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Geoeducation and Geoculture: Concepts, Characteristics, and Contributions to Geoconservation in Brazil
Abstract
Geodiversity is notable for the diversity of the abiotic factors that compose it and for its importance for the occurrence and maintenance of natural and ecosystem processes fundamental to life on planet Earth. Considering the socio-economic risks of degradation, the need to develop projects, activities, and actions for (geo)conservation is peremptory. In this context, this work aims to present concepts, characteristics, and contributions of geoeducation and geoculture, strategies aimed at the knowledge, appreciation, and application of geoconservation. Methodologically, the research was based on a qualitative approach, with descriptive purposes; segmented in a careful and systematic bibliographic survey, readings and analysis of the theoretical framework, and several field surveys. As results are presented conceptualizations, assumptions, parameters, and bases are characteristics that substantiate possible contributions through their applications. It is expected that these strategies are consolidated and effective, contributing to the expansion of knowledge, appreciation, and conservation of geodiversity in various contexts and scales.KeywordNatural heritageGeodiversityGeoheritageGeoparksGeotourism
... The use of geosites in field activities enables a better understanding of physical processes and allows for direct observation of geological phenomena (Navarrete et al., 2022;Ruban & Ermolaev, 2020). Geoeducation offers students the opportunity to engage in the learning process directly (de Moura Fé et al., 2022), positively impacting critical thinking by identifying and analyzing the formation processes of geological features (Comănescu & Nedelea, 2020;Georgousis et al., 2021). ...
Geoeducation is one of the Geopark Ijen programs in achieving goals in the field of education, by visiting the geosite directly. Grajagan Beach is one of the geosites that can be a contextual learning resource, because it shows outcrops of vesicularstructured basaltic lava rocks. This research aims to analyze the potential of Grajagan Beach Geosite to conduct geoeducation in physical Geography learning. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with direct field observation method as primary data, and literature study as secondary data. Data analysis was done descriptively to explain the potential of Grajagan Beach Geosite as a natural laboratory to facilitate physical Geography learning. The results showed that Grajagan Beach Geosite has objects that can be studied in accordance with the learning outcomes on lithosphere material. This study includes regional geological history, rock formation processes at Grajagan Beach Geosite, geological and geomorphological conditions, as well as rock characteristics, human activities, and the strengths and challenges of geoeducation in physical Geography learning. However, there are various challenges to the implementation of geoeducation at Grajagan Beach Geosite, namely accessibility, limited educational facilities, and lack of integration of study objects with learning outcomes in the curriculum.
Geotourism, a segment of sustainable tourism, presents itself as a promising alternative for sustainable development associated with geoheritage, finding in geopark territories the ideal conditions to be developed. In this context, the objective of this manuscript is to analyze geotourism in the spatial and territorial context of GeoPark Araripe, approaching the geography of the activity, the verified limitations and its potentialities. The research developed is of a qualitative nature, based on the concepts present in the title and keywords, developed in stages of office, field and laboratory. As a result, thematic maps were elaborated, spatializing important elements of geotourism in the study area, description of geosites with field information, in addition to the debate on regional (geo)touristic limitations and potentialities and, finally, the presentation of proposals for 3 routes tourist. It is expected to contribute to the growth and quality of geotourism carried out in GeoPark Araripe.
The purpose of this review is, initially, to emphasize the importance of geoenvironmental education for the promotion and preservation of geological heritage and geoethical values, and based on these, to present the current situation in Greece. Geoeducation is a broader component of environmental education which aims to promote the geological heritage of a place and its geoconservation. It is a key integral tool for tackling environmental issues and therefore further assisting in sustainable development. Greece is known for its exceptional and rare natural beauty, as well as for the abundance of natural resources and its remarkable geological features. For this reason, six global geoparks have already been established in this country. However, its nature protection is mainly considered as the protection of biodiversity, while the term “geodiversity” is almost absent in Greek law. The importance of establishing a legal framework for the protection of geotopes is underlined by the fact that their promotion and rational management create opportunities for sustainable development, as well as to become quality tourist destinations (geotourism) through nature protection and education. Geodiversity can gain public attention and have a positive impact on geotopes protection. Such initiatives can not only improve the protection of geological sites, but also play an important role in their sustainable development.
Scientific heritage, here analysed in its subdivisions of geological and palaeontological heritage, is recognized by its embedded values in scientific collections. More specifically, ex situ scientific collections are remnants of nature and, as such, are sometimes considered geological heritage or elements of cultural heritage, depending on the perception of the researchers on geological heritage. They are a powerful resource for education, promoting creativity and social coherence. In a collection, the concepts of preservation and valuation are interwoven and mutually beneficial in relation to themselves. For an object to be considered as heritage, it is necessary to recognize value on it. If only one person recognizes it as such, it is not enough, since heritage is necessarily a collective concept. The act of being preserved is not the same as having its values recognized by the fields of geology and palaeontology. Different values can be attributed to heritage, such as economic, political, cultural, scientific, spiritual and aesthetic. It is the same in ex situ scientific collections. Geological materials are usually linked to ideas and concepts of nature, but this does not prevent them from receiving two or more values at the same time. This analysis proposes a better understanding on the dynamics of the preservation between in situ and ex situ items, as far as its recognition as heritage and its valuation in the geological field. Our purpose here is to thread through the definitions of cultural, geological and palaeontological heritage, to find an understanding of an integrated heritage, especially in ex situ collections.
