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PARSONS, DAHL, BACHRACH VE BARATZ, LUKES, FOUCAULT
1
Ahmet KURNAZ
2
Mustafa KARA
3
Özet
merkezi bir konuma sahiptir. Kavram,
keskin .
manipülasyon gibi terimler
teorisyenler
Parsons, Robert Dahl, Peter Bachrach ve Morton Baratz, Steven Lukes ve Michel Fouca
,
ya da sosyal
.
Anahtar Kelimeler:
i
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO POWER RELATIONS: WEBER, ARENDT,
PARSONS, DAHL, BACHRAH AND BARATZ, LUKES, FOUCAULT
Abstract
Power relations have a central place in not only political science but also all social sciences.
Although the concept is defined with similar terms in different theories, the meanings attributed to
these terms arise on the fundamentally controversial ground. Views on what power is, where it is,
how it works, and what kind of outcomes it produces vary dramatically. This study illustrates terms
such as power, force, violence, legitimacy, authority, oppression, domination, influence, coercion,
and manipulation used in restrictive and productive power conceptualizations at micro and macro
levels in institutionalist or behavioralist approaches. The theorists described in the study are Max
Weber, Hannah Arendt, Talcott Parsons, Robert Dahl, Peter Bachrach and Morton Baratz, Steven
Lukes and Michel Foucault, respectively. The study focuses on the differences in the theories, such
as that power derives from social or individual parties. Another dimension that shows the
differences in theories is accepting that power is a property of the individual or the social body.
1
2
Dr., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, ahmetkurnaz@hotmail.com, 0000-0001-5628-328X
3
Doç. Dr., Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, mustafakara@comu.edu.tr, 0000-0002-2012-4815
713
Last, while some approaches argue that power emerges in the actors' conflicts, others claim that it
can operate through manipulation without a conflict.
Keywords:
Power, domination, authority, influence, coercion
1.
(Heywood,
2007, ss. 10-11) i osyal
(Allen, 2016; Crozier, 1973; Lukes,
1974, s. 213; Roscigno, 2011, s. 349).
-
. Teorisyen
(Allen, 2016, s. 6).
, sadece bir nitelik, konum veya somut denklem z. Aksine,
mektedir
(Roscigno, 2011, ss. 352-353).
üç
Peter Bachrach ve Morton Baratz
(Isaac, 1987, ss. 17-18). Son olarak,
Max Weber bir ikti
Arendt ve Talcott Parsons,
rak
Robert Dahl, Peter Bachrach ve Morton Baratz
ak
eder.
(Digeser,
1992, ss. 979-891).
2. KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE
2.1. Max Weber: Dominasyon ve Otorite
sosyo-
714
,
(Mommsen, 1992, ss. 54-56).
(Allen, 2016, s. 4). Buna göre iktidar (
Macht
(Weber, 1978, s. 53)
Machtprestige
(Swedberg & Agevall, 2016, s. 261)
(Weber, 1978, s. 911).
Dominasyon (
Herrschaft
etmesidir (Weber, 1978, s. 53)
(Weber, 1978, s. 212)
(Saar,
2010, s. 10).
(Saar, 2010, ss. 9-10)
rasyonellikten türemektedir (Kim, 2007, s. 27; Weber, 1978, s. 215). Genel olarak ifade etmek
de ise uzun bir zaman içinde
-
(Weber, 1978, ss.
217,227,241).
Führerdemokratie
te, yasal-rasyonel ve geleneksel otoritenin aksine, yüce
bir amaca olan inançtan,
servant
) olur (Weber, 1978, ss. 267-268).
m gelirse gelsin
karizmaya
4
(Green, 2008, s. 188) ,
ss.242-243) göre karizmatik
larak
4
Karizma, -
(Green, 2008: 189).
715
selbstgewählten Vertrauensmann der
Massen
(Green, 2008, ss. 191-
192).
gösterilir (Giddens, 2013, s. 7)
(Beetham, 1989, s.
312)
entelektüel bir kurarak onu (Giddens
2013:8; Mommsen 1992:171). Ek olarak,
(Giddens, 1968, s. 262).
Son olarak,
,
olarak
gösterilir
herrschaft
(Roscigno, 2011, s. 351).
2.2.
(Saar, 2010, s. 12)
bir araya gelme , s. 25).
