Effect of Different Type Light and Growing Medium on the Growth and Flowering of Two Cultivars of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)

Abstract

This study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Horticulture Department Nursery, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, Duhok University, Kurdistan region, Iraq, for the period from 1st Aug 2020 to 1st Mar 2021, to study the effect of five supplemental light (control, natural light, Incandescent 14, Incandescent 18, mixed 14, mixed 18) hours daily and three growing medium (river soil, river soil + 30% local compost, river soil + 60% local compost) on some vegetative growth and flowering of two cultivars of carnation plant. The best results (fewest days) for the number of days from planting to bud emergence, visible flower colour, and anthesis were obtained when the plants were exposed to mixed light colours or incandescent lamps for a 14-hour treatment, Also this treatments were significantly superior in the other characteristics like plant height, flower length and flower diameter compared to the control. Medium with 60% local compost significantly increased all the studied characteristics compared with other mediums. The Ormea (Red) cultivar was significantly superior to the Moonlight cultivar in all studies of characteristics and was early in day numbers for bud emergence, visible flower colour, and anthesis. All second interactions between the investigated factors had a significant influence in all studied characteristics. In addition, the triple interaction between the three factors had a significant impact on all characteristics, including the least days or fewest days to flower anthesis of the Ormea cultivar when planted on medium containing 60% local compost under incandescent 14h, which took 101.80 days compared 176.27 days, with an early reach of 74.47 days for the control. The Moonlight (white) cultivar required the fewest days, 128.93 days, for a medium containing 60% compost under mixed 14h, which needed 123.93 days, compared to the control, which required 195.87 days with an early flowering rate of 71.94 days.

Full text

60
Abstract: This study was carried out in the greenhouse of the Horticulture Department
Nursery, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, Duhok University, Kurdistan region,
Iraq, for the period from 1st Aug 2020 to 1st Mar 2021, to study the effect of five supplemental
light (control, natural light, Incandescent 14, Incandescent 18, mixed 14, mixed 18) hours
daily and three growing medium (river soil, river soil + 30% local compost, river soil + 60%
local compost) on some vegetative growth and flowering of two cultivars of carnation plant.
The best results (fewest days) for the number of days from planting to bud emergence, visible
flower colour, and anthesis were obtained when the plants were exposed to mixed light colours
or incandescent lamps for a 14-hour treatment, Also this treatments were significantly superior
in the other characteristics like plant height, flower length and flower diameter compared to
the control. Medium with 60% local compost significantly increased all the studied
characteristics compared with other mediums. The Ormea (Red) cultivar was significantly
superior to the Moonlight cultivar in all studies of characteristics and was early in day numbers
for bud emergence, visible flower colour, and anthesis. All second interactions between the
investigated factors had a significant influence in all studied characteristics. In addition, the
triple interaction between the three factors had a significant impact on all characteristics,
including the least days or fewest days to flower anthesis of the Ormea cultivar when planted
on medium containing 60% local compost under incandescent 14h, which took 101.80 days
compared 176.27 days, with an early reach of 74.47 days for the control. The Moonlight
(white) cultivar required the fewest days, 128.93 days, for a medium containing 60% compost
under mixed 14h, which needed 123.93 days, compared to the control, which required 195.87
days with an early flowering rate of 71.94 days.
Key words: Carnation plant, Cultivars, Growing medium, Type of light.
Introduction
Carnation plant Dianthus caryophyllus L. is a
member of the Caryophylaceae family. Some
carnation varieties are annual, biennial, or
perennial. They are used as bedding plants and
for cut flower production (Dole & Wilkins,
2005). The common name for the genus
Dianthus is carnation plant. Distribution of
carnation plant is likely to have originated from
Available online at http://bjas.bajas.edu.iq
https://doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2022.35.2.05
College of Agriculture, University of Basrah
Basrah Journal
of Agricultural
Sciences
ISSN 1814 – 5868 Basrah J. Agric. Sci. 35(2), 60-77, 2022 E-ISSN: 2520-0860
Effect of Different Type Light and Growing Medium on the Growth and
Flowering of Two Cultivars of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
Layla S. M. Al-Mizory * & Yousif H. Hammo
Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, Duhok University,
Kurdistan region, Iraq
*Corresponding author email: layla.shaaban@uod.ac, (Y.H.H.) yousif.hammo@uod.ac
Received 18
th
February 2022, Accepted 7
th
May 2022, available; Online 2
nd
September 2022

