Culture, Technology and the Image: Techniques of Engaging with Visual Culture
Abstract
Culture, Technology and the Image explores the technologies deployed when images are archived, accessed and distributed. The chapters discuss the ways in which habits and techniques used in learning and communicating knowledge about images are affected by technological developments. The volume discusses a wide range of issues, including access and participation; research, pedagogy and teaching; curation and documentation; circulation and re-use; and conservation and preservation.
... Furthermore, because of their relationship with recent technological changes in creation and dissemination, this type of research even questions the methodologies used to analyze and classify these images (Fernández-Mallo, 2018). In this way, a holistic, me-All audiovisual text, as a symbolic production, bears a close relationship with the cultural framework in which it arises and, in this sense, is loaded with the ideology of its social, political, and economic context thodologically transversal approach to the study of images has emerged, taking as a starting point postdigital esthetics (Berry; Dieter, 2018), semiotic reflection, and textual analysis, as well as their relationship with journalistic narratives (Jordan, 2019) and the diverse intersections between art, communication, and technology (Pilcher, 2020). In this line of work, one can highlight studies as intriguing as the analysis by Javier Acevedo of the existence of new digital protest spaces (Tik Tok and Instagram) in which virtual activists can develop (Acevedo-Nieto, 2020), as well as the four volumes of the notable series on Reimagining communication, edited by Michael Filimowicz and Veronika Tzankova and published by Routledge, which proposes to study the image along four different axes of relection: experience, mediation, meaning, and action (Filimowicz; Tzankova, 2020). ...
A reflection on the role of images in the post-truth era and on the concept of image itself, which constitutes a central object of study in the field of communication sciences, is presented. The conceptual complexity –semiotic and symbolic– of the image is shown, which explains the diversity of approaches in studies on images. Then, several proposals are exposed for the study of images in the current context of disinformation. Finally, a brief reflection is developed on the need to analyse audiovisual texts in the society of spectacle and post-truth. Resumen Reflexión sobre el papel de las imágenes en la era de la posverdad y acerca del propio concepto de imagen, que constituye un objeto de estudio central en el campo de las ciencias de la comunicación. Se muestra la complejidad conceptual –semiótica y simbólica– de la imagen, que explica la diversidad de aproximaciones en los estudios sobre las imágenes. A continuación, se presentan propuestas para el estudio de las imágenes en el actual contexto de la desinformación. Finalmente, se desarrolla una breve reflexión sobre la necesidad del análisis de los textos audiovisuales en la sociedad del espectáculo y de la posverdad.
... Thescholarlycontributiontomultimediapedagogyandjournalisticexpeditionareexpectedto understandfirstthetermmultimediaasitappliedtothemethodologyofteachingandlearningfor effectiveclassroommanagementwithaimtoimprovethequalityoflearningoutcomes(Kukulska-Hulmeetal.,2020).However,withinthecontextofjournalismandmassmediapractice,multimedia through its dynamic characteristics, helps to present facts, occurrences, events and journalistic scenarios in its raw and factual representation without suppression and distortion of evidential ingredients.Factswithevidentialproveoforiginality,audionarrations,videodisplaywillremove distortive narratives which will undoubtedly authenticate the information sources in journalistic reportages (Pilcher, 2020). The multimedia pedagogy will require a technological setting that creativelycombinedcomputerhardware,softwareandmediatoolsthatwillallowsforintegrationof videos,animation,audio,graphics,textresources,creativeeffectsandlogic,insuchamannerthat informationcanbeaccessedinteractivelywithanyinformationprocessingdevice (Matthew,2019). ...
The direct consequences of the digital media technology and its impression on the current society proposed that we are at the inception of a brand new dispensation of industrial revolution regarded as the information age, conceivably pointing to a paperless civilization in which all media are manufactured and utilized on the digital platforms. To uphold the ideology and philosophy of objective journalism, the journalists should portray all the facts whether or not they favour or agree with those of the facts, especially on the contrary. The technology-based innovations can form the basis for effective
approaches to help journalists develop high thinking, analytical, and programmatic skills toward objectivism in the philosophy of people, primarily for the purpose of journalistic realizations. The current paper modelled technology approaches in which innovative digital media can be implemented within the physically-organized educational setting in demonstrating support for objective journalism, utilizing 244 randomly selected final year mass communication students.
