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Fishery Technology 59 (2022) : 147 - 153
© 2022 Society of Fisheries Technologists (India)
Abstract
Increase in global population has resulted in
considerable accumulation of wastes in the environ-
ment which eventually reach the surrounding
waterbodies. Anthropogenic waste leads to deterio-
ration of water quality, making it unsuitable for
further use. The water coming after anthropogenic
interference are mostly left out untreated, and may
contain contaminants like hydrocarbons, phospho-
rous, heavy metals, nitrogenous compounds, pesti-
cide residues, dyes etc. The polluted waterbodies are
mainly a resultant of various anthropogenic activi-
ties which is getting discharged with different
treatment levels into the aquatic system. These
pollutants are finally getting accumulated in the
coastal waterbodies leading to pollution and imbal-
ance to the coastal ecosystem. Bioremediation aims
at viable treatment technique which lowers the
consequences of this contamination on the environ-
ment by employing biological agents, such as
bioconcentration and removal using seaweeds.
Several research works had reported the efficiency
of seaweed in removing these pollutants, nutrients
and heavy metals from aquaculture systems, agri-
cultures and urban outflow and industrial effluents.
In this chapter, we discuss about the application of
seaweed in different ecosystem for removing the
effluents and contaminants present in the water
bodies and improving the water quality. The
technique employed by seaweed for quenching
these pollutant compounds from water bodies are
also included.
Keywords: Seaweed, bioremediation, aquatic sys-
tem, biofiltration
Seaweed and its Role in Bioremediation - A Review
Rehana Raj
1
*, Manju N.K.
2
, Fazil T.S.
2
, Niladri Sekhar Chatterji
2
, R. Anandan
2
and Suseela Mathew
2
1Mumbai Research Centre of ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Vashi, Navi Mumbai - 400 703, India
2ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, P. O. Matsyapuri, Cochin - 682 029, India
Introduction
Seaweeds are a group of nonflowering primitive
marine plants with no distinctive roots, stem, and
leaves. They are precious resource for renewable
marine living and are spread in intertidal, shallow
and deep seawater up to 150m deep. They also occur
in estuaries and back water. Seaweeds are growing
epiphytes on rocks, dead coral shells, pebble, solid
substrates and other plants. Seaweed biomass con-
tains a lot of metal ions like K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg 2+, etc.
Seaweeds are rich in polysaccharide kinds of struc-
ture and storage. Their structural polysaccharides
are primarily celluloses, hemicelluloses and xylans,
storage polysaccharides such as laminarian, alginic
acid, carrageenans, fucoidan, agar, and alginates.
Macro algae species are reported to be the source
of hydrocolloids, such as agar, carrageen, and
alginate (Jimenez-Escrig & Sanch-Muniz, 2000). Red
algae Eucheuma is used in the manufacturing of
carrageenan which is widely used in cosmetics, food
technology and industrial applications.
These are also having importance in human
consumption. Roughly 20 edible algae varieties are
commercially utilized in Europe for human con-
sumption. (Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al., 2021)After
harvesting, the plants are immediately dried and cut
into strips or powdered. Kombu is used in Japan for
fish preparation, meat dishes and soups and also as
rich vegetables. It is delicious to add this powdered
kombu in sauces, soups, or as curry with rice. Some
varieties are used to make a tea like infusion.
Bioremediation is a technology for pollution control
that uses biological systems to catalyse the degra-
dation or transformation into less harmful forms of
various toxic chemicals. Bioremediation is effective
and efficient decontamination method that has
become increasingly popular nowadays to reduce
pollution from the environment. Sewage disposal
has become an ecological issue in urban and
semiurban colonies (Moore, 1998). Bioremediation is
Received 18 December 2021; Revised 8 July 2022; Accepted 19
July 2022
*Email: rehanaraj9@gmail.com
a new approach to decontamination treatment.
Bioremediation focuses primarily on the strategies
that can be used to biologically clean up contami-
nants. Removal and recovery of wastewater is
important for the safety of the environment and
human health. The process of bioaccumulation is
known as the active mode of metal accumulation by
living cells depending on the cell’s metabolic activity
(Volesky, 1990; Wase & Foster, 1997).
