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978-1-6654-6658-5/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE
A Novel Green Building Energy Consumption
Intensity: Study in Inalum Green Building
Ruliyanta, Ruliyanta
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Science
National University
Jakarta, Indonesia
rullysitepu@gmail.com
Endang Retno Nugroho
Computer Laboratory Center, Faculty
of Engineering and Science
National University
Jakarta, Indonesia
retno.nugroho@civitas.unas.ac.id
R. A. Suwodjo Kusumoputro
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Science
National University
Jakarta, Indonesia
suwodjo@gmail.com
Rianto Nugroho
Electrical Engineering Laboratory,
Faculty of Engineering and Science
National University
Jakarta, Indonesia
rianto.nugroho@civitas.unas.ac.id
Abstract—The need for a building with a green building
concept is now very important for environmental conservation.
The concept of green building is to design a building that has a
more efficient consumption of electrical energy. The Energy
Consumption Intensity (ECI) of a building in Indonesia with a
tropical climate is regulated in SNI no 03-0196: 2010. In this
standard, the ECI of an air-conditioned building is said to be
efficient if it has a consumption of 7.93-12.08 kWh/M2/month.
Meanwhile, according to the Indonesian Green Building
Council (GBCI), the ECI in Green Building is 50% of a
conventional building. In this study, electrical energy
consumption was measured for at least 1 year. The research
location is the Head Office Building of PT Indonesia Asahan
Aluminium (Persero), a State-Owned Enterprise located in
Batubara Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. According to the
results of the analysis of existing data, it can be concluded that
the Inalum Building has an efficient electricity consumption
intensity according to SNI standards, with a value of 78.34
kWh/m2/year or 6.53 kWh/m2/month. However, as a green
building, the existing air-conditioned space still has an ECI
value that exceeds the specified standard. According to the SNI
standard classification, this building is still considered energy-
intensive because the ECI value of an air-conditioned room is
243.56 kWh/m2/year or 20.29 kWh/m2/month. The novelty that
we get in this research is the actual Energy Consumption
Intensity (ECI) indexes of this green building.
Keywords—green building, energy intensity, standard,
energy consumption
I. INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, environmentally friendly buildings are a
must to anticipate environmental damage and global climate
change. The institution that certifies environmentally friendly
buildings in Indonesia is GBCI (Green Building Council
Indonesia) with green building certification. Compared to the
growth rate of buildings in Indonesia, the number of
environmentally friendly buildings is relatively small (less
than 5%) [1][2]. Worldwide, 30-40% of all energy is used in
buildings[3]. Most of this energy is used for heating, cooling,
lighting, and operating equipment. Energy savings in
buildings can have a faster and greater impact on CO2
emissions than switching to cleaner energy sources. Methods
that can be used to save energy in buildings are grouped into
two methods, namely active and passive. Passive measures
include permanent methods on the building envelope or
facade such as insulation, glazing, ventilation while active
methods refer to automated systems that allow comfort
applications such as heating, cooling, lighting, elevators, and
others [4][5][6][7]. Buildings constitute 32% of the world's
total final energy consumption [1] and are the world's largest
emitters of carbon, so building businesses have a
responsibility to contribute to reducing carbon emissions. The
concept of green building is one solution for the next
sustainable development [2]. One of the biggest barriers to
investing in green buildings is the perception that the costs
incurred are greater than conventional buildings, such as an
increase in the initial investment cost in the building.
Conventional buildings consume more energy sources
than necessary and produce a wide range of emissions and
wastes. To overcome this problem the solution is to build
green and smart buildings or green and smart buildings[8].
One of the important components in the smart green building
concept uses renewable energy. Solar energy and wind energy
are unsustainable energy sources, so these sources must be
combined with other energy sources or storage devices
[9][10][11][12]. In a broader sense, green buildings include
buildings that are built, operated, maintained, and reused
considering maximum energy conservation in all phases. The
first goal of green buildings is related to human health,
maximum use of natural resources, reduction of electrical
energy consumption, maximum utilization of renewable
energy and reduction of environmental pollutants. Effective
and systematic architectural design adapted to environmental
conditions is expected to help minimize energy consumption
and improve building performance [13].
PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminium (Persero) often
abbreviated as Inalum is a State-Owned Enterprise having its
address in Kuala Tanjung, Batubara Regency, North Sumatra
Province, Indonesia has completed building an office building
with a green and smart building concept. The concept of
"Green and Smart Building" in this building has an ethnic
Malay architecture, thus the concept of the building prioritizes
aspects of sustainability development.
The problem that then arises is that the building with the
green building concept which was inaugurated by the Minister
of SOEs a (State-Owned Enterprise Republic of Indonesia) on
TENSYMP2022 1570789170
1
2022 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP) | 978-1-6654-6658-5/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/TENSYMP54529.2022.9864532
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January 6, 2021, is really a green building concept?
Meanwhile, there is the Indonesian National Standard No. 03-
0196: 2010 concerning the energy consumption level of air-
conditioned buildings of 7.93 -12.08 kWh/M2/month.
The purpose of this study is to audit the use of electrical
energy in the building[14]. Researchers collect empirical data
that will be used to determine the index value of the Energy
Consumption Intensity in this building. The measurement
results will be compared with the standards issued by SNI
(Indonesian National Standard) and GBCI. With these results,
a conclusion will be obtained whether the building is worthy
of being called a Green Building.
The novelty that we get in this research is the actual
Energy Consumption Intensity (ECI) indexes of this green
building.
II. THE COMPREHENSIVE THEORETICAL BASIC
The concept of smart building is the implementation of
technological developments in the construction sector. The
purpose of smart building is to integrate systems within the
building in an appropriate coordination to manage resources
efficiently [8][15][16]. Smart building operations utilize ICT
(Information and Communication Technology) to achieve
efficiency, comfort, and safety.
The concept of the smart building has an initial
investment value that is not small and not cheap, but there are
also many benefits that can be obtained by applying the
concept [17]. In addition, the application of the smart
building concept can provide building energy efficiency.
Electrical energy efficiency can be obtained by optimizing
the use of natural lighting during the day and using artificial
lighting (lamps) as needed. This is done by integrating natural
lighting and artificial lighting with control devices/sensors
with a smart building concept, so that energy efficiency in
buildings can be obtained [12], [18].
A. Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Energy Efficiency and Conservation (EEC) was born and
became important because the need for energy use in new
buildings varies from the construction stage to operation and
maintenance. The operation of air conditioning,
escalator/elevator facilities, and artificial lighting is the largest
energy consumption among other facilities[19].
Not only having an impact on wasting costs due to
excessive consumption of electrical energy, but the inefficient
operation of the system can also have a major impact on
climate change and global warming due to the large amount
of CO2 carbon dioxide emissions in power plants which causes
the greenhouse effect. EEC on new buildings is divided into 5
assessment criteria with 2 prerequisite assessments as follows:
1. EEC P1, Electrical Submetering or Sub-meter
Installation
2. EEC P2, OTTV Calculation
3. EEC1, Energy Efficiency Measures
4. EEC2, Natural Lighting
5. EEC3, Ventilation or Ventilation
6. EEC4, Climate Change Impact
7. EEC5, On-Site Renewable Energy.
B. Measuring Energy Savings
Indonesia's dependence on fossil energy encourages the
presence of the EEC 1 criteria for new buildings. As we
know, fossil energy which is the primary energy source to
produce electrical energy is non-renewable energy and has
many negative impacts[3]. The negative impacts are air
pollution, solid waste, and global warming due to CO2 gas
emissions[20].
In the operational and building maintenance phases,
building users still waste electrical energy to meet their daily
needs, as has been briefly explained in the previous
discussion regarding prerequisite EEC criteria 2. To
overcome this, an energy management plan is needed for a
building. Energy management is an activity to manage energy
use efficiently, effectively, and rationally without disturbing
work comfort, aesthetics, health, safety, and productivity of
building users.
C. Energy Consumption Intensity (ECI)
The energy consumption indicator parameter used in this
study is ECI (Energy Consumption Intensity)[21]. ECI in
buildings is a value/quantity that can be used as an indicator
to measure the level of energy utilization in a building. The
intensity of energy consumption in buildings/buildings is
defined in terms of energy per unit area of buildings served by
energy, which can be calculated by Equation 1[22][23]. SNI
(Indonesian National Standard) number 03-0196: 2010 has
classified the ECI of air-conditioned buildings as shown in
Table 1 below.
