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New species of lichenized fungi from Brazil, with a record report of 492 species in a small area of the Amazon Forest
Abstract
We report a record lichen biodiversity from a small area in the Brazilian Amazon, with 492 identifiable lichen species within nine hectares of protected forest, in the Cristalino Reserve in Mato Grosso, Brazil, collected during one week. This is already an absolute world record, but given our observations while in the field, and the fact that we sampled only a small fraction to the area, we hypothesize that the number of species in this area could be even much higher, well establishing that lichen biodiversity per area in the tropics is higher than elsewhere. Among the species reported, two are new to the southern hemisphere, nine are new to the Neotropics, 30 are first reports for Brazil, and 247 are new to Mato Grosso state. We also describe 40 new lichenized fungi species, mainly from the Amazon, 19 of which are from Cristalino Reserve: Aggregatorygma lichexanthonicum, Allographa pruinodisca, Architrypethelium submuriforme, Astrothelium gyalostiolatum, A. infravulcanum, A. inspersonitidulum, A. parathelioides, A. quintannulare, A. quintosulphureum, A. squamosum, A. stromatocinnamomeum, A. xanthosordithecium, Caloplaca cinereosquamosa, Carbacanthographis tetrinspersa, Cladonia megafurcata, Coniarthonia echinospora, C. micromuralis, Coniocarpon foliicola, Cresponea pallidosorediata, Cryptothecia demethylconfluentica, C. methylperlatolica, C. parvopsoromica, Fissurina isohypocrellina, Heterodermia apicalis, Lecidella fuliginea, Malmidea densisidiata, M. nigra, Mazosia flavida, Multisporidea conidiophora, Porina albotomentosa, P. muralisidiata, Psorinia cyanea, Ramboldia badia, Saxiloba pruinosa, Sclerophyton perithecioideum, Sporopodium soredioflavescens, Synarthonia xanthonica, Tingiopsidium tropicum, Tylophoron rufescens, and Viridothelium sinuosogelatinosum. Identification keys are given to the Brazilian species of Coniarthonia and Cryptothecia.
... Cryptothecia and Myriostigma are distributed in tropical and subtropical humid forests. To date, approximately 113 species are known worldwide [6,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], and only 6 species have been reported in China [17,18]. During our research on these two genera ...
Cryptothecia and Myriostigma are important elements of crustose lichen communities in tropical to subtropical forests, but little research has been done on these two genera in China. Morphological and molecular phylogenetic approaches to investigate species diversity of Cryptothecia and Myriostigma from Southern China were carried out in this study. We find five species of Cryptothecia and Myriostigma in our study, including three new species (M. flavescens, M. hainana and M. laxipunctata) and two new records (C. bartlettii and C. inexspectata). In addition, a phylogenetic tree based on mtSSU, RPB2 and nLSU illustrates the placement of the five species and supports the delimitation of the three new taxa. Detailed descriptions of morphological, ecological and chemical characteristics and illustrations are provided for every species. A key to all known Chinese Cryptothecia and Myriostigma species is also provided.
... The recent revision of the genus Carbacanthographis (Feuerstein et al. 2022), which raised the number of known species to 41, was a great step forward and of much help for our study of further samples of this genus. It allowed us to recognize 14 additional new species, which are presented here and further new species are showing up, e.g., in Aptroot et al. (2022). The genus appears to have a diversity center in our study areas, the Amazonian lowland forests of Brazil and the Guianas. ...
A revision of neotropical specimens of the genus Carbacanthographis (Graphidaceae, lichenized fungi) revealed the presence of 14 undescribed species: Carbacanthographis bulbosa, C. clandestinospora, C. cristata, C. denudata, C. granulosa, C. inspersomarcescens, C. isidiata, C. latisporoides, C. lucidocleitops, C. minutissima, C. multiseptatoides, C. nigra, C. nitida, and C. protocristata. They are presented below. The genus appears to have a diversity center in semideciduous forests of northern South America, with up to 7 different species on a single tree
... 2007. (Aptroot et al. 2022b); PE (Lima 2013); RS (Spielmann 2006); SE (Cáceres 2007); SP (Kalb 1982c). ...
The genus Coenogonium, the only genus in the family Coenogoniaceae, is mostly found in tropical and subtropical regions. Approximately 100 species of Coenogonium are known worldwide, and about 52 species have been previously recorded from Brazil. Here, we describe four species as new to science from the Atlantic Forest in the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Sergipe, and present a few new state records. The new species are C. carassense, C. itabaianense, C. pilosum, and C. subtomentosum. An annotated checklist of the species of Coenogonium from Brazil is also included.
... For other organism groups, like bryophytes, it is reported to be much less diverse than e. g. the Andes. In the past ten years, I visited and published lichen records and species from the Amazonian states of Rondônia [4][5][6][7][8][9], Amazonas [10], Amapá [11][12], Acre [13], Pará [14], Mato Grosso [15], and Tocantins [14]. Not every specimen could be identified or described so far, but the majority of the material has been published, although over 50 new Graphidaceae from the Amazon are still waiting to be published. ...
Lichens were investigated in Brazil in a small area along the Roosevelt river in Amazonas; 26 species are first reports for Brazil, and 192 additional species are first records for Amazonas state. As many as 24 species are described as new to science: Allographa lineatipruinosa, Allographa variopruinata, Arthonia xanthopycnidiata, Astrothelium aurantioseptemseptatum, Astrothelium bulbosum, Astrothelium coloratum, Astrothelium inspersonovemseptatum, Astrothelium insulare, Astrothelium laureroides, Astrothelium marjoleinae, Astrothelium meandratum, Astrothelium multireflexum, Astrothelium myopicum, Astrothelium parabathelium, Astrothelium stellare (also known from Mato Grosso state), Astrothelium suprainspersum, Astrothelium xanthocavatum, Ocellularia fuscolichexanthonica, Ocellularia lichexanthocavata, Pertusaria amazonica, Phaeographis xantholirellinata, Porina ramiisidiata, Pseudopyrenula connexa, and Sprucidea squamulosa.
... For other organism groups, such as bryophytes, it is reported to be much less diverse than, e.g., the Andes. In the past ten years, I visited and published lichen records and species from the Amazonian states of Rondônia [4][5][6][7][8][9], Amazonas [10], Amapá [11,12], Acre [13], Pará [14], Mato Grosso [15], and Tocantins [14]. Not every specimen could be identified or described yet, but the majority of the material has been published, although over 50 new Graphidaceae from the Amazon are still waiting to be published. ...
Lichens were investigated in Brazil in a small area along the Roosevelt River in Amazonas; 25 species are first reports for Brazil, and 190 additional species are first records for Amazonas state. As many as 24 species are described that are new to science: Allographa lineatipruinosa, Allographa variopruinata, Arthonia xanthopycnidiata, Astrothelium aurantioseptemseptatum, Astrothelium bulbosum, Astrothelium coloratum, Astrothelium inspersonovemseptatum, Astrothelium insulare, Astrothelium laureroides, Astrothelium marjoleinae, Astrothelium meandratum, Astrothelium multireflexum, Astrothelium myopicum, Astrothelium parabathelium, Astrothelium stellare (also known from Mato Grosso state), Astrothelium suprainspersum, Astrothelium xanthocavatum, Ocellularia fuscolichexanthonica, Ocellularia lichexanthocavata, Pertusaria amazonica, Phaeographis xantholirellinata, Porina ramiisidiata, Pseudopyrenula connexa, and Sprucidea squamulosa.
... This resulted in the recognition of several new species (e.g. Aptroot and Cáceres (2016); Aptroot and Lücking (2016); Aptroot et al. (2016bAptroot et al. ( , 2019Aptroot et al. ( , 2022; Flakus et al. (2016); Lücking et al. (2016b); Cáceres and Aptroot (2017); Aptroot and Weerakoon (2018); Hongsanan et al. (2020); Jiang et al. (2022)). ...
Two new species of Astrothelium are described from the Yungas forest in Bolivian Andes. Astrothelium chulumanense is characterised by pseudostromata concolorous with the thallus, perithecia immersed for the most part, with the upper portion elevated above the thallus and covered, except the tops, with orange pigment, apical and fused ostioles, the absence of lichexanthone (but thallus UV+ orange-yellow), clear hamathecium, 8-spored asci and amyloid, large, muriform ascospores with median septa. Astrothelium isidiatum is known only in a sterile state and produces isidia that develop in groups on areoles, but easily break off to reveal a medulla that resembles soralia. Both species, according to the two-locus phylogeny, belong to Astrothelium s.str. The production of isidia is reported from the genus Astrothelium and the family Trypetheliaceae for the first time.
This article is the 17th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series which allows the researchers to publish fungal collections
with updated reports of fungus-host and fungus-geography. Herein we report 97 taxa with four new genera distributed
in three phyla (Ascomycota, Glomeromycota and Mucoromycota), 11 classes, 38 orders and 62 families collected from
various regions worldwide. This collection is further classifed into taxa from 69 genera with four novel genera namely
Jinshana, Lithophyllospora, Parapolyplosphaeria and Stegonsporiicola. Furthermore, 71 new species, 21 new records, one
new combination and four novel phylogenetic placements are provided. The new species comprise Acrocalymma estuarinum, Aggregatorygma isidiatum, Alleppeysporonites elsikii, Amphibambusa aquatica, Apiospora hongheensis, Arthrobotrys tachengensis, Calonectria potisiana, Collariella hongheensis, Colletotrichum squamosae, Corynespora chengduensis,
Diaporthe beijingensis, Dicellaesporites plicatus, Dicellaesporites verrucatus, Dictyoarthrinium endophyticum, Distoseptispora chiangraiensis, Dothiora eucalypti, Epicoccum indicum, Exesisporites chandrae, Fitzroyomyces pseudopandanicola, Fomitiporia exigua, Fomitiporia rondonii, Fulvifomes subthailandicus, Gigaspora siqueirae, Gymnopus ailaoensis,
Hyalorbilia yunnanensis, Hygrocybe minimiholatra, H. mitsinjoensis, H. parviholatra, H. solis, H. vintsy, Helicogermslita
kunmingensis, Jinshana tangtangiae, Kirschsteiniothelia dujuanhuensis, Lamproderma subcristatum, Leucoagaricus madagascarensis, Leucocoprinus mantadiaensis, Lithophyllospora australis, Marasmius qujingensis, Melomastia aquilariae,
Monoporisporites jansoniusii, M. pattersonii, Monoporisporites valdiyae, Mucispora maesotensis, Mucor soli, Muyocopron
yunnanensis, Nigrospora tomentosae, Ocellularia psorirregularis, Ophiocordyceps duyunensis, Oxneriaria nigrodisca,
Oxydothis aquatica, O. fliforme, Phacidiella xishuangbannaensis, Phlebiopsis subgriseofuscescens, Pleurothecium takense, Pleurotus tuber-regium, Pseudochaetosphaeronema puerensis, Pseudodactylaria guttulate, Racheliella chinensis,
Rhexoacrodictys fangensis, Roussoella neoaquatica, Rubroboletus pruinosus, Sanghuangporus subzonatus, Scytalidium
assmuthi, Shrungabeeja kudremukhensis, Spirographa skorinae, Stanjehughesia bambusicola, Stegonsporiicola aurantiaca,
Umbelopsis hingganensis, Vararia tenuata, Verruconis pakchongensis, Wongia bandungensis, and Zygosporium cymodoceae.
The new combination is Parapolyplosphaeria thailandica (≡ Polyplosphaeria thailandica). The 21 new hosts, geographical
and habitat records comprise Acrocalymma fci, Apiculospora spartii, Aspergillus subramanianii, Camposporium ramosum, Clonostachys rogersoniana, Colletotrichum brevisporum, C. plurivorum, Collybiopsis gibbosa, Dictyosporium tratense, Distoseptispora adscendens, Exosporium livistonae, Ganoderma gibbosum, Graphis mikuraensis, Gymnosporangium
paraphysatum, Lasiodiplodia thailandica, Moesziomyces bullatus, Penicillium cremeogriseum, P. echinulonalgiovense,
P. javanicum, P. lanosocoeruleum, P. polonicum, and Pleurotus tuber-regium. Graphis chlorotica, G. panhalensis and G.
parilis are given as novel phylogenetic placements. In addition, we provide the morphology of Tarzetta tibetensis which was
missing in the previous Fungal Diversity Notes 1611–1716. Identifcation of characterization of all these taxa are supported
by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses.
