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Food Research 6 (5) : 1 - 13 (October 2022)
Journal homepage: https://www.myfoodresearch.com
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits in the Quranic Hermeneutics and
scientific perspectives
1Atabik, A., 2Muqtada, M.R., 3Suhadi, 4Irnawati and 5,*Rohman, A.
1Faculty of Ushuluddin, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Central Java Indonesia
2Theology Faculty, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia
3Faculty of Islamic Law, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia
4Faculty of Pharmacy, Halu Oleo University, Kendari 93232, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
5Center of Excellence, Institute for Halal Industry and Systems (IHIS), Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Yogyakarta 55281 Indonesia
Article history:
Received: 10 July2021
Received in revised form: 26
August 2021
Accepted: 16 December 2021
Available Online: 4
September 2022
Keywords:
rumman,
Human health,
Antioxidant,
Phenolics,
Antibacterial activities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(5).504
Abstract
This review highlighted the Quranic hermeneutics and scientific perspective of
pomegranate for human health. To accomplish this review article, numerous reputable
databases such as Scopus, American Chemical Society, Science Direct, Springer, and
Google Scholar related to this review were downloaded and evaluated. Pomegranate is a
popular fruit consumed because of its pleasant taste and high nutritional value having
some health benefits to human health. In addition, pomegranate (rumman in Arabic) is
one of the stated fruits in the Quran. Quranic Hermeneutic with a scientific approach has
been a new model used by modern commentators to explore various kinds of sciences
presented in the Quranic verses. Qur’an mentions a pomegranate three times. Classic
commentators generally interpreted the pomegranate verses as a special fruit and served
for the occupants of heaven. In contrast, modern scientific commentators stated that the
fruit contains scientific miracles that are very beneficial for human health since this fruit
had some phytochemicals reported to have some biological activities including
antioxidant and antibacterial activity.
1. Introduction
Pomegranate fruits with the scientific name of
Punica granatum L. (belong to the family of Punicaceae)
are excellent sources of bioactive compounds mainly
polyphenols. This plant is native to central Asia, but
currently, it is highly adaptable to a wide range of
climatic and soil conditions and is now grown in many
different geographical regions including the
Mediterranean basin, Asia, and California in the USA.
Pomegranate fruit has been used extensively in the folk
medicines of many cultures since ancient times including
Greek, Ayurvedic, Unani and Egyptian (Reddy, 2018).
This fruit is regarded as a ‘super fruit’, which is rich in
antioxidants and phytochemicals and is recognized for a
myriad of health benefits. Pomegranate fruit is gaining
popularity worldwide for its uniqueness, exclusive
colour and taste, and associated health benefits (Hegazi
et al., 2021).
Pomegranate is a type of tree from the family of
Myrtaceae. Pomegranate (rumman) in a scientific term is
called Punica granatum (Ṭalbah, 2011). Since thousands
of years ago, human beings have enjoyed it both as food
and medicine. The fruit is estimated to originate from
West Asia and spread to the surrounding areas. Hebron,
which is now a part of Israel territories, is well-known
for pomegranate which has been planted since the time
of the Prophet Moses. Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Rome
are civilizations known for harvesting this fruit. Several
archaeological findings found the residues of
pomegranate plants, such as its seeds and barks around
Cyprus, Israel, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria,
and Turkey. It is estimated to have existed since 3,000
years before A.D. (Potts, 2012).
Experts argue that the pomegranate habitat is in
Southwest Asia (Middle East) or Northwest Asia (India).
However, it has already spread and is well-bred in the
Mediterranean area. Then, it crosses over Iran, the
Mediterranean Sea (Iraq and Syria), Egypt, Europe, and
even flourishes in Southern China and Southeast Asia.
This plant is easy to grow in areas with almost all
climates and from low to high land. Despite its
ignorance, pomegranate can flourish well on dry loose
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land (Mubashir and Mahran, 2010).
Pomegranates are becoming more popular with
consumers because of their pleasant taste and high
nutritional value. Pomegranate fruit is constituted by
peel, arils, and seeds in an approximate 50:40:10 ratio,
respectively. As in the majority of fruits, the chemical
composition of the pomegranate differs according to the
climatic conditions, and ripening degree of the fruit at
the time of harvest (Guo et al., 2021). The edible part of
pomegranate is about 57–85% of the whole fruit, among
which fruit juice accounts for 36–63%. The taste of
pomegranate is moderately sour and sweet throughout
the flavouring improvement by modern cultivation
technology. Pomegranate juice is considered a functional
food due to some bioactive contents which are beneficial
to human health. Pomegranate fruit contains 17 kinds of
amino acids and minerals, vitamin C, calcium, iron,
phosphorus, retinol, riboflavin, ferulic acid, and other
phenolic compounds. Pomegranate seed oil is also a
valuable source of bioactive compounds with health-
beneficial effects, but it is sensitive to oxidation due to
the high content of PUFA. Therefore, the oil was added
with pomegranate peel extract or synthetic antioxidants
to improve its stability toward oxidation (Drinić et al.,
2020). This fruit is suitable for both young and old
consumers; for example, pomegranate juice drinks are
popular in daily life, and pomegranate extracts also serve
as food additives, supplements, and taste corrections (Ge
et al., 2021). Pomegranate extract and its polyphenols
can be considered cosmeceuticals because both revealed
skin protective effects by ameliorating methylglyoxal
(MGO)-induced DNA damage through restoring cell
adhesion, migration, and wound healing capacity (Guo et
al., 2021). The regular consumption of this fruit has been
associated with the prevention of gastric damage,
cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and
specific types of cancers, renal illnesses, liver
complications, and osteoarthritis (Villa-Ruano et al.,
2020). In this review, pomegranate from Quranic and
scientific perspectives are described. From a scientific
perspective, the antibacterial and antioxidant activities
and polyphenols responsible for these activities are
highlighted.
