermentapartfrompoliticsandvotebank,
itishighlyessentialtoexploreandexaminethe
gr oun ds and pot ent ial grounds for  women
THEROLEOFSELFHELPGROUPSONWOMEN
EMPOWERMENT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
ST.JOSEPH SOCIAL SERVICE SOCIETY
Sr.T.A.SAHAYARANI
Headmistress
HolyFamilyGirlsHr.Sec.School,Madurai.
Dr.P.PARAMESWARI
AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofHistory
FatimaCollege,Madurai.
empowerment.Usilampattiregionisoneamong
the vulner able region for  cr im es and
discriminationsagainstwomen.Oneshouldalso
acknowledgethat,Usilampattiregion/areaisbeing
witnessedandimprintingitsdevelopmenttowards
empowerment.2 It is because of the awareness
createdamongthefolkthroughselfhelpgroups
andvolunteerorganizations.Thisresearcharticle
evaluateandhighlightstheroleandcontributions
ofSt.JosephSocialServiceSociety’sserviceand
contributionforthewomenempowermentofthe
Usilampattiregion.
NEEDOFWOMENEMPOWERMENTININDIA
Theprogressofanynationdependson
human r esources i.e. on both men and women
resou rces.  Hen ce both men  and women  are
inevitablecomponentstoaheadanation.InIndia
women constitute 48.6% of total population as
percensus2011.3Soitisveryessentialtoemploy
thiswomenresourceoptimallyforthecountryas
wellasforherfamily.Hencewomenempowerment
isverymuchneededinthepresentday.SHGsare
consideredasoneofthemostsignificanttoolsin
pa r ti cipatory approa ch for th e economic
empowermentofwomen.Theunderlyingprinciple
ofSHGistoprovideplatformtothemembersfor
achievingempowerment.

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
REVIEWOFLITRATURE:
The book entitled, “Wom en
empowermentin21stCentury”(2018)Writtenby
Jeyanta Mete deals with   the issue of Women
empowerment.Itentailspresentandfuturewomen
of em powermen t an d str ategi es for effe ctive
participationofwomendevelopment.Thebook
entitled “RuralWomenDevelopment in India”
(2015)writtenbyDr.Bhanupriyadiscussabout
is sues of r ural devel opmen t an d wom en’s
empowerment with  the histori cal backgr ound,
Govt.of.India. Th e book entit led“issued on
empowermentofWomen(2004)byUtpalKumar
DBholaNathGhoshdealswiththechangesin
women’sPosition,theirstatusinthesociety,the
womenmovementinthehistory,genderdisparity
intheoreticalperspectives,thecurrentstatusand
process of empowerment and case studies in
differentsocio-economicfields.Thebookentitled,
“EmpowermentofRuralWomen”(2008)byM.P.
BoRaianfocusonrelevantissuesproblemsand
possiblesolutionsforempowerment ofwomen.
Thebookentitled“Womenempowermentthrough
capacityBuildingtheRoleofMicrofinance”(2009)
by Christabell P.J. Concentrate on Role of
Microfinan ce in bui ldin g up econ omic  and
enhancetheempowermentofwomen.
SIGNIFICANCEOFTHESTUDY
UsilampattitalukinMaduraidistrictis
oneofthebackwardtaluksinTamilnadubothin
termsofliteracyandeconomicdevelopment.The
earlierresearchstudiesmadeinUsilampattitaluk
had highli ghted that Usilampatti lacked ma ny
aspectsespeciallyrelatedtothesocietalstatusof
womensuchasliteracy,infantmortality,poorsex
ratio,femaleinfanticideandfeticide.Usilampatti
isknownforfemalefoeticideandinfanticideand
violence against women.4Villages were facing
with p robl ems r elat ed to pover ty, i lli tera cy,
infanticide, ch ild m arri age, foeti cide, female
educationdrugaddictsetc.,5
These Pr oblems could n ot be ta ckled
individuallybut couldbebetter solvedthrough
collectively.SoGroupsofwomenareconceived
and formed as self-h elp groups.  They have
becomethevehicleofchangeforthe poor and
marginalized.Lookingattheneedofpoorpeople
St.Josephsocialservicecentrehas startedself-
help Groups in the year-1998 to empower the
women.Thus,inunravellingthecontributionand
toacknowledgetheserviceofSt.JosephSocial
ServeCentrethehasbeenscrutinizedandmade.
SCOPEOFTHESUTDY:
The un dert aken r esearch  has lots  of
scopeintheareaofWomenempowermentitself
therewasvasttransitiontookplaceinthesocio
economi c statu s of Women . Furt her r esearch
mightfocusonthepublicbehaviourandSocial
participationofWomeninUsilampattiregion.
METHODOFRESEARCHADOPTED
The research er employed h istor ical
methodsurveymethodandanalyticalmethod.
Historical methodusedfor tracing theHistory,
demographicalprofileoftheregiontakenforthe
consideration.Andalsousedforunderstanding
cultureoftheregion.
Surveymethodemployedforcollecting
responses,casestudiesetc.,fromtheSHGaswell
astothebeneficiaries.
Both historical  method a nd sur vey
method h ad been  employed critically and
analytically.Theresponsescollectedfromboth
the varian tsh ad been critical ly analysed using
Sr.T.A.SAHAYA RANI & Dr. P. PARAMESWARI

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
SPSS softwar e for veracity an d absolute
objectivity.
EM P O W ERMENT  O F WOMEN I N
USILAMPATTIASGLEANEDFROMTHE
ANALYSISOFST.JOSEPHSOCIALSERVICE
SOCIETY’sCONTRIBUTION
InUsilampattiasinmanyofthevillages,
thereisavastdifferencebetweentheidealized
conceptofwomenand thereal lifesituationin
which women find them. Todaywomen in the
societyhavebeenfacingchallengesintermsof
illiteracy, exploitation, unemployment, female
infanticide,childmarriage,dowry,prostitution,
rape,  widowh ood, h arassmen t by husbands,
na ggin g an d pur dah  system. Al l th ese have
preventedwomenfromattaininggreaterheights.6
Intraditionalsocieties,evenmorethan
elsewhere,womenempowermentdoesnotoccur
easily over n ight. In today’s context , there is
evidenceofsuchchangeemerging,towhichthe
project has apparentl y contr ibuted. Women in
Usilampattiregionneedsupporttoorganizeand
be brought i nto all levels of decision ma king,
agen da setting and prog r am  design and
implementationasexpertstakeholders.Todevelop
more effective policies and programs for rural
developmentandruralwomen’sempowerment,it
isnecessarytostrengthencountriescapacityto
collectand analyzedatathataredisaggregated
by sex and age as well as by rural and ur ban
population.7
HISTORY,SERVICEANDCONTRIBUTIONOF
ST.JOSEPHSOCIALSERVICESOCIETY
InAugust1978,startedamissioninand
around Usilampat ti. They covered 48 villages.
They und ertook a survey of 18 panchayat s in
Usilampattiunion.Havingdecidedtoservethe
most need y, the tea m  selected
Doddappanayakannuroutofthe18panchayats.8
Theydecidedtopenetrateintotheruralareaand
conscientisethepeopleontheirrightsandduties,
liberatefrommoneylenders,bribery,illiteracyand
offermedicalhelpbyforminghealthanimators
fromamongthem.9Attheoutset,theprojectwas
started as a dult liter acy program mesince th e
government was very open to it. In D oddappa
nayakannur,theteam effectivelyfoughtforthe
Harijans  to hav e th eir  patt as a gai nst th e
oppositionofthehighcastepeople.
Sixtynewadulteducationcentreswere
openedinJothinayakannurandAnnaiyur.In1989,
socialservicecentreconcentratedoneradicating
femaleinfanticidewiththecollaborationofthe
Government.Inordertoinculcatesavinghabitin
thepeople,smallsavingschemewasintroduced
intheyear1997.InJuly1977,TRYSEM,asixmonth
ta ilor in g course wa s sta rted for wom en t o
empowertheirskills.In1978SelfHelpGroupwas
foundedforwomentoempowertheireconomic
status.
InOctober2003,St.Josephsocialservice
cen tre was elected  in the District level to
concentrateonAidsHealthCareincollaboration
withTamilNaduVoluntaryHealthAssociation
(TNVHA).
Th rough  SHG m ember s cen tre h as
surveyedandidentifiedtheHIVpeopleThereare
manywomenandchildrenaffectedbyHIVwho
areindepressedcondition.Inordertosavetheir
lifecentrehasopenedthehospitalforwomenand
homefortheHIVaffectedchildren.Withproper
medicationchildrenareplacedintheschoolto
continue th eir education .C entre has convened
themeetinginmanyvillagesandschoolandgiven
awarenessprogrammeaboutimpactoftheHIV
THEIMPACTOFSKYYOGA PRACTICESON RESILIENCEAMONGWOMEN