Microalgae are not unique in their bio removal
capabilities, while in some conceptual bio removal
processes they offer advantages over other biologi-
cal materials. Microalgae strains are purposely
grown and employed for specific bio removal
applications and have the potential to provide
substantial improvements in addressing global
metal pollution problems (Wilde & Benemann,
1993). Biosorption of heavy metals is reported to be
a highly costeffective and a novel alternative for
decontaminating metal containing effluents by
certain types of nonliving biomass (Kratochvil &
Volesky, 1998).
The waste water produced by anthropogenic activi-
ties is discharged in to the aquatic environment with
varying levels of treatment. Pollutants in these
contaminated water body, particularly nitrogen,
phosphorus, metal, and hydrocarbons, gets accumu-
lated in coastal waters, leading to pollution and
marine ecosystem imbalance. Bioremediation is a
sustainable method for the treatment of these water
bodies, thereby reducing the impact of this pollution
by using biological organisms to remove these
contaminants, with an increasing focus on seaweed.
Seaweeds in domestic sewage treatment
Seaweeds are able to remove efficiently most of the
nutrients from the waste water. It can remove
nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous from
domestic sewage under standard treatment process.
Gracilaria verrucosa have the higher efficiency
inremoving BOD & COD levels, while Ulva faciata
has more efficiency in removing ammonia (Sasikumar
& Rangasamy, 1994). In relation to contributing its
use in various sectors, seaweed has been extensively
studied and used as an absorbent in wastewater
treatment to substitute functionally activated car-
bon. Waste water can be a byproductfrom manufac-
turing sectors, plants, landfills, homes, textile
sectors, petrochemical sectors, aquaculture, farming,
etc. Organic and inorganic pollution is a prevalent
situation in these waste water. The sources of these
organic compounds are derived from domestic
wastewater, urban runoff, effluents from agriculture
and aquaculture treatment plants, industrial efflu-
ents such as paper pulp production, food processing
sector etc. Some of the prevalent organic pollutants
are pesticides, fertilizer, hydrocarbons, phenolic
compounds, plasticisers, biphenyls, oils, fats, deter-
gents and pharmaceuticals (Ali et al., 2012).Ex-
amples of organic pollutants include benzene,
toluene, ethyl benzene, p-xylene (BTEX), dyes &
chemicals (Garcia et al., 2017; Wojtyla et al., 2018).
Heavy metal ions, arsenides, and fluorides are some
of the normal inorganic poisonous pollutants
present in the domestic sewage bodies (Cao et al.,
2014). Several trials to treat distinct kinds of sewage
with distinct methods of macro algae adsorption are
not new. It focuses on many ways, including
removing dye, and chemical oxygen demand (COD),
biological demand for oxygen (BOD), phenols,
heavy metals, etc. In fact, very restricted trials are
concentrated on reduction of COD & BOD, carbon
fixation, lipid manufacturing, total organic carbon
(TOC) and turbidity (Zhao et al., 2014; Resiset al.,
2016) from wastewater using macro algae since the
majority of them were concentrated on removing
colors, phenols and heavy metals.
Application of seaweed bioremediation in
aquaculture systems
The inclusion of marine algae in integrated
multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) has been sug-
gested as a suitable substitute for environmentally
viable production of aquaculture, as a preliminary
origin of food and also for aquatic bioremediation
due to its high capacity to remove inorganic
nutrients from waste water (Neori et al., 2008; Neori
et al., 2004; Fleurence et al., 2012). The advantage
of integrated shrimp and green seaweed (Ulva
clathrate) aquaculture had showed high efficiency in
removing inorganic nutrients from water effluents
(Copertino et al., 2009). In addition, a better feed
uptake was observed for Litopenaeus vannamei (Cruz
Suárez et al., 2009) and in Farfantepaneus californiensis
(Rodriquez et al., 2014).
The coastal seaweed community composed of
Chaeotomorpha spp, Polysiphora spp, Ulva spp, Cytoseria
spp, was employed to eliminate copper ion from
synthetic aqueous medium. This experiment was
conducted in batch mode to study the effect of pH,
biosorbent amount, metal ion concentration and
Rehana, Manju, Fazil, Chatterji, Anandan and Suseela 148
© 2022 Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Fishery Technology 59 : 147-153
contact time on the biosorption process. It was
observed that the biosorption capacity of copper
ions was influenced by the operating parameters.
The highest biosorption ability for copper ions
obtained was 180.36 mg g¯1. Hence it was proved
that coastal seaweed varieties has better
bioremediation capacity for copper from polluted
aquatic environment (Deniz et al., 2018).