A detailed examination of Malmidea specimens deposited in the herbarium LWG and freshly collected samples resulted in the description of 10 new species. Malmidea glabromarginata has a finely verrucose thallus and granifera -type whitish apothecial margins. Malmidea globosa is characterized by having a strongly verrucose thallus with almost spherical warts and piperis -type apothecial margins. Malmidea incrassatispora has a thalline excipulum and ascospores with end wall thickenings. Malmidea kalbii has a thalline excipulum, dark brown to black apothecial discs and ascospores mostly < 15 μm in length. In Malmidea lutea the medulla of the thallus and verrucae is white to cream-coloured, with beige-coloured apothecial discs. Malmidea palghatensis has a thalline excipulum and with medulla of verrucae pink-coloured. Malmidea rubra has an irregularly verrucose thallus, with the medulla of verrucae orange-red and whitish apothecial margins. Malmidea subindica has light to dark orange-brown apothecial discs, 2–4-spored asci, and broadly ellipsoid ascospores mostly exceeding 30 μm in length. Malmidea upretii has prominent and confluent verrucae with an orange-red medulla, and ascospores exceeding 25 μm in length. Malmidea verrucosa has a characteristic whitish grey, densely verrucose thallus, dark reddish brown apothecial discs and contains atranorin. Additionally, seven species, viz. Malmidea fenicis (Vain.) Kalb et al. , M. leptoloma (Müll. Arg.) Kalb & Lücking, M. piae (Kalb) Kalb, M. piperina (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Breuss, M. reunionis Kalb, M. sulphureosorediata Cáceres et al . and M. vinosa (Eschw.) Kalb et al., are reported as new distributional records for the Indian lichen biota. The world key of Malmidea by Breuss & Lücking (2015) has been updated with all the species discovered after 2015 by mentioning specific couplets.
A species of the genus Ramalea, R. coilophylla, was recollected at the type locality and an additional large population was found in another state, Espírito Santo, in Brazil. This enabled a morphological study showing that the podetia arise from the margins of primary squamules. Sequencing showed the species and, because it is very similar to the type species, the genus, which was lastly cited as incertae sedis, to belong to the Ramalinaceae. A new species from the Amazon was also shown to belong to the Ramalinaceae and the new genus Appressodiscus is erected to accommodate this species, as well as a species that was recently described in the genus Ramboldia. New lichen species are Appressodiscus isidiobadius and Lecania variocolorata, and Appressodiscus badius is a new combination.
In this study, we revised the lichen collection at the Herbario Amazonico Colombiano (coah) in Bogotá, Colombia. The collection has a total of nearly 2,400 specimens, with some duplicates in the Herbario Nacional (col) and in the herbarium of the Botanic Garden in Berlin (b). The revision of 1,861 specimens revealed 574 species in 142 genera and 44 families, among which there are 28 species new to science and seven new combinations. Previously, 324 species had been reported from the Colombian Amazon, and our revision resulted in a new total of 666 species, more than doubling the previous number. All 666 species are enumerated here in the first comprehensive checklist of lichens from the Colombian Amazon. A total of 157 new country records (53 already reported in the new Catalogue of Fungi of Colombia) increase the number of lichens known from Colombia to 2,827. The following species are described as new: Allographa exuens, differing from A. argentata by the lirellae with the corticiform layer soon flaking off and exposing the black labia, the only finely inspersed hymenium, and the narrower ascospores; A. guainiae, differing from Graphis syzygii in the prominent ascomata with lateral thalline margin and whitish thallus remnants between the striae; A. labiata, differing from A. immersa in the prominent lirellae with conspicuous, entire, exposed labia, an inspersed hymenium, longer ascospores, and stictic acid as secondary compound; A. lichexanthonica, differing from A. sitiana in producing lichexanthone; A. sessilis, differing from A. contortuplicata in the muriform ascospores; A. suprainspersata, differing from A. angustata in the very thin thalline cover of the ascomata and the apically inspersed hymenium; Astrothelium bireagens, differing from A. cinnamomeum by the broader, apically flattened perithecia covered by a thin, ferruginous-red, K+ deep purple pruina and internally with an ochraceous-yellow, K+ deep yellow pigment; A. stromatolucidum, differing from A. neovariolosum in the distinctly pseudostromatic ascomata; Carbacanthographis submultiseptata, differing from C. multiseptata in the narrower ascospores and the indistinct periphysoids; Chapsa inconspicua, differing from C. angustispora in the smooth to uneven versus farinose thallus and in the much shorter ascospores; Coenogonium velutinellum, differing from C. pineti in the finely velvety, rather thick thallus composed of irregular to erect, densely packed algal threads covered by a thin pseudocortex; Fellhanera naevioides, differing from F. naevia in the finely dispersed, minutely crenulate thallus and the blackish apothecia; Fissurina sipmanii, differing from F. amazonica in the shorter and broader, slightly gaping, somewhat chroodiscoid ascomata, and the amyloid ascospores; Glyphis lirellizans, differing from Glyphis substriatula in the erumpent vs. prominent lirellae with lateral thalline margin and the exposed disc; Graphis papillifera, differing from G. stellata in the lirellae lacking a thalline margin, very elongate and irregularly to radiately branched and not in stellate clusters, and in the 5-septate ascospores; G. pseudoglyphis, differing from Graphis stellata in the non-verrucose thallus, the branched lirellae which do not, however, form stellate clusters, and the shorter ascospores; Malmidea flavimarginata, differing from M. bacidinoides in the pale yellow, K+ deep yellow medulla and yellow, K+ deep yellow excipular crystals, as well as the smaller ascospores; M. isidiopiperina, differing from M. taytayensis in the smaller ascospores; M. papillitrailiana, differing from M. trailiana in the papillose apothecial margins; Myriotrema araracuarense, differing from Myriotrema muluense in the non-annulate pores of the apothecia and in the longer ascospores; Ocellularia areolata, differing from Ocellularia rhicnoporoides in the pigmented medulla and the larger, more prominent apothecia with completely carbonized excipulum; O. caquetensis, differing from Ocellularia rotundifumosa in the absence of a columella; O. inspersipallens, differing from O. viridipallens in the inspersed hymenium and the 5–7-septate ascospores; O. rufocinctoides, differing from O. rufocincta in the thallus lacking large and irregular crystal clusters, in the more prominent apothecia and in the smaller ascospores; O. sipmanii, differing from Ocellularia abbayesiana in the smaller, 3-septate ascospores; Pseudopyrenula daironii, differing from all other species of the genus in the aggregate perithecia with shared ostiole and the internal orange-red pigment granules lining the perithecial wall; Pyrenula asymmetrica, differing from Pyrenula papilligera in the longer, almost rectangular ascospores; and Redingeria pseudostromatica, differing from other species in the genus in the pseudostromatic ascomata with small, rounded apothecia, in combination with 1-septate ascospores. In addition, the following seven new combinations are proposed: Bacidina cyanophila (≡ Bacidina simplex var. cyanophila), Malmidea sorediifera (≡ Lecanora sorediifera), Ocellularia fuscescens (≡ Thelotrema fuscescens), Phaeographis cymbegrapha (≡ Graphis cymbegrapha; = Phaeographis amazonica Staiger], Polyblastidium flavosquamosum (≡ Heterodermia flavosquamosa), Polyblastidium lamelligerum (≡ Parmelia lamelligera), and Polyblastidium rottboellii (≡ Anaptychia hypoleuca var. rottboellii).
The species of Heterodermia in Brazil have been revised based on literature reports, public databases and examination of 500 recent specimens from 15 states. So far, 43 species have been reported in the literature, two of which are not accepted here. We report 10 additional species from Brazil and describe 15 new to science, mostly from the Atlantic rainforest biome, raising the total number to 68, including two still undescribed species from Santa Catarina State. A key to all accepted species is given, keying out more species than represented in any previously published key of the genus. Based on new phylogenetic work, we do not accept the split genera that were recently proposed. We do informally recognize an additional group, the H. dactyliza -group. The following species are described as new: Heterodermia amphilacinulata M. F. N. Martins & M. P. Marcelli, H. caneziae M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. delicatula M. P. Marcelli & M. F. N. Martins, H. dissecticodiademata M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. dissecticoflabellata M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. flavodactyliza M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. flavulifera M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. labiata M. P. Marcelli & M. F. N. Martins, H. macrosoraliata M. P. Marcelli & M. F. N. Martins, H. minor M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. neocrocea M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. nigromarginata M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. phyllalbicans M. F. Souza & Aptroot, H. spielmannii M. F. Souza & Aptroot and H. sublinearis M. P. Marcelli & M. F. N. Martins. The following new combinations are also proposed: Heterodermia africana (Kurok.) M. F. Souza & Aptroot and H. borphyllidiata (Kalb & Meesim) M. F. Souza & Aptroot. Dissectic acid was found in species belonging to three different groups and was not restricted to (and characteristic of) one subgroup, as previously reported.
Mycotaxon is pleased to add a new annotated species distribution list to our 146 previously posted free-access fungae. The 39-page "Checklist of the lichens of The Reserva Florestal Adolphe Ducke in Manaus" by Aptroot, Cavalcante, Santos, Junior, Lima, and Cáceres may be downloaded from our website via http://www.mycotaxon.com/mycobiota/index.html
Three species of lichens are described as new from the Chapada dos Guimarães in Mato Grosso (Brazil): Astrothelium muriconicum Aptroot & M.F.Souza, sp. nov. which is the first species in the core group of the genus, the A. conicum-group, with muriform ascospores; Gassicurtia lopesiana M.F.Souza & Aptroot, sp. nov. which is characterized by red apothecium margins and lichexanthone in the thallus; and G. pruinosa M.F.Souza & Aptroot, sp. nov. which has brown pruinose, UV+ green discs and less red pigmantation. A further 191 species are reported new to the state Mato Grosso, 14 of which are first reports from Brazil. © Publications scientifiques du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris.
https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/67955
Lichens are widely acknowledged to be a key component of high latitude ecosystems. However, the time investment needed for full inventories and the lack of taxonomic identification resources for crustose lichen and lichenicolous fungal diversity have hampered efforts to fully gauge the depth of species richness in these ecosystems. Using a combination of classical field inventory and extensive deployment of chemical and molecular analysis, we assessed the diversity of lichens and associated fungi in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska (USA), a mixed landscape of coastal boreal rainforest and early successional low elevation habitats deglaciated after the Little Ice Age. We collected nearly 5000 specimens and found a total of 947 taxa, including 831 taxa of lichen-forming and 96 taxa of lichenicolous fungi together with 20 taxa of saprotrophic fungi typically included in lichen studies. A total of 98 species (10.3% of those detected) could not be assigned to known species and of those, two genera and 27 species are described here as new to science: Atrophysma cyanomelanos gen. et sp. nov., Bacidina circumpulla , Biatora marmorea , Carneothele sphagnicola gen. et sp. nov., Cirrenalia lichenicola , Corticifraga nephromatis , Fuscidea muskeg , Fuscopannaria dillmaniae , Halecania athallina , Hydropunctaria alaskana , Lambiella aliphatica , Lecania hydrophobica , Lecanora viridipruinosa , Lecidea griseomarginata , L. streveleri , Miriquidica gyrizans , Niesslia peltigerae , Ochrolechia cooperi , Placynthium glaciale , Porpidia seakensis , Rhizocarpon haidense , Sagiolechia phaeospora , Sclerococcum fissurinae , Spilonema maritimum , Thelocarpon immersum , Toensbergia blastidiata and Xenonectriella nephromatis . An additional 71 ‘known unknown’ species are cursorily described. Four new combinations are made: Lepra subvelata (G. K. Merr.) T. Sprib., Ochrolechia minuta (Degel.) T. Sprib., Steineropsis laceratula (Hue) T. Sprib. & Ekman and Toensbergia geminipara (Th. Fr.) T. Sprib. & Resl. Thirty-eight taxa are new to North America and 93 additional taxa new to Alaska. We use four to eight DNA loci to validate the placement of ten of the new species in the orders Baeomycetales , Ostropales , Lecanorales , Peltigerales , Pertusariales and the broader class Lecanoromycetes with maximum likelihood analyses. We present a total of 280 new fungal DNA sequences. The lichen inventory from Glacier Bay National Park represents the second largest number of lichens and associated fungi documented from an area of comparable size and the largest to date in North America. Coming from almost 60°N, these results again underline the potential for high lichen diversity in high latitude ecosystems.
Aptroot A. & Cáceres M.E.S. 2018: New species and new records of lichens from inselbergs and surrounding Atlantic rain forest in the Chapada Diamantina (Bahia, Brazil). – Herzogia 31: 359–373.
Seven species of lichens from the state of Bahia (Brazil) are described as new: Dimelaena mayrhoferiana, Enterographa glaucotremoides, Gassicurtia rhizocarpoides, Hypotrachyna maculata, Lecanora hypofusca, Maronina saxicola, and Myriostigma xanthonicum. In addition, 194 species are reported for the first time from Bahia, 15 of which were not known from Brazil before. Placynthiella oligotropha, which was abundant on soil in a rather dry forest without any other accompanying lichens, is a new record for the southern hemisphere.
Cladoniaceae is a family of lichenized fungi that belongs to the Lecanorales, Ascomycota. The family is distributed widely, although several genera are restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. The circumscriptions of the genera and species in the family have traditionally been based on thallus morphology, the type of vegetative propagules and the secondary metabolites. However, numerous species are highly variable phenotypically, making their delimitation problematic. In the present study a new phylogeny of Cladoniaceae is constructed using five loci (ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA, RPB2, RPB1, EF‐1a) from a worldwide sample of 643 specimens representing 304 species. Cladoniaceae was resolved as a monophyletic group. The circumscription of the genera and the relationships among them are discussed. Pycnothelia, Carassea and Metus are closely related, forming a sister clade to the larger genus Cladonia. Cladia in its recent wide sense turned out to be paraphyletic, including species that have been recognized in Thysanothecium and Notocladonia. Cladonia was resolved as monophyletic, with C. wainioi as the earliest diverging lineage. Eleven major clades were resolved in Cladonia. No synapomorphies were found for most of them. We propose the new genera Pulchrocladia and Rexia, as segregates of Cladia, five new combinations, and the resurrection of the genus Heterodea.