2. Methods
This descriptive-analytical paper used a thematic
method based on literature review, referring to scientific
articles from Tafseer books, reputed journals, book
literature, and conference papers. During this study,
some databases of Scopus, American Chemical Society,
Science Direct, Springer, and Google Scholar covering
abstract and full texts are downloaded and evaluated to
be used as references during this review. Scientific
studies on Pomegranate published in journals were also
used as main references. In addition, other sources came
from books related to scientific miracles of the Quran
compiled by experts in their fields.
3. Pomegranate fruit
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), Figure 1, is a
fruit plant that can grow up to 5-8 meters in sub-tropical
areas to tropical ones, from lowland to below 1000
meters above sea level. It is a shrub or a small tree of 2-5
meters in height (Lansky et al., 2007). Its stem is woody
with square twigs, a lot of branches, spikes on its axilla,
weak in nature, brown-coloured when unripe, and turns
into dirty green post ripe. The pomegranate tree has a
single leaf with short stems, located in groups. The leaf
sheet takes oval to lancet in shape, taper base, blunt tip,
pinnate bones, shiny surface, 1-9 cm in length, 0.5-2.5
cm in width, and green-coloured (Ahmad, 2003).
Pomegranate is a berry fruit with a rounded shape
and 5-12 cm in diameter, with various bark colours, such
as purplish-green, white, reddish-brown, or blackish
purple. The fruit is unique with its red-glazing seeds like
crystals. The flower is called Jullanar. It is an antique
fruit that has been known since ancient times. Many
people gain some virtues and benefits found in it
(Ṭayyāra, 2009). The pomegranate tree is a small posture
with thin foliage and flatly shaped, having large and
beautiful flowers, with a reddish colour, a fleshy shell of
which contents are red-coloured cobs. The white flowers
which lie in several separate places, one by one serve as
a transparent lid. The Persians named this pomegranate
Jalnaz, meaning the red fruit with seeds on it (Olivia,
2015).
In Indonesia, pomegranate is well-known by several
names, depending on the regions it grows, such as
delima (Malay), glima (Acehnese), Glineu Mekah
(Gayonese), dhalima (Maduranese), gangsalan
(Javanese), dalima (Sundanese), teliman (Sasaknese),
lele kase and rumu (Timor). There are three types of
pomegranate scattered over Indonesia, classified by their
colours; they are white pomegranate, red pomegranate,
and black pomegranate. Of these three types, the most
famous is the red one. Pomegranate fruit is a symbol of
Figure 1. Pomegranate fruit, pomegranate juice and
pomegranate tree.
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prosperity and fertility, which is held in the form of a
ceremony of seven months of pregnancy ritual,
conducted by Javanese people and other tribes in
Indonesia (Olivia, 2015). Meanwhile, for Chinese
people, it is one of the compulsory fruits of welcoming
the Lunar New Year. They believe that many of the
seeds are a symbol of abundant fortunes.
In general, pomegranate is of various types, in terms
of shape, colour, sweetness level, acidity, or its seed’s
shape and colour. The best is the deep red coloured with
thin bark and abundant water content (Ṭalbah, 2011). It
has three flavours, that is, sweet, sour, and blends
between sweet and sour. Each flavour has a diverse
uniqueness. The fruit with a sweet taste has a 7-10%
content of sugar, 81% of water, 0.6% of proteins, and
0.3% of fat. Moreover, sweet pomegranate also contains
fibre of as much as 2% as well as some tannin, inulin,
and citric acid of as much as 1%. It also contains
minerals, mainly iron, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium,
lime, manganese, and vitamin C (Lansky et al., 2007).
Pomegranate with a sour taste comprises less sugar, with
2% of citric acids. This acid content is even higher than
that of oranges. Meanwhile, its seeds cover 9% of
proteins and fat as much as 7%. Its outer bark contains
tannic acids; the material that can restrain bleeding.
Therefore, its outer bark powder which has been dried
can be used as a remedy to ward off diarrhoea and
dysentery. It can also be used to restrain blood discharge
in the digestive tract (Al-Qabbani, 2009).
Today, Quran has not only become the main focus of
merely studying objects and classical interpretations, but
also the attention of various scientific studies, including
scientific and medical fields. An effort to comprehend
the Quran with a scientific and medical approach by
experts is called scientific hermeneutic. This style of
hermeneutic is an attempt to understand the verses of the
Quran containing scientific cues from the perspectives of
modern science. Scientific hermeneutic is also an
interpreter’s striving effort to uncover the relationship
between the verses of kauniyah in the Quran and
scientific discoveries aimed at revealing its scientific
miracles (Rahman, 1986).
4. Pomegranate in Quranic perspective
According to Al-Zahabi, this scientific hermeneutic
seeks to explore the scientific dimension and uncover the
secrets of its miracles related to scientific information
that may not have been known to humankind during the
descent, it becomes evidence of the truth that the Quran
is not a human work, but a revelation of the Creator
instead (Zahabi, 2009). Dealing with this, many
scientists have focused their studies on the Quran by
attempting to put the verses of the Quran into logic and
correlating them with treatments and medicines.
Scientists have tried to combine the studies of plants
mentioned in the Quran with medicines. The Quran does
not mention all types of plants in general, just like
modern botanical science does, but all types of plants
mentioned by the Quran are certainly the top organisms
of their respective species. For example, the fig tree (the
fruits of heaven) is the top of the species of "Ficus" of
"Moraceae" types according to botanists, its species
reaches about 700 scattered around the world. Likewise,
pomegranate, herbs of 1001 benefit, cure various
diseases, internal and external ones (Ahmad, 2003).
