Car-following model (CFM), which is proposed for mimicking the driving following behavior, is the basis for traffic simulation. In this study, a CFM named iTDD is proposed, incorporating two factors (desired distance and time to collision (TTC)) synthetically, and a new desired distance model (DDM) based on the framework of safety distance. Apply the new DDM on Helly model and intelligent driving
... [Show full abstract] model (IDM) forming D-Helly CFM and D-IDM CFM, respectively. Then calibrate and validate the three new CFMs as well as Helly model and IDM using NGSIM data. Finally, this paper found that the new DDM based on the formwork of safety distance can be regarded as a normative DDM for the CFMs incorporating desired distance.