Background and aims – The Arthoniaceae form a species-rich family of lichenized, lichenicolous and saprophytic fungi in the order Arthoniales. As part of taxonomic revisions of the African Arthoniaceae, a number of species assignable to the genus Synarthonia were collected and sequenced. The present study aims at placing the genus in a phylogeny for the first time and at clarifying its circumscription. Methods – Nuclear (RPB2) and mitochondrial (mtSSU) DNA sequences from freshly collected specimens were obtained and analysed with phylogenetic Bayesian and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Key results – Synarthonia is closely related to the genera Reichlingia and Coniocarpon in the Arthoniaceae. Six Synarthonia species are described as new to science and ten new combinations into this genus are made. A worldwide identification key to the genus Synarthonia is provided. Lectotypes are chosen for Arthonia elegans, A. inconspicua, A. lopingensis, A. ochracea, A. subcaesia and A. translucens. Arthonia thamnocarpa is synonymized with Sclerophyton elegans, and Arthonia elegans with Coniocarpon fallax. Synarthonia ochracea is shown to be a misunderstood species in the past and recent literature, since it was erroneously synonymized with Coniocarpon elegans. Synarthonia ochracea appears to start its life cycle as a non-lichenized lichenicolous fungus on Graphis before developing a lichenized thallus or it might be a facultatively lichenicolous fungus. It belongs to a complex of closely related species whose biology and circumscription are still in need of further studies. Conclusions – Synarthonia forms a monophyletic but somewhat heterogeneous lineage closely related to Coniocarpon and Reichlingia. As delimited here, Synarthonia includes corticolous lichens with a trentepohlioid photobiont as well as non-lichenized lichenicolous fungi. The core group is characterized by white pruinose ascomata, but species producing orange pruinose or non-pruinose ascomata are also included. Ascospores are transversely septate with an enlarged apical cell or are muriform. Future molecular and morphological studies are needed for a better circumscription and definition of the genus. © 2018 Meise Botanic Garden and Royal Botanical Society of Belgium. All rights reserved.
The new fruticose lichen species Trapeliopsis studerae with fruticose growth form, branches mostly flat to partly curling up, but lower down often almost cylindrical, much irregularly branched, 0.1-0.2 mm thick and 0.3-0.6 mm wide, upper surface olive grey, pycnidia that probably belong to the lichen are present on some older parts of the thallus, superficial, brown, conical to somewhat inflated, conidia hyaline, clavate, 8-11 × 1.5-2.5 μm, and chemistry gyrophoric acid, is described from rock outcrops in a remnant of Atlantic Forest in Alagoas, Northeast Brazil, viz. Reserva Biólogica de Pedra Talhada, near the city of Quebrangulo, in the middle of the semiarid region in Northeast Brazil. It represents a new and independent lineage of fruticose lichens, the first found in the Trapeliales and only the second in the subclass Ostropomycetidae. The morphology of this species is enigmatic: It somewhat resembles a Siphula or a Stereocaulon, but it is irregularly branched without main stem, lacks cephalodia and apothecia, and it differs from all known species in these genera by the gyrophoric acid chemistry. It forms dense mats on siliceous rock that is influenced by run-off water. It typically grows at the upper ends of gullies that are occupied lower down (where there is more often water) by cyanophilic lichens such as Peltula clavata and Jenmania osorioi. The habitat is extremely poikilohydric; this lichen is occasionally totally submerged, but usually completely dry. © 2018 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
Lichens are an important element of the biodiversity of tropical regions, found in a variety of substrates. The Brazilian semiarid biodiversity is highly threatened due to land conversion for agricultural and cattle ranch. Until recently, only a few species had been reported from Ceará, the only State in Brazil covered almost entirely by Caatinga vegetation. The present work was carried out in Quixadá and Quixerá, in Ceará State, an area characterized by the presence of rock outcrops and inselbergs. As a result, 82 lichen species are here reported, from which 52 species are new records for Ceará, and 14 are reported for the first time to Brazil. The great majority of species was saxicolous. This is the first lichen inventory in this semiarid region of the state, and also the first study to report a large number of saxicolous crustose microlichens in northeatern Brazil.
A worldwide key to 54 species currently accepted in the genera Myriotrema sensu Frisch (50) and Glaucotrema (4) is presented, including six species with provisional placement in Myriotrema. We also provide a nomenclatural checklist of all 138 names published in Myriotrema and their current status, with the following eleven new combinations being proposed: Myriotrema leucohymenium, M. zollingeri, Ocellularia craterella, O. extendens, O. masonhalei, O. parvidisca, O. pertusarioides, O. squamuloides, Schizotrema flavolucens and Thelotrema configuratum.
Ein weltweiter Schlüssel zu 54 Arten, welche zurzeit in den Gattungen Myriotrema sensu Frisch (50) und Glaucotrema (4) geführt werden, wird präsentiert, einschließlich sechs Arten mit vorläufiger Stellung in Myriotrema. Wir schließen eine nomenklatorische Checkliste aller 138 in Myriotrema publizierten Namen an, mit ihrem aktuellen Status, wobei die folgenden elf neuen Kombinationen gemacht werden: Myriotrema leucohymenium, M. zollingeri, Ocellularia craterella, O. extendens, O. masonhalei, O. parvidisca, O. pertusarioides, O. squamuloides, Schizotrema flavolucens und Thelotrema configuratum.
The following 46 new species of Trypetheliaceae are described: Astrothelium aenascens Aptroot from Papua New Guinea, which is similar to A. aenoides but differs by the hamathecium which is not inspersed; A. alboverrucoides Aptroot from Indonesia with globose ascomata with constricted base, internally similar to A. megaspermum ; A. clypeatum Aptroot & Gueidan from Vietnam with black conical ascomata in which the pseudostroma is reminiscent of a clypeus, a rimose thallus, and 3-septate ascospores, 85–95×22–25 µm; A. colombiense Aptroot from Colombia with 1 muriform ascospore of 240–300×45–50 µm per ascus, and an inspersed hamathecium; A. condoricum Aptroot from Ecuador with a bright orange thallus and contrasting bright scarlet internal pigment, and muriform ascospores, 38–42×18–21 µm; A. corallinum Aptroot from Guyana, which is most similar to A. ochroleucoides but the thallus is without lichexanthone; A. dicoloratum Aptroot from Venezuela with an orange thallus and more yellowish pseudostromata with usually only 1 ascoma, and 9–11-septate ascospores; A. ecuadoriense Aptroot from Ecuador with ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 80–175×25–50 µm, and an inspersed hamathecium; A. flavomaculatum Aptroot from Ecuador, Guyana and Venezuela which is similar to A. graphicum , but with ascospores 50–75×12–25 µm; A. flavomeristosporum Aptroot from the Philippines and Ecuador with mostly simple ascomata with an orange to yellow, inspersed hamathecium and muriform ascospores 140–200×25–30 µm; A. flavostiolatum Aptroot from Ecuador with bright yellow ostioles and a very irregular thallus, and muriform ascospores, 175–230×35–45 µm; A. guianense Aptroot from Guyana with a very irregular thallus, eccentric, fused ostioles and ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform, 70–80×20–25 µm; A. inspersogalbineum Aptroot & Weerakoon from Singapore which is similar to A. macrocarpum but with the hamathecium inspersed; A. komposchii Aptroot from Venezuela with chimney-like ostioles and a very irregular, almost squamulose thallus and muriform ascospores, 130–180×35–45 µm; A. laurerosphaerioides Aptroot from Guyana with aggregated ascomata with internally and partly (when abraded) also superficially orange anthraquinone pigment, ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 110–130×30–35 µm; A. lucidomedullatum Aptroot from Ecuador with lichexanthone in the medulla of the thallus, ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform, 80–115×25–35 µm; A. lucidostromum Aptroot from Guyana which is similar to A. eustomuralis but lichexanthone is present in the whole pseudostroma; A. lucidothallinum Aptroot from Guyana with the thallus containing lichexanthone, ascomata in pseudostromata without lichexanthone, ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, ascospores muriform, 70–90×18–20 µm; A. mediocrassum Aptroot from Guyana which resembles A. octosporum but without lichexanthone in the thallus or pseudostromata, muriform ascospores, 70–80×22 – 25 µm, with median septum strongly thickened; A. megatropicum Aptroot from Guyana with 3-septate ascospores 100–120×33–35 µm, and hemispherical dark brown pseudostromata; A. megochroleucum Aptroot from El Salvador with 3-septate ascospores 60–70×16–18 µm and lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata; A. neoinspersum Aptroot from El Salvador which is similar to A. aenascens but with bright yellow pseudostromata; A. perspersum Aptroot & Ertz from Gabon which is similar to A. scoria but with ascospores 26–38×7–9 µm; A. philippinense Aptroot & Schumm from the Philippines without pseudostromata, ostiole apical, hamathecium inspersed, ascospores muriform, 125–170×30–35 µm, 4 per ascus; A. pseudannulare Aptroot & Etayo from Ecuador with the appearance of the A. puiggarii -group, but differing from all other species of it by the 3-septate ascospores 80–88×32–36 µm, which are 2–4 per ascus; A. pseudodissimulum Aptroot from Papua New Guinea with K+ red crystals in the ascoma wall and 5-septate ascospores of 25–33×9–11 µm; A. pseudoferrugineum Aptroot from Indonesia, of the A. conicum -group with an orange thallus and pseudostroma pruina, differing from A. ferrugineum by the ascospores 28–31×9–11 µm and the more glossy thallus; A. pseudomegalophthalmum Aptroot from Colombia, similar to A. megaspermum but differing by the 7-septate ascospores 152–166×32–37 µm; A. rimosum Aptroot from Guyana and Colombia with 7–11-septate ascospores 110–150×30–37 µm and a rimose thallus with yellow medulla; A. sanguineoxanthum Aptroot from Brazil with the thallus containing lichexanthone and pseudostromata with numerous immersed round ascomata, the whole inside of which is full of red, K+ green pigment; A. septemseptatum Aptroot from Guyana and Venezuela with the thallus and pseudostromata UV+ yellow and 7–9-septate ascospores 50–55×12–17 µm; A. sexloculatum Aptroot from Guyana and Papua New Guinea with 5-septate ascospores 25–27×7–11 µm and lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata; A. sipmanii Aptroot from Guyana with simple ascomata with 5-septate ascospores 100–150×35–40 µm and an inspersed hamathecium; A. trypethelioides Aptroot from Venezuela with fused ostioles, an inspersed hamathecium and 7–9-septate ascospores 49–52×13–16 µm; A. ultralucens Aptroot from Venezuela with lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata, fused ostioles and 3-septate ascospores over 105–130×35–42 µm; A. vulcanum from Guyana, of the A. nitidiusculum -group with simple ascomata, an inspersed hamathecium and lichexanthone; A. zebrinum Aptroot from Guyana with fused ostioles and 7-septate ascospores 60–70 µm long, without lichexanthone, anthraquinones and inspersion; Polymeridium rhodopruinosum Aptroot from Puerto Rico with red pruina on the ascomata and 3-septate ascospores 17–19×3·5–5·0 µm; Pseudopyrenula americana Aptroot from Guyana with 3-septate ascospores 26–32×7–10 µm, without inspersion and without lichexanthone; P. guianensis Aptroot from French Guiana and Surinam with a hyaline hamathecium with inspersion, a thallus with lichexanthone and 3-septate ascospores 21–25×6–9 µm; P. hexamera Aptroot from Venezuela with 5-septate ascospores 16–21×6–7 µm, lumina clearly diamond-shaped; P. thallina Lücking & Aptroot from Costa Rica with a greenish corticate thallus and 3-septate ascospores, 21–25×6–9 µm; Trypethelium infraeluteriae Aptroot & Gueidan from Vietnam which is similar to T. subeluteriae but with lower pseudostromata and ascospores 7–9-septate, 37–42×9–11 µm; Viridothelium inspersum Aptroot from Papua New Guinea with solitary, immersed ascomata, an inspersed hamathecium, and 12–14-septate ascospores, 60–75×12–17 µm; V. kinabaluense Aptroot from Sabah which is similar to V. indutum with emergent black ascomata, but with 17–25-septate ascospores 100–150×18–23 µm; and V. solomonense Aptroot from the Solomon Islands having ascomata with lateral, partly fused ostioles and black clypeus, and ascospores 15–19-septate, 75–98×17–20 µm. The new species are known from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gabon, Guyana, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sabah, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Surinam, Venezuela and/or Vietnam.