Nowadays, there have been families who have
started the 'no vegetables and fruits' campaign on their
family menu. Fruits constitute a major part of the
nutrients needed by a human. Besides being consumed as
nutrients and vitamins, certain fruits have medicinal
properties for certain diseases. This is based on
knowledge of religious teachings. This fruit is
pomegranate which is also mentioned several times in
the Qur'an and contains many health benefits. Almost all
parts of pomegranate plants are useful for medical
treatments, starting from the pulp, seeds, flowers, leaves,
fruit skins, and bark, to the roots that can be formulated
into medicine (Al-Najjar, 2006).
The Quran does not mention a type of plant unless it
serves as the top organism of each species. Likewise,
pomegranate, with the Latin name Punica granatum, is a
type of fruit that belongs to the berry species.
Pomegranate is a plant species that has been well-known
since ancient Egyptian time, that is, the beginning era of
Egyptian civilization. Ancient people recognized it as
'Arhamanie' derived from the Qibti name called 'Armen'
or 'Rumen' which is derived from the Hebrew name
called 'Rumon'. Then, it is translated into the Arabic
word 'Rumman' (Shehab, 2011).
Pomegranate (rumman) is an ancient plant known to
produce many benefits and to provide various virtues.
The Pharaoh Kings of ancient Egyptian used
pomegranates as medicine (Ahmad, 2003). In Islamic
literary treasures, the pomegranate is classified as the
fruit used as medicine for the Prophet. Ibn Qayyim wrote
some of its virtues; the one with a sweet taste is
beneficial to the stomach, throat, chest, and lungs. It can
also smoothen urine, reduce yellow substances in the
liver, overcome diarrhoea, and strengthen organs (Al-
Jauziyah, 2012).
The Qur'an as the greatest miracle for Muslims
comprises verses showing various scientific signs from
modern science perspectives. The hermeneutic of verses
that talk about science is known as Tafsir Ilmi (Scientific
Interpretation) (Al-Qaraḍāwī, 1999). According to
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Husain al-Zahabi, scientific hermeneutic discusses
scientific terms in narrating verses of the Qur'an, seeks to
explore its scientific dimensions, and uncovers the
secrets of miracles related to scientific information that
may not have been known to humans at the time the
Qur'an was revealed (Al-Żahabī, 1995). Hence, in
modern times, this becomes another piece of evidence
that the Qur’an is not a human creation, but rather a
revelation of God, The Creator.
Muslim scientists have tried to uncover the contents
of the Qur'an which leads to scientific discoveries or to
keep some of the natural sciences which are not widely
known by humans. They scientifically describe those
contents in depth. Despite the Qur’an’s zahir (visible)
characteristics, of which texts briefly talk about this
issue, the scientists’ commentary can almost be proven
by modern sciences (Al-Shirbaṣī, 1962). This argument
is based on the fact that all sciences obtained from the
Qur'an, after being analyzed accurately, will lead people
to think at a certain point that everything said in the
Qur'an is all true.
This scientific hermeneutic employed a set of
contemporary sciences, such as astronomy, geology,
chemistry, biology, medical science, and other scientific
tools (Al-Qaraḍāwī, 1999). Such interpretation with
scientific approaches is not intended to justify the truth
of scientific findings by the verses of the Qur'an, nor is it
to compel the interpretation of the verses of the Qur'an to
seemingly conform to the scientific findings. However,
this scientific hermeneutic study initially arises from the
awareness that the Qur'an is absolute, whilst its
interpretation, both from commentary and scientific
perspectives, is relative and tentative in nature (Hanafi,
2015).
Scientific hermeneutic have existed since the
Abbasid dynasty. At that time, there were attempts made
by some scholars to compromise Islamic teachings with
translated foreign cultures, as well as pure sciences
found among the Muslims (Abderrahman, 1986). Al-
Ghazali was one of the figures who was persistent in
supporting these interpretive ideas. In his monumental
masterpiece, Ihya 'Ulumiddin, he put forward his
arguments to prove his stance (Al-Ghazālī, 2000). He
said that all kinds of sciences, both preceding and
subsequent ones, whether known or not, come from the
Qur'an (Musbikin, 2014).
In another work, Jawahir al-Qur'an, Al-Ghazali also
discussed his support for scientific hermeneutic. He
stated that all sciences are gathered in one among several
oceans of Allah's knowledge which has no end.
Furthermore, he strengthened his arguments by saying
that Allah's deeds are to provide healing and pain, as He
told about Prophet Abraham: " And He ˹alone˺ heals me
when I am sick." QC. Ash- Shu’ara: 80). Al-Gazali
explained that medicine and diseases cannot be
discovered except by those who are involved in the
medical field (Al-Ghazālī, 2003). Thus, the verse is a
signal dealing with medical science.
Besides al-Ghazali, Fakhruddin al-Razi was an
expert commentator who tends to comply with scientific
hermeneutic (Al-Rāzī, 2012). His monumental work,
Mafatih al-Gaib, is filled with scientific discussions
related to philosophy, natural sciences, theology,
medicine, astronomy, and so on. Because of presenting
the above discussions, this interpretation is known as a
philosophical hermeneutic (Shihab, 1994). The same
perspective is also carried out by Jauhari Tantawi, in his
work, Tafsir al-Jawahir. His interpretation uncovers
scientific theories and scientific reinforcement in every
verse he interprets (Goldziher, 1955).