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
andhowtodealwiththoseaffectedpersonsand
totakecareofthem.
FU NCTIO N S TO WARD S  W O M E N
EMPOWERMENTINPARTICULAR
SmallDiaryForm
ProgressivePettyShopWomen
AlcoholAbuseControlofHusbands
MarriageControlofyoungergirlchildren
DomestiveViolenceControl10
CASESTUDYFROMBENEFICIARIES
1. Mrs.C.Mariabornasathirdchildtoher
parentsbelongstobackwardcommunityin
theHindureligion.Borninavillage,shehas
aboyandgirl.Shehasfinishedstill8thstd.
Arrangedtohercloserelative,shemarrieda
disabledmanattheageof18.Theeconomic
conditionofthefamilyisverypoor.Asshe
hasjoinedinSHG,sheismotivatedtoruna
pettyshop.SHGShavegiventheloanfor
her to sta rt a petty shop . After  tha t,
Mrs.Mariaisthedominantinthefamily,she
hasfullfreedomtobringuptheshopwell.
Slowlytheybuildasmallhouseandextend
the sh op little more.  St r uggles and
challengesarenotpreventherinanywayto
comeupinlife.11
2. Mrs.P.Chandrawhofinished5thstandard
addedthatdependenceofwomenisthemajor
obstacleinempowerment.Self-helpgroup,
Bankloan,parentalsupport,persistentefforts
madehertoestablishdairyfarmatidaiaptty
villageand itisadjacentwithAavindairy
farmwhichisinMaduraidistrict.Theyhave
installed travels an d workshop. Fast
developmentineconomiclevelwhichhelped
the fa mily to grow high  level. Her str ict
spousealsosupportsmadeChandratocome
upinlifeandstandoutamongotherwomen.12
3. Mrs.J.Selvi,aSchooleducatedwoman,from
apoorfamily,withasuppressivehusband
said that thefamily backgroundandlocal
communityarethemajorobstaclestowomen
empowerment.WithsupportofSHGSand
bankloanshestartedAgriculturefarmand
exportsvegetableto othercountries.She
also  stood firm, succeededan d became a
wardmemberinthelocalpanchayat.Surely,
sheisasilverliningamongthewomeninthe
village.13
4. Mrs.P.Poonkodi, a prett y looking  poor,
illiterate,girlwasforciblymarriedat15.With
two ch ildr en, hu sband  not work ing, but
smoking,drugging(andformerlydrinking
too), she bore the entir edomestic burden
including paying for husba nds habits.
Despite this, he took all decisions. Lot of
restrictionmadebyhim,evenherdressing
pattern and voting choice.  Though  h er
husbandpreventedhertojoinin SHG,Yet
shetookcourageoussteptoparticipatein
publicactivitiesthroughSHGs.Shehasbeen
enthusedtoinvolvesocialwork.14
5. Mr s . P.Pa t c hiammal wa s bor n  bold,
reportedlyinheritinghergrandma’sboldness.
Grownupinademocraticmanner,shehas
beenweddedtoanilliterate through man.
Sheassistedherhusbandincultivation.After
becomingthememberofSelf-HelpGroup,
shereceivedloanfromthegroupandstarted
dairyfarm.Stepbystephereconomiclevel
has incr eased and she started a workshop
also.Shehastakenupallpublicissuesand
vehemently fought for it. The community
salutesforherservice.15
Sr.T.A.SAHAYA RANI & Dr. P. PARAMESWARI

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
6. Mrs.P.Rathimala,fromapoorfamily,primary
schooleducatedmarriedtoapoorfamily,less
educatedhusbandat16.Withherentryinan
SHG, made  her  to face the hurdles
,participationinpublicactivitiesandtaking
upcommunity issues,shechampionedfor
publiccauseandachievedinplenty.16
FINDINGSANDCONCLUSIONS
Thecasestudies,madefromamongthe
samplevillagerespondentsrevealedthepresence
ofpersonalitiesinthepovertystrickenfamilies.
Illitera cy, poverty, early marri age, and societal
suppression constituted thefeaturesofwomen,
withexceptionsofaneducated,andarichwoman
amongthem.Parentalcontrol,lackofskill,social
restrictions,culturalcompulsionsandcurtailment
offreedomrestrainedsomeofthewomenfrom
becomingprogressive. Yet, therewerewomen
whohadinheritedboldness,democraticbrought
up, unfetter ed freedom, acquired courage, an d
determinationwhichmadethemtobeenthusiastic,
enterprising,innovative,adventurousandaware.
Some succ essf ull y con tested civi c
elections,afewparticipatedinSelf-HelpGroup
activities,activelyinvolvedinsocialworktook
upcommunityandgenderissuesandfoughtfor
socialjusticeandsocietaltransformation.One
womenwasengagedinillicitliquorbrewingand
bravelyfoughtwith the police andantesocials.
Emergin g victorious on the public front,  such
women took decisions at home both jointl y as
wellasindependently.
“Empowerment of women  i s n ot
something that isofferedbyothers,butshould
be acquired by the women themselves”, said a
women.“Empowermentliesinthehandsofthe
womenthemselves”.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. DasaratiBhuyanP,EmpowermentofIndian
Women-AChallengeof21stcenturyOrissa
Review,NewDelhi,2006.
2. FemidaHandyaandMenazKassamb(2004)
‘Women’sEmpowermentinRuralIndia’,
2004.
3. Ganeshwamurthy V.S, Empowerme nt of
WomeninIndia -SocialEconomicsand
Political, NewCentury publications, New
Delhi,2008.
4. Na n dal S, Wome n ’s  E mpow e r ment
perspectives:ACriticalAnalysis,Women’s
Link,2003.
5. Of fice r ecords collected from St. Joseph
SocialServiceSociety,Usilampatti.
6. Sa h ay S,  Women  a n d E m powerment
Appr oaches an d Strategi es, Di scover y
PublishingHouse,NewDelhi,1998.
7. SugunaG,EmpowermentofRuralWomen
Through Self Help Groups, Discovery
publishingHouse,NewDelhi-110002,2003.
8. SunithaKishore,KamalaGupta,‘Gender
EqualityandWomen’sEmpowermentin
India’,  Nation al Fam ily Health S urvey,
Minis try Of Health An d Family Welfare,
MinistryOfIndia,2006.
9. Vijayanthi,K.N,Women’sEmpowerment
throughSelfHelpGroups-aParticipatory
Approach,SocialChange,NewDelhi,2000.
10. https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/
censusdata2011.html
11. Intervi ew with Mrs.Maria,  W/O
A.Arumugam,Usilampatti,19.02.2021.
THEIMPACTOFSKYYOGA PRACTICESON RESILIENCEAMONGWOMEN

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
12. In terview wit h, Mrs.P.Chandr a, W /O
N.Pandimuthaiah,Idaiyapatti,21.02.2021.
13. In terview with, M r s. J.Selvi ,  W/O
A.Jothilingam,Usilampatti,20.02.2021.
14. In terview wi th,  Mrs.N.Poonkodi,  W/O
I.Pandithorai,Usilampatti,19.02.2021.
15. Interview wit h, M rs.P.Poonkodi, W/O
I.Pandithorai,Usilampatti,19.02.2021.
16. Int erview wi th, Mrs. P.Rathimala,  W/O
A.Rangan,Usilampatti,19.02.2021.
(Footnotes)
1FemidaHandyaandMenazKassamb(2004)
‘Women’s EmpowermentinRuralIndia’
p.101.
2Dr B. Suguna, Empowerment of Rural
Women  Throu gh S elf H el p Groups,
Discovery publish ing House, New Delh i-
110002p.3.
3https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-common/
censusdata2011.html
4P.DasaratiBhuyan,EmpowermentofIndian
Wome n -A C hal lenge of  21 st century
OrissaReview,NewDelhi,2006,p.26.
5Ibid.,p.27.
7Idem.
8Offi ce re cords collected from  St.Joseph
SocialServiceSociety,Usilampatti.
9Offi ce re cords collected from  St.Joseph
SocialServiceSociety,Usilampatti.
10 Of fice r ecords collected from St. Joseph
SocialServiceSociety,Usilampatti.
11 In ter vie wed  wit h, M r s.Maria , W/O
A.Arumugam,Usilampatti,19.02.2021.
12 Interviewed with,  Mrs.P.Chandra,  W/O
N.Pandimuthaiah,Idaiyapatti,21.02.2021.
13 Intervi ewed wi t h , M r s.J.S e l vi, W/O
A.Jothilingam,Usilampatti,20.02.2021.
14 Inter viewed with, Mr s.N.Poonkodi, W/O
I.Pandithorai,Usilampatti,19.02.2021.
15 Int erviewed with, Mrs.P.Poonkodi, W/O
I.Pandithorai,Usilampatti,19.02.2021.
16 Interviewedwith,Mrs.P.Rathimala,W/O
A.Rangan,Usilampatti,19.02.2021.