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61
the Mediterranean regions of Greece and Italy
(including Sicily and Sardinia), but the long time
in cultivation makes it difficult to confirm its
precise origin (Tutin & Walters, 1993).
Carnation is a major floricultural crop that is
widely cultivated for cut flowers and as
ornamental plants in gardens; in 2013, it was
ranked as the 16th most popular cut flower, with
a turnover of €24 million, compared to the
flower rose, which was ranked first with a
turnover of €780 million (FloraHolland, 2014;
Ahmed et al., 2018). Although carnations are
sold all-year round, they are especially in
demand for Valentine’s Day, Easter, Mother’s
Day, and Christmas. While standard carnations
are more popular, miniature carnations have
quickly gained popularity for their potential use
in floral arrangements and as a cut flower at a
low cost (Nowak & Rudnicki, 1990). Modern
carnation cultivars offer a diversity of colours,
shapes, and sizes not available in other flowering
plants. They are cultivated on a large scale in the
Mediterranean region. However, it can be
produced all over the world in greenhouses (El-
Naggar, 2009).
Flower initiation in carnations occurs when
the plant has 18 pairs of leaves (Whealy, 1992).
It usually blooms during the summer, when the
days are long. Flower bud development is
enhanced by high light intensity. Twenty to 30
long-days are required under low light and seven
to 14 days under high light intensities. A good
supply of light is required for high-quality
flower formation. Extremely high light intensity,
which exceeds the photosynthetic capability of
the plants, results in photo-inhibition, pale
foliage and flowers, whilst it is also possible that
plants will become burnt, The limitation of
photoprotection mechanisms in the leaf and the
results observed after the transfer of plants from
22.5% to 90% reinforce the possibility that a
photoinhibition is reflected in a decrease in
growth rate. (Stancato et al., 2002).
In order to grow cut flowers over a wide range
of seasons throughout the year, it becomes
readily apparent that crop management and
growth techniques must be periodically
modified if maximum yields are to be obtained
despite the differing climatic factors like light
and temperature (Cermeno et al., 2001). The
growing medium is one of the most important
factors that plays a key role in the quality and
quantity of carnation flower production (Nelson,
1991).
Yasmeen et al. (2012) found that commercial
varieties of carnation plants grow and flower in
parameters such as plant height, number of
branches per plant, length of branches, number
of leaves per plant, leaf area (cm2), least days to
first flower emergence, number of flowers per
plant, flower diameter (cm) and quality of the
flowers showed good results in silt and garden
soil (river soil), but overall, leaf compost + sand
showed the best results, while farmyard manure
with higher pH produced the least results
regarding all plant parameters. Asghari (2014)
found that growth and flowering such as flower
length (cm), flower diameter (cm), stem length
(cm) and longevity (day) exhibited the best
media are the media that content 20%-40%
vermicompost in compounding with soil or
perlit. Al-Sahaf & Al-Zurfi (2016) found that
application of wheat residues compost at a level
of 5% led to an increase in the number of leaves
(143.33 and 115.67 leaf.plant-1), a reduction in
the number of days to flowering (206.7 and
205.0 days for both seasons respectively), while
the application of wheat residues compost at a
level of 10% to the Ormea cultivar increased leaf
area (508.4 and 669.4 cm2), flower diameter

Al-Mizory & Hammo /Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 35(2): 60-77, 2022
62
(5.26 and 6.06 cm), vase life 5.67 and 7.33 days,
respectively.
Supplementary light is the only way to
increase the day length to enhance plant growth
and development in horticulture (Currey &
Lopez, 2013; Wallace & Both, 2016). Recently,
LEDs have been successfully tested for their
ability to allow the growth of agronomically
important crops, fruit and flower plants, and
even trees (Astolfi et al., 2012; Sabzalian et al.,
2014). Therefore, supplementary lighting is an
important horticultural strategy to improve crop
growth, maintain high yields all year round, and
produce superior-quality plants (Zheng & Van
Labeke, 2018). Also, photoperiod may affect
reproductive development and flowering, as
well as a few other metabolic processes (Singh
et al., 2015). Another key element impacting
bud sprouting is the quality of light. It is widely
known that plants do not absorb all wavelengths
at the same rate, and that abiotic stresses such as
light can affect secondary metabolite production
(Yeum & Russell, 2002; Kopsell et al., 2005).
Primary metabolic reactions such as
photosynthesis are known to be aided by blue
and red wavelengths, while blue and high R: FR
ratios cause chloroplast growth and change
density (Tlalka et al., 1999). Red wave and
deficiency can lower overall yields and
photosynthetic rates (Olle & Viršile, 2013).
Flower bud growth and the rate of floral
induction in carnations are boosted by high light
intensity. Therefore, there is an interaction
between the amount of ambient light and the
number of long days for flower initiation in
carnations (Biondo & Noland, 2000; Dole &
Wilkins, 2005). Supplemental lighting during
low light periods can increase vegetative growth
and development and enhance flowering
(Anthura, 2010). The application time of short
day was also studied where covering from 5h to
9h AM was found to be the best treatment for
flowering (Nxumalo & Wahome, 2010).
Photoperiod duration was also studied by
some researchers. The submission of C.
morifolium cv. Reagan Sunny to three
photoperiods including 8, 10 and 12 hours at
flower bud initiation and flower bud
development stages showed a positive effect for
8h in promoting flower initiation, and buds did
not develop into flowers under 12h (Kahar,
2008). Through research conducted by Thakur &
Grewal (2018) on the effect of artificial lighting
and shortening the night on a plant
Chrysanthemum cv. cultivar Snowball, as it
showed a noticeable effect on several vegetative
and flowering characteristics such as plant
height and the number of leaves, which reached
(45 cm, 60 leaves) respectively compared to
untreated plants (24.25 cm, 47.83 leaves). In
addition to the significant difference in the full
blooming of the flower (135.72days) compared
to the control treatment (108.22 days). This
study aimed at:
i.Timing the year-round production of carnation
cut flowers by using many treatments of
supplemental lighting (incandescent and mixed
for 14 and 18 hours)
ii.Determining the best level of local compost
for best growth and flowering for two cultivars
of carnation plants.
Materials & Methods
The study was carried out in the glasshouse of
the Horticulture Department nursery, College of
Agriculture Engineering Sciences, Duhok
University. Kurdistan region, Iraq, for the period
from 1st August, 2020 to 1st March, 2021.
To study the effects of supplemental light,
which includes five kinds [natural light
(control), mixed light (blue, green, and red) for