In this modern era, scientific hermeneutic is
increasingly popular and used as a reference to study the
sciences presented in the Quran. The development of
scientific interpretation in the modern era was at least
due to the influence of western technology and science
(Europe and the United States) on the Arab world and
Muslim regions, especially in the second half of the 19th
century when most of the Islamic worlds were under the
control of European countries (Jansen, 1980). This
western hegemony has gradually led to resistance on one
hand and on the other hand, advances in modern Arab
scholars' thoughts in terms of religious and social
sciences.
The development of scientific hermeneutic is also an
implication of the change in the modern Muslims’
perspectives on the verses of the Qur'an, especially with
the exposure of modern scientific discoveries in the 20th
century. For example, the word 'lamusi'un', in the QC al-
Zariyat: 47, "We built the universe with ˹great˺ might,
and We are certainly expanding ˹it˺". Along with new
scientific discoveries, astronomers concluded a scientific
theory, stating that nebulae which lie outside the galaxy
we live in continue to move away at different speeds,
even celestial bodies in one galaxy are moving away
from one another (Hanafi, 2015). This shows that the
discoveries of modern science can provide new scientific
meanings to the verses of the Qur'an.
An expert on scientific miracles, Nadya Tayyara,
explained that he finally found out new information from
several passages of the Qur'an verses that talk about
fruits. This understanding is also a response to the
exposure to biological diseases and their treatment
mechanisms, and an understanding of the correlation
between chronic diseases and immune disorders that can
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be cured by these fruits (Ṭayyāra, 2009). This statement
was strengthened by Ibn Qayyim al-Jauziyah, claiming
that the fruits mentioned in the Qur'an have efficacies
that other fruits don't. All of these fruits can be used to
cure certain diseases (Al-Jauziyah, 2012). In this
context, the paper shows the scientific evidence that
causes the pomegranate to be a special fruit as mentioned
in the Koran. The disclosure of scientific facts means
that the quranic hermeneutic is open to modern science.
In interpreting the pomegranate verses must be based on
botanical science data.
5. Pomegranate in commentators’ perspectives: a
Quranic Hermeneutic
Pomegranate is a fruit mentioned in the Quran. Al-
Shafii noted that pomegranate (rumman) is mentioned
three times in the Quran; two of which are in the QC Al-
An'am (6): verses 99 and 141, and another in the QC Al-
Rahman (55): verse 68 (Al-Shāfi’ī, 2000).
Hermeneutical interpretations of these verses were
compiled in Table 1.
Al-Alusi mentions the hermeneutic of the shura al-
An’am verses; 99 and 141, there is a similar redaction as
referring to olive and pomegranate. In both verses, God
speaks of the signs of His power for the believers. Which
earth is that He created a variety of trees, such as palm
trees, olive trees, and pomegranate trees which take
similar shapes and colours, despite the difference in taste
(Al-Alusi, 1997). Commenting on those verses above,
Qatadah stated that the creation of this pomegranate fruit
is similar in its shape, partly to some of the others, but
different in the fruit it produces, either in terms of its
colour, taste, or content. The power of God's creation on
the pomegranate can be seen from the origin of its
creation. At the initial phase, it is grain, then grows into a
tree, and produces the same fruit colour but different
taste and smell (Kathīr, 2000).
In the Quran chapter Al-Rahman (55) verses 68-69,
God said: "In both of them will be [all kinds of] fruit, and
date-palms and pomegranates. Then which of your
Lord’s favours will you both deny?”. In this verse, God
particularly mentions that there are kinds of fruits, dates,
and pomegranates in heaven. Ibn al-Jauzi mentioned the
word 'dates’(nakhl) and ‘pomegranates’ (rumman) after
the word ‘fakihah’ meaning fruits both are classified as
fruits. This is to explain the virtue of both fruits (Al-
Jauzi, 2002). Al-Tabari also stated that in the verse, there
is a conjunction indicating a particular thing to the
general one, mentioning the word 'fruits' followed by the
word 'dates' (nakhl) and pomegranates (rumman) (Al-
Tabari, 1998). However, the mention of the two words
specifically shows the virtue of the two fruits over the
others.
Al-Maragi stated that the series in Al-Rahman verses
62 to 77 describe that there is a tree of fruit grown with
leafy green in heaven. Inside it there is a clear water
spring that sparkles. Meanwhile, the dwellers and angels
are leaning back on green pillows and beautiful carpets.
The angels who happen to be the dwellers' servants have
never been touched by any human beings nor genies.
They can easily pick the fruit up close as the trees are
short. Among the various fruits, the only special ones are
dates and pomegranates which have been mentioned (Al-
Maragi, 1996). Then which of your Lord’s favours will
Pomegranate verses Commentators Quranic Hermeneutic
Shura al-An’am
verses 99 and 141 Al-Alusi There is a similarity between the 3 fruits; palm, olive, and pomegranate. But have a
different taste.
Ibnu Kathir There is a process similarity between 3 fruits -palm, olive, and pomegranate- from
their seed shapes, trees, and fruit colors. However, it has a different taste and smell.
Shura al-Rahman
verses 68-69 Ibn al-Jauzi palms and pomegranates are called after the word fakihah (fruits) means that both
of them have virtues.
Al-Tabari The word fakihah (fruits) relies on the words nakhl (palm) and rumman
(pomegranate) giving the meaning that both have an advantage over other fruits.
Al-Maragi This verse is related to Qs. Al-Rahman: 62 to 77 series that describes the fruits in
heaven which are green and fresh. The ones mentioned are palms and
pomegranates.
Al-Qurtubi Palms are the staple food of Arabs and pomegranate is the fruit. Both are widely
grown because the Arabs need benefits from them.
Al-Razi Allah mentioned the palms and pomegranates because they have opposing
characteristics. One is sweet, the other is not. One grows in hot places, the other in
cold places. One provides nutrition, the other does not.