)(_
)(_
2
m
AreaBuilding
Month
kWh
nConsumptioEnergy
ECI = (1)
TABLE 1. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ECI VALUE OF AIR-CONDITIONED
BUILDINGS SNI 03-0196: 2010
Value ECI (kWh/m
2
/month)
Very Wasteful 23,75 - 37,5
Wasteful 19,2 - 23,75
A bit wasteful 14,58 - 19,2
Quite efficient 12,08 - 14,58
Efficient 7,93 - 12,08
Very efficient 4,17 - 7,93
The Minister of Energy and Mineral Republic of
Indonesia Resources No. 03: 2012 also classifies the use of
electrical energy in air-conditioned buildings as shown in
Table 2 below.
TABLE 2. CLASSIFICATION OF THE ECI VALUE OF AIR-CONDITIONED
BUILDINGS [4]
Value ECI
Very efficient ECI < 8,5
Efficient 8,5 < ECI < 14
Quite Efficient 14 < ECI < 18,5
Wasteful 18,5 < ECI
III. METODE
In this study, several stages of the research process were
carried out. The initial stage is collecting initial data from the
research location. Data collection in the form of the
architecture of the building to obtain the building area.
Furthermore, the researchers conducted a survey of the
2
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electrical distribution system to obtain a Single Line Diagram
(SLD) in the building.
A. The Inalum Building
To find out the amount of electrical energy consumption,
data collection on electricity usage for a period of a minimum
of 1 year was carried out. On the ground floor (1st floor) there
are several existing tenants such as Bank and Coffee Shop.
Figure 1 shows the layout of the 1st floor. The 1st floor has an
area of 4,664 M2 which consists of an air-conditioned room
and a non-air-conditioned room. However, not all floors have
different sizes, the area of each room is given in Table 3.
TABLE 3 LIST OF ROOM AREAS IN INALUM BUILDING
Layers
AC
(M2)
Non-AC
(M2)
VOID
(M2)
Total
(M2)
1
st
Layer 1532 2412 720 4664
2nd Layer 1822 1810 1032 4664
3
rd
Layer 2338 2142 784 5264
4
th
Layer 2338 2142 784 5264
5
th
Layer 2338 2142 784 5264
6
th
Layer 2536 1944 784 5264
7
th
Layer 2536 1944 784 5264
8
th
Layer 2938 1606 720 5264
Total 18378 16142 6392 40912
Fig. 1. The 1st Floor Layout
With a green building concept, this building utilizes strong
winds to cool non-AC areas in the building. Meanwhile, the
void area is used for lighting in the building, especially in non-
AC areas and corridors. Based on Table 3, the area of the AC
room is 45%, the outside non-AC space is 39% and the
remaining 16% is void that cannot be used. Void is used as
natural lighting from the glass roof.
B. Single Line Diagram
This building's electricity comes from 3 sources. The
main source comes from the aluminum smelter owned by
Inalum. As a backup power, a generator set with a capacity
of 1,250 kVA is provided. As a green building, the electricity
source is also obtained from a solar panel generator with a
capacity of 10 kW which is located on the roof top of this
building[14][24]. The electrical single line diagram (SLD)
system of this building is shown in Figure 2.
Fig. 2. Single Line Diagram
C. Building Energy Consumption
In this study, data on electricity usage with a single tariff
was obtained. However, it is possible for the building to
operate beyond the specified time. The operating hours also
adjust to the needs. Even so, on weekdays, it officially
operates every Monday to Friday. By special request
Saturday or Sunday, the building remains partially operated.
Table 4 shows data on the electricity usage for the period
November 2020 to November 2021.
TABLE 4. THE USE OF ELECTRICITY DATA
Periods Energy (kWh) Periods Energy (kWh)
Nov-20 167800 Jun-21 135400
Dec-20 147480 Jul-21 95000
Jan-21 137210 Aug-21 83390
Feb-21 129390 Sep-21 116600
Mar-21 142800 Oct-21 135500
Apr-21 121700 Nov-21 134010
May-21 103200
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Room Area
The room area in the building according to Table 5 is
40,912 m2. However, occupancy is not yet 52%. Based on the
measurement data, the occupancy rate is given in Table 5.