Preliminary results are presented of a lichen exploration in Amapá State in Brazil. The following new species are described: Absconditella termitariicola with apothecia immersed to emergent, often partly covered by the thallus, 0.15-0.25 mm diam., pale ochraceous; asci pyriform; ascospores 1-septate, 10-12 × 4.0-5.0 μm, Astrothelium lineatum with orange thallus with orange, often linear pseudostromata with immersed ascomata in groups of 3-15; ascospores 8/ascus, hyaline, regularly muriform, 45-55 × 11-13 μm, without distinctly thickened median septum, Astrothelium unisporum with thickly corticate thallus, high, thallus-covered pseudostroma warts with 1-4 ascomata; ascospores 1/ascus, muriform, 125-148 × 35-42 μm, Coenogonium minidenticulatum with apothecia 0.2-0.4 mm diam., usually distinctly denticulate; ascospores 6-7 × 1.0-1.5 μm, with rounded ends, Crypthonia corticorygmoides with olive green felty thallus, up to 1 cm large white stromatoid-like ascigerous areas and 3-5-septate clavate ascospores of 25-29 × 5-6 μm, Cryptothecia rhizophora with white thallus with long, branching, superficial rhizomorphs of up to 0.2 mm wide, which reach until in the prothallus and ascigerous areas with lichexanthone; ascospores 85-95 × 32-37 μm, Endocarpon riparium with thallus consisting of dense agglutinated flat squamules which are not overlapping, with margins and cracks with numerous 0.1-0.2 mm diam. dorsiventral lobules of thallus-structure that are easily detached and serve as asexual propagules, Psammina tropica with sporodochia abundant in the central part of the thallus, absent in a marginal zone of 1-2 mm wide, whitish grey, irregular to rounded, ca. 0.1-0.3 mm diam., only ca. 15 μm high; conidia hyaline, palmate, with 3-6 arms, each of which are 4-7-celled, ca. 20-25 μm diam., consisting of cells of ca. 2.5-3.0 μm, Thelenella monospora with shiny grey thallus, low conical thallus-covered ascomata and ascospores 1/ascus, hyaline, ellipsoid, irregularly muriform, 75-90 × 25-28 μm, and Thelocarpon triseptatum with minute pallid perithecioid ascomata with flat tops, hamathecium thin anastomosing paraphysoids; ascospores 8/ascus, 3-septate, 12-16 × 3.5-4.5 μm. A further 209 species are reported new to Amapá State, eight are new to the Neotropics, one is new to South America and a further seven are new to Brazil. In Amapá, just as in Rondônia, Astrothelium is the most speciose lichen genus, and this may be the case all over the Amazon. Copyright © 2016 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
A world key to the genera Cryptothecia and Myriostigma is presented. Four species of Cryptothecia: C. albomaculans, C. elata, C. elongata and C. superphyllinica, and a Myriostigma: M. nicobaricum are described as new to science from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Cryptothecia albomaculans has a heteromerous thallus, whitish ascigerous areas not elevated above the thallus, ellipsoid, 9-11 × 3-5 septate ascospores of 47-57 × 24-30 μm and produces 2’-O-methylperlatolic acid. Cryptothecia elata has a homoiomerous thallus with distinctly raised ascomata, ascospores of (72-)84-122 × (25-)36-62(-72) μm and contains 2’-O-methylmicrophyllinic acid. Cryptothecia elongata has a heteromerous thallus, raised, irregular, 1-4 mm wide ascigerous areas covered by a photobiont layer, narrowly ellipsoid-oblong, 16-24 × 2-6 septate ascospores of 90-114 × 21-30 μm, and produces gyrophoric and lecanoric acids. Cryptothecia superphyllinica has a homoiomerous thallus, whitish, raised, rounded to linear ascigerous areas 0.5-1.5 mm in diam., broadly ovoid to ellipsoid, 9-15 × 3-6 septate ascospores of (45-)58-76(-80) × (22-)24-33(-38) μm and 2’-O-methylsuperphyllinic acid. Myriostigma nicobaricum has a homoiomerous thallus, whitish, raised, rounded, ascigerous areas 0.3-0.8 mm in diam., broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 8-11 × 2-4 septate, 34-48 × 16-22 μm ascospores and confluentic acid. Cryptothecia aleurodes, C. eungellae and C. striata are new additions to the lichen biota of India. Ascospores of Cryptothecia eungellae are described for the first time and illustrated.
Preliminary results are presented of a project aiming to explore the lichen biodiversity in Sri Lanka. The following mostly corticolous (one saxicolous) new species are described: Arthonia karunaratnei with dark brown, round apothecia in groups that are surrounded by a bright orange area, with ascospores 2-septate, 9.0–10.5 × 3.5–4.5 μm; Enterographa wijesundarae with sessile, pruinose apothecia with thin margins that are higher than the disc, with ascospores 13–17-septate, 50–60 × 4.5–5.5 μm, without substances; Fellhanera stipitata with convex, brown apothecia, fusiform to clavate, 5–7-septate ascospores of 21–24.5 × 2.0–2.5 μm, and sessile to tubular pycnidia with conidia 4.5–5.5 × 1.5–2.0 μm; Malmidea plicata which is similar to M. vinosa but with folded thallus and smaller ascospores; Phlyctis lueckingii with ca. 0.2–0.3 mm large, grey-pruinose apothecia in dense groups and fusiform 7-septate ascospores of 27–29 × 5.5–6.5 μm; thallus with norstictic acid.; Porina viridipustulata with numerous pustules of ca. 0.2–0.7 mm diam. and ca. 0.1–0.3 mm high and ascospores 3–7-septate, 57–60 × 12–13 μm; Stirtonia isidiata with glossy white thallus with isidia, which are partly globose but mostly irregularly cylindrical, often with some constrictions or branching, usually gnarled and decumbent, generally ca. 0.2–0.3 mm thick and up to ca. 2 mm long; ascigerous areas apothecium-like, sessile; ascus with 1 ascospore, ca. 250 × 150 μm; ascospores hyaline, broadly fusiform 7–9-septate, 210–225 × 105–115 μm.; and Trypetheliopsis hirsuta with black, ear-shaped, pointed, glossy campylidia of ca. 0.4–0.9 mm diam., ca. 0.5–1.2 mm high, at the outside with black bristles. Furthermore, 88 lichen species are newly recorded from Sri Lanka, including 55 species new for the Indian subcontinent. Interestingly, eight of these are first reports from the whole of the Palaeotropics. These species were previously known only from either Costa Rica or the Amazonian and/or Atlantic rain forest of Brazil.
A treatment of filamentous and crustose species of the lichen genus Coenogonium in Costa Rica is presented, reporting a total of 48 taxa, including seven of unresolved taxonomic status. Eight species and one form are described as new to science: C. aciculatum Lücking & Aptroot sp. nov., C. barbatum Lücking, Aptroot & Umaña sp. nov., C. byssothallinum Aptroot & Lücking sp. nov., C. kalbii Aptroot, Lücking & Umaña sp. nov., C. luteocitrinum Rivas Plata, Lücking & Umaña sp. nov., C. magdalenae Rivas Plata, Lücking & Lizano sp. nov., C. saepincola Aptroot, Sipman & Lücking sp. nov., C. siquirrense f. denticulatum Rivas Plata & Lücking f. nov., C. strigosum Rivas Plata, Lücking & Chaves sp. nov. The following new combinations and nomenclatural novelties are introduced: C. antonianum Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman nom. nov., C. atroluteum (Vain.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. bacilliferum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. degeneri (Kalb & Vezda) Kalb & Lücking comb. nov., C. eximium (Vezda) Kalb & Lücking comb. nov., C. frederici (Kalb) Kalb & Lücking comb. nov., C. isidiatum (G. Thor & Vezda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. isidiigerum (Vezda & Osorio) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. isidiosum (Breuss) Rivas Plata, Lücking, Umana & Chaves comb. nov., C. luteolum (Kalb) Kalb & Lücking comb. nov., C. nepalense (G. Thor & Vezda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. perminutum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. et stat. nov., C. persistens (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. et stat. nov., C. pertenue (Stirt.) Kalb & Lücking comb. nov., C. pocsii (Vezda & Farkas) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. pusillum (Mont.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. pyrophthalmum (Mont.) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. stenosporum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. stramineum (Aptroot & Seaward) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. subdentatum (Vezda & G. Thor) Rivas Plata, Lücking, Umana & Chaves comb. nov., C. subdilutum (Malme) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. subfallaciosum (Vezda & Farkas) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. subsquamosum (Aptroot & Seaward) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., C. tavaresianum (Vezda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov., and C. weberi (Vezda) Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman comb. nov. Coenogonium complexum Nyl. is established as a synonym of C. tuckermanii. Ten species are new records for Costa Rica. A phenotype-based cladistic analysis of 54 taxa using 49 characters supports merging Dimerella with Coenogonium and suggests polyphyletic origin of species with filamentous thallus structure. As additional result of our studies, we present a world-wide working key to the 82 accepted species of Coenogonium and an updated checklist including the status of 186 further names in Coenogonium and its twelve generic synonyms Biatorinopsis, Byssiplaca, Coenogoniomycella, Coenogoniomyces, Coenomycogonium, Didymopycnomyces, Dimerella, Flabellomyces, Holocoenis, Lecaniopsis, Microphiale, and Mycocoenogonium.
In a continuation of our investigation of lichenized fungi in Rondônia and adjacent areas, we present a preliminary treatment of the graphidoid and thelotremoid core Graphidaceae (subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae). A total of 122 identified species are reported here, almost all of which are new reports to Rondônia, and 37 of which are new to science. This includes three new, monospecific genera, viz. Aggregatorygma triseptatum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, a new, phylogenetically distinct genus and species similar to Diorygma but with corticate thallus, aggregated and branched lirellae, very small, 3-septate ascospores and unknown secondary substances; Byssotrema mirabile M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, a new genus and species similar to Glaucotrema but with partially carbonized excipulum with pilose inner margin and cinchonarum unknown chemistry; and Corticorygma stellatum M. Cáceres, Feuerstein, Aptroot & Lücking, a new, phylogenetically distinct genus and species similar to Diorygma but with non-amyloid ascospores and corticate thallus. The following further species are described as new to science: Cruentotrema amazonum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from Cruentotrema kurandense in the 3-septate ascospores; Fissurina amazonica M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from F. dumastii in the small, closed, much branched and dense lirellae and the apically smooth paraphyses; F. amyloidea M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from F. subnitidula in the weakly carbonized lirellae and thick-walled, strongly amyloid ascospores; F. chrysocarpa M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from F. chrysocarpoides in the short lirellae with distinct labia; F. duplicans M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from F. pseudostromatica in the endoperidermal thallus and double margin of the lirellae; F. macrospora M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from F. undulata in the much larger ascospores; F. subfurfuracea M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from F. furfuracea in the thin margin of the lirellae (distinctly fissurinoid rather than hemithecioid); Glaucotrema stegoboloides M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from G. glaucophaenum in the papillose thallus and complex columella; Graphis amazonica M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from G. pitmanii in the inspersed hymenium and larger ascospores; G. pustulosa M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from G. hyphosa in the pustulate thallus and larger ascospores; G. rondoniana M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from G. pinicola in the pruinose labia and smaller ascospores; Gyrotrema flavum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from G. sinuosum in the yellow apothecial disc; Myriotrema foliaceum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from M. rugiferum in the gall-forming thallus; M. inspersum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from M. foliicola in the hyaline, smaller ascospores; M. subclandestinum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from Myriotrema clandestinum in the larger ascospores with more numerous septa; Ocellularia brasiliensis M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. africana in the carbonized excipulum and columella and cinchonarum unknown chemistry; O. diminuta M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. papillata in the smaller ascomata lacking a columella; O. flavostroma M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. fecunda in the ecolumellate ascomata; O. halei M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. protoinspersa in the grey thallus, narrow columella, and shorter ascospores; O. immersocarpa M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. terebrata in the immersed ascomata lacking carbonization; O. lacerata M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. margaritacea in the irregularly chroodiscoid, weakly carbonized ascomata and the white medulla; O. myriotrema M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from M. inspersum in the papillose thallus and erumpent, grouped ascomata; O. ornata M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. perforata in the ridged thallus and the gall-forming ascomata with carbonized excipulum and columella; O. pseudochapsa M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. referta in the larger ascospores and cinchonarum unknown as accessory substance; O. pseudostromatica M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from Ocellularia barroensis in the grouped, pseudostromatic ascomata and unknown secondary compound; O. rondoniana M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. terebrata in the ridged thallus and non-carbonized excipulum; O. rubropolydiscus M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from O. polydiscus in the red pigment covering the ascoma disc; Platygramme unirana M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from P. caesiopruinosa in the erumpent lirellae with thinly white-pruinose disc and the 1- spored asci; Platythecium biseptatum M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from other Platythecium species in the consistently 2-septate ascospores; Pseudochapsa amylospora M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from other species of Pseudochapsa in the apically spinulose paraphyses and periphysoids; Rhabdodiscus crassoides M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from R. crassus in the transversely septate, hyaline ascospores; R. inspersus M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from R. subemersus in the inspersed hymenium and irregularly verrucose thallus and ascomata; R. planus M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from R. crassoides in the immersed ascomata and smaller ascospores; and Stegobolus amazonus M. Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, differing from S. berkeleyanus in the smaller, submuriform ascospores. In addition, the new combinations Fissurina chrysocarpoides (Vain.) Lücking, Ocellularia margaritacea (Redinger) Lücking, and Pseudochapsa subdactylifera (Sipman) Lücking [syn.: Chapsa isidiifera Frisch & Kalb] are proposed. Rondônia is one of the areas in the world with the highest diversity in Graphidaceae. The Graphidaceae flora differs markedly between the collecting areas, although they are in similar forest types and less than 50 km apart, with the Parque Municipal yielding the greatest diversity over the full breath of the family, featuring e.g. several Gyrotrema species, a pustulose Graphis and the first Graphidaceae with consistently 2-septate ascospores, while the Cuniã forest showing the highest diversity in Rhabdodiscus and Stegobolus species. New species are even described from a university campus and from the historic town center of the large city of Porto Velho.