The Traces through Time project, which ran at The UK National Archives in 2015, developed algorithms and tools to link people appearing in historical records and to assign robust measures of confidence to the connections that are made. The method has application across the digital humanities, including for biographical research. Fuzzy matching relies on the availability of background statistics on the population, the distribution of data values, data quality and the type and frequency of errors. This paper describes work to refine the original algorithms through implementation of a learning approach in which insights arising from one analysis are fed back into the algorithm to improve the baseline statistics for subsequent analyses. We find that this iterative approach delivers significant improvements over 'raw' scoring mechanisms. It enables us to carefully target the type and degree of fuzzy matching to be applied and can help balance the poor precision that results from allowing increased 'fuzziness' against the poor recall that arises from a more restrictive approach. Future work will extend the approach beyond names and dates of birth, and will embed these enhancements into the Traces through Time framework and tools.
The introduction of time-series graphs into British economics in the 19 century depended on the « timing » of history. This involved reconceptualizing history into events which were both comparable and measurable and standardized by time unit. Yet classical economists in Britain in the early 19th century viewed history as a set of heterogenous and complex events and statistical tables as giving unrelated facts. Both these attitudes had to be broken down before time-series graphs could be brought into use for revealing regularities in economic events by the century's end.
Event sequence analysis is an important task in many domains: medical researchers may study the patterns of transfers within the hospital for quality control; transportation experts may study accident response logs to identify best practices. In many cases they deal with thousands of records. While previous research has focused on searching and browsing, overview tasks are often overlooked. We introduce a novel interactive visual overview of event sequences called LifeFlow. LifeFlow is scalable, can summarize all possible sequences, and represents the temporal spacing of the events within sequences. In this video, we show an example of patient transfer data and briefly demonstrate how to analyze them with LifeFlow. Please see [11] or visit http:www.cs.umd.eduhcillifeflow for more detail.
A revolution in clock technology in England during the 1660s allowed people to measure time more accurately, attend to it more minutely, and possess it more privately than previously imaginable. In this text, Stuart Sherman argues that innovations in prose emerged simultaneously with this technological breakthrough, enabling authors to recount the new kind of time by which England was learning to live and work. Through readings of Samuel Pepys's diary, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele's daily "Spectator", the travel writings of Samuel Johnson and James Boswell and the novels of Daniel Defoe and Frances Burney, Sherman traces the development of a new way of counting time in prose - the diurnal structure of consecutively dated installments - within the cultural context of the daily institutions that gave it form and motion.
A comparative analysis is given of the history of the three main forms of surface transport in the UK: the canal, railway, and car/road systems. There are common features in each of these systems, in terms of growth, technology utilization, and eventual decline. The analysis suggests that the era of dominance of surface transport by the automobile is now drawing to an end, and that it is reasonable to expect a new form of transport to come into being, involving new vehicles matched to a new infrastructure, and designed to meet new requirements, notably the issues of sustainability.
The growing volume and variety of data presents both opportunities and challenges for visual analytics. Addressing these challenges is needed for big data to provide valuable insights and novel solutions for business, security, social media, and healthcare. In the case of temporal event sequence analytics it is the number of events in the data and variety of temporal sequence patterns that challenges users of visual analytic tools. This paper describes 15 strategies for sharpening analytic focus that analysts can use to reduce the data volume and pattern variety. Four groups of strategies are proposed: (1) extraction strategies, (2) temporal folding, (3) pattern simplification strategies, and (4) iterative strategies. For each strategy, we provide examples of the use and impact of this strategy on volume and/or variety. Examples are selected from 20 case studies gathered from either our own work, the literature, or based on email interviews with individuals who conducted the analyses and developers who observed analysts using the tools. Finally, we discuss how these strategies might be combined and report on the feedback from 10 senior event sequence analysts.
Modern city-dwellers suffer their share of unpleasant experiences-traffic jams, noisy neighbors, pollution, food scares-but urban nuisances of the past existed on a different scale entirely, this book explains in vivid detail. Focusing on offenses to the eyes, ears, noses, taste buds, and skin of inhabitants of England's pre-Industrial Revolution cities, Hubbub transports us to a world in which residents were scarred by smallpox, refuse rotted in the streets, pigs and dogs roamed free, and food hygiene consisted of little more than spit and polish. Through the stories of a large cast of characters from varied walks of life, the book compares what daily life was like in different cities across England from 1600 to 1770. Using a vast array of sources, from novels to records of urban administration to diaries, Emily Cockayne populates her book with anecdotes from the quirky lives of the famous and the obscure-all of whom confronted urban nuisances and physical ailments. Each chapter addresses an unpleasant aspect of city life (noise, violence, moldy food, smelly streets, poor air quality), and the volume is enhanced with a rich array of illustrations. Awakening both our senses and our imaginations, Cockayne creates a nuanced portrait of early modern English city life, unparalleled in breadth and unforgettable in detail.