Recent research developments and commercial
application of marine algal farming shows the
capability of marine algae to eliminate nutrients and
metals from terrestrial and coastal aquaculture,
urban agriculture runoff and industrial effluents. It
demonstratesthat, despite the technical difficultiesto
execute this technology on large scale, bioremediation
offers an opportunity to thoroughly eliminate the
pollutants ecologically friendly polluted seawater.
Tremblay et al. (2017), studied, the bioremediation
capability of Palmaria palmate and Ulva lactuca for
eliminating the dissolved elements in a completely
recirculated cold seawater ecosystem representing
of an estuarine aquatic environment. In this study,
the laboratory grown seaweed was employed in
depicting the marine environment of the Gulf of
Saint Lawrence (Quebec, Canada), i.e., salinity of 24
psu, 5 and 10oC, and under three groups of high
nitrate (NO3-) & phosphate (PO4
3-) concentrations
(2865:195, 3570:242, & 4284:291 µM). It was noted
that there was no significant change either in
nutrient or temperature levels. P. palmata’s growth
rate was independent of concentrations of tempera-
ture and nutrients with average of 0.64 ± 0.18 % FW
day-1. At 10oC and intermediate concentration of
nutrients, U. lactuca exhibited excessive growth rate
(2.81 ± 0.72% FW day -1) by absorbing these nutrients
from the water body and thereby reducing the
nutrient content in water body.
Sudharshan et al. (2013) of University of South
Australia found that sodium enhance bacteria’s
ability to degrade DDT in anaerobic environment.
DDT (1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2 bis (p-cholorophenyl)
ethane) a legacy pesticide could be a major
contaminant in the sediment ecosystem and thus
economic methods are required to eliminate DDT
from the environment. In this study, DDT contami-
nated soil was treated with powdered green and red
algae (Ulva spp & Gelidium spp) and it was observed
that as much as 80% of the compound wasremoved
after six weeks. It was noticed that in the initial days,
the rates of DDT biodegradation increased in the
following order relating to the percentage by weight
of added seaweed to soil 0.5>1>0>3>5>13 (w/w). It
was also noticed that the lower level of seaweed
added, stimulated the DDT transformation rates,
whereas higher level of seaweed addition inhibited
DDT transformation. The prominent metabolite
found was DDE (1,1,1- trichloro 2,2-bis (p-
chlorophenyl) ethane) during soil incubation. The
maximum quantity of 4,4- dichlorobenzophenone
(DBP) (2.5%) was noticed in soil modified with 0.5%
(W/W) seaweed, indicating further DDD break-
down. High levels of Dissolved Organic Carbon
(DOC) in soil modified with larger amounts of
seaweed may have significantly retarded DDT
degradation, probably due to DDT binding to DOC
and subsequently decreasing DDT’s bioavailability
to soil microorganisms.
We have a growing need in modern society to
rethink about the waste disposal in order to manage
natural resource sustainably (Clark, 2014). In farm
fertilizers, both phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N)
are important elements of concern once they reach
the aquatic bodies. P is a limited resource and efforts
are being made to retain and recycle this element
as well as limit aquatic eutrophication (Carpenter &
Bennett, 2011). Sode et al. (2013) studied the
efficiency of the green macro algae U. lactuca for
bioremediation of rejected water from a sludge fed
biogas plant. There were two separate experiments,
the first experiment (N score experiment) aimed to
evaluate the quality of waste water as a source of
nutrients for algal growth, compared to inorganic
sources of nitrogen Simultaneously another second
experiment was conducted to study the nutrient
intake rates and Ulva’s bioremediation capacity over
a range of concentrations of nutrients. Based on the
observations, growth and nutrients removal were
considered as parameters for optimizing. Similar
elimination rates of 22.7 mg N g DW-1 d-1 and 22.7
mg P g DW-1 d
-1 were obtained at water rejection
concentrations of 80 and 89 µM NH4+ respectively.
The feasibility of implementing Ulva can be
achieved by a combined and integrated use of the
produced biomass in a biorefinery for bioremediation
of eliminated water (Sode et al., 2013).
Red algae Porphyra leucostica is aeffective, low-cost
and biodegradable sorbent biomaterial to reduce
environmental and wastewater heavy metal pollu-
tion. Porphyra leucosticta was examined for the
biological enrichment and biological precipitation to
eliminate Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions from waste water.