Al-Shawkani Palms and pomegranates are heavenly fruits that have advantages, benefits, and
efficacies for the body. Both of them can be found in the Arab region.
M. Quraish
Shihab The efficacy of pomegranate has been tested empirically. It contains high citric
acid that can help reduce the acidity of urine and blood, thereby preventing gout.
Pomegranate also contains a sugar content of about 11% which is useful for easier
burning and producing energy
Table 1. The Quranic Hermeneutics of pomegranate verses
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you deny?
According to Al-Qurtubi, in this verse, dates, and
pomegranates are mentioned after the other fruits as in
line with Arabs customs, dates and pomegranates are like
wheat. For the Arabs, dates are the main course, while
pomegranates are the dessert. Both fruits are mostly
planted since the Arabs take benefits from them (Al-
Qurṭubī, 2014). Whereas, according to Al-Rāzī, God
mentions the two fruits, pomegranates and dates, because
they are opposite each other; one tastes sweet and the
other does not. In addition, one is hot and the other is
cold; one is as a source of nutrients and the other is not;
one grows in hot land and the other is in cold land; one
with high trunk and the other with opposite trunk (Al-
Rāzī, 2012). Whereas, a medieval commentator,
Muhammad al-Shawkani, presented several opinions
from the interpretation of surah al-Rahman: 68,
pomegranate and dates mentioned in the verse belong to
heaven's second characteristics mentioned in the QC. al-
Rahman: 62. Even though both are classified as fruits,
but particularly mentioned because of their abundant
benefits compared to other fruits. Both are also plants
existing in the land of Arabs. Another opinion stated that
pomegranate is a type of fruit that can be used for
medication with extraordinary efficacies (Al-Shawkānī,
2014).
A modern Indonesian commentator, M. Quraish
Shibab, tends to interpret the verses about pomegranate
based on its efficacies which have empirically been
examined. In his commentary book, al-Misbah, he
explained that its juice contains very high levels of citric
acid compared to other types of fruits, and when roasted,
it is very helpful in reducing the acidity of urine and
blood which in turn can prevent gout on the body. The
citric acid contained in pomegranate can also help form
some kidney stones. This juice also contains sufficient
sugar levels, around 11%, to ease the roasting and
produce energy (Shihab, 2002).
6. Polyphenols in pomegranate fruit
Some extraction techniques have been introduced to
get a high recovery of polyphenols. Rajha et al. (2019)
have compared 5 extraction techniques namely
conventional extraction (CE) based on liquid-solid
extraction using a water bath, extraction assisted by
infrared irradiation (IR), ultrasound-assisted extraction
(UAE), extraction using pulsed electric fields (PEF), and
extraction using high-voltage electrical discharges
(HVED). HVED assisted extraction offered enhanced the
recovery of polyphenols by approximately 3 and 1.3
times as compared to the US and PEF-assisted
extractions, respectively. The high recovery of
polyphenols during extraction of HVED was caused by
the ability of HVED technique to damage the
microstructure of pomegranate skins strongly, as
indicated by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
study.
With the advance in experimental design applied in
the extraction of phytochemicals, response surface
methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the effect of
three factors namely (1) condition liquid/solid ratio, (2)
extraction time and (3) ethanol percentage on ultrasonic-
assisted extraction (UAE) in obtaining the maximum of
total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and
condensed tannins (CD) from pomegranate peels. The
optimum condition was obtained using a liquid/solid
ratio of 20, extraction time of 30.94 min and 59.26% of
ethanol offered the highest contents of TP, TF and CT
simultaneously. The results obtained during the
experimental design were in agreement with those with
the predicted values (Hayder et al., 2021).
Pomegranate fruit is rich in polyphenol compounds
that may potentially reveal some biological activities
such as antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal
activities. The main phenolic compounds in pomegranate
peel were anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids.
During storage, some changes in polyphenolic contents
may occur. The study on the content changes of
polyphenolic compounds of pomegranate peel and arils
during storage for 50 days at a temperature of 5oC was
undertaken. The change patterns of pomegranate peel
and aril were different among different phenolic
compounds. The concentrations of the major phenolic
compounds detected in arils and peels decreased during
storage, except for syringic acid, catechin acid, p-
coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid,
epicatechin, and dihydroquercetin (in arils). In addition,
some phenolic compounds were decreased in
pomegranate peel except syringic acid, catechin acid, p-
coumaric acid, and dihydromyricetin during storage.
These changes may relate to enzymatic activities. The
information on changes in polyphenolic contents is
useful for management during postharvest treatments to
maintain the quality of pomegranate fruits (Liu et al.,
2021).
Polyphenolics can be divided into two types:
extractable (soluble in aqueous−organic solvents) and
non-extractable polyphenols (NEPPs, which are not
soluble in aqueous−organic solvents (Pérez-Ramírez et
al., 2018). The main extractable phenolic compounds
were anthocyanins, gallotannins and gallagyl derivatives,
while the main non-extractable phenolic compounds
include vanillic acid and dihydroxybenzoic acid. Six
compounds were then isolated from the EtOAc extracts
whose structures were identified as β-sitosterol-3-O-
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glycoside (1), β-sitosterol (2), ursolic acid (3), corosolic
acid (4), asiatic acid (5) and arjunolic acid (6). Using
supercritical extraction CO2: EtOH, punicalagin α-
anomer, punicalagin β–anome and ellagic acid were
isolated (Harscoat-Schiavo et al., 2021).