Sr.T.A.SAHAYA RANI & Dr. P. PARAMESWARI

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
Veta ikorumaka n is wor shipp ed i n
differentformsinvarioustemplesofKerala.Heis
considered as th eheroi c deities of differ ent
communitiesinKerala.HeisalsoknownasKiratha
moorthi in various epithets of Kerala. In the
Malabarregion,heisaverypopulardeityamong
theNayarcommunities.Historicallyhisworship
iscantracebacktothehunting-gatheringsociety
ofKeralaGenerallyheisworshippedinKaavusor
Temples in  different form s like th eyyam and
Kalamezhuthupaaturituals.Thepresent paper
entitled‘HeroicdeitiesofWarriorCommunity:A
Study of Oor pazhassi Vetaikorumakan Kaa vu’
throws light on the importance of worshipi ng
veta ikoru makan a nd th e sign ificance of the
OorpazhassivetaikorumakanKaavu.
Keyw ords :  Ker al a ,    Sacred g r oves,
Vetaikorumakan,Kshetrapalakan,Nayar,Ritual.
Introduction
The ter m ‘hero’ encomp asses many
typesofhumanandsuperhumanbeingsinsouth
Asiancultures,includingsomewhoaresimply
admired,somewhoarevenerated and perhaps
approached for help or intercession, and some
whoareareworshipedasdeities.Thenatureofa
hero’senduringpowerissomewhatconditioned
bythereligioustraditionsofthefollowers.Inthe
Hinducontext,theSanskritwordVirawhichmeans
‘hero’andalso‘man’conveystheideathatthe
HEROICDEITIESOFWARRIORCOMMUNITIES:ASTUDY
OFOORPAZHASSYVETAIKORUMAKANKAAVU
LIJIN.V
ResearchScholar
PondicheryUniversity.
heroisaparadigmaticorperfectedman.Though
violentdeath,herosMetamorphoseintodivinities
whoprotectandpromotethewelfareofdevotees.
IconicandaniconicmemorialstoHinduheroes
are found throughoutIndia.Manyoftheseare
stel ae on wh ich are ca rved r elief imag es of
equestrian  heroes displaying weapons, usually
clubs.  The memor ial often  becomes shrin es
atten ded by descen dants.1
Inthereligiousspace,Heroicdeitiesare
worshippedandveneratedbothinsacredgroves
by si mple s ocieties and tem ples  by hi gher
societies.Sacredgrovesareconsideredrelicsof
forests,whichweresetasideasplacesofworship
and pr otected from tra nsform ation for ot her
purposesanddestruction.Thetraditionalbeliefs
andculturalpracticesfromtimeimmemorialare
important driving for ces that helped the
development ofsacred groves2.IntheMalabar
region, sacredgrovesaremoreassociatedwith
culturalpracticesotherthanbiologicaldiversity.
But ecologi cal values of sacred groves in th e
Malabarregionalsobeanotedthing.
The oorpazhassi Kaavu is located in
Nadal p anchayath in  the Kann ur di str ict.
ImportantdeitiesoftheseKavusareBhagavathi,
Vetaikorumakan, Oor p a z h a ssi daiva t h ar
Kshet rapa lakan , Na gas , etc.  The Kavu is
belongingtotheNayarfamiliesoftheirrespective
areas.Bhagavathiisapproachedasanimportant
tutelarydivinitybyallmajorlandedNayarlineages

597
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
and also by several l ess pure cultiva ting a nd
service castes.3
ImportantDeities
Vetaikorumakan
Vettekaranisahuntergod,worshippedin
Kerala.HeisconsideredaformofShiva,asthe
hunterorKirata,orasaformofSastha.Hisson,
Vetaikorumakan,isadifferentformofthesame
deity.Accordingtothestoryassociatedwiththe
deities,ShivaasaKiratawaswanderinginthe
forestwithParvathi;bothindisguise.Atthistime
theyhadtheirson,Vettakorumakan,whogrewup
intheforestlikeahunter.Hedefeatedmanyasuras
andwildanimalsandthenbeganthreateningthe
rishisintheforest,whoappealtoVishnu.Then
Vishnuappearedtovetaikorumakan,andgavehim
a churik a, a special weapon, asked hi mn ot to
tr ouble t o his d evotee s and  go t o Mala yala
Nadu(Keral a) where he would be worshipped.
Veta ikorumakan th us went to Kerala an d was
initiallyworshippedmainlybyKshatriyas,Nayars,
Namboothiri’s, etc. Th ere are more than  forty
templesdedicatedtohiminKerala.Heisgenerally
depictedasa hunter,with twoarms,holdinga
crescentmoon,bowandarrow,andchurika,and
wearing a cr own with peacock feathers. His
vahanaorvehicleisahorse4.
The thottam paatu ofVetaikorumakan
sung by Theyyam paadi nambiars an d Kallata
ku r uppanmar  on th e festive occa sion of
Pa a t ulsavam5. Th e thottam pa a t u of th e
Vetaikorumakannarratestheheroicactivitiesof
Vet aikoruma kan when  he reach ed Mala nadu.
traveledtheplaceslikeKuttiyur,Thiruvannamalai,
Kudayu r, Mankavu, Thr i ssiva p erur,
Thr ikkan diyur, Pullur  at the en d reach ed th e
Kozhikoderegion.inthisregionawellprominent
Nayar known as Karakoora Nayar family was
ruling and th e fami l y member s in vited
Vetaikorumkanintheirfamilyandtheyarranged
marriagewithoneoftheNayarladyfromtheir
family. after ma rriage, a ch ild was born. Th e
Kurumbr ath iri  rul er wa s th e enemy of the
karakooraNayarfamily.theytookthecontrolof
thefortfromtheKarakooraNayarfamily.When
vetaikorumakanenteredasamemberofthefamily
hedemandedfortback.Vetaikorumakanandhis
soncapturedtheregionfromtheKurumbrathiri
raja.
Kshetrapalakan
The d eity Kshet r ap a l a n ( t emple
custodian)isworshippedinOorpazhassiKavu.
Khetrapalakan worshipped in Malabar as the
tutelarydeityofAlladaswaroopaminNileswaram.
The myth  related to k shetrapal akan  is tha t
KolathiriwascapturedAlladaswaroopamwiththe
helpofKshetrapalakanasthegodarmychiefof
NayarmilitiaofKolathiri.Udinoorkovilakamand
Madiyan  Koolom templ es are the important
templeswereworshipingthegodKshetrapalan6.
UrpazhassiDaivathar
Urpazhassidaivatharisworshippedin
the Oorpazh assi Vetaikorumakan Temple. The
mythrelatedtotheOorpazhassidaivatahristhat
adivinechildwasborntoMelurIlamkanyavu.A
milkmaidinTheneighborhoodrefusedtoprovide
himmilk.Consequently,allhercowswererestored
tolife.Itwastimetoobservethefirstceremonial
feedingofthechild.Kanisan(astrologer)having
set an auspici ous day for the cerem ony was
returninghome.Onhiswayback,hewaskilledby
athirty-threeTayadimar.Arrangementsweremade
fortheauspiciousfeeding.Thefirstlordofthe
primordialworld,LordVishnuhadalsocomeand
LIJIN.V

598
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
solemnizedthefunction.Havingbeenfed,thechild
wasnamed‘MelurDayarappan.7
Dayarappan master ed ever y field of
knowledgesofastthatwhenkurikkalormaster
uttered th efir st syllables ‘Hari’   Dayarap pan
complet ed the in vocator y verse Ha r isr i
GanapatayeNamah.WhenKurikkalwouldgoto
takeabathheusedtoentrustDayarappantoteach
other students. Onedayhe beganteaching the
studentsscreamedathistrashing.Kurikkalcame
runningandthrashedhimtricewiththesamecane.
Enraged,Dayarappanwentbackhome.kurikkal
was invited for dinner at Dayarappans
homeKurikkalandthedisciplewenttotakebath
intheman-killingpond.Ontheirwaytowardsthe
pond, Kurikkal dictated to Dayarappa n ‘seven
kutippakastanam.Havingfinishedhisbaththen
ku r ikka l began to step out of the wa t er,
Dayarappanstabbedandtrampledhimunderhis
foot on the step. T hus he fulfilled h is vow of
revenge(kutippaka).8
Seei ng Dayar appa n returnin g home
alone,hismotherfearedifhehadslaintheKuriikalk,
andsoshebecamesad.Heshothisdaggerather
askingwhethermotherorsisterfeelsadoverone
beingvictoriousattheankamfightorretaliation
ofKutippaka. She escapedthe dashing dagger
byhidingbehindapillar.Forlearningtheeighteen
pontari(techniquesinthemartialarts)hewentto
theKurikkalofKolpatanamNatukalari.Being
afraidofDayarappanwhohadkilledhisformer
kurikkal,theKurikkalofNatukalarihidsomewhere.
Dayarappantrackedhimdownandafterstabbing,
trampledhimunderhisfoot,thusreprisinghis
kutipaka.9
Swor ds an d dagger s wer e to be
shar pened; Dayarappa n went to a blacksmith .
AfraidofDayarappan,theblacksmithhidinside
thehome,Dayarappan,Dayarappancalledhim
out, Which was replied by th e wife of th e
blacksmith.(heis)nothere.Dayarappanretorted,
ifnotlethimnotbe.Immediatelyeveryoneinthe
familywasput amid scorpionsandsnakes. He
came back home,  saw a knot tied arou nd
chiratun(carvedpillar).Itwasto remindofthe
decei ts contr ived toward s his mother by the
twelves ons ofh er elder sister and thir ty-three
sons of her younger sister. Daya rappan rushed
out an d massacr ed th em al l, an d reta liat ed
kutippaka.
Dayarappanwiththirty-threeTayatiamar
wentouthuntingdeepintheforest.Thesmellof
decayingfleshfloatedintheair.Learningthatthe
corpsewasofthekanisanwhomtheTayatimar
hadkilled,Dayarappanstabbedandtrampledthem
alltodeath,thusretailedkutippaka.10
       Moved by a wish to wear new cloth es,
Daya rappan  bough t one fr om a chetti(clot h
merchant)oncredit.Dayarappankilledthechetti
laterwhenhewasaskedtopayoff.Afterhavinga
bathinputhanchiraanddeckinghisheadwitha
peacockfeatherandthecrescentmoon,hewent
backhome to Belurfort. Laterinhonorofhis
prowessthatheprovedinkillingsixty-fourpeople
inhisthirty-sixyears,hewasapotheosizedas‘God
whorulesoverUdayamanaUrpalachiKavu.
RitualsandFestivals
Her e the n ame Oor paz hassi Kavu
denotingtheKavuwasthesacredspaceforthe
simplesocietiesbutnowdailypoojawasdoneby
Namboothir i Brahmi ns as based on t he ritua l
manualofTantrasamuchaya.Mostoftheritual
rel a t ed to Vet a ikor um a kan  was don e by
NamboothiriBrahmins11.HeregodVetaikorumakan
wasworshipedinbothsatwikformsofworship
HEROICDEITIESOFWARRIORCOMMUNITIES:  ASTUDYOFOORPAZHASSY...