Seaweed and its Role in Bioremediation 149
© 2022 Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Fishery Technology 59 : 147-153
The experimental characters that interfere with the
process of bioremediation have been studied, such
as pH, contact time, dosage of biomass. Maximum
bioremediation capacity was observed for 31.45mg/
g for Cd(II) and 36.63 mg/g for Pb(II) at 15g/L
biomass, pH 0.8 & 120 minute contact timer,
containing initial 10.0 mg/L of Cd(II) and 10.0 mg/
L of Pb(II) solution. Porphyra leucosticta biomass was
efficient in removing 10.0 mg/L of Cd(II) and 10.0
mg/L of Pb(II) solution with 70% bioremediation
capacity for Cd(II) and 90% for Pb(II) (Ye et al.,
2015).
Seaweeds can play an significant part in controlling
eutrophication, improving the quality of water and
improving viable low cost aquaculture (Neori, 2008;
Copertino et al., 2009). Seaweeds are capable of
removing upto 90% of nutrients released from
intensive fish culture system (Shpigel et al., 2019).
Ulva species are efficient in growing well in
increased levels of nitrogen and proliferate well to
create larger biomass there by removing larger
amounts of nutrients (Bolton et al., 2009).
Aquaculture’s fast development is followed by
enhanced release of nutrient rich water into aquatic
system and coastal water bodies, resulting in water
quality eutrophication and deterioration. Seaweeds
are appropriate candidates for reducing the concen-
tration of dissolved inorganic nutrients released by
aquaculture effluents and there by enhance the
quality of water and enable sustainable aquaculture.
The de eutrophication capability of Ulva reticulate
was studied in a shrimp hatchery at Malaysia, for
observing its capacity to eliminate nutrients from
shrimp brood effluents in batch (SBE) crop scheme.
Rabiei et al. (2014) had studied on Ulva reticulate
biofiltration capacity over a 12 days period.
Ammonic-nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations were
decreased by 100% (after 12 h), nitrite (NO3-N) by
100% (after 18 h), orthophosphate (PO4-P) by 89%
and nitrate (NO3-N) by 33% (after 12 days). There
was also an 18.5% improvement in seaweed biomass
over the experimental period. The Ulva reticulata
grew better in SBE system, producing protein (6.1
± 1.1%) and carbohydrate (39.9 ± 4.5%). Carbohy-
drate and protein content in seaweed grown in SBE
system were observed to be higher than seawater
Ulva reticulate. Hence it can be directly implemented
as an effective biofilter for the removal of nutrients
from shrimp hatchery effluent water.
Increasing human activity in coastal regions, par-
ticularly in agriculture, aquaculture and wastewater
treatment, causes eutrophication by releasing nitro-
gen and phosphorus in seashore waters (Correll,
1998). Sometimes tertiary treatment is implicated to
prevent the unwanted impacts of nutrients from
secondary treated sewage. Usually this includes the
use of costly or harmful chemicals (deBashan &
Bashan, 2004). The cultivation of algal biomass in
effluent system is an exciting option.
Macro algaehave long been used in sewage treat-
ment, especially in tropical developing nations
(Dunstan & Menzel, 1997; Dunstan & Tenore, 1972;
Oswald, 1988; deBashan et al., 2002, deBashan &
Bashan, 2004). The primary issue with their use in
such application is that it is hard to distinguish the
algal mass from the treated effluent due to their tiny
size. Macroalgae, on the other hand, demonstrated
comparable nutrient effectiveness and exhibit easy
harvest. The introduction of seaweeds as biofilters
for tertiary sewage treatment system depends on
species capacity to use nutrients from secondarily
treated sewage and species usage frequency of the
significant nutrients and species salinity tolerance.
Several studies have investigated about the viability
of using various species of seaweed as biofilters in
tertiary sewage treatment system employing either
in sewage sludge or effluent water body. (Prince,
1974; Goldman et al., 1974a, b; Ryther et al., 1979;
Wong & Lau 1979). Recently, the utilization of
marine algae as biofilter has developed tremen-
dously and has concentrated on removing inorganic
nutrients from the effluent coming out from fish
ponds in integrated aquaculture systems (Krom et
al., 1995; Neori et al., 2004) or take off heavy metals
from industrial discharge (Davis et al., 2003).