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63
14 h, mixed light (blue, green, and red) for 18 h,
incandescent light for 14h, incandescent light for
18h] daily, starting at 6 PM for a 14 and 18h
period.
Three growing medium (river soil, river soil +
30% local compost, river soil + 60% local
compost) by volume on the growth and
flowering of two cultivars of carnation plant
(Ormea and Moonlight) cultivars. Local
compost is a mixture of (sheep manure: sawdust:
hay: and lawn grass clippings, 2:1:1:1) by
volume. Prepared by mixing the main
components of the medium in an underground
place (large hole), then adding some catalysts or
stimulants, 50 g of dry yeast bread, 0.5 kg of
urea, and 0.5 kg of table sugar per each cubic
meter, the mixture is watered until saturation
status and covered with polyethylene plastic
tightly with constant stirring every 15–20 days.
After 90 days from the start of the fermentation
process, the medium becomes ready for use as
an agricultural medium.
The chemical characteristics of the river soil
and local compost receptively are pH 7.81, 7.72,
Ec 0.328, 0.342 ds.m-1, Co3 1.6, 3 mmol.l-1, k,
0.29, 109.0 mg.l-1, P 7.17, 103.03 mg.l-1, N 63,
98 mg.l-1, Soil texture: sandy 50.5%, clay 31.5%,
loam 18.0%, organic matter 1.17, 5.47%. Rooted
cuttings of one month old of the two cultivars
obtained from Antalya nursery in Turkey were
planted in pots of 5 liters by using the three
growing medium which were determined in this
study. After two weeks from planting, the
pinched to three nodes were done, and the
lighting treatment started on September 1st for
three months by installing an iron frame divided
into four parts by using thick black clothes to
separate the five lighting treatments, which were
installed by using blue, green, and red lamps for
mixed light treatment and incandescent lamps
for other kinds, and using an electric timer to
control the timing factor. In this study, the
natural light (control) was left out of the frame.
Statistical analysis
This experiment was performed using a split-
split plot design, and the data was analyzed by
using a computer through the SAS program, and
the means comparison was done using DMRT
under 5% (SAS, 2013).
So, the experiment includes three factors: three
replicates, and five plants for each replicate,
5×3×2×3×5= 450 plants in pots of five liters. The
studied characteristics include the number of days
from planting to flower bud emergence; the number
of days from planting to visible flower colour; and
the number of days from planting to anthesis (flower
maturity). Plant height (cm), flower length (cm), and
flower diameter (cm).
Results
The number of days from planting to flower
bud emergence
Data in table (1) show that the two kinds of light
Incandescent and mixed for 14 hours advance
the flower bud emergence significantly, to
120.52 and 130.74 days, respectively, compared
with natural light, which recorded 156.79 days.
When compared to each other, the two types of
supplementary light for 18 hours delayed
flowering emergence by 168.59 and 169.08
days, respectively. The medium containing 60%
compost decreased the number of days to flower
bud emergence significantly to 142.96 days
compared with 0 and 30% compost, which
needed 159.45 and 145.02 days, respectively.
The Ormea cultivar needs fewer days to flower
bud emergence 143.04 days compared with the
Moonlight cultivar that needs 155.25 days with
significant deference.
Less significant day for flower bud emergence
as a result of the interaction between light and

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64
cultivar was found for the Ormea cultivar under
the Incandescent 14h 105.22 day. While the
highest day was for the Moonlight cultivar under
Incandescent 18h and mixed 18h, 170.22 and
170.61 days, respectively, the natural light
needed 162.79 days for flower bud emergence.
In the case of interaction between supplemental
light and medium treatments, the best interaction
was for incandescent 14h and medium with 60%
compost, which significantly decreased the day
to flower bud emergence to 106.57 days
compared with the highest number of days that
were found under the mixed 18h and 0%
compost 170.40 days. The results of the
interaction between the medium and the cultivar
were significant. The highest day to flower bud
emergence was for the Moonlight cultivar grown
in medium containing 0% compost compared
with the lower day of 135.46 days (best
interaction) which was obtained for the Ormea
cultivar grown in 60% compost.
Concerning the combination of the three
factors (supplemental light, medium, and
cultivars), it was demonstrated that the Ormea
and Moonlight plants grown under Incandescent
14h and in 60% compost, which recorded 85.80
and 124.9 days, respectively, had fewer days to
flower bud emergence. The highest day to
flower bud emergence of two cultivars was
175.93 for the Ormea cultivar under natural day
and grown in river soil, while for the Moonlight
cultivar it reached 171.22 days when planted
under mixed light and river.
The number of days from planting to visible
flower colour
Data in table (2) clearly shows that incandescent
and mixed light for 14h also advance the visible
flower colour significantly to 132.87 and 140.59
days compared with control (natural light) which
recorded 166.92 days. Whereas two types of
supplemental lighting for 18 hours delay visible
flower colour by 176.06 and 177.57 days,
respectively. The growing medium with 60%
compost caused a significant decrease in visible
flower colour and took 152.08 days compared
with river soil (without compost) and 30%
compost, which needed 168.52 and 155.81 days,
respectively. The Ormea cultivar needs 152.14
days to reach visible flower colour compared
with the Moonlight cultivar that needs 155.25
days with significant deference.
The first dual interaction between light and
cultivars significantly decreased the number of
days to visible flower colour and the least value
was 118.85 days for the Ormea cultivar grown
under Incandescent 14h while the highest
number of days was for the Moonlight cultivar,
which was lighted with incandescent 18h and
mixed 18h, 180.01 and 180.68 respectively. The
second dual interaction between Medium and
the cultivar was significant. The lowest number
of days to visible flower colour was for the
Ormea cultivar grown in medium that contained
60% and 30% compost, 143.88 and 149.11 days,
respectively. While the highest number of days
(174.61) was for the Moonlight cultivar in
medium without compost. The third dual
interaction between light and medium caused a
significant decrease in the number of days of
visible flower colour. The plants under
Incandescent 14h light and grown in medium
had a 60% compost decrease in the number of
days to visible flower colour, to 115.61 days,
compared with the highest number of 179.96
days for the plants under mixed 18h and grown
in medium containing 0% compost (river soil
only).