The identified polyphenolic compounds in
pomegranate fruit are grouped into (1) ellagitannins
(hydrolyzable tannins) such as corilagin, granatin A and
B, tellimagrandin, pedunculagin, punicalagin (a unique
compound to pomegranate which is found in the seeds,
peel, leaves and juice) with the chemical structure in
Figure 2; (2) anthocyanins and their derivatives (sugar
derivatives of delphinidin, cyanidin and pelargonidin
such as delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3,5-
diglucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-
diglucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and pelargonidin -
3,5-diglucoside, and punicalin with chemical structures
in Figure 3; (3) derivatives of ellagic acid; (4) flavanols
such as kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin, flavones;
(4) flavan-3-ols such as catechin, epicatechin and
epigallactocatechin 3-gallate; (5) hydroxybenzoic acids
and their derivatives; (6) hydroxycinnamic acids and
their derivatives, as compiled in Table 2 (Topalović et
al., 2021; Wong et al., 2021).
7. Biological activities of pomegranate polyphenols
Some biological activities on pomegranate
polyphenols have been reported including antibacterial
and antioxidants (Govindappa et al., 2021). The
antibacterial activities and antioxidant activities of
pomegranate peel extracts extracted using high pressure
and enzymatic assisted extraction have been evaluated.
The chemometrics of principal component analyses
exhibited that antioxidant activity and phenolic
compound content were strongly related to the
antimicrobial activity (Alexandre et al., 2019).
Pomegranate is a very special fruit with a lot of
efficacies and benefits. It is closely related to the fact
that the Quran particularly mentions pomegranate in the
QC. Al-Rahman verses 68-69, "In both of them will be
[all kinds of] fruit, and date-palms and pomegranates.
Then which of your Lord’s favours will you both deny?”.
The Quran does not mention a type of vegetation unless
it is the top organism of its species. Therefore, modern
scientific commentators of the Quran state that the
pomegranate conceives scientific miracles, which are
very beneficial for human life. These benefits did not
only appear in the days when this verse was revealed but
also existed in ancient times. Pomegranate has been
utilized for treatment in the times of the Pharaoh Kings
to treat their people who were infected by certain
diseases (Al-Muslih, 2009).
In the Islamic period, some scholars referred to some
benefits that pomegranate has. Ibn al-Qayyim reported a
hadith of treatment narrated by Ali R.A who heard the
prophet P.B.U.H saying: "Eat pomegranate with its fat
because it can heal stomach” (Hanbal, 2010). Ibn
Qayyim said that pomegranate is very good to strengthen
the stomach because it can soften it. It is also beneficial
for the oesophagus, chest, and lungs as well as
efficacious for treating coughs. Its water can make the
stomach feel relieved, facilitate nutrient supplies in the
Figure 2. Anthocyanins present in pomegranate fruit (Wong
et al., 2021).
Figure 3. The representative structures of phenolic compounds
identified in pomegranate
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Anthocyanins and their derivative
• Cyanidin-3,5-caffeoyl hexoside
• Cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside
• Cyanidin-3,5-pentoside hexoside
• Cyanidin-3-galactoside
• Cyanidin-3-glucoside
• Delphinidin-3,5-pentoside hexoside
• Delphinidin-3-glucoside
• Delphinidin-caffeoyl
• Delphinidin-dihexoside
• Delphinidin-trihexoside
• Epiafzelechin-cyanidin-dihexoside
• Epiafzelechin-cyanidin-hexoside
• Epiafzelechin-delphinidin-hexoside
• Epicatechin-cyanidin-3,5-dihexoside
• Epicatechin-delphinidin-3,5-dihexoside
• Epicatechin-delphinidin-hexoside
• Epicatechin-pelargonidin-hexoside
• Epigallocatechin-cyanidin-3,5-dihexoside
• Epigallocatechin-cyanidin-hexoside
• Epigallocatechin-delphinidin-3,5-dihexoside
• Epigallocatechin-delphinidin-hexoside
• Pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside
• Pelargonidin-3,5-pentoside hexoside
Ellagitannins and derivatives of ellagic acid
• Brevifolin carboxylic acid
• Casuarinin
• Ellagic acid
• Ellagic acid (p-coumaroyl) hexoside
• Ellagic acid derivative
• Ellagic acid dihexoside
• Ellagic acid galloyl hexoside
• Ellagic acid hexoside
• Ellagic acid pentoside 1
• Ellagic acid pentoside 2
• Ellagic acid rhamnoside
• Ellagitannin 1
• Ellagitannin 10
• Ellagitannin 11
• Ellagitannin 2
• Ellagitannin 3
• Ellagitannin 4
• Ellagitannin 5
• Ellagitannin 6
• Ellagitannin 7
• Ellagitannin 8
• Ellagitannin 9
• Granatin A
• Lagerstannin A
• Lagerstannin C
• Pedunculagin 1
• Pedunculagin 2
• Pedunculagin 3
• Pedunculagin 4
• Pedunculagin derivative
• Punicalin derivative 1
• Punicalin derivative 2
• Punigluconin 1
• Punigluconin 2
Flavonol glycosides
• Kaempferol hexoside
• Dihydrokaempferol hexoside
• Syringetin hexoside 1
• Syringetin hexoside 2
Flavones
• Apigenin rhamnoside
Flavanols
• Catechin
• Epicatechin
• Procyanidin dimer 1
• Procyanidin dimer 2
• Procyanidin dimer 3
• Procyanidin dimer 4
• Procyanidin dimer 5
• Procyanidin trimer 1
• Procyanidin trimer 2
• Procyanidin trimer 3
Hydroxybenzoic acids and their derivatives
• Gallic acid
• Vanillic acid hexoside
• Monogalloyl hexoside
• Hexahydroxydiphenic acid hexoside
• Digalloyl-hexoside 1
• Digalloyl hexoside 2
• Vanillic acid dihexoside
• Gallagic acid
• Galloyl ester
• Digalloyl hexahydroxydiphenic acid hexoside 1
• Digalloyl-hexahydroxydiphenic acid hexoside 2
• Gallotannin
• Galloyl gallagyl hexoside Gallagyl ester 1 Gallagyl ester 2
• Tri-hexahydroxydiphenic acid hexoside 1
• Tri-hexahydroxydiphenic acid hexoside 2
Hydroxycinnamic acids and their derivatives
• p-coumaric acid hexoside
• 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid
• Caffeic acid hexoside 1
• Caffeic acid hexoside 2
• 3-caffeoylquinic acid
• 5-caffeoylquinic acid 1
• 5-caffeoylquinic acid 2
Table 2. Some phenolic compounds identified in pomegranate fruits (Topalović et al., 2021).