In a continuation of our biotic inventory of lichenized fungi in Costa Rica and adjacent areas, we present a treatment of the thelotremoid Graphidaceae, that is the genera and species formerly included in Thelotremataceae. A total of 186 species in 23 genera are reported for Costa Rica, plus an additional 30 taxa for adjacent areas (El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama) that are expected to occur in Costa Rica. This is the highest number of thelotremoid Graphidaceae reported for any country in the world thus far, followed by Australia (173 species), Sri Lanka (130 species), and Panama (110 species). Together with our previous treatment of the genus Graphis, a total of 293 species of Graphidaceae have now been reported for Costa Rica in revised monographic works, with revisions of larger genera such as Phaeographis still pending, suggesting that the total number of Graphidaceae in Costa Rica is over 400. In the present monograph, the following genus and 40 species taxa are described as new to science: Enigmotrema Lücking gen. nov., Acanthotrema bicellularis Sipman & Lücking, spec. nov., A. kalbii Lücking, spec. nov., Chapsa defecta Lücking, spec. nov., C. defectosorediata Lücking, spec. nov., C. farinosa Lücking & Sipman, spec. nov., C. perdissuta Sipman & Lücking, spec. nov., C. sublilacina var. cyanea Lücking, spec. nov., C. thallotrema Lücking & N. Salazar, spec. nov., Clandestinotrema analorenae Lücking, spec. nov., Enigmotrema rubrum Lücking, spec. nov., Gyrotrema aurantiacum Sipman, Lücking & Chaves, spec. nov., G. papillatum Lücking, spec. nov., Leucodecton album Sipman & Lücking, spec. nov., Myriotrema aggregans Sipman & Lücking, spec. nov., M. clandestinoides Sipman & Lücking, spec. nov., M. classicum Lücking, spec. nov., M. endoflavescens Hale ex Lücking, spec. nov., M. frondosolucens Lücking & Aptroot, spec. nov., Ocellularia albobullata Lücking, Sipman & Grube, spec. nov., O. cocosensis Lücking & Chaves, spec. nov., O. flavoperforata Lücking, spec. nov., O. gerardii Sipman, spec. nov., O. globifera Kalb & Lücking, spec. nov., O. inspersata Kalb & Lücking, spec. nov., O. inspersula Lücking & Aptroot, spec. nov., O. isohypocrellina Lücking & Kalb, spec. nov., O. laevigatula Kalb & Lücking, spec. nov., O. laeviusculoides Sipman & Lücking, spec. nov., O. praestantoides Sipman, spec. nov., O. pseudopyrenuloides Lücking, spec. nov., O. psorbarroensis Sipman, spec. nov., O. subcarassensis Sipman & Lücking, spec. nov., O. subpyrenuloides Lücking, spec. nov., O. supergracilis Kalb & Lücking, spec. nov., O. terrabensis Kalb & Lücking, spec. nov., O. zamorana Sipman, Lücking & Chaves, spec. nov., Thelotrema gomezianum Lücking, spec. nov., T. submyriocarpum Lücking, spec. nov., T. wilsonii Sipman & Lücking, spec. nov., and Wirthiotrema duplomarginatum Lücking, Mangold & Lumbsch, spec. nov. In addition, the following 19 new combinations are proposed: Ampliotrema dactylizum (Hale) Sipman, Lücking & Grube, comb. nov. [bas.: Ocellularia dactyliza Hale], A. panamense (Hale) Sipman & Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Leptotrema panamense Hale], C. discoides (Stirt.) Lücking, comb. nov. [Graphis discoides Stirt.], C. esslingeri (Hale) Sipman, comb. nov. [bas.: Ocellularia esslingeri Hale], C. hiata (Hale) Sipman, comb. nov. [bas.: Thelotrema hiatum Hale], C. pseudoschizostoma (Hale) Sipman, comb. nov. [bas.: Ocellularia pseudoschizostoma Hale], C. referta (Hale) Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Ocellularia referta Hale], C. stellata (Hale) Sipman, comb. nov. [bas.: Leptotrema stellatum Hale], Fibrillithecis pachystoma (Nyl.) Sipman, comb. nov. [bas.: Thelotrema pachystomum Nyl.], Leucodecton bisporum (Nyl.) Sipman & Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Thelotrema bisporum Nyl.], L. dactyliferum (Hale) Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Ocellularia dactylifera Hale], L. sordidescens (Fée) Lücking & Sipman, comb. nov. [bas.: Trypethelium sordidescens Fée], Ocellularia carassensis (Vain.) Sipman, comb. nov [bas.: Thelotrema carassense Vain.]., O. maxima (Hale) Lumbsch & Mangold, comb. nov. [bas.: Thelotrema maximum Hale], R. vulcani (Hale) Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Phaeotrema vulcani Hale], Stegobolus anamorphoides (Nyl.) Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Thelotrema anamorphoides Nyl.], Stegobolus lankaensis (Hale) Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Ocellularia lankaensis Hale], Thelotrema jugale (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Ocellularia jugalis Müll. Arg.], and Wirthiotrema desquamans (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, comb. nov. [bas.: Anthracothecium desquamans Müll. Arg.]. All species are described and discussed in detail and illustrated by photographic plates, and keys are provided to genera and species.
Two lichen species with bright orange and pink colours are described. Coniarthonia megaspora from Ne Brazil, with relative large, hyaline ascospores that are becoming violet in tap water after release. The phylogenetic position of Coniarthonia is for the first time assessed, based on Brazilian specimens, and Arthonia eos and A. kermesina are combined into this genus. Fertile material of Cryptothecia miniata is for the first time described from Brazil and Costa rica. A phylogenetic analysis including the epitype places it close to Myriostigma candidum in the recently resurrected genus Myriostigma. The genera Stirtonia and Cryptothecia in their current sense are shown to be both polyphyletic.
The following new species of Arthoniales are described from Rondônia: Alyxoria fuscospora with 3-septate clavate ascospores of 20–23×4·5–5·5 µm having a gelatinous layer soon appearing evenly brown (also known from other tropical countries). Chiodecton complexum with discrete soralia, immersed apothecia in branched lines and 3-septate ascospores (26–)33–40×2·5–3·5 µm. Coniarthonia rosea, similar to C. pulcherrima but with the apothecia pink and more irregular in outline and the ascospores 13–16×5·5–6·5 µm. Cresponea flavosorediata with yellow-olive soralia, apothecia with yellow pruina and 7–9-septate ascospores, 26–38(–50)×5·0–6·5 µm. Cresponea lichenicola, lichenicolous on a Pyrenula, with 0·1–0·3 mm wide apothecia with yellow pruina. Eremothecella helicella with helicoid curved c. 17–29-septate conidia c. 70–95×2 µm long if uncoiled, with septa 3–6 µm apart. The Arthoniales are a speciose component of the lowland rainforest of Rondônia. A key is provided to the corticolous species of most groups of Arthoniales found in Rondônia. The foliicolous species found so far are listed. Most are new records for Rondônia. Chrysothrix occidentalis is new to the Neotropics.
Three new corticolous Diorygma species are described from Brazil. Diorygma incantatum has transversely 29–31-septate, filiform ascospores 105–108×6 µm, and produces an unidentified substance with Rf 44 in solvent C. Diorygma pauciseptatum produces norstictic and connorstictic acids and has transversely 7–9-septate, I+ blue-violet, large ascospores 28–32×7 µm, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath c. 2 µm wide that is often somewhat expanded at one end. Diorygma tocantinense contains protocetraric acid and has muriform, broadly fusiform ascospores with rounded ends, 24–40×10–15 µm, surrounded by an gelatinous sheath up to c. 5 µm wide that is somewhat expanded at central parts of the ascospore. A revised world key is given to all currently known species of Diorygma.
A refined species concept is applied in the tropical corticolous lichen genus Polymeridium (Trypetheliaceae). While up to now many species were considered to be variable in phenotypical characters, such as hamathecium inspersion and/or presence of lichexanthone, these characters
are here accepted as species-specific characters. This classification is in line with the taxonomy in other groups of lichenized fungi. The monotypic genus Exiliseptum is included here in Polymeridium, as it differs in only one character from several species of Polymeridium
and has no unique characters. The number of accepted species is thus raised from 27 to 53, including 13 new species, viz.: Polymeridium albidoreagens, P. albidovarians, P. alboflavescens, P. catapastoides, P. costaricense, P. inspersum, P. multiforme,
P. multiseptatum, P. neuwirthii, P. pyrenastroides, P. submuriforme, P. tribulationis, and P. xanthoreagens. The following new combinations are proposed: Polymeridium albopruinosum, P. amylosporum, P. bengoanum, P. brachysporum,
P. jordanii, P. microsporum, P. ocellatum, P. refertum, P. siamense, P. stramineoatrum, P. subvirescens, and P. suffusum. An identification key is provided to all accepted species.
Three new species are described in the small genus Stirtonia, all from NE Brazil, and all from one reserve of Caatinga forest in Paraíba. Stirtonia microspora is characterized by the small macrocephalic ascospores, S. nitida by the smooth thallus even covering the ascigerous areas and S. nivea by the pruinose, elongated ascigerous areas. This is an unexpected diversity of this mostly palaeotropical genus in the neotropics. A revised worldwide key to the known species is presented. © 2014 J. Cramer in Gebr. Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, Germany.
A total of 280 foliicolous lichens and 12 lichenicolous fungi was found in an inventory made in the lowland rain forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. The species composition reflects 50 % of the world's diversity of foliicolous lichens and is representative for neotropical lowland rain forests. The most common species are Gyalectidium filicinum, Sporopodium leprieurii, Tricharia vainioi, Porina epiphylla, Phyllophiale alba, Trichothelium epiphyllum, Mazosia phyllosema, Tricharia urceolata, and Arthonia leptosperma. Many species show distinct microsite preferences: (1) Characteristic of the shady understory, including Arthoniaceae, Opegraphaceae, Pilocarpaceae, and Trichotheliaceae; (2) characteristic of light gaps, including Gomphillaceae and Ectolechiaceae; (3) characteristic of the canopy, including Asterothyriaceae and Gomphillaceae. Only few species exhibit preferences towards certain leaf types, either dicotyledoneous or palm leaves. The mierosite preferences agree with earlier established indices, except for a few species for which modified indices are proposed. Communities resulting from these preferences are illustrated by clustering of phorophytes and associations of foliicolous lichens. The three principal associations correspond to the shady understory, light gaps and the canopy, whereas two subassociations reflect subtle phorophyte preferences. Species diversity and composition are strongly affected by the degree of disturbance of vegetation types at La Selva. Diversity is highest in the primary forest and lowest in young successional stages. The foliicolous lichen flora of open, anthropogenic vegetation resembles that of light gaps or the canopy in the primary forest, while species characteristic of the forest understory disappear.
The new species Cryptothecia fabispora and C. lichexanthonica are described from NE Brazil. The first has domed asci with two large, reniform ascospores and the thallus contains psoromic acid. The second contains lichexanthone and has globose asci. Cryptothecia fabispora was found at the Serra de Itabaiana National Park which represents one of the few rainforest remnants in the state, and is a transitional area with Mata Atlantica influence and also open vegetation spots like Caatinga. It was also found in Caxiuaná in Amazonian Para and may well occur elsewhere. Cryptothecia lichexanthonica was collected at Vale do Catimbau National Park in Pernambuco, which is in a Caatinga area.
The new species Byssoloma catillariosporum and Porina isidioambigua are described from NE Brazil. The first is reminiscent of B. leucoblepharum but differs by the consistently uniseptate ascospores. The second is characterized by tiny isidia and black perithecia with relatively large, 3-septate ascospores. Both species were found at the Área de Proteço Ambiental (APA) Morro do Urubu, an area of c. 214 hectares in the large (500 000 inhabitants) city of Aracaju. It is the only urban Mata Atlântica remnant in Aracaju, with mesophytic deciduous and semi-deciduous forest, and cerrado enclaves in isolated points.