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Table (1): Effect of light and growing medium on day number from planting to flowers Bud emergence of two cultivars of carnation plant.
Light Cultivars
Medium
Light × cultivars Light effect
River soil 30% compost 60% compost
Natural
Moonlight
175.93±3.09a
155.00±5.21f
156.40±6.29f
162.44±4.21c
156.79±2.75b
Ormea
156.27±1.48f
149.53±5,31g
147.60±±5.14g
151.1±2.54d
Mixed 14
Moonlight
157.00±4.63f
129.53±2.19i
124.93±2.52ij
137.15±5.27e
130.74±4.19c
Ormea
146.80±2.70f
116.87±4.97k
109.33±4.07l
124.33±6.06f
Incandescent 14
Moonlight
146.40±0.0g
133.7±4.46h
127.33±1.57ij
135.81±3.11e
120.52±5.52d
Ormea
136.00±0.0h
93.87±1.55m
85.80±3.33n
105.22±7.85g
Mixed 18
Moonlight
169.59±0.30b-e
169.59±1.33b-e
172.65±0.61ab
170.61±0.67a
169.08±0.75a
Ormea
171.22±0.82bc
164.9±2.22e
166.52±0.53c-e
167.55±1.18b
Incandescent 18
Moonlight
169.28±0.53b-e
170.40±1.08b-d
170.97±0.85bc
170.22±0.49a
168.59±0.69a
Ormea
166.03±2.40de
166.83±2.01c-e
168.05±1.70b-e
166.97±1.07b
Natural
Light ×
medium
166.10±4.66a
152.27±3.54b
152.00±4.13b
cultivars effect
Mixed 14
151.90±3.31b
123.20±3.72d
117.13±4.09e
Incandescent 14
141.20±2.32c
113.79±9.15e
106.57±9.43f
Mixed 18
170.40±0.53a
167.25±1.56a
169.59±1.41a
Incandescent 18
167.65±1.31a
168.62±1.30a
169.51±1.07a
Medium × cultivar
Moonlight
163.64±2.98a
151.64±4.79c
150.46±5.64c
155.25±2.75a
Ormea
155.26±3.48b
138.40±7.76d
135.46±8.81e
143.04±4.19b
Medium effect
159.45±2.38a
145.02±4.64b
142.96±5.32c
* Means with same letter for each factor and interaction are not significantly different at 5% level based on Duncan's Multiple Rang Test

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66
Concerning the combination of three factors
(light, medium, and cultivars), the table (2)
revealed that the lowest number of days to visible
flower colour, 93.22 days, was observed in plants
of the Ormea cultivar grown under Incandescent
14h and 60% compost, while the highest day
reached 185.93 days for the Moonlight cultivar
grown in river soil medium and under natural light
The number of days from planting to anthesis
(flower maturity)
The number of days to anthesis in table (3)
recorded significantly decreased as a result of the
supplemental light effect. The Incandescent 14h
advanced the flower anthesis to 140.50 days,
followed by the mixed 14h to 150.30 days
compared with control (natural light), which
needed 175.47 days, and the Incandescent 18h and
mixed 18h, which needed 188.79 and 190.41 days
respectively. The medium containing 60%
compost also significantly decreased flower
anthesis to 163.26 days faster than river soil with
0% compost, which needed 179.87 days. The
Ormea `cultivar demonstrated early flower
anthesis of 161.43 days compared with the
Moonlight cultivar of 176.75 days.
The first dual interaction between light and
cultivars had a significant effect on the number of
days to flower anthesis. The least number of
124.87 days was for the Ormea cultivar under
Incandescent 14h, while the largest number of
days to anthesis was for the Moonlight cultivar
under Incandescent 18h, 194.57 days. The second
dual interaction between light and medium caused
a significant deference in the number of days to
anthesis and the plants under Incandescent 14h
and medium 60% promoted the flower anthesis to
125.30 days compared with the less interaction
effect of Incandescent18 and 60% compost, which
increased the number of days to 192.51.
The third dual interaction between medium and
cultivar caused a significant effect on the day of
flower anthesis. The best interaction was for the
Ormea cultivar with 60% and 30% compost,
which needed 154.13 and 155.28 days. The
Moonlight cultivar and 0% compost required the
longest time, at 184.84 days. Concerning the
combination between the three factors, the number
of days to flower anthesis was promoted to 101.80
days for the Ormea cultivar subjected to
Incandescent 14h and grown in medium
containing 60% compost, compared with the
highest number of 191.03 days for the same
cultivar but grown under mixed 18h in medium
consisting of 0% compost only (river soil),
whereas for the Moonlight cultivar the best
interaction was for flower anthesis needed 148.80
days cultivated on medium with 60% compost
under Incandescent 14h, compared with the same
cultivar that was grown in natural light and river
soil, which needed 195.87 days to flower anthesis
Plant high
The data in table (4) clarified that incandescent
lamps for 14h increased the plant's height
significantly by 77.44 cm, followed by mixed
lamps for 14h by 72.54 cm compared with control
(natural light), which recorded the lowest height
of the plant at 68.18 cm. Also, the medium
containing 60% compost increased the plant
height significantly, reaching 74.23 cm, compared
with the lower value of 67.97 cm for 0% compost
(control). The Ormea cultivar gave a height of
plant of 78.82 cm, compared with the Moonlight
cultivar's 62.21 cm. The interaction between the
supplemental light and the cultivars recorded a
significant difference in this characteristic.