599
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
dailybyBrahminsandVetaikorumakanwasalso
worshippedbydrawingKalamandalsoworshiped
in thetheyyamformofthesimplesocieties.In
Kalamezhuthuimagesofthedeitiesaredrawnon
the floor  by usi ng the color powder s. In
oorpaz hassi kavu  Kalam is d rawn by Kallata
kuruppanandTheyyampadiNambiarcommunity.
TheculticpracticeofKalameluthuistheextant
traditionofthetantriccultsofMalabar12
Theyyam
Theyyamisaformofritualperformance
inthenorthMalabarregionofKerala.Theyyamis
averyvigorousdanceinwhichtheperformerwears
resp lenden t costumes a nd towering h eadgear
(mudi) . Th e rh ythmic beatings of several
chendas(drum)andKuzhal(pipe)willaddtothe
supernaturalcharacterofthedance.13Oorpazhasi
daivat har an d Vetai korumaka n theyyatam ar e
performed bythe Vannancommunity.Another
significanceofthisKavuisthattheOorpazhassi
daivatarisdailyperformedasapartofthetheyyam
ritualcalledVellatam.Vellatamisaprecursorform
of theyyam  usuallyperformed on the previous
daybeforethefullformofthedeitythatisacted
out14.
Kalameluthumpaatum
Kalameluthu paua or Kalampattu  is
performedasavazhipadu(offering)topropitiate
godsandgoddesseslikeVetaikorumakan,Kali,
Ayyappan, Anthi mah akalan , Kuttichathan,
Serpents,etc.
Thefiguresaredrawnusuallyhavean
expressionofangerandotheremotions.Forthe
preparationofKalam,theyuseacombinationof
variouscolorsmadefromrootsleaves,andgrains.
The communities like Vann an ,  Vel a n ,
Malayan,pulluvar,Theyyampadinambiars,and
theyyampadiKruppSaretheartistsofKalameluthu.In
oorpazahassiKaavukalamofVetaikorumakanisdrawn
byTheyyamapadinambiars.15
Afterthekalamisdrawntheperformer
assumes the role of Velichapadu or or acle. He
carriedaswordandwearwhiteandalsocovered
with redsilk cloth.Heplayeddanceknownas
itum  k u rum with or chestra includi n g
chenda(drums)and Kaimani(bell). After th e
processionisoverheerasedtheKalamdrawnby
theyyampadi nambiar s. After  th e
Kalameluthumpaatu is over another ritual is
per formed  is known  a s P a nthee rayira m
thengamuttal(throwing thousands ofCoconut).
The per formance was done by the oracle of
Vetaikorumakan.
Thidambunritham
Thidambunr i t h am, a r it u alistic
performanceform,isindicativeoftherichcultural
traditionsofnorthKerala.Itisararesevenhundred
yearsolddanceformperformedinthetemplesof
the nort h Mal abar region. This da nce for m
integratesritual,folk,andclassicalaspectsandis
performedasapartoftheannualtemplefestival.
Thidambunrithamisatypical‘danceofgods’in
whichtheperformercarriesthestatueofthedeity
ontheheadanddancesaccordingtotherhythm
of the drums. The artist carries a decorated
thidambu on his head thr oughou t  t h e
performance.Theidolofthedeityisdecorated
using flowers, flower garlands, an d golden
ornaments16. In  oorpazh asii Kavu thidambu
nrithamperformanceinthefestiveOccasion.
NayarsaretheOoralar(hereditarytrusty)
of t his  Kavu.  Va nna rat h, Th yngo li, Kelot h,
Thyngoli,Keetahari,Kaappiath,parayil,etcarethe
importantOoralarFamilyoftherespectiveKavu.
LIJIN.V

600
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
The political power of Nayars is noted by
historianshavingnocentralizedruleduringthis
periodwascharacterizedbypoliticalskirmishand
insecuresociallife.Havingno centralizedrule
durin gth is period ther egion wassplit up in to
numerousprincipalitiesorfeudatories.
The power of the feudal h ead was
subvertedbythelocalassembly(taraorKootam)
controlledbytheNayars,whichmaintainedand
providedfightingforcetothefeudalheads and
kings in tim es of war. This situat ion elevated
Nayars to a predominantly powerful class who
had already been enjoyin ghigh status in th e
society by the hier archy of caste.17 Portuguese
writerDuarteBarbosa’sdescriptionofnayarsis
asfollows“TheNairsarethegentryandhaveno
other duty t han to carry on  war an d th ey
continuallycarrytheirarmswiththem,whichare
swords,bows,arrows,bucklers,andlances.They
alllivewiththeKingsandsomeofthemwithother
lords, r elations of th e kings, an d lords of the
country,andwiththesalariedgovernors,andwith
oneanother.Theyareverysmartmen,andmuch
takenupwiththeirnobility”.18
InMalabarKavusandtemplesarethe
culticcentersforworship.Nayarsgavepatronage
tobothKavusandthetempleasthesacredcenter.
KalameluthumpaatumandTheyyamfestivalalso
conducted in most of thesacred spaces of the
Nayars. Theyyam performa ncesare conduct ed
annuallyintheKavusofNayars.InTheyyatam,
ma ny her oes wh o once l ived i n soc iety and
sweatedlikemanyothersforexistencehadbeen
deified an d given a place of immortal ity. Th e
popular  hero deities like Tacholi othenan ,
KathivanurVeeranorMandappanandMuthappan
arepropitiatedinthem.19
ThottamsongsofKshetrapalannarrate
theheroicactivitiesofgodkshetrapalan.Themyth
related to kshetrapa lakan is that Kolath iri was
captu red Allad a swaroopam wit h the h elp of
KshetrapalakanasthegodarmychiefofNayar
militiaofKolathiri.InthemythofKshetrapalan
whenheisgoingtocaptureAlladaswaroopam
The god Vairjatah an is  also accom panied  by
Kshetrapalan.Therewasamythrelatedtothe
godVairajathanisthatthegodwasaNayarwarrior
in Kambikanam tharavadu.20 Here the Na yars
worshipingMartialherodeitiesthroughpuranic
and folk forms of worship is a symbolic
representationofpowerandalsothehegemony
ofthehighercasteontheloweruntouchables.
Theworkentitled‘Ritualasideologytext
andcontextinteyyamauthoredbyChandranTV
HenarratedthestoryofUrpazhassiavatarasa
heroicdeityofNayars.InthemythofUrpazhassi
agoldenChildanddivinebeinginhischildhood,
laterturnedtobeviolentandvirulenttotheextent
thathedidnotevenhesitatetodashhisdaggerat
his mother and tramplehis ownmaster forno
reason.However,theatrocityhedidwasjustified
onthegroundofKutippakahouseFeud,aneerier
andbestialcustomoftheagewhichhaditsdeep
rootpreponderantlyamongthemartialclass.21
Conclusion
ThetraditionofHeroismmanifestedin
thetutelarydeitiesofNayarsespeciallythedeities
likeVetaikorumakan,Urpazhasi,Kshetrapalan,Vairajatahn
etc.In each ofthedeitiesworshipedbyNayars,
theyshowtheirmartialpowerbygivingthename
tothedeity.InthemythofVetakorumakan,we
haveseenVetaikorumakanreachtheNayarfamily
headoptedthetitleofNayarandmarriedaNayar
woman,and capturedthefortbyshowingtheir
powertotheKurumbranadruler.
HEROICDEITIESOFWARRIORCOMMUNITIES:  ASTUDYOFOORPAZHASSY...