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body, and strengthen memory (Al-Jauziyah, 2012).
In modern alternative medical treatment, all elements
of the pomegranate fruit tree are efficacious for
treatment, starting from its flesh of fruit, seeds, flowers,
leaves, rinds, and barks, to its root, which can serve as
medicine. Pomegranate fruit produces anthocyanin,
sugar, ascorbic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, caffeic
acid; catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and many
minerals, especially iron, and amino acid (Jurenka,
2008). Fakhruddin al-Razi in his exegesis stated that
sweet pomegranate serves to strain the shaft of male
genitals; meanwhile, the sour one can eliminate sexual
stimulus. The sweet pomegranate causes thirst, while the
sour one relieves jaundice and discontinues vomiting (Al
-Rāzī, 2012).
Besides, pomegranate can also cleanse and open the
respiratory tract for people suffering from flu. Its juice
may also serve as sweet thick syrup which is the most
well-preserved acidity. This syrup can be added to any
food and medically used to treat various diseases on the
mouth and gums (Al-Najjar, 2006). Its antioxidant
content is also higher than that in green tea, cranberry
juice, and orange juice. The benefits of the fruit which
grows a lot in Iran, northern India, and Southeast Asia-
including Indonesia- are no longer just a myth nor an
advertising campaign. Even more, both red and white
pomegranates are equally efficacious. They can serve as
herbs to prevent cancer, antidiarrhea, increase or
decrease weight, delay skin-ageing, protect the heart and
decrease cholesterol levels (Menezes et al., 2006).
Pomegranate's root and bark comprise ellagitannins,
including punicalin and punicalagin; piperidine alkaloids
(Jurenka, 2008). Its root bark can be used to eradicate
worms because it contains a lot of pelletierene alkaloids.
To make such content in high doses is by boiling its root
bark in 50 g for every 1 L of water for a quarter-hour
time. This stew is then consumed as many as
approximately one glass each morning (Al-Husaini,
2015). This potion can sometimes result in indications of
virulence, headache, nausea, and vomiting. To avoid the
occurrence of these poisoning symptoms, this root bark
should be mixed with other ingredients which can
restrain bleeding, such as tannins. Thus, absorption of
the solvent materials becomes slower. The root bark also
comprises various materials which can restrain bleeding
in high doses (Ahmad, 2003).
Meanwhile, pomegranate bark contains phenolic
punicalagin, gallic acid, fatty acid; catechin,
epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), quercetin, rutin,
flavonol, flavone, flavanone, anthocyanidin. Besides, its
outer bark contains tannic acid, the material which can
restrain bleeding. Therefore, the dried pomegranate bark
powder can serve as a remedy to ward off diarrhoea and
dysentery (Al-Futuh, 2006). It can also be used to
withstand blood discharge in the digestive tract.
Meanwhile, the boiled one also provides the same
benefits and can be used to ward off caterpillars or
worms, particularly tapeworms. This is because, on its
bark, there are pelletierene alkaloid materials. The bark
can also benefit people as anti-ageing material, they
make use of it to colour their skins along with the tree
(Ṭayyāra, 2009).
Pomegranate is very beneficial for elderly women.
Based on a study by Hidaka et al. (2005) it has an
estrogenic effect, which is to ward off menopausal
disorders and prevent reproductive organ cancer. By
drinking a glass of pomegranate juice every day, people
approaching menopause will get 100 mL of polyphenol
antioxidant compounds. These compounds can paralyze
cancer cells and restore artery wall hardening. The
phytoestrogens content in pomegranate can reduce
menopausal symptoms and strengthen bones.
Pomegranate is a fruit that refreshes the body and
strengthens the heart and nerves. It is beneficial to cure
people with weak nerves as well as to smoothen the
digestive tract. Its juice which is dripped down the nose,
either mixed with honey or not, can avoid the occurrence
of polyps because it restrains blood vessels (Al-Bagdadi,
1994). The juice is a potion that is nutritious and
refreshing, because it contains high enough
carbohydrates, and salt, and is rich in vitamins,
especially vitamin C. The juice can also exterminate
germs with a comparison of 1:60 bacteria (Al-Audat,
1994). The bark, stem, and root of the pomegranate tree
comprise no less than 20% of tannins. Pomegranate fruit
is an easily hydrolyzed tannin, in the form of
punicalagin. Punicalagin is an ellagitannin found only in
pomegranate fruit. Punicalagin has isomer structures,
that is, 2,3-(S)-Hexahydroxydiphenoyl-4,6-(S, S)-galagil
-D-glucose (Kumari et al., 2016). Its bark, stem, and root
contain no less than 20% of tannins. Of the existing
tannins are four separate alkaloids; first, pelletierine
alkaloid called also punicine; second, isopelletierine
alkaloid; third, ethyl pelletierine alkaloid; and fourth, the
pseudo-pelletierine alkaloid also called Methylgrantanine
(Ṭalbah, 2011). Pomegranate also contains other
polyphenol compounds, that is, catechin, and
gallocatechin, as well as anthocyanin compounds such as
prodelphinidin, delphinidin, cyanidin, and pelargonidin
(Mertens-Talcott et al., 2006).