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Table (2): Effect of light and growing medium on the number of days from planting to visible flower colour of two cultivars of
carnation plant.
Light Cultivars
Medium
Light × cultivars Light effect
River soil 30% compost 60% compost
Natural
Moonlight
185.93±0.09a
165.00±5.21e-g
166.40±6.29e-g
172.44±4.21b
166.92±2.76b
Ormea
166.27±1.48e-g
160.20±5.97gh
157.73±5.26h
161.40±2.66c
Mixed 14
Moonlight
166.13±4.75e-g
140.53±1.97jk
135.27±2.83k
147.31±5.05d
140.59±4.22c
Ormea
156.87±2.73h
126.87±5.11l
117.87±4.10m
133.87±6.24e
Incandescent 14
Moonlight
156.33±0.30h
146.33±5.08ij
138.00±1.91k
146.89±3.08d
132.87±5.60d
Ormea
148.00±0.33i
115.33±11.70m
93.22±1.51n
118.85±8.65f
Mixed 18
Moonlight
180.46±0.23ab
180.35±0.39ab
181.24±0.0ab
180.68±0.22a
177.57±0,99a
Ormea
179.47±0.38ab
170.97±0.55d-f
172.96±0.58cd
174.46±1.30b
Incandescent 18
Moonlight
179.20±0.37ab
180.35±0.24ab
180.47±0.43ab
180.01±0.27a
176.06±1.26a
Ormea
166.51±1.09e-g
172.19±0.75c-e
177.63±0.63bc
172.11±1.66b
Natural
Light × medium
176.10±4.66a
162.60±3.70b
162.07±4.15b
cultivars effect
Mixed 14
161.50±3.20b
133.70±3.92d
126.57±4.49de
Incandescent 14
152.17±1.87c
130.83±8.98de
115.61±10.07f
Mixed 18
179.96±0.30a
175.66±2.12a
177.10±1.87a
Incandescent 18
172.85±2.88a
176.27±1.86a
179.05±0.72a
Medium ×
cultivar
Moonlight
173.61±3.04a
162.51±4.63bc
160.28±5.59c
165.47±2.67a
Ormea
163.42±2.87b
149.11±6.72d
143.88±8.88e
152.14±3.95b
Medium effect
168.52±2.26a
155.81±4.20b
152.08±5.34c

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Table (3): The effect of light and growing medium on the number of days between planting and anthesis of two carnation cultivars.
Light Cultivars
Medium
Light × cultivars Light effect
River soil 30% compost 60% compost
Natural
Moonlight
195.87±3.04a
172.53±4.10h
175.33±5.84gh
181.24±4.30c
175.47±2.87b
Ormea
176.27±1.58gh
168.27±5.27i
164.53±5.51i
169.69±2.83d
Mixed 14
Moonlight
177.13±4.86fg
149.87.±1.80k
145.00±2.62l
157.33±5.25e
150.30±4.17c
Ormea
164.73±3.07i
136.13±4,68m
128.93±4.30n
143.26±5.83f
Incandescent 14
Moonlight
165.33±1.27i
154.27±4.76j
148.80±0.20kl
156.13±2.81e
140.50±6.26d
Ormea
164.00±0.30i
108.80±1.24o
101.80±2.69p
124.87±9.87g
Mixed 18
Moonlight
192.54±0.31a-c
194.56±0.46ab
196.34±0.42a
194.48±0.59a
190.41±1.24a
Ormea
191.03±0.41bc
181.18±53ef
186.78±0.39d
186.33±1.44b
Incandescent 18
Moonlight
193.32±0.52ab
193.94±0.38ab
196.45±0.27a
194.57±0.52a
188.79±1.60a
Ormea
178.46±0.76e-g
182.01±0.63e
188.58±0.28cd
183.01±1.51c
Natural
Light × medium
186.07±4.64c
170.40±3.13d
169.93±4.33d
cultivars effect
Mixed 14
170.93±3.71d
143.00±3.80f
136.97±±4.24g
Incandescent 14
164.67±0.65e
131.53±10.40h
125.30±10.58i
Mixed 18
191.78±0.41ab
187.87±3.00bc
191.56±2.15ab
Incandescent 18
185.89±3.34c
187.97±2.69bc
192.51±1.77a
Medium × cultivar
Moonlight
184.84±3.29a
173.03±5.18c
172.39±6,03c
176.75±2.93a
Ormea
174.90±2.73b
155.28±7.73d
154.13±9.13d
161.43±4.25b
Medium effect
179.87±2.29a
164.16±4.86b
163.25±5.64b