An identification key is presented for the accepted species of the lichen genera Anthracothecium (comprising 5 species) and Pyrenula (with 169 species, including 7 still undescribed). The key also contains some similar taxa and is complete for Blastodesmia (1 species), Sulcopyrenula (4 species), and Eopyrenula (6 species), but not for others such as Aptrootia, Architrypethelium, and Lithothelium, of which only the corticolous brown-spored taxa are treated. The following new combinations were found to be necessary: Anthracothecium interlatens (Nyl.) Aptroot, Pyrenula breutelii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot, Pyrenula ceylonensis (Ajay Singh & Upreti) Aptroot, Pyrenula fusispora (Malme) Aptroot, Pyrenula gibberulosa (Vain.) Aptroot, Pyrenula lyoni (Zahlbr.) Aptroot, Pyrenula papillifera (Nyl.) Aptroot, Pyrenula platystoma (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot, Pyrenula schiffneri (Zahlbr.) Aptroot, Pyrenula welwitschii (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot, and Sulcopyrenula subglobosa (Riddle) Aptroot. Pyrenula sexluminata Aptroot is a new name for Pyrenula quinqueseptata Aptroot, and Pyrenula neosandwicensis Aptroot is a new name for Anthracothecium sandwicense Zahlbr. In addition, all known and many novel synonyms are cited, and the disposition of all other taxa in the two genera Anthracothecium (with 155 names) and Pyrenula (with 745 names) and their generic synonyms. Bogoriella was found to be an older name for Mycomicrothelia.
The species belonging to Lecanora sensu stricto with a dark hypothecium are revised. All species are basically tropical. Seventeen taxa are distinguished. Descriptions of the species and a key to the taxa are included. The new species L. atroanima Lumbsch, L. hypocrocinoides Lumbsch, and L. kalbiana Lumbsch are described and the new combination Tephromela khatiensis (Rasanen) Lumbsch is made. Lecanora melanocardia Vainio is reduced to synonymy with L. coronulans Nyl.; Lecanora atroaeruginosa Vainio with Vainionora flavovirens (Fee) Kalb; and L. kumaoensis Rasanen with Tephromela khatiensis. Several taxa are excluded from the group and tentatively placed in the L. granifera group and Vainionora. The presence of a dark hypothecium is considered to be of no taxonomic significance above species rank-in Lecanora sensu stricto since no additional correlating characters were found. The problems of distinguishing this group of species from Vainionora Kalb are briefly discussed. The two genera differ mainly on the basis of conidial type.
Based on a study of 22 sites in northeastern Brazil, including the three main vegetation types, coastal Mata Atlântica (Zona da Mata), Caatinga and Brejos de Altitude (rain forest enclaves in Caatinga areas), we studied the distribution and habitat preferences of 456 crustose and microfoliose lichen species. Alpha-diversity ranged between three and 99 species per site, with Zona da Mata and Brejos de Altitude showing higher numbers than Caatinga sites. Beta-diversity (dissimilarity) was highest between Zona da Mata sites and, as a whole, the Zona da Mata showed the highest gamma-diversity, with a total of 334 species. Site ordination by non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), as well as cluster analysis, both using Sørensen's coefficient of dissimilarity, show that Zona da Mata and Caatinga sites have distinctive lichen species compositions, with the isolated Brejos de Altitude being more similar to coastal Zona da Mata than to Caatinga sites. Exposed Zona da Mata sites have certain species in common with Caatinga sites but overall cluster with the Zona da Mata sites. The transitional Agreste vegetation (one study site) also appears transitional between Zona da Mata and Caatinga in its lichen species composition. Indicator species analysis for each vegetation type was performed by applying a Monte-Carlo test. Other than ten ubiquitous taxa (found in all three vegetation types), 59 taxa were shared between Zona da Mata and Brejos de Altitude, 20 between Zona da Mata and Caatinga, and none between Brejos de Altitude and Caatinga. Dissimilarity values of Zona da Mata versus Brejos de Altitude sites were high (0.77 or 23% shared species on average), as were those of Zona da Mata versus Caatinga sites (average of 0.92 or 8% shared species). Zona da Mata lichens had a higher proportion of Arthoniomycetidae (Arthoniales: Arthoniaceae, Roccellaceae) and Chaetothyriomycetidae (Pyrenulales: Pyrenulaceae), as well as Porinaceae and Thelotremataceae; frequently trentepohlioid photobionts, predominantly transversely septate and/or narrow ascospores, and lack of lichen substances. Brejos de Altitude lichens showed a higher proportion of Dothideomycetiae (Trypetheliaceae) and Ostropomycetidae (Ostropales: Gomphillaceae and Graphidaceae), as well as Pilocarpaceae; ascospores were predominantly thick-walled or muriform and hyaline. Caatinga sites were dominated by Lecanoromycetidae (Lecanorales: Lecanoraceae; Teloschistales: Physciaceae) and Pertusariales (Pertusariaceae); taxa were chiefly associated with chlorococcoid photobionts, ascospores were megalosporous, non-septate and/or brown, and showed a predominance of certain cortical substances (atranorin, lichexanthone other xanthones, pulvinic acid derivates), as well as norstictic acid as medullary substance.
In the course of an ongoing systematic and taxonomic revision of the lichen family Graphidaceae (including Thelotremataceae), we present world-wide keys to the currently accepted thelotremoid genera and species, excluding the columellate taxa and their relatives of the Ocellularia-Myriotrema-Stegobolus clade (Melanotrema, Myriotrema, Ocellularia, Ocellularia clandestina group, Redingeria, Stegobolus), which will be treated in a forthcoming paper. The keys include all genera and species with chroodiscoid, lepadinoid, and topeliopsidoid apothecia and other taxa featuring periphysoids or fibrils, and their relatives. Taxa keyed out to genus and species level are Acanthotrema, Chapsa, Chroodiscus, Diploschistes, Fibrillithecis, Gyrotrema, Leptotrema, Leucodecton, Melanotopelia, the ‘Ocellularia’ cruentata group, Pseudoramonia, Reimnitzia, Schizotrema, Thelotrema, Topeliopsis and Wirthiotrema. Over 260 species are treated, including a few yet unnamed taxa. The following taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties are introduced: Acanthotrema frischii Lücking sp. nov., Chapsa aggregata (Hale) Sipman & Lücking comb. nov., C. albida (Nyl.) Lücking & Sipman comb. nov.; C. albomaculata (Sipman) Sipman & Lücking comb. nov., C. boninensis (Tat. Matsumoto) Rivas Plata & Mangold comb. nov., C. elabens (Müll. Arg.) Rivas Plata & Mangold comb. nov., C. imperfecta (Hale) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., C. laceratula (Müll. Arg.) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., C. magnifica (Berk. & Broome) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., C. meghalayensis (Patw. & Nagarkar) Lumbsch & Divakar comb. nov., C. meridensis (Kalb & Frisch) Lücking, Lumbsch & Rivas Plata comb. nov., C. mirabilis (Zahlbr.) Lücking comb. nov., C. neei (Hale) Mangold & Lücking comb. nov., C. paralbida (Riddle) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., C. pseudoexanthismocarpa (Patw. & C. R. Kulk.) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., C. pulvereodisca (Hale) Rivas Plata & Mangold comb. nov., C. scabiomarginata (Hale) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., C. waasii (Hale) Sipman & Lücking comb. nov., Fibrillithecis argentea (Müll. Arg.) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., F. carneodisca (Hale) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., F. confusa Lücking, Kalb & Rivas Plata spec. nov., F. diminita (Hale) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., F. eximia (R. C. Harris) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., F. fissurata (Nagarkar & Hale) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., F. gibbosa (H. Magn.) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., Leucodecton desquamescens (Vain.) Lücking comb. nov., L. oxysporum (Redinger) Lücking comb. nov., Schizotrema cryptotrema (Nyl.) Rivas Plata & Mangold comb. nov., Thelotrema patwardhanii (Hale) Rivas Plata & Mangold comb. nov., Topeliopsis guaiquinimae (Sipman) Rivas Plata & Mangold comb. nov., and T. tuberculifera (Vain.) Rivas Plata & Mangold comb. nov. Using the examples of Fibrillithecis halei s. lat., Leucodecton compunctellum s. lat., and Thelotrema monosporum s. lat., we show how difficult species complexes can be flexibly treated in a key, allowing for either a broad concept or the distinction of several individual taxa.
We provide an updated, worldwide key to species of the genus Carbacanthographis , which is characterized by lirellate ascomata, a carbonized excipulum, warty periphysoids, and mostly non-amyloid ascospores. New collections and revision of herbarium material revealed 17 species new to science: Carbacanthographis acanthoamicta , with a thinly corticate thallus, a completely carbonized excipulum, apically warty paraphyses, small and (sub-)muriform ascospores, and salazinic acid; C. acanthoparaphysata , with a completely carbonized excipulum, apically warty paraphyses, small and submuriform, amyloid ascospores, and protocetraric acid; C. aggregata , with aggregated lirellae, a completely carbonized excipulum, small and submuriform ascospores, and salazinic acid; C. amazonica , with a completely carbonized excipulum, small and transversely septate ascospores, and stictic acid; C. aptrootii , with a completely carbonized excipulum, apically warty paraphyses, small to medium-sized and transversely septate, amyloid ascospores, and norstictic acid; C. brasiliensis , with a completely carbonized excipulum, apically warty paraphyses, medium-sized and transversely septate, amyloid ascospores, and no substances; C. chionophoroides , with a completely carbonized excipulum, small and transversely septate ascospores, and protocetraric acid; C. halei , with a corticate thallus, a completely carbonized excipulum, small and transversely septate ascospores, and stictic acid; C. latispora , with a completely carbonized excipulum, very large and transversely septate ascospores, and stictic acid; C. megalospora , with a corticate thallus, a completely carbonized excipulum, very large muriform ascospores, and stictic acid; C. multiseptata , with a completely carbonized excipulum, very large and transversely septate ascospores, and protocetraric acid; C. novoguineensis , with a completely carbonized excipulum, small and submuriform ascospores, and salazinic acid; C. pseudorustica , with a corticate thallus, a completely carbonized excipulum, medium-sized and transversely septate, amyloid ascospores, and stictic acid; C. salazinicoides , with a corticate thallus, a completely carbonized excipulum, medium-sized and muriform ascospores, and salazinic acid; C. sipmaniana , with a completely carbonized excipulum, apically warty paraphyses, small and transversely septate, weakly amyloid ascospores, and norstictic acid; C. spongiosa , with a completely carbonized excipulum, inspersed hymenium, small, transversely septate ascospores, and stictic acid; and C. subchionophora , with a completely carbonized excipulum, small and transversely septate ascospores, and protocetraric acid. New molecular data confirm the position of C. megalospora in the genus. In addition, we propose one new combination, Carbacanthographis nematoides . The known world distribution of four species is expanded: C. amicta is reported from Papua New Guinea; C. induta from Thailand; C. marcescens from French Guyana and Papua New Guinea; and C. stictica from Colombia, French Guyana, Venezuela and Suriname. For all species, short descriptions and distribution notes are given, and most species are illustrated.
The following seven new species of pyrenocarpous lichens are described from Monte Pascoal in Bahia (Brazil): Astrothelium citrisporum Aptroot, Oliveira-Junior & M.Cceres, with thallus ochraceous, UV-negative, ascomata fused in hemispherical, concolorous pseudostromata, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores submuriform, 5 12-septate, 3540 1820 m, citriform, both ends pointed; A. eustominspersum Aptroot & Oliveira-Junior, with thallus pale greyish olivaceous, UV-negative, ascomata fused, ostiole UV+ yellow, hamathecium inspersed, and ascospores 3-septate, 2527 77.5 m; A. flavogigasporum Aptroot, with thallus olivaceous, UV-negative, ascomata single, ostioles apical, hamathecium yellowish (K-negative) inspersed, and ascospores 4/ascus, hyaline, densely muriform, 240260 3338 m, long-ellipsoid, without thickened central septum; A. medioincrassatum Aptroot & M.Cceres, with thallus olivaceous, UV-negative, ascomata fused in inconspicuous groups, ostioles lateral, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores 911-septate, 98115 2327 m, long-ellipsoid, with thickened central septum; Pseudopyrenula gelatinosa Aptroot, with thallus UV-negative, ascomata solitary, ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores 3-septate, 3437 910.5 m, wall 1 m thick, surrounded by a 910.5 m thick gelatinous sheath; Pyrenula salmonea Aptroot, with thallus salmon pink, ascomata solitary, ostioles apical, hamathecium densely hyaline inspersed, and ascospores 3-septate, uniseriate, 2427 1316 m, ellipsoid, lumina oval to somewhat angular, broader than long, without endospore between the outer lumina and the ascospore wall; and P. sanguineoastroidea Aptroot with thallus olivaceous, UV-negative, ascomata fused, deeply immersed in the bark, ostioles lateral, hamathecium not inspersed, and ascospores 3-septate, 2427 1012 m, long-ellipsoid, lumina rhomboid, with thick endospore layer between the outer lumina and the ascospore wall. A further 353 species are reported, of which 12 are first records for Brazil and 192 are first records for the state of Bahia, despite it being one of the states of Brazil that is best investigated lichenologically. A graph is presented with the cumulative number of species collected after a certain time of fieldwork. It does not significantly level off, suggesting that many more species occur in the area. A key to the Pyrenula species known from Brazil is presented.