The southern coast of the State of Pernambuco comprises an extension of 110 km and includes seven municipalities (Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Ipojuca, Sirinhaém, Rio Formoso, Tamandaré, Barreiros and São José da Coroa Grande).
The region stands out through its geological setting, geographical location, historical events and tourism activities. Millions of
years ago the region was the scene of a major tectonic events of geological history of the Earth: the separation of the mega continent Gondwana and consequent formation of South
American and African continents at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Such events, associated with the exogenous processes over millions of years resulted in the current geological and geomorphological setting, represented primarily by magmatic (plutonic and volcanic) and sedimentary rocks in contrast with the local landscape, with highlighting for the Cape promontory, outcrops of beachrocks, natural pools, estuaries, among others.
Associated with a geological heritage of global relevance the
southern coast of Pernambuco collects important historical events, strong local culture and traditional communities. The
privileged geographical location brings sun shining during all seasons of the year. Such scenario led to the development of tourism of “sun and beach”, which began in late 1940s
like second home tourism. This paper highlights the main social and physical characteristics of the southern coast of Pernambuco, making a brief analysis of the current tourist activity in the region and present
ing a proposed enhancement to the existing tourism, currently based
on natural heritage, sustainable territorial development and geoconservation
(PDF) Geotourism: proposed of valorization and territorial sustainability alternative to the tourism of “sun and beach” on the southern coast of Pernambuco – Brazil. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327751267_Geotourism_proposed_of_valorization_and_territorial_sustainability_alternative_to_the_tourism_of_sun_and_beach_on_the_southern_coast_of_Pernambuco_-_Brazil [accessed Nov 07 2019].
This study deals with the cultural landscape, introduced in the Brazilian environmental legislation in 2009,
as which frames and allows the development of geoconservation projects, including the creation of geoparks. It also
intends to discuss the relations of cultural landscape and geodiversity conservation in Serra da Canastra region, SW
Minas Gerais. The region is notable for a rich combination of natural and cultural heritage. This study presents strategies for the legal modeling of a protected cultural landscape and a geopark in the region, considering the need to protect
geological and cultural sites
Surtout connu pour ses milieux semi-arides et ses sécheresses, le Nordeste brésilien a la particularité d’être ponctué de nombreux îlots montagneux humides dont la riche diversité biotique (biodiversité) et abiotique (géodiversité) demeure méconnue. Une partie seulement de ces montagnes fait aujourd’hui l’objet d’une protection réglementée, sous forme de parcs nationaux et de réserves, surtout dans le but de préserver la forêt atlantique qui recouvre encore partiellement leurs versants exposés aux alizés. Dans ces milieux d’écologie fragile, notamment menacés par la déforestation, un grand nombre de sites géomorphologiques et géologiques méritent aussi une attention particulière et offrent des potentialités élevées pour des usages scientifiques, éducatifs et écotouristiques. Un premier pas en vue de préserver conjointement la biodiversité et la géodiversité de ces milieux a été achevé en 2006, par la création du premier géoparc reconnu par l’UNESCO en Amérique du Sud, autour de la Chapada do Araripe. Ce premier effort de conservation intégrée de la nature doit être pris en exemple pour développer les mesures de protection et de promotion du patrimoine naturel du Nordeste brésilien, aussi bien dans les montagnes humides que sur les piémonts semi-arides.
Early definitions of geotourism stressed tourism related to geology and geomorphology, though some drifted into other concepts such as education, sustainability, conservation and more. Later definitions, largely fostered by National Geographic, treat the topic as related to geography, or more simply place, and concentrate on the extraneous topics such as sustainability, conservation and so forth which should be part of any form of tourism. The earth science community is liable to lose its influence on creation and interpretation of geosites and related topics because the concept has been broadened to include everything. Geodiversity is a copy-cat adaptation of biodiversity, but while biodiversity might be a measure of the health of an ecosystem, the value of geological and geomorphic sites does not depend on diversity. Many geological and geomorphic features are restricted to a single rock or feature, which enhances their value. Geodiversity might be useful as a way of recording diverse features within a given area, but it should not be treated as a value-judgement on the significance of individual sites. The whole area of geoheritage is under threat from the redefinition of geotourism, and the mis-application of the concept of geodiversity.