In Western countries, pomegranate usually appears
in the fall. Now, food manufacturers add this fruit to
chocolate, chewing gum, or made into juice. In 2005,
215 new foods and beverages were recorded containing
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pomegranate in the United States. Pomegranate is a
versatile plant. Besides consumption, it is also made as
juice for medication. This fruit contains many benefits.
in addition to a great number of antioxidants, it helps
prevent heart disease and stroke, and the seeds in each
pomegranate grain contain fibre which is very beneficial
for the body's immunity (Olivia, 2015).
7.1 Antibacterial activities
Antibacterial activities have been described in
several studies using in vitro methods such as agar disc
diffusion assays and/or minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC). Some extracts of Pomegranate
peels extracted by conventional extraction (CE) based on
liquid-solid extraction using a water bath, extraction
assisted by infrared irradiation (IR), ultrasound-assisted
extraction (UAE), extraction using pulsed electric fields
(PEF), and extraction using high-voltage electrical
discharges (HVED) are evaluated for antibacterial
activities using Gram-negative bacteria of Escherichia
coli and Gram-positive bacteria of Staphylococcus
aureus. The inhibition of polyphenol-rich extracts is
assessed using the ELISA technique. Based on HPLC
studies, all extract contains high levels of ellagic and
gallic acids (polyphenols). All extracts exhibited
antibacterial activities with the inhibition efficiency
toward S. aureus up to approximately 80% as compared
to E. coli (up to approximately 33%) (Rajha et al., 2019).
Phloretin and coumaric acid present in pomegranate fruit
exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against
Staphylococcus epidermidis, while punigratane revealed
the most substantial antimicrobial effect on Micrococcus
kristinae (Nazeam et al., 2020).
Giménez-Bastida et al. (2021) have compared the
antibacterial activities of different parts of the
pomegranate fruit. The pomegranate peel revealed strong
antibacterial activities, compared to the other parts
(flower, leaf, and stem), against Salmonella enterica,
Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei, Enterococcus faecalis,
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. These
antimicrobial activities are primarily attributed to the
polyphenolic compounds, including high tannin content,
especially punicalagin. The other polyphenolic
compounds identified are gallic acid, punicalagin-α,
punicalagin-β, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin,
and ellagic acid. However, it is believed that
antimicrobial activities not only depend on a single or an
individual component but also due to various
metabolites.
The antibacterial activity of water extract of black
peel pomegranate and silver nanoparticles synthesized by
water extract toward strains of gram-positive and gram-
negative. Both extract and silver nanoparticles exhibited
potent antibacterial activities toward Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus
(gram-positive), although P. aeruginosa was less
sensitive to both samples. The nanoparticles made from
water extracts were more effective as bacteriostatic than
water extracts with a minimum bacteriostatic
concentration of nanoparticles of 40–65 μg/mL. From
this result, silver nanoparticles synthesized by water
extract of black peel pomegranate can be considered as a
high potential agent to combat infectious diseases due to
its significant bacteriostatic activity (Khorrami et al.,
2020).
7.2 Antioxidant activities
Antioxidant activities of pomegranate fruits and their
parts either in vitro or in vivo in animal models have
been reported (Akuru et al., 2020). In vitro, the
antioxidant activities of pomegranate were evaluated by
radical scavenging of DPPH (2,2’-diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis (3-
ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), FRAP (ferric-
reducing antioxidant), metal chelating activity, reducing
power assay, β-carotene bleaching assay, ORAC
(oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay, NBT
(nitroblue tetrazolium chloride) assay, TOSC (total
oxyradical scavenging capacity) assay, ferrous ion
chelating, superoxide radical scavenging activity and
lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (Smaoui et al.,
2019). Polyphenols extracted from pomegranate peel
using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) revealed high
antioxidant activities using radical scavenging activity of
DPPH of 94.91%, due to high content of punicalagin
(143.64 mg/g dry matter) as determined by HPLC
analysis (Kaderides et al., 2019).
The antioxidant activities of 70% ethanolic extract of
pomegranate peel and its fractions (petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, butanol and water) obtained using liquid-
liquid extractions have been evaluated by in vitro
methods. Butanol and ethyl acetate was the most active
fractions as radical scavenger toward DPPH ABTS
radicals. In addition, water fraction showed the strongest
activity in FRAP and β-carotene bleaching tests (Šavikin
et al., 2018).
Some clinical studies have been conducted related to
the health benefits of pomegranate juices and extracts.
Giménez-Bastida et al. (2021) informed that the most
promising effects in clinical studies are related to the
improvement of blood pressure. In addition, the activities
related to inflammation, cancer, cognitive function, and
physical activity are less evident. The evidence on
humans during clinical studies remains inconsistent,
making it difficult to support most claimed health
effects. The difference in clinical study results might be
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attributable to design limitations, including insufficient
product characterization and inter-individual variability
which influence the efficiency of pomegranate
polyphenols.
8. Conclusion
Pomegranate is mentioned three times in the Qur'an.
Classic commentators have different ways of interpreting
it from modern ones who relate it to scientific
hermeneutics. The former generally interpreted the
verses on pomegranate as a special fruit that is
mentioned by the Qur’an besides dates. Meanwhile, the
latter stated that pomegranate contains scientific
miracles, which are very beneficial for humans’ life
since its tree components have medical efficacies,
starting from its pulp, seeds, flowers, leaves, rind, bark,
to roots which can be formulated into cosmetic and
herbal medication. From a scientific perspective,
pomegranate fruit and its part contained bioactive
compounds, especially polyphenols, having some
biological activities which are beneficial to human
health.
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