TABLE 5. BUILDING OCCUPANCY RATE
Floors AC
(m2)
Non-
AC
(m2)
VOID
(m2)
Total
(m2)
Vacant
(m2)
Occupan-
cy (m2)
1
st
Layer 1532 2412 720 4664 429 72%
2
nd
Layer 1822 1810 1032 4664 1307 28%
3
rd
Layer 2338 2142 784 5264 2338 0%
4th Layer 2338 2142 784 5264 2338 0%
5
th
Layer 2338 2142 784 5264 2338 0%
6th Layer 2536 1944 784 5264 0 100%
7
th
Layer 2536 1944 784 5264 0 100%
8
th
Layer 2938 1606 720 5264 0 100%
Total 18378 16142 6392 40912 8750 52,39%
The data in Table 5 does not include the State Savings
Bank which is located on the 1st floor with an area of about
200 m2, because in December 2021 the renovation has been
completed but not yet operational. From the table, it is found
that the area of the air-conditioned room used is 9628 m2 and
the non-AC room (assuming the 3rd, 4th, and 5th floors are
not counted) is 9716 m2. The total area is 19,344 m2.
3
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B. Measurement
According to Equation 1, and electrical energy
consumption in Table 5, the ECI can be calculated. For
example, for November 2020, the amount of electrical energy
consumption in that month is 167,800 kWh and the building
area is 19,344 m2, then the intensity of electrical energy
consumption is 8,67 kWh/m2/month.
With the above calculation, it is possible to calculate the
ECI for the following months. Table 6 provides the results of
the calculation of ECI per month from November 2020 to
November 2021. According to Table 6, a monthly ECI graph
of the Inalum Building can be made. Figure 3 shows the ECI
graph of the Inalum building compared to SNI 03-0196. While
in Figure 4 is ECI compared to the Minister of Energy and
Mineral Resources No. 3 of 2012.
TABLE 6. DATA OF ECI PER MOTH
Periods
Monthly Energy
Consumption
(kWh)
Intensity
(kWh/m2/month)
Nov-20 167,800 8.67
Dec-20 147,480 7.62
Jan-21 137,210 7.09
Feb-21 129,390 6.69
Mar-21 142,800 7.38
Apr-21 121,700 6.29
May-21 103,200 5.33
Jun-21 135,400 7.00
Jul-21 95,000 4.91
Aug-21 83390 4.31
Sep-21 116,600 6.03
Oct-21 135,500 7.00
Nov-21 134,010 6.93
Fig.3. Monthly ECI chart compared to SNI 03-0196
Fig. 4. Monthly ECI chart compared to Minister Regulation No. 3: 2012
Furthermore, the amount of ECI is based on [15], where
the amount of ECI at the Commercial Office per year is 240
kWh/m2/year, then for the period November 2020 to October
2021, the amount of ECI is 78.34 kWh/m2/year, and this is still
far from the value limit. waste and still included in the value
very efficient.
C. Green Building ECI Measurement
To comply with EEC 1 concerning Optimized Efficiency
Building Energy Performance or Optimal Energy Efficiency
Performance in Buildings, it is necessary to use electricity
efficiently. The largest use of electricity in a building is for
the air conditioning system. Referring to the Decree of the
Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources number 3 of 2012
and SNI No. 03-0196: 2010 concerning air-conditioned
buildings, it is necessary to evaluate the ECI calculation in
Sub Chapter 4.2. According to the measurement results, data
on the electricity usage of the building is obtained as given in
Table 7.
TABLE 7. LIST OF PANELS OUTSIDE AIR-CONDITIONED ROOM
Panel Locations Energy
PP R. Pump Room & STP Basement 11%
PP Ballroom Ballroom 1%
Panel Lift Roof 1%
PL/PP Indoor Every Layers 4,65%
PL/PP Outdoor Outdoor 2,68%
PP Electronic Control Rooms 0,20%
PP Pump Room Roof 1,40%
Total 22,63%
With Table 7 above, to measure the intensity of an air-
conditioned room, monthly electricity usage is reduced by
22.63% of the total energy used. This approach was taken
because data on electricity usage per kWh meter in the
existing distribution subpanel was not obtained. Researchers
perform calculations based on total meters recorded in digital
meters in each sub-panel. Table 8 provides data on the
estimated monthly energy use of the air-conditioned room in
the building each month in the period November 2020 to
November 2021. This data is obtained from the monthly
value of the total energy used minus the energy used outside
the air-conditioned room which is 22.63%.