Lukes (1974, s. 29)
Aritotelesçi pratik kavram (Habermas & McCarthy, 1977, s. 7)
polis
,
gör ,
2019, ss. 22-23).
siyasal bedende var olan bireylerin ahenk içindeki eylemlerinde (
acting in concert
(Saar, 2010, s. 12).
var olamaz (
potestas in populo
(
strength
(
force
,
(Arendt, 1970, ss. 44-46).
Arendt, , siyasal ve kamusal sebeplerle
b
(Arendt, 1998, s. 200)
, ss. 23-24).
716
, iktidar sürdürülen
:
emlerde (Habermas & McCarthy, 1977, s. 7).
dine yer
bulmaz (Habermas & McCarthy, 1977, s. , s. 202).
2.3. Talcott
Parsons, iktidar üç sorun
görülür. Oysa Parsons,
çehrenin ik
-
5
düzenlerde bunun geçerli olm (Parsons,
1963, ss. 232-233) -
(Giddens, 1968, s. 258).
-
circulating
medium
) (Parsons, 1963, s. 233).
Modern ekon
pleri
-
(Giddens, 1968, ss. 259-260).
Parsons,
(Habermas & McCarthy, 1977, s. 5).
Böylece iktidar bir mülk
bir
(Giddens, 1968, s. 260; Lukes, 1974, s. 28; Parsons, 1963, s. 243).
5
total systems sufficient level of
complexity
ileri sürer (Parsons, 1963: 233).
717
(Lukes, 1974, ss. 30-31)
(Giddens, 1968, ss. 265-267).
2.4.
Liberal iktidar
temelde
(Isaac, 1987, s.
26).
nin
(Dahl, 1957, s. 203).
ta (Dahl, 1957, ss. 204-205).
K
(Dahl, 1957, ss. 205-206).
(Merelman, 1968, s. 452).
(Crozier, 1973, s. 216).
2.5. Peter Bachrach ve Morton Baratz
6
,
,
coercion
), nüfuz (
influence
), otorite, güç (
force
) ve manipülasyonu
içerir (Bachrach & Baratz, 1962, s. 948; Lukes, 1974, s. 17).
6
718
insanlar veya nesneler üzerine uygulanan bir edim içerir. O,
,
(Bachrach & Baratz, 1963, ss. 623-633).
nondecision-making
l
(Bachrach
& Baratz, 1963, ss. 632, 1975)
discrete
(Lukes, 1974,
s. 21).
2.6.
(Lukes, 1974, ss. 10-25). Lu
power over
) -bir
edim-
sahip olma (
power to
(Haugaard, 2010, s. 428)
(Lukes, 1974, s. 34)
(Heywood, 2015, ss.
90,119) lik
gösterir.
(Lukes, 1974, s. 36). B,
(Digeser, 1992, s. 979).
2.7.
719
Fou (Digeser, 1992, s. 981).
a
(Foucault, 1980b, s. 142)
bir katalizör gibidir. Foucault, rasyonellik çerçevesi yerine
(Foucault, 1982, s. 780).
(1982, s. 778)
küçük detaylarda belirir. Diyaletktik ise
Platoncu diyaloglara indirger (Foucault, 1980e, s. 114).
,
(Foucault, 1980d, s. 187). Fakat,
r
(Foucault, 1980b, ss. 139-140).
gü
(Digeser, 1992, s. 982).
z
(Foucault, 1980d, s. 188)
(Foucault,
1978, ss. 92-94)
bulunmazlar (Digeser, 1992, ss. 983-984).
Bilgi-
kaçabilen herhangi bir gerçek yoktur. Tüm gerçeklik gücün eseridir (Digeser, 1992, ss. 987-988).
720
Foucault makbul va
i
-
özneler ve iktidar bu süreçte tekrar üretilir (Digeser, 1992, ss. 993-994)
Panoptikon
Ancak modern ik (Foucault, 1980c, s.
148).
doktor-
etkilerini ideolojiden
söylemektedir (Foucault, 1980a, ss. 56-58).
,
(Fraser, 1981, s. 283; Gutting, 2010, s. 72; Taylor, 1984, ss. 162,169).
(Taylor, 1984, s. 172).
(Foucault, 1980f, s. 98)
argüma
(Connolly, 1985, s. 371).
3. SONUÇ
arak
sosyal
bedende
721
(
nondecision-making
öne sürer. Bilgi ve iktidar, öznelerin yeniden üretiminde
.
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724