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69
Table (4): Effect of light and growing medium on the plant high (cm) of two cultivars of carnation plant.
Light Cultivars
Medium
Light × cultivars Light effect
River soil 30% compost 60% compost
Natural
Moonlight
60.58±2.76h-k
63.10±0.32f-k
60.36±1.08h-k
61.35±0.97c
68.18±1.98b
Ormea
70.06±3.15d-i
78.83±2.68b-d
76.12±3.44b-d
75.00±2.02ab
Mixed 14
Moonlight
57.78±4.59k
62.35±5.60g-k
74.32±2.93b-f
64.82±3.34c
72.54±2.70b
Ormea
72.95±2.47c-g
82.52±2.81a-c
85.30±1.59ab
80.26±2,20a
Incandescent 14
Moonlight
69.85±4.52d-j
77.15±3.83b-d
74.77±2.11b-e
73.92±2.11b
77.44±2.02a
Ormea
71.02±1.57c-h
80.45±3.27a-c
91.38±0.79a
80.95±3.13a
Mixed 18
Moonlight
60.78±3.73h-k
57.62±3.34k
59.38±3.13i-k
59.26±1.76c
68.64±2.48b
Ormea
76.93±1.83b-d
76.78±2.09b-d
80.33±0.48a-c
78.01±0.99ab
Incandescent 18
Moonlight
63.08±4.37f-k
63.72±4.24e-k
58.30±2.82jk
61.70±2.11c
70.78±2.54b
Ormea
76.70±3.45b-d
80.87±1.07a-c
82.00±2.78a-c
79.86±1.54ab
Natural
Light ×
Medium
65.32±2.82e
70.97±3.71cd
68.24±3.88de
cultivars effect
Mixed 14
65.37±4.11e
72.43±5.30c
79.81±2.87ab
Incandescent 14
70.43±2.16cd
78.80±2.37b
83.08±3.85a
Mixed 18
68.86±4.04cde
67.20±4.64de
69.86±4.90cd
Incandescent 18
69.89±3.93cd
72.29±4.30c
70.15±5.59cb
Medium × cultivar
Moonlight
62.41±1.88c
64.79±2.28c
65.43±2.21c
64.21±1.21b
Ormea
73.53±1.24b
79.89±1.07a
83.03±59a
78.82±0.95a
Medium effect
67.97±1.51c
72.34±1.87b
74.23±2.11a

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70
The highest plant height was 80.95 cm for the
Ormea cultivar subjected to Incandescent 14h.
While the lowest plant height of 59.26 cm was
for the Moonlight cultivar under mixed light (18
hours), compared with natural light for the
Moonlight cultivar that reached only 61.35 cm.
The dual interaction between supplemental light
and medium recorded a significant difference in
this characteristic. The highest plant height was
obtained under incandescent light for 14 hours
and medium with 60% compost for 83.08 cm
compared with the lowest plant height under
natural light and 0% compost for 65.32 cm. The
results of the interaction between the medium
and the cultivar were significant. Noted in table
(1) was the highest plant in the medium, 60%
compost. 83.03 cm was obtained in the Ormea
cultivar. The Moonlight cultivar had the lowest
plant height in medium with 0% compost,
measuring 62.42 cm.
Concerning the interaction between all
studied factors, the highest plant height was for
Ormea cultivar plants grown under incandescent
lamps for 14h and 60% compost at 91.38 cm.
This increase was significantly compared with
the majority of treatments, whereas the lowest
plant height was 57.62 cm for the Moonlight
cultivar grown in river soil medium and under
mixed 18h light
Flower lengths of two carnation cultivars
Table (5) shows a significant influence of the
supplemental light on the flower length of
carnation plants. The best significant result was
recorded for incandescent lamps at 14h 67.00
cm, followed by a mixed 14h 62.77 cm
compared with natural light, which gave 58.29
cm. The Ormea cultivar in a growing medium
containing 30% and 60% compost increased
flower length significantly to 62.22 and 63.14
cm, respectively, compared with 0% compost
(river soil) that gave the lowest mean of 59.15
cm. The Ormea cultivar gives the best flower
length of 68.05 cm, compared with the
Moonlight cultivar's 54.96 cm.
The interaction between supplemental light
and cultivars increased flower length
significantly, with the highest flower lengths of
69.98 cm and 69.18 cm obtained for the Ormea
cultivar grown under incandescent lamps for 14
h and mixed lamps for 14 h, respectively, and the
lowest flower lengths obtained for the
Moonlight cultivar grown under mix18 and
natural light, 51.01 and 51.34 cm. In the case of
interaction between different lights and different
media, the flower length under incandescent 14h
and medium 60% caused a significant increase,
reaching 70.78 cm compared with the lower
flower length under natural light, 55.96 cm, and
river soil. The results of the interaction between
the medium and the cultivar were significant.
The best flower length was for Ormea cultivar
plants grown in medium containing 60%,
followed by 30% compost, at 70.93 and 68.56
cm, respectively. While the shorter flower length
of 55.35 cm was for the Moonlight cultivar
obtained in the growing medium of 60%
compost.
Concerning the interaction between the three
factors, the highest flower length, 77.17 cm, was
for Ormea cultivar plants when cultivated in
60% compost and under Incandescent 14h. This
increase was significant when compared with
most treatments. Whereas the lowest flower
length was 48.25 cm for Moonlight cultivar
plants cultivated on medium containing 60%
compost and under incandescent 18-hour light.

