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A Survey of Weed Species of Barley Crop Fields in Farms of GMR Agricultural Project in Jardina -Soloq Region, Libya

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Abstract

The goals of the present work were to document the weed species in barley fields in Farms of GMR agricultural project in Jardina-Soloq region. The present work is based on field research conducted from January 2016 to March 2018 in Farms of Global Monitoring Report (GMR) agricultural project in Jardina-Soloq region. Multiple field visits were performed to investigate weed species in a barley crop. The plants were identified with the help of available literature and through comparison with the already identified plant species. Data inventory has been documented in the form of family, Botanical name, vernacular name, life form, and habit. The total 80 weed species was collected, related to 65 genera and 23 families. Dicotyledons were represented by 68 species, 55 genera, and 20 families, and Monocotyledons were represented by 12 species, 10 genera, and 3 families. The maximum number of species were of family Fabaceae (17 species), followed by family Asteraceae (15 species) and Poaceae (09 species).
... In Libya however, the recognition of weed science as a discipline with the same position as other crop protection disciplines, such as entomology and plant pathology, has been neglected (Kukula and Ghanuni, 1992). There is a good number of studies on weeds of the crops that have been reported from different parts of the country i.e., Sirte Ihsaeen, 2008), Melytania (Al-Zerbi, 2004), Jardina-Soloq Region (Omar et al. 2020), Masiklo (Abu Khsheem, 2020. ...
... The next largest family was Brassicaceae with seven species, Apiaceae and Chenopodiaceae included three species each. The most previous studies on Libyan flora recorded that these families included the largest number of species, such as, (Ali andJafri, 1976-1977;El-Gadi, 1988-1989Alaib and Ihsaeen, 2008;Omar et al. 2020;and Ihsaeen, 2005). Five families namely, Amaryllidaceae, Convolvulaceae, Geraniaceae, Malvaceae and Polygonaceae included two species each. ...
... On the basis of the data provided the highest frequency was computed for Melilotus indicus with 84 % followed by Eruca sativa with 80 %, whereas, the lowest frequency recorded for Avena fatua with 8%. Most of the previous studies, such as Omar et al. (2020), Ihsaeen (2005) ...
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A field survey was carried out to highlight the most important and problematic weeds of barley crop at District Beir Bullerjam, Soloq Region, Libya for two seasons (2020 to 2021). The current study is based on field research where recorded most weed the grown species by survey followed by using quadrats and finally calculating the weed density and their frequency. samples from the fields of the barley crop using a quadrat of size 1 m × 1 m randomly thrown at different points in the fields. The plants were identified with the help of available literature and through comparison with the already identified plant species. Data inventory has been documented in the form of family, Botanical name, vernacular name and life cycle. A total of 67 weed species belonging to 54 genera and 21 families of angiosperms. The dominant families according to the number of species were Asteraceae (14 species), Fabaceae (11 species), Poaceae (9 species), and Brassicaceae (7 species). The most dominant life cycle was annuals having 57 followed by perennials having nine species and biennials represented by only two species.The results further revealed that the highest density (43.48 mˉ²) and (30.36 mˉ²) were recorded for Lolium rigidum and Melilotus indicus respectively, while the highest frequency were recorded for Melilotus indicus and Eruca sativa with 84% and 80 respectively.
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If we accept the evidence at face value, we are led to conclude that emmer was probably domesticated in the upper Jordan watershed and that einkorn was domesticated in southeast Turkey. Barley could have been domesticated almost anywhere within the arc bordering the fertile crescent. All three cereals may well have been harvested in the wild state throughout their regions of adaptation long before actual farming began. The primary habitats for barley, however, are not the same as those for the wheats. Wild barley is more xerophytic and extends farther downslope and into the steppes and deserts along the wadis. It seems likely that, while all three early cereals were domesticated within an are flanking the fertile crescent, each was domesticated in a different subregion of the zone. Lest anyone should be led to think the problem is solved, we wish to close with a caveat. Domestication may not have taken place where the wild cereals were most abundant. Why should anyone cultivate a cereal where natural stands are as dense as a cultivated field? If wild cereal grasses can be harvested in unlimited quantities, why should anyone bother to till the soil and plant the seed? We suspect that we shall find, when the full story is unfolded, that here and there harvesting of wild cereals lingered on long after some people had learned to farm, and that farming itself may have originated in areas adjacent to, rather than in, the regions of greatest abundance of wild cereals. We need far more specific information on the climate during incipient domestication and many more carefully conducted excavations of sites in the appropriate time range. The problem is far from solved, but some knowledge of the present distribution of the wild forms should be helpful.
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