601
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
References
1MargaretAMills&Sarah Diamond, South
AsianFolkloreanEncyclopedia,Routledge,
London,2003,p.282.
2Palakkal,An tony etc.alI,Introducti on to
Keralastudies,IISAC,U.S.A,2012,P.764.
3Men on Achyutha Chelanat,Keralath ile
Ka a l i seva , Sah i t h ya Pr a varthaka C.S
Ltd.Kottyam,2015,p.30
4Roshen Dal al,Hind uism,Peguin  books
india,2010,p.453.
5Vishnunamboothiri,MV,UtharaKeralathile
Visudhavanangal,2005,p.217.
6KarippathRC,Theyyaprapancham,Kairali
Books,Kannur,2012,p.101.
7K a n n a n Y V , Ve t a k k a r u m a k a n
Puravr ithav u m  an ush tanav um ,State
instituteoflanguages,Thiruvananthapuram,
2013,p,108.
8TVChandran,Rituaslasideologytextand
context i n theyyam,D K Printworld,New
delhi,2006;p.40.
9Op.cit.,p.110.
10 TVChandran,Op.cit.p.41.
11 Vete k aran pooja  ,Pa nch angam  books,
Kunnamkulam,p.12
12 ShibiK,Transactionandtransformationof
Kalameluthu inMalabar,Unpublishedphd
thesis,sreesankarauniversitykalady,2017,
p.290.
13 Kurupp KK N,Cultof Theyyamandhero
worship,Indianpublications,1973,p.54.
14 DasanM,TheyyamPatronage,Appropriatio
an d inte rpo lation , Kann ur un iversity,
2012,p.88
15 Babumundekat,KallataKuruppanmarude
Kalamezhuthupaatu,DCBooks,2002,p.12.
16 MythiliMarattandVarunGulati,Scripting
dance i n contemporary India,Lexington
books,London,2016,p.85.
17 GaneshKN,KeralathileInnalekal,Kerala
BhashaInstitute,Trivandrum,1997,p.191.
18 ThurstonEdgar,Op.cit,p.288.
19 KuruppK.K.N,AryanDravidianelementsin
Ma l a bar folklore: A Case study of
Rama villi am Kalaka m,Ker ala Hi stori cal
Society,p.38.
20 YVKannan,Op.cit,P.65.
21 TVChandran,Op.cit.,p.38.

LIJIN.V

602
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Abstract
Indiansocietyismoreorlesspatriarchal
andthesocialorderperceptiblyfollowsapattern
inwhichwomenareeitherruled,dominatedor
subjug ated wi th th e benefi ts and  advan tages
incr easingly showered on m en, ma rginal ising
women.In viewofthe plights and miseries of
womenfolk,severallawshasbeenenactedasa
deli berate measure to pr otect women an d to
safeguard their l egal right s entitled in the
consti tution.  But as years p ass by, i ncreasin g
incidencesofmisuseofwomenprotectionlaws
are noti ced which a re pur sued ou t of an ger,
revengeormonetarygainandmanyinnocentmen
aresubjectedtolossoflives,dignityandsocial
standingfacingextremesituationsofhumiliation.
While Protection lawsintroducedas a boon to
womenhasturnedasabanetomen,theelusive
roleofpatriarchycannotbeunderminedasthe
system which placesextra responsibilities and
benefitsonmen, itselfismakingthempaythe
pr ice for  thei r adv anta geous position  in t he
society. The present pa per aims to address the
in creasin g in ciden ce of misuse of wom en
protectionlawsinIndianscenario.Constitutional
and lega l prov isions best owed to en sure the
safetyofwomenisidentifiedspottingthemost
frequently misused provisions of protection.
Judicialinterventionsagainstthemisuseofwomen
WOMEN PROTECTION LAWS: BOON TURNS AS BANE FOR
MENOF INDIANSOCIETY
Dr.UTHARASOMAN
HoD,DepartmentofSociology,
SNCollege,Chempazhanthy
Dr.SARITHA.SR
HoD,DepartmentofHistory,
SNCollege,Chempazhanthy
protection laws are also brought to ligh t in an
attempttohighlightthegravityoftheproblem.
[Keywords:Patriarchy,Womenprotectionlaws,
Con stitutional rights of Women , Domestic
Violence,498AIPC]
Introduction
Pa t r ia r chy, the “system of soci al
structuresandpracticesinwhichmendominate,
oppressandexploitwomen”(Walby,1989)had
beenthesocialorderofIndianSocietyleadingto
genderinequalitygrantingprioritytomeninthe
accesstoresourcesin thefamily,market, state,
andsocietyatlarge.InIndiansociety,patriarchal
ideologyisformalizedandenforcedthroughlaws,
customs,andritualsandisenvisagedbypower
relations within households. For example , the
majorityofhouseholdswithinIndiaareheaded
byamale,withonly15%ofthetotalnumberof
househ olds in In dia ha vin g a female head of
household(IIPSandICF,2017).
Analysis of Patri archy Index of India
revealsthatofthe28statesand2unionterritories,
Haryana,astatefromthenorthofIndia,depicts
thehighestlevelofpatriarchywhileMeghalaya
depictsthelowestlevelofpatriarchy.Kerala,a
statefromthesouththathas oneofbestsocial
developmentindicators,occupyingthefourthrank

603
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
ontheIndiaPatriarchyIndex.Rajasthaninthe
north-westregionisthesecondhighestinlevel
ofpatriarchy.UttarPradesh,againfromthenorth
ofIndia,ranksthirdhighestfollowedbyPunjab
asthefourthhighest(Singhetal.,2021)
UnderPatriarchalsocialorder,household
headshipisinthehandsofmales,impartingcontrol
overfamilialresourceswhichreflectsinthepower
relations(Blumberg,1988).Thesepowerrelations
extendacrossgenerations,andseniorityalsoplays
acrucialroleindetermininghouseholdauthority.
Assuch,theoldestmalerelativeinahousehold
is trad itionally considered to bet he household
head(Gruber&Szo³tysek,2016;Ruggles,2015).
Relatedly,sonsarerarelypermittedtoestablish
their own indepen dent households even after
mar r iag e, and, once married, women  are
traditionallyrequiredtolivewiththeirhusbands
inthehomeoftheirin-laws.Patriarchalpower
dynamics associated with gender inequality is
particularlycriticalinthecontextofIndiawhere
issues  linked t o gender i nequal ity are deeply
rootedandreinforcedthroughnormsandfamilial
traditions(Littrell&Bertsch,2013;Malhotraet
al.,199 5; Sev’er,2008; Vish wanath &
Palakonda,2011).
Addressingtheageoldhistoryofgender
basedinequality,violenceandharassmentfaced
bythewomenofIndiaonaccountofthepatriarchal
power structure pr evalent in t he society, Govt.
had en forced special  legisl ation s favouring
women and protectin g them from any kind of
discrimin ation or exploitation like Dowry
ProhibitionAct,1961,DomesticViolenceAct,2005,
Protectionofwomenformsexualharassmentat
work  plac e Act,  2013 , Hin du Adop tion  and
MaintenanceAct,1956,HinduSuccessionAct,
2005andseveraloffencesandtheirpunishment
descri bed in IPC, 18 60 etc. for better ment of
women’scondition.
Althoughsexismagainstwomenorgirl
isstillamoresevereprobleminmostpartsofthe
country,itcannotbedeniedorignoredthatmen
arealsoavictimofdomesticviolenceandsexual
assault.State,institutionandsocietyingeneral
takesuchviolenceless seriouslybecauseofthe
preva iling pa tri arch al a ttitudes and  gender
constructswhichpronouncethatmenarefearless,
sustaingreaterpainandaremorecapableofself-
defence.Thepatriarchal societyishabitualized
with the n otion tha t because a male is more
powerfulthanwoman,itisthewomanwhoalways
hastosufferandthesocialmind-setisnotready
toapprovethatawomancanalsoharassaman.
With the passage of every yea r,
increasing incidences of misuse of women
protectionlawsarenoticedwhicharepursuedout
ofanger,revenge,egosatisfactionor monetary
gain andsubsequently,manyinnocentmen are
subjected to loss of li ves, dignity and social
standingfacingextremesituationsofhumiliation
andjudicialaction.ThePatriarchalpowerstructure
generatesaprejudiceagainstmeninviewoftheir
advantageouspositioninthegenderhierarchical
relationsandasaresultmanyacquittedmenare
convictedonthebasisofbiasedperceptionsand
prejudi ced evaluat ions of available eviden ces.
Evenbeforedeterminingthemeritofthecomplaint,
media an d lawyers cr eate unwa r ranted
pr opaganda r egardi ng t he all egations a nd
consequentially,theaccusedissubjectedtograve
socialcondemnationanddefamation.
On 27 th October  2020, the N ational
HumanRightsCommission(NHRC)recommended
notdisclosingorhidingtheidentityoftheperson
accused of rape or sexual assault until proven
Dr. UTHARA SOMAN & Dr.SARITHA.SR