At what point did machines and technology begin to have an impact on the cultural consciousness and imagination of Europe? How was this reflected through the art and literature of the time? Was technology a sign of the fall of humanity from its original state of innocence or a sign of human progress and mastery over the natural world? In his characteristically lucid and captivating style, Jonathan Sawday investigates these questions and more by engaging with the poetry, philosophy, art, and engineering of the period to find the lost world of the machine in the pre-industrial culture of the European Renaissance. The aesthetic and intellectual dimension of these machines appealed to familiar figures such as Shakespeare, Francis Bacon, Montaigne, and Leonardo da Vinci as well as to a host of lesser known writers and artists in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. This intellectual engagement with machines in the European Renaissance gave rise to new attitudes towards gender, work and labour, and even fostered the new sciences of artificial life and reason which would be pursued by figures such as Descartes, Hobbes, and Leibniz in the seventeenth century. Writers, philosophers and artists had mixed and often conflicting reactions to technology, reflecting a paradoxical attitude between modern progress and traditional values. Underpinning the enthusiastic creation of a machine-driven world, then, were stories of loss and catastrophe. These contradictory attitudes are part of the legacy of the European Renaissance, just as much as the plays of Shakespeare or the poetry of John Milton. And this historical legacy helps to explain many of our own attitudes towards the technology that surrounds us, sustains us, and sometimes perplexes us in the modern world.
This article provides a brief description of Neatline, an open-source, Web-based suite of software produced by the Scholars'
Lab at the University of Virginia Library. Neatline allows scholars and curators to interpret digitized cultural heritage
collections with special attention to their temporal and geospatial dimensions. Here we describe the theoretical goals of
Neatline, pragmatic decisions made during development of the toolset, and its primary features and affordances.
This book discusses the career of Charles Babbage (1791-1871), British advocate of the systematic use of science in industry and creator of machines that were precursors of the modern computer. Babbage used his immense personal charm and vitality in an attempt to change the thinking of contemporary industrialists who had little use for the higher reaches of science. Shifting his own energies from pure mathematics, he planned engines that would "calculate by steam": the Difference Engines, designed to compute tables according to the method of finite differences, and the more complex Analytical Engines, forerunners of the modern computer. Almost forgotten and then rediscovered in the middle of the twentieth century, the Analytical Engines are among the great intellectual achievements of humankind. This biography of their polymathic inventor gives a convincing account of his tragic personal life and his important place in the history of science.
Labitur et labetur in omne volubilis aevum
In historiography, the idea of time is expressed through a variety of figures, not the least of which is the line. Indeed, in temporal representation in general, the linear metaphor appears virtually everywhere. As W. J. T. Mitchell and others have argued, much of the language that we use to talk about time already implies this turn. In visual art, the same holds true: from the most ancient images of time to the most modern, the line appears as a central figure. The linear metaphor is ubiquitous in everyday visual representations, too, in almanacs, calendars, charts, and graphs of all sorts. So it comes as something of a surprise to discover that it was only quite recently that scholars first thought to represent chronological relationships among historical events by placing them on a measured timeline. This fact is not only surprising in retrospect: in the 1750s and 60s, when the modern timeline was first introduced, observers found it equally strange.
Certainly, there was no technical reason why a regular timeline could not have been created earlier. Technologies of printing had long been available, as had techniques for geometrical plotting far more complex than were necessary for this application. Nor was the problem of inscribing chronology new in the Enlightenment. To the contrary, every historical culture has produced its own mechanisms of chronological inscription. The Persians had their king lists; the Greeks, their tables of Olympiads; the Romans, their fasti, and so forth, and in Europe, during the Middle Ages and the early modern period, scholars argued the fine points of Biblical chronology, producing many volumes of tables and calculations. Indeed, it is conventional wisdom that such mechanisms of chronology necessarily precede and form the basis for fully developed historical narrative. But, in fact, the history of chronography does not precede that of historiography: the two are intertwined, responding to related intellectual and cultural changes, and to one another. (fig.1)
The most influential timelines published in the eighteenth century were the Chart of Biography (1765) and the New Chart of History (1769) created by the scientist and theologian, Joseph Priestley (1733–1804). Priestley's charts were immediately praised and widely copied. Together, the two works went through more than twenty editions, the latest appearing in 1820. Variations on them can be found in works as different as James Playfair's antiquarian System of Chronology of 1784 and Nicolas Chantreau's theoretical manifesto Science de l'histoire of 1803; editions of other works which draw directly on Priestley's charts, such as G. P. Putnam's Chronology, remained in print well into the twentieth century.