Mycotaxon is pleased to add a new annotated species distribution list to our 144 previously posted free access fungae. The 49-page "Lichens from Brazil: a checklist of lichenized fungi from Acre, in the Amazon" by Aptroot, Santos, Oliveira, Cavalcante, and Cáceres may be downloaded from our website via http://www.mycotaxon.com/mycobiota/index.html
The new genus Saxiloba is described with the two species S. firmula from the Caribbean and S. hawaiiensis from Hawaii. Saxiloba is characterized by a unique, placodioid thallus forming distinct lobes, growing on rock in shaded to exposed situations with a trentepohlioid photobiont and a fenestrate thallus anatomy with distinct surface lines. The material is often sterile, but Porina-like perithecia and ascospores had previously been described for the Caribbean taxon and were here confirmed for both species. Molecular sequence data also confirmed placement of this lineage in Porinaceae. Its position within that family supports the notion that Porinaceae should be subdivided into a larger number of genera than proposed in previous classification attempts. Compared to other Porinaceae, Saxiloba exhibits a unique morphology and anatomy that recalls taxa in the related family Graphidaceae and it substantially expands the known phenotypic variation within Porinaceae. The two recognized species are similar in overall morphology but, apart from their disjunct distribution and different substrate ecology, differ in lobe configuration, color and disposition of the crystal clusters and resulting surface patterns.
Phylogenetic studies revealed a high level of diversity within the lichen-forming fungus so far identified with the name Maronina multifera (Protoparmelioideae, Parmeliaceae), currently accommodated in the genus Neoprotoparmelia. Here, six new species of Neoprotoparmelia are described as new to science based on morphological and molecular data, mostly from northeastern Brazil. The new species are: Neoprotoparmelia nigra (Brazil), with 32-spored asci, lacking alectoronic acid, and with pale, K-negative apothecial base, and blackish apothecial disc; N. paramultifera (Brazil), with 64-spored asci, alectoronic acid, pale, K-negative apothecial base, and purplish brown apothecial disc and thick apothecial margins; N. pseudomultifera (Brazil), with 32-spored asci, lacking alectoronic acid, and with pale, K-negative apothecial base and brown apothecial disc (no reddish or purplish tinge); N. purpurea (Brazil), with 32-spored asci, lacking alectoronic acid, and with pigmented, K+ purplish-violet apothecial base and purplish brown apothecial disc; N. rubrofusca (Colombia), with 32-spored asci, lacking alectoronic acid, and with pigmented, K+ purplish-violet apothecial base, and red-brown apothecial disc and thin, evanescent margins; and N. sexdecimspora (Brazil), with 16-spored asci, alectoronic acid, pale, K-negative apothecial base, and purplish brown apothecial disc. The name N. multifera is restricted to a species from the northern Andes with 64-spored asci, alectoronic acid, pale, K-negative apothecial base, and purplish brown apothecial disc with thin margins, while the new combination N. camptotheca is adopted for a species in eastern Brazil with 32-spored asci, alectoronic acid, pale, K-negative apothecial base, purplish brown apothecial disc, and smooth margin (all other species in the complex having crenulate margins). The following two new combinations are also proposed: Neoprotoparmelia saxicola and N. rogersii (syn.: N. capensis V.J.Rico, A.Crespo & Garima Singh).
We describe the new genus, Sprucidea M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking, from rain forest areas in South America and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis of the mtSSU and nuLSU markers place Sprucidea within Malmideaceae, sister to the genus Savoronala from Madagascar. Like Malmidea, Sprucidea is characterized by frequently red thalli containing norsolorinic acid, but differs in the bacillar instead of ellipsoid ascospores and in the stalked sporodochia as conidiomata; from Savoronala, Sprucidea is distinguished by the crustose thallus and short stalks of the sporodochia. The new genus thus far contains four species, two of them new to science, namely S. granulosa M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking and S. rubropenicillata M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (type species), and two newly proposed combinations: S. gymnopiperis (Kalb) M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (basionym: Malmidea gymnopiperis Kalb) and S. penicillata (Aptroot, M.Cáceres, Lücking & Sparrius) M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (basionym: Bacidina penicillata Aptroot, M.Cáceres, Lücking & Sparrius). In addition, we propose the new combination Malmidea floridensis (Nyl.) M.Cáceres, Aptroot & Lücking (basionym: Lecidea floridensis Nyl.). We further include the pantropical genus Crustospathula (with currently five species) in Malmideaceae, differing from the other genera by its stalked soralia. With the recent addition of the genus Kalbionora, Malmideaceae thus contains five genera and two additional, orphaned lineages of species currently included in Lecidea s.l. A key to all genera and lineages is provided, as well as a key to all species of Sprucidea and Crustospathula. © 2017 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
Preliminary results are presented of a lichen expedition to the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke, a 100 km² conservation unity of undisturbed primary rain forest near Manaus in the Amazonas state, Brazil. So far, 157 species were identified, 122 of which are first reports from the Amazonas state, nine of which are first reports for Brazil. Most species are also found in other Amazonian states like Rondônia and Amapá. In addition, the following new species are described: Astrothelium dimidioinspersum, A. megeustomurale (also from Rondônia and Tocantins states), A. rubrostiolatum, A. valsoides, Chiodecton lichexanthonicum, Enterographa lichexanthonica, Fellhanera baeomycoides and Viridothelium ustulatum, In addition, Astrothelium astrolucidum and A. introflavidum are described from adjacent states. A high percentage of the new species has lichexanthone or another xanthone as cortical substance.
A revisionary synopsis is presented for the family Trypetheliaceae , based on a separately published phylogenetic analysis of a large number of species, morpho-anatomical and chemical study of extensive material, and revision of numerous type specimens. A total of 418 species is formally accepted in this synopsis, distributed among 15 genera as follows: Aptrootia (3), Architrypethelium (7), Astrothelium (242), Bathelium (16), Bogoriella (29), Constrictolumina (9), Dictyomeridium (7), Distothelia (3), Marcelaria (3), Nigrovothelium (2), Novomicrothelia (1), Polymeridium (50), Pseudopyrenula (20), Trypethelium (16), and Viridothelium (10). All accepted genera, including new genera described separately in this issue, are keyed out and briefly described and discussed, and keys are provided for all accepted species within each genus. Entries with full synonymy and brief descriptions, and in part also discussions, are provided for all accepted species, except those newly described elsewhere in this issue, which are cross-referenced in the corresponding keys. The description of the newly defined genera takes into account phylogeny in combination with morpho-anatomical features with the result that they are mostly recognizable by a combination of thallus, ascoma and ascospore features. Most species previously assigned to the genera Astrothelium , Campylothelium , Cryptothelium , and Trypethelium , based on a schematic concept of ascoma morphology and ascospore septation, are now included in a single genus, Astrothelium , with highly variable ascoma morphology and ascospore septation but invariably with astrothelioid ascospores (at least when young), that is diamond-shaped lumina, and a well-developed, corticate, usually olive-green thallus that often covers the ascomata. While the genera Aptrootia (large, brown, muriform ascospores), Architrypethelium (large, mostly 3-septate ascospores), and Pseudopyrenula (ecorticate, white thalli and astrothelioid ascospores) are maintained, Trypethelium is redefined to include species with raised, pseudostromatic ascomata and multiseptate ascospores with thin septa. The sister group of Trypethelium is the genus Marcelaria , with brightly coloured pseudostromata and muriform ascospores. Bathelium is now limited to species with strongly raised, fully exposed pseudostromata and septate to muriform ascospores with thin septa. Several genera are recognized for more basal lineages with mostly ecorticate, white thalli and solitary, exposed ascomata previously assigned to Arthopyrenia , Mycomicrothelia and Polymeridium , viz . Bogoriella , Constrictolumina , Dictyomeridium , and Novomicrothelia . In addition, separate genera are accepted for the Trypethelium tropicum ( Nigrovothelium ) and T. virens ( Viridothelium ) groups. In addition, a refined species concept resulting from phylogenetic studies is employed which pays particular attention to morphological features of the thallus and ascomata. Of a total of 526 names checked, 107 remain synonyms of accepted names and a further eight are newly excluded from the family. Based on these redispositions, the following 146 new combinations are proposed, including reinstatement of numerous names previously subsumed into synonymy: Architrypethelium columbianum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. grande (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Astrothelium aeneum (Eschw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. alboverrucum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. amazonum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ambiguum (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. andamanicum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot comb. nov., A. annulare (Spreng.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. aurantiacum (Makhija & Patw) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. auratum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. aureomaculatum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. basilicum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. bicolor (Taylor) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. buckii (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. calosporum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cartilagineum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cecidiogenum (Aptroot & Lücking) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ceratinum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chapadense (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chrysoglyphum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. chrysostomum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cinereorosellum (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. cinereum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. confluens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. consimile (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. deforme (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. defossum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. degenerans (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. dissimilum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. effusum (Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. endochryseum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. exostemmatis (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. feei (C. F. W. Meissn.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ferrugineum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. galligenum (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. gigantosporum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. indicum (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. infossum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. infuscatulum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. irregulare (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. keralense (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. kunzei (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. leioplacum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. lugescens (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. luridum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. macrocarpum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. macrosporum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. marcidum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megaleium (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megalophthalmum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megalostomum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. megaspermum (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meiophorum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meristosporoides (P. M. McCarthy & Vongshew.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. meristosporum (Mont. & Bosch) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. neogalbineum (R. C. Harris) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. nigratum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. nigrorufum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. nitidiusculum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. octosporum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. oligocarpum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. olivaceofuscum (Zenker) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. papillosum (P. M. McCarthy) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. papulosum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. peranceps (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. phaeothelium (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. phlyctaenua (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. porosum (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. praetervisum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pseudoplatystomum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pseudovariatum (Upreti & Ajay Singh) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pulcherrimum (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pupula (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. purpurascens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. pustulatum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. rufescens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. sanguinarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. santessonii (Letr.-Gal.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. saxicola (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. scoria (Fée) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. scorizum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sierraleonense (C. W. Dodge) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sikkimense (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. spectabile (Aptroot & Ferraro) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. sphaerioides (Mont.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. stramineum (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. straminicolor (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subcatervarium (Malme) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdiscretum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdisjunctum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. subdissocians (Nyl. ex Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. et stat. nov., A. superbum (Fr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. tenue (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. thelotremoides (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. trypethelizans (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. tuberculosum (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. ubianense (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. variatum (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., A. vezdae (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Bathelium austroafricanum (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. nigroporum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Bogoriella alata (Groenh. ex Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. annonacea (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. apposita (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. captiosa (Kremp.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. collospora (Vain.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. confluens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. conothelena (Nyl.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. decipiens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. exigua (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. fumosula (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. hemisphaerica (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. lateralis (Sipman) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. leuckertii (D. Hawksw. & J. C. David) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. macrocarpa (Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. megaspora (Aptroot & M. Cáceres) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. miculiformis (Nyl. ex Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. minutula (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. modesta (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. nonensis (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. obovata (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. pachytheca (Sacc. & Syd.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. punctata (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. queenslandica (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. socialis (Zahlbr.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. striguloides (Sérus. & Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. subfallens (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. thelena (Ach.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. triangularis (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., B. xanthonica (Komposch, Aptroot & Hafellner) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Constrictolumina esenbeckiana (Fée) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. leucostoma (Müll. Arg.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. lyrata (R. C. Harris) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. majuscula (Nyl.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. malaccitula (Nyl.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., C. porospora (Vain.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., Dictyomeridium amylosporum (Vain.) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. campylothelioides (Aptroot & Sipman) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. immersum (Aptroot, A. A. Menezes & M. Cáceres) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. isohypocrellinum (Xavier-Leite, M. Cáceres & Aptroot) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., D. paraproponens (Aptroot, M. Cáceres & E. L. Lima) Aptroot, M. P. Nelsen & Lücking comb. nov., Distothelia rubrostoma (Aptroot) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Phyllobathelium chlorogastricum (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Pseudopyrenula cubana (Müll. Arg.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., Viridothelium cinereoglaucescens (Vain.) Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot comb. nov., V. indutum (Stirt.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov., and V. megaspermum (Makhija & Patw.) Aptroot & Lücking comb. nov. In addition, six replacement names are proposed: Astrothelium campylocartilagineum Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. grossoides Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. octosporoides Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. scoriothelium Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., A. pyrenastrosulphureum Aptroot & Lücking nom. nov., and Bathelium pruinolucens Aptroot & Lücking nom. et stat. nov. Along with this, 57 lectotypes are newly designated. Most species (392 out of 418) are illustrated, with a total of 697 images in 59 plates, including 406 type specimens. Where appropriate, taxa are briefly discussed. New country or continental records are listed for many species in their revised circumscription. A checklist of taxa described or placed in genera belonging in Trypetheliaceae but previously excluded from the family, and their current names, is also provided.