TABLE 8. DATA ON THE USE OF AIR-CONDITIONED SPACE ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
Periods Energy Consumption
Total (kWh) Air-conditioned Space (kWh)
Nov-20 167.800
129.827
Dec-20 147.480
114.105
Jan-21 137.210
106.159
Feb-21 129.390
100.109
Mar-21 142.800
110.484
Apr-21 121.700
94.159
May-21 103.200
79.846
Jun-21 135.400
104.759
Jul-21 95.000
73.502
Aug-21 83.390
64.519
Sep-21 116.600
90.213
Oct-21 135.500
104.836
Nov-21 134.010
103.684
Furthermore, to measure the amount of energy
consumption in an air-conditioned room, it can be done using
Equation 1 and the data for an air-conditioned room in Table
5 as shown below, an example for the calculation for
November 2020 gives the value of 13,48 kWh/m2/month.
With the same calculation as above, the ECI of the air-
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
kWh
Month SNI 03-0196
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
kWh
Month Permen ESDM No.03: 2012
4
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conditioned room in the building can be made a table for
energy use in the following months. Table 9 the ECI data for
the air-conditioned room, while Figure 5 is the ECI graph for
the air-conditioned room at Inalum Building.
TABLE 9. ECI DATA OF AIR-CONDITIONED ROOM
Periods ECI
(kWh/m2/month)
Nov-20 13,48
Dec-20 11,85
Jan-21 11,03
Feb-21 10,40
Mar-21 11,48
Apr-21 9,78
May-21 8,29
Jun-21 10,88
Jul-21 7,63
Aug-21 6,70
Sep-21 9,37
Oct-21 10,89
Nov-21 10,77
Fig. 5. The AC room ECI chart
D. Discussion
As a conventional office building, the building has very
efficient use of electricity based on the reference to SNI 03-
0196: 2010 which is 7.93 kWh/m2/month and according to
Ministerial Regulation No. 3 of 2012 which is less than 8.5
kWh.m2/month except in November 2020. In that month it is
categorized as efficient. According to [16], the ECI of a green
building is 50% of the standard for a conventional building.
If the annual data for the building is in other words, the annual
ECI value of 78.34 kWh/m2/year has a value of 156.68
kWh/m2/year or 13.05 kWh/m2/month. This means that the
building is still classified as Efficient according to Ministerial
regulation Republic of Indonesia number 3 of 2012 and Fairly
Efficient according to SNI.
When viewed as an air-conditioned room based on green
building criteria, using Table 4.5, the ECI is 121.78
kWh/m2/year. If we refer to [25] that the actual value is
243.56 kWh/m2/year or 20.29 kWh/m2/month. This value
indicates that the air-conditioned room in the building
consumes electrical energy with a wasteful classification for
green buildings.
Based on the observations of researchers at the Inalum
Building, the causes of the high consumption of electrical
energy are as follows:
1. Air conditioning operating hours are carried out
long before operating hours (07.00 West Indonesia
Time or WIT), according to data in the control
system, the air conditioning system is turned on
manually at 06.00 WIT to 06.30 WIT
2. The operating hours of the air conditioner which
should be until 17.00 WIB often operate until 21.00
WIB or even more while no one is working in the
room
3. On Saturdays when the number of workers is small,
almost all the air conditioners are operated
4. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic that is still
engulfing Indonesia, the air-conditioned room is
opened to reduce the occurrence of touching hands
on the door between the building communities.
V. CONCLUSION
The Inalum Building has an efficient electricity
consumption intensity according to SNI standards, with a
value of 78.34 kWh/m2/year or 6.53 kWh/m2/month.
However, as a green building, the existing air-conditioned
space still has a higher ECI value. The SNI standard
classification is still energy-intensive because the ECI value
of an air-conditioned room is 243.56 kWh/m2/year or 20.29
kWh/m2/month.
Further research is recommended to assess green building
standards for the Inalum Building. This can help accelerate
the green building certification process from GBCI.
Recording of building utilities is very important for green
buildings, existing digital meters have been installed on all
distribution panels and distribution sub-panels. As a smart
and green building, electricity consumption, especially air
conditioning, must be controlled regularly in the control room
to get an ECI value that meets the standard.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the National University,
Jakarta, which has sponsored this research to completion. We
also do not forget to thank Mr. Ari Suryo Purnomo the SIP
Manager of the Inalum Building who has provided data for the
preparation of this research.
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