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
guilty.Thiswasoneofthesuggestionsofastudy
conductedjointlybytheNHRCandCentrefor
Women’s Development Studies, titled
“Interrogatingviolenceagainstwomenfromthe
otherside:Anexploratorystudyintotheworldof
perpetrators”.Itissaidinthisdocumentthatthe
revelationofnamescanhaveseriousramifications
whentheaccusedislaterfoundtobeinnocent.
Thisstudyincludedinitspurview,expertsfrom
variousfieldsincludinglaw,media,police,child
andgenderrightsandpsychiatry.Majorityofthe
perpetratorsclaimedthattheyhadaconsensual
romanticinvolvement withthefemales, whose
families, upon discovering the sam e,got t hem
booked under sexual  assault. A stud y by The
Nationa l Human  Rights Commission (N HRC)
surveyed43juvenileboyshousedatSewaKutir
inDelhiwhohadbeenframedundersexualassault
charges.About40%ofthemdeniedthecharges
by s ayin g th at t hey h ad made  con sen sua l
relations,buteitherthegirlturnedbitterafteritor
the family of the girl disapproved of their
involvement.The study also took into account
theversionsof20adultaccusedmenattheTihar
Jail.AmajorityoftheintervieweesinTiharJail
denied th e charges. Most of th embla med the
criminaljusticesystem,whichwas,intheirview,
tiltedtowardsthevictim.Othersclaimedthatthe
chargeswereleviedagainstthemduetoreasons
suchasfamilyrivalryoralcoholism.Someothers
deniedthechargesclaimingthattheywereco-
accusedinagang-rape,inwhichtheyplayedlittle
tonopart(Chauhan,2020).
Themostlawsthathavebeenmisused
aresec.375,376,498-AofIPC,DomesticViolence
Act,DowryProhibitionActandSexualHarassment
ofWomenatWorkplace(Prevention,Prohibition
and Redressal) Act which  are women  centri c
legislations in troduced to prevent an y kin d of
exploitationofwomenandtoprotecttheirrights
againstsexualexploitationormentaltortureintheir
per sonal and professional spher e. Th ese
legisl ations h ave given an  arbitr ary power to
womenwhicharenowbeingincreasinglymisused
forblackmailing,harassing,andhumiliatingmen
by raisin g false allegations pr obably out of
vengeance.Thetrendhasbecomesomuchevident
invitin g interventions and statem ents from the
judicialbodiesitself.
Inthiscontext,thepresentpaperaimsto
addr ess the i ncreasin g incidence of mis use of
womenprotectionlawsinIndianscenario.Acts,
articlesandlegalrightsconferredtoensurethe
safetyofwomenisidentifiedspottingthemost
frequen tly misused provision sof pr otection.
Judicialinterventionsagainstthemisuseofwomen
protection laws are also brought to ligh t in an
attempttohighlightthegravityoftheproblem.
The s tudy r eli es u pon s econdary data i n
contemplatingtheproblemunderdeliberation.
LegislationsinProtectionofWomen
LegalRightsofWomenenshrinedundervarious
IndianLegislationsareasfollows:
DowryProhibitionAct,1961:
TheActwasenactedtocheckuponthe
men acin g dowr y death s. La ck for eco nomic
ind epen den ce,  taboo  towa rds  divorce a nd
inabilityofthegirl’sfamilytomeetthedemands
for dowr y even a fter mar riage has left  many
women  tortured, beat en  a n d even burnt.
Accordingtothisact,takingorgivingofdowry
atthetimeofthemarriagetothebridegroomand
theirfamilyistobepenalised.Section3forthe
Act,providesforpenaltyifanypersontakes,or
abetsgivingorreceivingdowry.Thepunishment
isanimprisonmentforatermnotlessthan5years
WOMENPROTECTIONLAWS:BOONTURNSASBANEFORMEN OFINDIANSOCIETY

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
andafinenotlessthanRs15,000orthevalueof
thedowrygiven.Theburdenofproofliesonthe
accusedandanydowrywhichhasbeenreceived
by someone ot her th an th e woman h as to be
transferredbacktoher(Goel,2011).
ProtectionofWomenfromDomesticViolenceAct
(2005)
This isacomprehensivelegislationto
protectwomeninIndiafromallformsofdomestic
violencebythehusbandoranyofhisrelatives.
Domes tic violen ce is subject to any kind of
physical, sexual, mental, verbal or emotional
harassment.
IndianDivorceAct,1969
The Ind ian Divorce Act a llows th e
dissolutionofmarriage,nullityofmarriagethrough
mutualconsent,judicialseparationandrestitution
ofconjugalrights.FamilyCourtsareestablished
tofile,hear,anddisposeoffsuchcases.
MaternityBenefitAct,1861
This act  regulates th e employment of
womenandmaternitybenefitsmandatedbylaw.
Itstatesthatawomanemployeewhohasworked
inanorganisationforaperiodofatleast80days
duringthe12monthsprecedingthedateofher
expecteddeliveryisentitledtoreceivematernity
benefits,whichincludesmaternityleave,nursing
breaks,medicalallowance,etc.
TheImmoralTraffic(Prevention)Act,1986
(PITA)hasamendedTheImmoralTraffic
(Suppression)Act,1956(SITA).ThisActisthe
premier legislation only for  prevention  of
traffickingforcommercialsexualexploitationi.e.
for th e purpose of pr eventin g and u ltimat ely
prohibiting prostitution for women and girls,
criminalizingsexwork.
Pr e-con ception and Pr e-Natal  Diagnostic
Techniques (Prohi bition of Sex Selection) Act
(1994) prohibits sex selection before or after
conceptionandpreventsthemisuseofpre-natal
diagnostictechniquesforsexdetermination.
MedicalTerminationofPregnancyAct,1971
TheActcame intoeffectin1972, was
amendedin1975and2002.TheaimoftheActisto
reduce the occur rence of illegal abort ion and
consequentmaternalmortalityandmorbidity.It
clearly states the conditions under which a
pregnancycanbeendedorabortedandspecifies
thepersonsqualifiedtoconductthesame.
IndecentRepresentationofWomen(Prevention)
Act,1986
This Act pr ohibi t s in d ecen t
representationofwomenthroughadvertisements,
publications,writings,paintings,figuresorinany
othermanner.
NationalCommissionforWomenAct,1990
The National Com m i ssion for
Women(NCW) is a st atutory body of the
GovernmentofIndia,establishedinJanuary1992.
TheNCWrepresentstherightsofwomeninIndia
andprovidesavoicefortheirissuesandconcerns.
TheActaimstoimprovethestatusofwomenand
worksfortheireconomicempowerment.
Sexu al Hara ssmen t of Women a t Workpl ace
(Prevention,ProhibitionandRedressal)Act,2013
Toensurewomen’ssafetyatworkplace,
this Act seeks to pr otect th em fr om sex ual
ha rassme nt a t th eir  pla ce of wor k. Sexua l
harassmentatworkplacealsoincludes–theuse
oflanguage withsexualovertones, invasion of
private spacebyamalecolleaguehovering too
closeforcomfort,subtletouchesandinnuendoes.
Dr. UTHARA SOMAN & Dr.SARITHA.SR

606
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
EqualRemunerationAct,1976
ThisActpreventsdiscriminationinterms
ofremuneration.Itprovidesforpaymentofequal
rec ompens e to men  and women wor kers.  It
ensures prevention  of discrim ination on t he
groundofsex, against womenin thematterof
employmentandformattersconnectedtherewith
orincidentalthereto.
Min imum  Wa ges Act (1 948) does not allow
discriminationbetweenmaleandfemaleworkers
ordifferentminimumwagesforthem.
MuslimWomen(ProtectionofRightsonDivorce)
Act(1986)protectstherightsofMuslimwomen
who have been divorced byor have obtained
divorcefromtheirhusbands.
HinduSuccessionAct(1956)recognizestheright
ofwomentoinheritparentalpropertyequallywith
men.  Then t here came the Hind u Succession
(Amendment)Act2005grantingdaughtersthe
righttoinheritancestralpropertyalongwiththeir
malerelatives.
Min esAct  (1952) and Factor ies Act (1948)
prohibits theemploymentofwomenbetween7
P.M.to6A.M.inminesandfactoriesandprovides
fortheirsafetyandwelfare.
Ch ild  Labou r ( Proh ibi tion  an d Reg ula tion )
AmendmentAct,2016prohibitstheengagement
ofchildreninalloccupationsandofadolescents
in hazardousoccupations andprocesses,where
adolescent s refer to those under 18 years a nd
childrentothoseunder14years.
TheProtectionofChildrenfromSexualOffences
(POCSOAct) 2012wasformulatedinorderto
effect ively address sexu al abu se and  sexua l
exploitationofchildren.Itdefinesachildasany
personbelowthe ageof18years and provides
protectiontoallchildrenundertheageof18years
from the offen ces of s exual assa ult, sexual
harassment,andpornography(Dubey2016,Singh
2020)
WomenProtectioninIndia(legalserviceindia.com)
accessedon03/12/2021
RightsofWomanenshrinedintheConstitution
ofIndiaareasfollows:
Article 15(1) pr ovides tha t the state shall n ot
discriminateagainstanycitizenofIndiaonthe
groundofsex.
Article15(3)providesthatthestateisempowered
tomakeanyspecialprovisionforwomeni.e.the
statecanmakeaffirmativediscriminationinfavour
ofwomen.
Article 16(2) pr ovides that no citi zen shall be
discriminated agai nst or be ineligible for any
employment or office under the state on the
groundofsex.
Article23(1)providesthattrafficinhumanbeings
andforcedlabourisprohibited.
Article39(a)providesthestatetosecureformen
and women equ ally, th e right t o an adequ ate
meansoflivelihood.
Article 39(d)providesthestatetosecureequal
pay for eq ual work for  both In dian men  and
women.
Article39(e)providesthatthestateisrequiredto
ensure th at the health a nd strength  of women
workers are not abused and that they are not
forcedbyeconomicnecessitytoenteravocations
unsuitedtotheirstrength.
Arti cle 42 provid es that  the state sha ll make
provisionforsecuringjustandhumaneconditions
ofworkandmaternityrelief.
WOMENPROTECTIONLAWS:BOONTURNSASBANEFORMEN OFINDIANSOCIETY