Based on separately obtained and analyzed molecular data and within the framework of a global revision of the family Trypetheliaceae , 21 new species are described, from the Neotropics and tropical Asia, in the genera Architrypethelium (1), Astrothelium (15), Bathelium (1), Nigrovothelium (1), Trypethelium (1), and Viridothelium (2), namely: Architrypethelium lauropaluanum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Marcelli sp. nov., differing from A. hyalinum in the perithecia immersed between coarse thallus verrucae and in the additional ascospore septa; Astrothelium aurantiacocinereum Lücking, Naksuwankul & Lumbsch sp. nov., differing from A. aeneum in the prominent, well-delimited, trypethelioid pseudostromata and the absence of pigment on the thallus surface, as well as in the barely lichenized thallus; A. carassense Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Marcelli sp. nov., differing from A. purpurascens in orange, K+ red pseudostroma pigment and the slightly larger ascospores; A. cryptolucens Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & N. Salazar sp. nov., differing from A. carrascoense in the inspersed hymenium; A. fijiense Lücking, Naksuwankul & Lumbsch sp. nov., differing from A. cinereorosellum in the presence of lichexanthone on the well-delimited pseudostromata and in the slightly shorter ascospores; A. laevithallinum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Marcelli sp. nov., differing from A. endochryseum in the smooth thallus; A. leucosessile Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot sp. nov., differing from A. phlyctaena in the conspicuous, sessile pseudostromata; A. macrostomoides Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Benatti sp. nov., differing from A. macrostomum in the larger ascospores; A. megacrypticum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & N. Salazar sp. nov., differing from A. longisporum in the single-spored asci and larger ascospores; A. nicaraguense Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & T. Orozco sp. nov., differing from A. gigantosporum in the smaller ascospores; A. norisianum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Aptroot sp. nov., differing from A. sepultum in the distinct, well-delimited pseudostromata; A. obtectum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Benatti sp. nov., differing from A. nigrocacuminum in the smaller ascospores; A. sordithecium Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Marcelli sp. nov., differing from A. leucothelium in the inspersed hymenium and the absence of lichexanthone from the thallus surface outside the pseudostromata; A. subendochryseum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Marcelli sp. nov., differing from A. endochryseum in the absence of pigment in the pseudostromata and the lateral thallus cover of the pseudostromata; A. subinterjectum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Jungbluth sp. nov., differing from A. obtectum in the smaller pseudostromata and smaller ascospores, and from A. interjectum in the diffuse pseudostromata and smaller ascospores; Bathelium porinosporum Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & Gueidan sp. nov., differing from other Bathelium species in the 3-septate, euseptate ascospores; Nigrovothelium bullatum Lücking, Upreti & Lumbsch sp. nov., differing from N. tropicum in the bullate thallus; Trypethelium tolimense Lücking, Moncada & M. Gut. sp. nov., differing from T. xanthoplatystomum in the absence of a yellow-orange pigment on the pseudostromata and the K+ yellow (not K+ red) medullary pigment; Viridothelium tricolor Lücking, M. P. Nelsen & N. Salazar sp. nov., characterized by black perithecia with a lateral ostiole immersed in white pseudostromata strongly contrasting with the surrounding brown thallus, in combination with 2-spored asci and large, muriform ascospores; and V. vonkonratii Lücking, Naksuwankul & Lumbsch sp. nov., differing from V. virens in larger ascospores and mostly solitary ascomata. All species are illustrated and their taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships are discussed. ITS barcoding sequences are reported for five specimens of Bathelium porinosporum .
The taxa belonging to the Lecanora subfusca-group including the L. queenslandica-group that occur in South- and Central America are revised. The systematic position of the L. subfusca-group within the genus Lecanora is discussed and the morphology, anatomy and chemistry of the group is presented. The occurence of chemosyndromes and their taxonomic significance is shown. 63 taxa are accepted, six without formal description. A description is given for every taxon and a key is presented. 11 taxa are reduced into synonymy: L. paulensis Zahlbr. to L. fulvastra Kremp., L. dispersula Müll. Arg. and L. pallidofuscescens Vain. to L. galactiniza Nyl., L. cinereocarnea (Eschw.) Vain. and L. fuscescens Fée to L. leprosa Fée, L. dispersogranulata Szatala to L. pallidiflava Fée, L. caesiorugosa de Lesd. to L. subalbellina Vain., L. argillaceofusca Müll. Arg. and L. crystalligera H. Magn. to L. subimmergens Vain., L. recubans Stirt. to L. sulfurescens Fée and L. perithiodes Nyl. to L. tropica Zahlbr. Two subspecific taxa are combined to species level: L. fuegiensis (Räsänen) Guderley comb. nov. (Basionym: Lecanora chlarona f. fuegiensis Räsänen) and L. validior (Zahlbr.) Guderley comb. nov. (Basionym: Lecanora albellina var. validior Zahlbr.). Twelve taxa are reported for the first time for South America: L. arthothelinella Lumbsch, L. casuarinophila Lumbsch, L. elapheia Stizenb., L. flavidofusca Müll. Arg., L. flavidomarginata de Lesd., L. galactiniza Nyl., L. gangaleoides Nyl., L. helva Stizenb., L. parmelinoides Lumbsch, L. perplexa Brodo, L. plumosa Müll. Arg., and L. wilsonii Müll. Arg. ssp. wilsonii. Four taxa are new to the Neotropics: L. achroa Nyl., L. fuscococcinea Nyl., L. leproplaca Zahlbr. and L. subimmersa ssp. ramboldii Lumbsch & Elix. The following new taxa are described: L. cerradoensis Guderley, L. guatemalensis Guderley and L. schindleri Guderley.
Eugeniella palleola, Graphis paraschiffneri, and Malmidea cineracea are described from Nicaragua. Eugeniella palleola is characterized by having pale apothecial discs and prominent, white margins, and producing a complex chemistry including atranorin, stictic and norstictic acids, and an unknown substance. Graphis paraschiffneri has lirellae with a lateral thalline margin, striate labia, a completely carbonized excipulum, transversely septate ascospores, and contains norstictic acid in the thallus. Malmidea cineracea is characterized by a granulose-isidiate thallus with a yellowish medulla and a compact, crystal-encrusted excipulum. Malmidea nigromarginata and M. piperina are proposed as new combinations. Keys are presented to all known species of Eugeniella (9) and Malmidea (50).
Three new corticolous lichen species are described from the Chapada do Araripe, an isolated table mountain in the state of Ceara, in NE Brazil. Eschatogonia granulosorediata has dissected ascending squamuks and granular soredia that originate marginally but extend to form laminal heaps. Gassicurtia caririensis has a granular, greenish grey thallus with thiophanic acid, a red medulla with chiodectonic acid and copious punctiform red soredia, apothecia black, not pruinose, ascospores 8/ascus, 8.5-11.5 x 3-4 gm. Gassicurtia rubromarginata has a granular, greenish grey thallus with thiophanic acid but without red medulla or soredia, apothecia black with partly red margin, whitish pruinose or not, ascospores 8.5-10.5 x 4-5 mu m.
The following new species of pyrenocarpous lichens are described from Rondônia: Agonimia tenuiloba : corticolous, thallus with minute flabellate lobes developing goniocysts; ascomata smooth, grey, ellipsoidal; ascospores densely muriform, 30–50(–76)×20–35 µm. Anisomeridium lateriticum : saxicolous; conidiomata sessile, pyriform, ostiole with brown and hyaline septate setae; conidia simple to 1-septate, 8–11×2·0–2·5 µm. Anisomeridium triseptatum : corticolous, ascomata with lateral ostioles; ascospores (1–)3-septate, 25–30×7·5–10·0 µm, often with gelatinous appendages. Mycomicrothelia megaspora : ascospores ornamented, 1-septate, (27–)29–35(–40)×8–12 µm, often with a gelatinous layer 6–15 µm thick. Porina linearispora : corticolous; thallus green, shiny; ascomata immersed, 0·2–0·3 mm; ascospores filiform, (7–)9(–13)-septate, 75–90×1·5–2·0 µm. Porina maxispora : corticolous; thallus green, matt; ascomata immersed, 0·5–0·7 mm; ascospores filiform, (17–)23–35-septate, 95–110×4·5–5·5 µm. Porina novemseptatoides : saxicolous; thallus very thin, brown, glossy; ascomata superficial, 0·1–0·2 mm; ascospores fusiform, (7–)9-septate, 21–24×4·5–5·0 µm, with a c . 5 µm thick gelatinous layer. Porina termitophila : terricolous; thallus greyish green; ascomata emergent, 0·15–0·20 mm; ascospores fusiform, 1–3-septate, 13–15×2·5–3·0 µm. Pyrenula bispora : corticolous, thallus whitish, ascomata dispersed; hamathecium inspersed; ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 55–75×19–23 µm. Pyrenula leptaleoides : corticolous; thallus green to pale brown; ascomata deeply immersed in bark, with long necks fused in joint ostioles visible as brown dots on the surface; ascospores 23–27×8–11 µm, with rather angular lumina. Pyrenula rhomboidea : corticolous; thallus olive-brown; ascomata single, immersed; ascospores irregularly uniseriate, clavate-rhomboidal, 11–13×3·5–4·0 µm.
A key is provided to all species of pyrenocarpous lichens (except Trypetheliaceae ) found in Rondônia. Nearly all species are new reports for Rondônia. Aspidothelium glabrum, Pyrenula leucotrypa and P. micheneri are newly reported for South America. The usually foliicolous Strigula nitidula is reported for the first time from bark.
The high lichen diversity is explained by the poor soils, supporting an only moderately dense forest where enough light can reach the tree trunks at ground level to support a rich flora of crustose lichens usually confined to the upper trunks.
The new genus and species Savoronala madagascariensis is a lichenized hyphomycete characterized by its pale glaucous placodioid thallus with erect, short but robust stipes apically producing sporodochia with brown, subspherical conidia, whose cells are wrapped around a single chlorococcoid algal cell. Phylogenetic analyses using nuLSU and mtSSU sequences place Savoronala in the Malmideaceae (Lecanorales). The new species was collected on Erica stems and inhabits coastal dunes near Taolanaro (southeast Madagascar). Lecidea floridensis is shown to belong to Malmidea whereas Lecidea cyrtidia and L. plebeja are also resolved in the Malmideaceae. The genus Sporodochiolichen Aptroot & Sipman is reduced into synonymy with Tylophoron.
The genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge has its center of diversity in tropical South America (Brazil), with a secondary center in southern Africa. The genus is characterized by a pale to olive-brown lower surface with simple rhizines, isolichenan in the cell walls, a pored epicortex, a pale-yellow or yellow medulla, and secalonic acids and low concentrations of atranorin in the upper cortex. Pseudoparmelia has secondary-product chemistry characterized by secalonic acid derivatives together with β-orcinol meta-depsides or β-orcinol depsidones. A total of 22 known compounds is reported for the genus, based upon thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of 273 specimens. Pseudoparmelia is now considered to comprise 16 species - seven of which are here described as new. Four new combinations within the genus are made.
The lichen genus is emended by inclusion of species containing the anthraquinone russulone in their apothecia and having a prosoplectenchymatous exciple. This is supported by anatomical characters. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and Bayesian statistics of a combined data set of DNA sequences from nu LSU, mt SSU, and ITS gene regions revealed to be polyphyletic with the type species distinct from the russulone-containing species that clustered with taxa. The following new combinations are made: and . New to science are Kalb & Elix and Elix & Kalb. A key to all known species in the group is presented.
German
Die Flechtengattung Ramboldia wird emendiert durch den Einschluss von den Pyrrhospora-Arten, die in den Fruchtkörpern das Anthrachinon Russulon bilden und ein prosoplectenchymatisches Excipulum besitzen. Bestätigt wird dieses Vorgehen durch anatomische Merkmale. Phylogenetische Analysen (maximum parsimony und Bayes'ische Statistik) eines kombinierten Datensatzes von DNA-Sequenzen der nu LSU, mt SSU und ITS Genregionen ergaben Polyphylie von Pyrrhospora. Die Typusart der Gattung ist phylogenetisch getrennt von den Pyrrhospora-Arten mit Russulon, die mit Ramboldia-Arten clustern. Neukombinationen sind Ramboldia amagiensis, R. arandensis, R. aurantiaca, R. aurea, R. bullata, R. cinnabarina, R. gowardiana, R. griseococcinea, R. haematites, R. heterocarpa, R. laeta, R. lusitanica, R. manipurensis, R. russula, R. sanguinolenta und R. subcinnabarina. Neu beschrieben werden Ramboldia neolaeta Kalb & Elix und R. quaesitica Elix & Kalb. Ein Bestimmungsschlüssel aller bisher bekannten Arten der R. russula-Gruppe wird vorgelegt.
The new genus Coniarthonia is described to accommodate a group of species previously placed in Anhonia and Arthotheliwn. Crystallized red pigments that are distributed throughout hydrophobic ascomatal structures are characteristic of the new genus, which includes species with both muriform and transversely septate ascospores. Coniarthonia erythrocarpa, C. gregarina, C. pulchernma, C. pyrrhula and C. ivilmsiana are new combinations, and C. haematodea is new to science. Two subgroups are distinguished in the genus: the C. pyrrhula group, with larger ascospores, and the C. pulckcrruna group, which has comparatively small, one-septate ascospores. The reddish compounds are characterized by TLC. A key to the species is provided.