Tsagkamilis et al. (2010) studied the application of
seaweed for the absorption of phosphate from the
sewage treatment in order to enhance the quality of
water by reducing eutrophication. Data obtained
from laboratory and field were collected for the
study on the sewage treatment system. Three
distinct macroalgae were screened for this. Based on
the observations obtained, they intended a continu-
ous flow system with water turnover of ¼ volumes
per hour, in combination of 60% wastewater
effluent, 40% seawater and 30gL-1initial biomass of
U. lactuca replaced for every 10 days. The study
observed that U. lactuca is a promising candidate as
a biofilter agent for eliminating phosphate from the
effluent presently released from waste water treat-
ment plants.
Rehana, Manju, Fazil, Chatterji, Anandan and Suseela 150
© 2022 Society of Fisheries Technologists (India) Fishery Technology 59 : 147-153
Caulerpa recemosa, and Ulva lactuca, it play an
important role in the bioremediation of heavy
metals such as boron, lead, cadmium cupper, solid
and liquid chromium (Bursali et al., 2009; Hammud
et al., 2014; Ghoneim et al., 2014; Ibrahim et al.,
2016). They also play a significant role in removing
and absorbing ammonia, phosphate, nitrate and
nitrite from nutrient rich aquaculture, wastewater
and industrial waste water for its development and
cultivation (Chung et al., 2002; Schramm, 1991).
Krishna et al. (2017) studied the bioremediation
capability of Caulerpa racemosa and Ulva lactuca from
industrial dye effluents. In this study the decolori-
zation property was measured at different concen-
tration and pH. The ability of these macroalgae
Caulerpa racemosa and Ulvalactuca to remove pollut-
ants was assessed through physiochemical effluent
assessment indicating potential reduction in total
dissolved solids and phosphate, but enhanced
ammonia nitrogen is dissolved in both treatments.
Biochemical analysis of accumulated macroalgae
demonstrates decreasing protein content, complete
sugar, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, complete
chlorophyll and carotenoid content with growing
days of therapy and concentration of effluent. The
Fourier Transform Infrared analysis confirmed the
accumulation of dye particulars into the algal cell
functional groups which hold them inside. The Ulva
lactuca shows significant decolorization in the
present study. Thus the study observed the
bioremediation capacity of green macroalgae which
can be applicable in the industrial waste water
treatment.
Pollution from heavy metals, especially Pb, can
harm the estuary and aquatic coastal ecosystems. It
might decrease the quality of the water. The capabil-
ity of seaweed G. verrucosa to reduce heavy metal
Pb with different concentrations in the seawater is
influenced by concentration and expose period. The
higher the concentration and longer exposure
period of Pb, themore is the heavy metals that can
be reduced in seawater and thus improving the
water quality (Handhani et al., 2017).
Textile sectors are one of the largest contributor in
discharging effluent water and complicated chemi-
cals. Textile discharges include coloured wastewa-
ter, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), pH, turbidity, and toxic
chemicals (Davis, 2003). Direct discharge of this
effluent water into water bodies such as lakes and
rivers contaminate the water and influences the
fauna and flora. Textile industry effluents comprise
distinct kinds of colorants, which show very low
biodegradability due to elevated molecular weight
and complicated constructions (Donghee et al.,
2005). Latinwo et al. (2015) studied the potential for
the removal of heavy metals such as iron (Fe),
calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K),
silver (Ag), and chromium (Cr) from textile waste
water by green seaweed biomass. This study
concluded that, green seaweed biomass has high bio
absorptive choices for certain metal such as Fe, Ca,
Ag, & Cr with corresponding values of 87.5%,
99.9%, 100%, & 86.8% respectively. A steady
decrease in their concentration with a contact time
of 60 minutes was observed. Thus, green seaweed
can be used as an excellent agent to treat textile
industry wastewater that includes the presence of
heavy metals as a low costbio sorbent.
Conclusion
Bioremediation which technically implies the incor-
poration of living organisms, primarily microorgan-
isms, to degrade the environmental contaminants
into less toxic forms. It generally employs naturally
occurring bacteria fungi or plants to disintegrate or
detoxify substances hazardous to human health or
environment. Several studies had reported that,
seaweeds have the potential to eliminate pollutants
from contaminated water bodies including seawater,
through land-based and coastal bioremediation
processes, and recycling of these impurities into
beneficial by-products which can be attained through
the harvest and processing of seaweed biomass.
Hence seaweed may represent a good source to
control or reduce the environmental contaminants.
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