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Article51-A(e)providesthatitshallbetheduty
of every citizen of India to renounce practi ces
derogatorytothedignityofwomen
Article243-D(3)providesthatone-thirdofthetotal
numberofseatstobefilledbydirectelectionin
everyPanchayatshallbereservedforwomen.
Article243-D(4)providesthatone-thirdofthetotal
num ber of offices of Chairp ers ons in the
Panchayats at each level sha ll be reserved for
women.
Article243-T(3)providesthatone-thirdofthetotal
numberofseatstobefilledbydirectelectionin
everyMunicipalityshallbereservedforwomen.
Article 243-T(4) provides tha t the offices of
Ch airper sons in t he Mun icipal ities  shal l be
reservedforwomeninsuchmannerastheState
Legislaturemayprovide.
Apartfromtheabove-mentionedrights,thereare
followinggenerallawsthateverywomanshould
know:
Righttofreeaid
Whenawomangoestothepolicestation
withoutbeingaccompaniedbyalawyersheshould
beawareofthefactthatshehasarighttogetthe
legalaidandthatsheshoulddemandit.
Righttoprivacy
Awomanwhohasbeenrapedhasaright
torecordherstatementinprivateinfrontofthe
magistra te without being overheard by anyone
elseorwithaladyconstableorapoliceofficerin
person. Under section 164 of the Criminal
ProcedureCode,thecopswill havetogivethe
privacytothevictimwithoutstressingherinfront
ofmasses.

RighttoZeroFIR
As according to the Supr eme Court
rul ing,  a rap e victim  can r egister  her police
complaintfromanypolicestationundertheZero
FIR.
Righttonoarrest
AccordingtoaSupremeCourtruling,a
womancannotbearrestedaftersunsetandbefore
sunrise.Except,incasethewomanhascommitted
a serious crim e, the police require to get it  in
writingfromthemagistrateexplainingwhythe
arrestisnecessaryduringthenight.
Righttonotbeingcalledtothepolicestation
Accordingtosection160oftheCriminal
ProcedureCode,womencannotbecalledtothe
policestation forinterrogation. The police can
inter rogate a woman  at h er res idence i n th e
pr esen ce of a wom an cons tabl e an d fa mil y
membersorfriends.
Righttoconfidentiality
Under  no cond itions a rap e victims’
identitycanberevealed.Neitherthepolicenor
mediacanmakeknownthenameofthevictimin
public.Section228-AoftheIndianPenalCode
makes the disclosur e of a victims’ iden tity a
punishableoffence.
Recentamendmentstocertainlaws:
The gang r ape that took place on the
nightof16thDecember2012tooktheentirenation
insuchanoutragestagethatitforcedtogivea
newshapetothecriminallawbytheenactmentof
the most awaited Act i.e. th eCriminal Law
(Amendmen t) Act, 2013. Thus the Act has
includedthefollowingsections:
Dr. UTHARA SOMAN & Dr.SARITHA.SR

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Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
Section354AprovidesforSexualharassmentand
punishmentforsexualharassment.
Section 354B provides for Assault or  use of
criminalforcetowomanwithintenttodisrobe.
Section354CprovidesforVoyeurism.
Section354DprovidesforStalking.
ThedefinitionofRapeundersection376hasbeen
amended.
Th e Muslim Wom en (Protection  of
RightsonMarriage)Bill2017makesinstantTriple
Talaqinanyformillegalandvoid.Theproposed
law would also give the woman the righ t to
appr oach a magist rate seekings ubsist ence
allowanceforherselfandherminorchildren(Singh
2020)
JeoparadizingWomenProtectionLaws
Section498-Asaysthat,“whoever,being
thehusband ortherelativeofthehusbandofa
woman,subjectssuchwomentocrueltyshallbe
punishedwithimprisonmentforatermwhichmay
extendtothreeyearsandshall alsobeliableto
fine”(Gaur2015).Crueltyundersection498-Ais
definedasany“wilfulconductwhichisofsucha
natureasislikelytodrivethewomentocommit
suicideortocausegraveinjuryordangertolife,
limborhealthofthewomen”(Goel2011).Italso
includes hara ssment in order to get any ofth e
demands fulfilled. It is a “cognizable” offence
whichmeansthat once thecomplaint hasbeen
reg ister ed by th e victi m or a ny of th e oth er
relatives, thepolice willhave nochoicebut to
takeaction.Ifapersonischargedwiththeoffence
ofdowry,anon-bailablewarrantisissuedandthe
policehavetotakenecessaryactionsagainstthe
husband andhisfamily.Theobjectbehindthis
sectionwastocheckthecrueltyagainstwomen
by husbands and par ents-in law and to punish
themwhotortureandharassthewifewithaview
tocoerceheroranypersonrelatedtohertomeet
anyunlawfuldemandsortodrivehertocommit
suicide(Chettri2018).
This section which  was en acted to
protect th e dignity of a woman has become a
widelymisusedweapontoharassandblackmail
themalecounterpartandhisfamily.OnceanFIR
isfiledunder498A/406(IPC)theaccusedandhis
immediat e relatives are h arassed by the police
even before con ducting a preliminary
investigation .  T h e prol onged trials and
accusationsaddbitternesstothealreadystrained
family r elationship between the families
di m i n ish i n g all chances of an amicabl e
recon ciliat ion between  the cou ple. Th ere ar e
innumerablecasesinwhichwomenwithactive
support and guidance of their lawyersuse this
law as a weapon to extor t money out of their
husbandsatthetimeofdivorce.Smallincidents
oflittleconsequenceareexaggeratedinalarge
number of complai nts (Pa ndey 2021). I t is
presumedthatcrueltyisalwaysdonebysuperior
persontohisinferioranditisthemind-setofthe
societythatalwayshusbandisthepowerfulone
whowilldocrueltyuponhiswife,perhaps,even
thechapter20-AofIPCtalksaboutcrueltydone
byhusbandandhisfamilyuponwifeinsteadof
crueltydonebyperson(whichincludesbothman
andwoman).Thereisnomeasuringstandardset
for  cruelty a gai nst  husband and this  had
benefittedwifeandshecanputherhusbandand
her inlawsbehind barsupto 3 yearsand fine
(Kumari2020).
Adulteryundersec.497(nowrepealed)
wasconsideredasacrimeagainstmenandnot
womenalthoughbothhavesexualconsummation
WOMENPROTECTIONLAWS:BOONTURNSASBANEFORMEN OFINDIANSOCIETY