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71
Table (5). Effect of light and growing medium on the flower length (cm) of two cultivars of carnation plant.
Light Cultivars
Medium
Light × cultivars Light effect
River soil 30% compost 60% compost
Natural
Moonlight
51.47±3.14gh
53.13±0.27f-h
49.42±1.34gh
51.34±1.13b
58.29±1.90c
Ormea
65.73±1.51a-e
63.20±2.27b-f
66.80±3.35a-d
65.24±1.36a
Mixed 14
Moonlight
48.79±4.09h
55.45±4.95d-f
64.82±2.66e-g
56.35±3.07b
62.77±2.33b
Ormea
63.13±2.29b-f
71.23±2.45a-c
73.17±1.58ab
69.18±1.87a
Incandescent 14
Moonlight
60.40±4.04d-g
67.27±3.77a-c
64.40±2.31b-f
64.02±1.99a
67.00±2.15a
Ormea
60.80±1.41d-g
71.98±2.27a-c
77.17±9.20a
69.98±3.67a
Mixed 18
Moonlight
54.50±3.63e-g
48.65±2.89h
49.88±2.70gh
51.01±1.79b
59.45±2.28bc
Ormea
66.93±1.88a-d
67.13±2.49a-d
69.60±0.53a-c
67.89±1.00a
Incandescent 18
Moonlight
53.08±4.37f-h
54.87±5.39e-h
48.25±2.04h
52.07±2.31b
60.01±2.30bc
Ormea
66.67±3.46a-d
69.25±0.95a-c
67.92±1.23a-c
67.94±1.15a
Natural
Light × medium
58.60±3.55bc
58.17±2.47bc
58.11±4.20bc
cultivars effect
Mixed 14
55.96±3.83c
63.34±4.31b
68.99±2.32a
Incandescent 14
60.60±1.92bc
69.63±2.23a
70.78±5.11a
Mixed 18
60.72±3.32bc
57.89±4.47bc
59.74±4.58bc
Incandescent 18
59.88±3.92bc
62.06±4.04b
58.08±4.52bc
Medium × cultivar
Moonlight
53.65±1.97c
55.87±2.21c
55.35±2.20c
54.96±1.18b
Ormea
64.65±1.05b
68.56±1.18ab
70.93±1.97a
68.05±0.91a
Medium effect
59.15±1.44b
62.22±1.70a
63.14±2.04a

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72
Table (6): Effect of light and growing medium on the flower diameter (cm) of two cultivars of carnation plant.
Light Cultivars
Medium
Light × cultivars Light effect
River soil 30% compost 60% compost
Natural
Moonlight
6.49±0.05f-l
6.89±0.11c-h
6.13±0.27l
6.50±0.13d
6.69±0.08b
Ormea
6.90±0.18c-g
6.91±0.10c-g
6.83±0.18c-j
6.88±0.06c
Mixed 14
Moonlight
6.32±0.15kl
6.26±0.12kl
6.99±0.10c-f
6.52±0.13d
6.84±0.11ab
Ormea
6.94±0.09c-f
7.06±0.05b-d
7.50±0.07b
7.17±0.09b
Incandescent 14
Moonlight
6.24±0.93kl
6.32±0.29kl
6.58±0.11d-l
6.38±0.10d
6.98±0.20a
Ormea
6.88±0.03c-h
7.20±0.13bc
8.64±0.08a
7.57v0.27a
Mixed 18
Moonlight
6.37±0.15i-l
6.31±0.35kl
6.67±0.08d-k
6.45±0.12d
6.69±0.09b
Ormea
7.01±0.12c-e
6.93±0.25c-g
6.86±0.16c-i
6.93±0.09bc
Incandescent 18
Moonlight
6.35±0.10j-l
6.43±0.14g-l
6.26±0.33kl
6.35±0.11d
6.39±0.07c
Ormea
6.34±0.11j-l
6.54±0.21e-l
6.39±0.27h-l
6.42±0.10d
Natural
Light × medium
6.70±0.12bc
6.90±0.07bc
6.48±0.19bc
cultivars effect
Mixed 14
6.63±0.16bc
6.66±0.18bc
7.24±0.12ab
Incandescent 14
6.56±0.15bc
6.76±0.24bc
7.61±0.46a
Mixed 18
6.69±0.16bc
6.62±0.24bc
6.76±0.09bc
Incandescent 18
6.34±0.06d 6.49±0.11bc 6.33±0.19d
Medium × cultivar
Moonlight
6.35±0.05c
6.44±0.10c
6.53±0.11c
6.44±0.05b
Ormea
6.81±0.08b
6.93±0.09b
7.24±0.21a
6.99±0.08a
Medium effect
6.58±0.06b
6.68±0.08b
6.89±0.13a