It was not only scholars who imitated Priestley's timeline; during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, readers of history books themselves began taking notes with the assistance of this new device. Manuscript notes in copies of Priestley's books attest to the skill that his readers quickly acquired in making their own timelines and in annotating his. In some instances, these additions and revisions became the basis for new printed charts, in others, they were used and circulated in manuscript: John Dickinson, a signer of the American Declaration of Independence and an early governor of Delaware received as a gift a two foot by two foot handmade chart of history after the style of Priestley. Related graphic forms can also be found in a wide range of different applications in the late eighteenth century including Thomas Jefferson's 1782 chart of the growing seasons of vegetables.
All of this is especially striking because Priestley is not principally remembered as a historian. The bulk of his immense published corpus is devoted to questions in theology and natural philosophy, and his importance in these domains cannot be overestimated. Whether for his radical religious and political views or for his scientific discoveries (oxygen only the most notable among them), Priestley was a figure of tremendous public interest throughout the second half of the eighteenth century. By 1791, Priestley had become such a polarizing figure, that his...
Emma Hart Willard (1787–1870) authored one of the most widely printed textbooks of United States history, and created the first historical atlas of the United States. By drawing maps, graphs, and pictures of the country's past, Willard helped translate the fact of the country as a physical entity into the much more powerful fact of the country as a nation. Given the current academic preoccupation with the production, experience, and depiction of space, Willard's experimentation with the relationship of history and geography is highly worthy of close attention. Willard used the spatial dimension of the American past to engage students, develop their memories, integrate history and geography, and—most importantly—to consolidate national identity. In the process, learning itself became an act of nationalism.
1st ed. in Tribun EU Na obálce chybně jméno autora: Johnathan Swifft
Information uncertainty which is inherent in many real world applications brings more complexity to the visualisation problem. Despite the increasing number of research papers found in the literature, much more work is needed. The aims of this chapter are threefold: (1) to provide a comprehensive analysis of the requirements of visualisation of information uncertainty and their dimensions of complexity; (2) to review and assess current progress; and (3) to discuss remaining research challenges. We focus on four areas: information uncertainty modelling, visualisation techniques, management of information uncertainty modelling, propagation and visualisation, and the uptake of uncertainty visualisation in application domains.
Radically reorienting our understanding of the Enlightenment, this book explores the complex relations between "enlightened" values and the making of scientific knowledge. Here monsters and automata, barometers and botanical gardens, polite academies and boisterous clubs are all given their due place in the landscape of enlightened Europe. The contributors examine the production of new disciplines through work with instruments and techniques; consider how institutions of public taste and conversation helped provide a common frame for the study of human and nonhuman natures; and explore the regional operations of scientific culture at the geographical fringes of Europe. Implicated in the rise of both fascism and liberal secularism, the moral and political values that shaped the Enlightenment remain controversial today. Through careful scrutiny of how these values influenced and were influenced by the concrete practices of its sciences, this book gives us an entirely new sense of the Enlightenment.
In this sweeping study of the organization of time, Dohrn-van Rossum offers fresh insight into the history of the mechanical clock and its influence on European society from the late Middle Ages to the industrial revolution. Detailing the clock's effects on social activity, he presents a vivid picture of a society regulated by the precise measurement of identical hours. "In tracing the evolution of time consciousness with scholarship and skill . . . Dohrn-van Rossum evokes the many ways that the small moments of life have come to be reckoned with the passage of time."âDava Sobel, Civilization "Dohrn-van Rossum paints a highly nuanced picture of time's conquest of modern life."âSteven Lagerfeld, Wilson Quarterly "This book is definitive in showing the clock's pervasive influence over European society."âVirginia Quarterly Review "[A] delightful, excellently translated history."âChoice "Dohrn-van Rossum has produced a persuasive and brilliantly documented new understanding of how modern time-consciousness arose."âOwen Gingerich, Nature
Augusta Ada Lovelace worked with Charles Babbage to create a description of Babbage's unbuilt invention, the analytical engine, a highly advanced mechanical calculator often considered a forerunner of the electronic calculating computers of the 20th century. Ada Lovelace's "notes," describing the analytical engine, published in Taylor's scientific memoirs in 1843, contained a ground-breaking description of the possibilities of programming the machine to go beyond number-crunching to "computing" in the wider sense in which we understand the term today. We expand on research first presented by the authors in their documentary film, to dream tomorrow.
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