O município de Uberaba apresenta grande potencialidade geoturística quando considerado aos seus patrimônios geológicos. As rochas ígneas da Formação Serra Geral são encontradas em 12 atrativos geoturísticos, com destaque para as cachoeiras de Ponte Alta (40 metros de altura) e Peirópolis III (sete metros de altura). As rochas sedimentares da Formação Uberaba foram descritas em 11 pontos, destacando-se Cachoeira e Gruta do Giovane (doze metros de altura). Nas rochas sedimentares da Formação Marília destaca-se o afloramento da Caieira (gruta de três metros com estalactites e estalagmites) e a Cachoeira do Vale Encantado (oito metros de altura), entre outros 8 locais. Após o levantamento da geodiversidade foi realizado um diagnóstico ambiental nos potenciais atrativos geoturísticos, sendo utilizado o Método Visitor Impact Management. Os resultados indicam que somente a Cachoeira do Vale Encantado apresenta impacto moderado, o menor quando comparado aos 22 sítios com impacto alto ou preocupante, e 7 com impacto muito alto. Além de definir as estratégias de manejo e monitoramento dos indicadores de impacto ambiental, o presente trabalho serve de base para que as atividades do potencial Geoparque de Uberaba (MG) sejam realizadas com responsabilidade ambiental e/ou geoconservação.
Geotourism is a new form of tourism based on the geological environment. Whilst ecotourism and biodiversity have been described in the academic literature for over thirty years, geotourism and its attendant concepts of geoheritage, geodiversity, geoconservation, and geotours , is relatively new. Geotourism is defined as tourism which focuses on an area’s geology and landscape as the basis of fostering sustainable tourism development. It begins with an understanding of the Abiotic (non-living) environment, to build greater awareness of the Biotic (living) environment of plants and animals as well as the Cultural environment of people, past and present. It is argued that geotourism offers a new form of sustainable tourism which is more holistic than previous niche forms of tourism.
The inventory and quantitative assessment of the most valuable occurrences of geodiversity are essential steps in any geoconservation strategy and in the establishment of priorities in site management. Despite the existence of many site inventories applied to different scales (countries, municipalities, parks, etc.), the criteria used for their selection are often unclear and poorly defined. This paper proposes a new approach to the concepts of geosite and geodiversity site and reviews the procedures used in the development of a systematic site inventory applied to different scales and values. Procedures to achieve a numerical evaluation of the value and degradation risk of sites are reviewed and new criteria are proposed. Finally, guidelines are presented, bearing in mind the preparation of effective geodiversity inventories, to support geoparks’ strategies. This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding and use of the above-mentioned concepts, which are essential for the implementation of geoconservation actions worldwide.
The main purpose of geoconservation is the conservation of geosites as basic units of the geological heritage through the
implementation of specific inventory, evaluation, conservation, valuation and monitoring procedures. In this paper, geoconservation
is characterised as an emergent geoscience within the Earth and Space Sciences where its scope and methods, as well as production
and validation of knowledge can be recognised–thus defining Basic Geoconservation–, interrelations with other earth sciences
can be established–thus supporting Applied Geoconservation–, and Technical Applications of Geoconservation can be identified
through the production of materials, methods and/or scientific services useful to society, namely geoeducation. Promoting
scientific education relevant to sustainable development requires new educational approaches involving the Earth Sciences,
namely through geoconservation, in order to provide citizens with tools to face environmental problems, such as those arising
from the depletion of geological resources—which seriously threaten the geological heritage of the Earth—and the information,
skills and will make forward-looking choices, like supporting the legal protection of Natural Monuments and/or the implementation
of geotourism (including geoparks).
KeywordsBasic Geoconservation–Applied Geoconservation–Technical Applications of Geoconservation–Education for sustainable development
Esta obra inova por oferecer ao leitor diversos olhares sobre o tema ambiental unindo o direito ambiental às ciências da Terra. Destaca-se por incorporar a multi, a inter e a transdisciplinaridade necessárias para efetivação da legislação ambiental, a qual deve ser elaborada a partir do conhecimento e da assimilação dos conceitos das ciências da Terra. Seu pioneirismo está em articular os temas por meio de um conjunto de 24 capítulos de renomados autores, professores membros de grupos de pesquisa nacionais e internacionais, que demonstram e revelam a interconexão e a interdependência entre temas tão sinérgicos.
Conceptions about landscape come together in human life, since mankind's existence has always depended on his relationship with nature. However, the expression of a landscape concept took some time, and its first concrete manifestation came through arts, both in Eastern and Western civilization. In ancient times, an environment out of human control was seen as a hostile element, so, there were closed gardens, built to enjoy plants, birds and leisure time. In the West, ideas and systematic studies started with Humboldt, who considered landscape to be a result of complex interactions between natural and human elements. Discussions would continue about the concept and evolving method for landscape studies, with an emphasis on geomorphology, or on vegetation, or on land use, or another aspect. There was a trend toward specialisation in the 60's research, and Bertrand defined landscape as a dynamic and unstable combination of physical, biological and anthropic factors. In contemporary western geography, landscape is a visual product of interaction between natural and social elements. As landscape occupies space, it can be mapped by different scales and classified according to a particular method or an element of its totality Landscape is not the same as space, but part of it; something like a parameter or multidimensional measure of spatial analysis.
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