Al-Mizory & Hammo /Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 35(2): 60-77, 2022
73
Flower diameter
In table (6), the significant differences were
observed as a result of the influence of each factor
alone. So, the flower diameter characteristics
recorded a significant increase when produced
under incandescent lamps for 14h; it reached 6.98
cm, compared with natural light, which recorded
6.69 cm, and less diameter for incandescent lamps
for 18h, at 6.39 cm. Also, the growing medium
containing 60% compost increased the flower
diameter significantly to 6.89 cm compared with
0% compost, which gave 6.58 cm. The Ormea
cultivar was significantly superior to the
Moonlight cultivar in flower diameter; it gave
6.99 cm, whereas the Moonlight cultivar gave
6.44 cm.
The flower diameter for the Ormea cultivar
increased significantly to 7.57 cm when grown
under incandescent lamps for 14h, followed by
mixed lamps for 14h, which reached 7.17 cm,
whereas the lowest flower diameter was obtained
for Moonlight and Ormea cultivars under
incandescent lamps for 18h, at 6.42 and 6.35 cm.
In the case of the interaction between different
lights and different media, the flower diameter
under Incandescent 14h and medium 60% caused
a significant increase in flower diameter of 7.61
cm, but the lowest flower diameter was under
Incandescent 18h and 60% compost, at 6.33 cm.
The results of the interaction between the medium
and the cultivar were significant. The highest
flower diameter was found in the Ormea cultivar
growing in medium containing 60% compost, at
7.24 cm. At the same time, the lowest flower
diameters in medium with 0% compost were
obtained on the Moonlight cultivar.
The triple interaction between the three factors
indicated a significant difference in this
characteristic. The highest flower diameter, 8.64
cm, was for the Ormea cultivar grown under
Incandescent 14h and medium containing 60%
compost. While the smaller flower diameter of
6.13 cm was for the Moonlight cultivar cultivated
under natural light on medium containing 60%
compost.
Discussions
The best results were obtained when the plants
were lighted with mixed-colour or incandescent
lamps for a 14-hour this may be attributed to the
Supplementary light which enhance plant growth
and development (Currey & Lopez, 2013; Wallace
& Both, 2016), The significantly increased in
some studied characteristics as a resulted led to an
increase in plant height, the main stem diameter
(Salih et al., 2020). In various long-day cut
flowers, the effects of light quality on flowering
were investigated. Yoshimura et al. (2002, 2006)
used films to adjust light quality during the day
and R-or FR-rich fluorescent lamps at night to
demonstrate that a low R: FR ratio enhances
flowering in Matthiola incana. Also, photoperiod
may affect reproductive development and
flowering, as well as a few other metabolic
processes (Singh et al., 2015). Improving the light
conditions and optimizing the phytochemical
concentrations in vegetables produced in
controlled environments enhances the growth and
yield (Samuoliene et al., 2012). Flower bud
growth and the rate of floral induction in
carnations are boosted by high light intensity.
Therefore, there is an interaction between the
amount of ambient light and the number of long
days for flower initiation in carnations (Biondo &
Noland, 2000; Dole & Wilkins, 2005).
The significantly increased in all studied
characteristics as a result to increase the local
compost may be attributed to the important of

Al-Mizory & Hammo /Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 35(2): 60-77, 2022
74
growing mediums that play a key role in the
quality and quantity of carnation flower
production (Nelson, 1991). Its role is to enhance
the physical and chemical properties of the soil,
making it more suitable for the growth and activity
of microorganisms. This is especially important
for good drainage and aeration and water-holding
capacity and reduces the frequency of irrigation. It
also increases the decomposition of minerals from
the major and minor elements and reduces the loss
of N, P, K, and Mg from the container (Al Naime,
2000; Cabrera, 2004).
The Ormea (Red) cultivar was significantly
superior to the Moonlight cultivar in most studied
characteristics, these results might be attributed to
genetic factors, different chemotypes and
differences in the nutritional status of the plants as
proven by Svecov & Neugebauerov (2010) whom
found that the basil (Ocimum basilicum ) cultivars
displayed a wide diversity of morphological,
biological and economic characteristics for the 34
studies cultivars.
Conclusions
The best growth and flowering of carnations was
observed in this study when incandescent light
was used for 14 hours on medium containing 60%
compost for the Ormea cultivars, and the result
showed a significant increase in most
characteristics when compared to other
treatments. Carnation production: the best growth
and quality of the cut flowers under 14-hour light
(mixed and incandescent) lamps
Acknowledgements
This research was carried out in the Department of
Horticulture, College of Agriculture Engineering
Sciences, Duhok University, Kurdistan region,
Iraq, so many thanks go to the head of Department
and supervisor for their support from the
beginning until the end of this study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
ORCID
L.S.M.Al-Mizory.: https://orcid.org/0000- 0003-2927- 3056
Contributions of Authors
L.S.M.A: Sample collection, Data collection,
Write the manuscript.
Y.H.H: Statistical analysis, Read and revise the
manuscript.
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ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ءﻮﻀﻟاﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا طﺎﺳوﻻا و و ﻮﻤﻧ ﻰﻠﻋإﯿﻔﻨﺻ رﺎھزﻦﻣ ﻦ ﻞﻔﻧﺮﻘﻟا )Dianthus caryophyllus L (
ﻰﻠﯿﻟنﺎﺒﻌﺷ يروﺰﻤﻟا ﺪﻤﺤﻣ و ﻒﺳﻮﯾ ﻦﯿﺴﺣ ﻮﻤﺣ
ﺔﻨﺘﺴﺒﻟا ﻢﺴﻗكﻮھد ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺔﯿﻋارﺰﻟا ﺔﺳﺪﻨﮭﻟا مﻮﻠﻋ ﺔﯿﻠﻛ ،، نﺎﺘﺳدﺮﻛ ﻢﯿﻠﻗإ، قاﺮﻌﻟا
-
182020132021])  
14181418[
3060

Moonlight
14



60








6014



 

6014        


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
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      .
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