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
withconsent.Inthatcase,boththemaleshaveto
sufferi.e.husband of thewife(whohave been
indulgedintheadultery)andtheotherman(with
whomthewife/marriedwomenhadcommittedthe
adultery).Whenadulterywasacrimeandboth
maleandmarriedwomanhadtheirmutualconsent
in sexual intercourse th en why on ly man i s
convi cted and woman h ad liber ty not to get
prosecuted(ibid,2020).
Section  5 09 says that “whoever,
intendingto insultthemodestyofanywoman,
uttersanywords,makesanysoundorgesture,or
exhibitsanyobject,intendingthatsuchwordor
soundshallbeheard,orthatsuchgestureorobject
shallbeseen,bysuchwoman,orintrudesupon
the privacy of such woman, shal l be punished
withimprisonmentforatermwhichmayextendto
threeyears,andalsowithfine”(Chauhan2020).
However,theselawsoneve-teasingarealsoprone
tomisusespecificallybywomentakingadvantage
ofthebeliefthatthevictimmustbeawomanonly.
On23rdAugust2015,a21-year-oldstudentofSt.
Stephen’sCollegenamedJasleenKaurposteda
pictureofamanonhisbikeandclaimedthathe
had passedobscenecommentsather.Thepost
read:  “This man  (a misn omer) m ade obscene
comments on m e today at ar ound 8 pm  near
Aggarwal,TilakNagar.HewasonasilverRoyal
Enfield,vehiclenumber-DL4SCE3623.WhenI
toldhimthatI’mclickinghispictureandI’mgoing
tofileacomplaintagainsthim,herespondedby
posing for the picture and said- “Do whatever
youwant.GofileacomplaintandseewhatI’lldo
then”.Assoonas itwasposted, thePostwent
viralonSocialMedia,receivingmorethan1lakh
‘shares’.TheChiefMinisterofDelhihadtweeted
infavourofJasleenKaur,askingotherwomenin
Delhi to follow her example and speak up for
themselves.TheChiefofDelhiCommissionfor
Women (DCW) also supp orted the wom an.
Im p r essed with her br avery, t h e Depu t y
CommissionerofPolice(West)announcedthat
shewouldbegiven5,000INRforit.
TheCasewentonforthreeyears,and
withthewomangettingsettledinCanada,shedid
not a ttend a ny heari ng for th ree years ci ting
“academiccommitments”tojustifyherabsence
forthreeyears.SarvjeetSingh,ontheotherhand,
wasreferredtoasa‘pervert’,losthisjobandhad
toattendeveryhearingoftheCourtwhichcould
not resumebecauseofJasleen Kaur’sabsence.
Onthe24thofOctober2019,fouryearsafterthe
inci dent, judg ement  was passed by th e Court
which acquitted Sarvjeet Singh of all charges
againsthimbyholdinghiminnocent.TheCourt
observedthat“thetestimonyofthecomplainant
isnottrustworthyandcastsseriousdoubtonthe
caseoftheprosecution”(Pandey2021).
The judgemen thas been delivered by
Justice M.Sathya n ar a yanan an d  Justice
R.Hemalathaon17-02-2020attheMadrasHigh
Court, has h eld that s olitary allegation  of
intemperatelanguageagainstafemaleemployee
doesnotconstituteanoffenseundertheSexual
HarassmentofWomenatWorkplace(Prevention,
Prohibition andRedressal)Act,2013.Thewrit
petitionhereinwasfiledunderArticle226ofthe
ConstitutionofIndiatoissueawritofcertiorari
callingfortherecordsregardingtheorderspassed
by the Central Administrat ive Tribunal (CAT)
LocalComplaintsCommitteeagainstthepetitioner
and quash the same. Th e complain ant who is
anAssistantRegistrarofTradeMarkandGIin
Chennairegistertheconcernon02.12.2013against
the peti tioner, who is the Deputy Registrar  of
Trade Mar kan d GI. The complaint was made

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(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
beforethe Registrar and Controller Generalof
TradeMarksandGIandPatentsandDesign.The
complaintwasthatthepetitionerwashighhanded
and hurt her self respect due to his ar rogant
behavior.TheRegistrarandControllerGeneralof
Patentsonreceivingthecomplaintrespondedvide
letterbyconstitutinganInternalCommitteeon
sexualharassmentattheworkplace.Afterthat,
anothercomplainthadbeenfiledon30.06.2015
which r egisters manyincident s about the r ude
behaviour of t he petitioner.  The word ‘sex ual
harassment’has beenusedagainand again.In
additiontothis,shealsowrotealettertotheTamil
NaduStateCommissionforWomenstatingher
apprehensionthattheInternalCommitteewould
notrenderjustice to her.She alsorequestedto
refer her  com plain t to th e Local  Compla int
Com mit tee ( LCC). Subs equen tly, t he L ocal
Committee constituted a Social Welfar e
DepartmentwhereMrs.Remaappearedandgave
a written  complai nt aga inst t he petiti oner. A
ChairpersonfortheSexualHarassmentCommittee
wasalsoappointedbytheDirectoroftheMinistry
ofcommerceandindustry.
Intheinquiryconducted,aprimafacie
case was made out against t he p etition er
un der Secti on 3( 2)( iii) (iv) (v) of th e Sexual
HarassmentofWomenatWorkplace(Prevention,
ProhibitionandRedressal)Act,2013onthebasis
ofthe inquiryconductedbytheDistrict Social
Welfare Officer with regar d to the complain t.
Further,theLCCalsorecommendedanimmediate
an d detai led  dep art men tal  inqu iry agai nst
Mr.V.Nata rajan . The petit ioner r eplied to th e
Distric t Social Welfare Officer statin g that he
shouldalsobeheard andalsothattwoparallel
proceedingscannotbeconstruedasitisnotlegally
valid.Tothis,theCourtobservedthattheoriginal
complaintmadebythecomplainantwasgeneric
innature.“Itelaborateduponhowthepetitioner
wasauthoritativeandalsotosomeextentbiased
inhisactionanddecisions”.
The ben ch remar ked that the second
complaintthoughitdidn’tmentionthedateand
sequenceofevents,itdidtalkaboutthephysical
advancesmadebyMr.V.Natarajan andalsohis
lewd remar ks on Mrs. Rema’s physica l
appearances.
It noted that th e LCC concluded th at
thereisaprima faciecasewithoutquestioning
theoriginalcomplaintsinceitdoesnotgivean
iotaofwhatis statedinthesecondcomplaint.
Thecourttookcriticismofthementioningofthe
word‘sexualharassment’soofteninthesecond
complainteventhoughnotdefiningit.“Itgives
an app earan ce as to that in structing a woman
employee to do somethin g officially or even
scolding a woman employee itself is sexual
harassment.”Thecourtopinedthatitismandatory
for  the person accused to be provided an
opportunity to defen d himself sin ce it is well
settledundertheSexualHarassmentofWomen
at Workplace (Preven tion, Pr ohibition and
Redressal)Act,2013thattheinquiryhastobea
full-fledgedone.
Section14oftheSexualHarassmentof
WomenatWorkplace(Prevention,Prohibitionand
Redressal)Act,2013,providesforpenalizingthe
complainantifthecomplaintisfoundtobefalse
withmaliciousintent.Section14oftheActwas
to check false complaints. At th esame time,
theSexualHarassmentofWomenatWorkplace
(Pr evention , Prohibiti on an d Redres sal) Act,
2013alsobroughtintwoprovisionsinordernot
todeterwomenfromfilingcomplaints.Onewas
thattheirinabilitytoproveacomplaintwillnot
renderitfalse.Secondly,themaliciousintenthas
Dr. UTHARA SOMAN & Dr.SARITHA.SR

611
(ISSN : 2321-984X)
Modern Thamizh Research (A Quarterly International Multilateral Thamizh Journal) 12th & 13th October, 2021 - Special Issue (ISSN : 2321-984X)
Internatio nal Multidisciplinary Conference : RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES:FINDI NGS AND CHALLENGES
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences in association with the Research and IP Cell, St.Francisde Sales College, Electronic City, Bengaluru
tobespecificallyestablishedbeforedisciplinary
actionisrecommendedagainstthecomplainant.
TheCourtsaidthatthefindingsofthe
LCC are invalid  and th e con tenti on of the
complainantthatsheapproachedtheLCConly
becausethecomplaintwasagainstheremployer
isanafterthought.Thecourtalsonotedthatthe
intemperatelanguageusedbythepetitionerwas
theessenceofthefirstcomplaintotherthanthe
bia s and  favor iti sm h e al leg edly ex hib ited .
“Therefore,asolitaryallegationofintemperate
lan guage agai nst a femal e employee does not
constituteanoffenceundertheSexualHarassment
ofWomenatWorkplace(Prevention,Prohibition
andRedressal)Act,2013.”Inadditiontothis,the
courtalsoopinedthatthedissentingattitude of
the compla inant in  not attending th e Intern al
Committeehearingandthetransformationofthe
originalcomplaintintoasexualharassmentone
beforetheLCCexposetherealintentionsofthe
compl ainant. “I n th e inst ant ca se, the Loc al
Committeegaveanerroneousdecisionwithanon-
speaki ng or der wh ich  is a lso ex parte. The
complainant,itappears,madeafutileattemptto
settleherpersonalscorewiththepetitioner.”The
courtremarkedthateverywomanhastomaintain
certaindecorumandtheyarenotallowedtoscot-
free with out  compl eting t hei r assign men t.
“Though the Sexual Harassment of Women at
Workplace (Preven t ion, Proh ibition  an d
Redressal)Act,2013isintendedtohaveanequal
standingforwomenintheworkplaceandtohave
acordialworkplaceinwhichtheirdignityandself-
respectareprotected,itcannotbeallowedtobe
misused bywomento harasssomeonewithan
exaggeratedornon-existentallegations.”
HighCourt:WewillnotallowanymisuseofSexual
Harr assmen t of Wom en at Workpla ceA ct by
Women.[ReadtheJudgement](latestlaws.com)
accessedon03/12/2021
JudicialinterventionsagainstMisuseofWomen
ProtectionLaws
Frequently recur ring incidences of
fabrica tion and  forgery explici tly provin g the
misappropriation oflegislations bythewomen
beneficiaries in  order to sati sfy their a nger,
revenge,ego,monetarygreedandotherinterests
haveturnedtobe detrimentalinprotecting the
sanct ity of the l aws enacted to